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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Islet allotransplantation ; Immunosuppressive induction therapy ; Cytokine expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The macrophage derived cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and the T-cell derived cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ) have been implicated to play an important role in early attack on islet cells during human islet transplantation (ITx). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the current immunosuppressive induction therapy in clinical islet transplantation on mRNA expression of these cytokines in blood cells, compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine release in vitro and to plasma levels. The cytokine release correlated to lymphocyte counts and significantly decreased after ATG, and partially recovered 2 weeks after ITx. Unexpectedly, there was no correlation between mRNA expression for IL-1β in total blood and the number of lymphocytes and monocytes remaining after anti thymocyte globulin (ATG)-therapy. Even when the blood was nearly totally depleted from mononuclear cells, high amounts of IL-1β mRNA could be detected. However, IL-1β secretion could not be stimulated in vitro. Our results show that application of ATG during ITx might contribute to graft survival during the early posttransplant period by suppression of the synthesis of monocyte derived cytokines IL-1β and TNFα.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Collagenase ; Ficoll ; Endotoxin ; Human mononuclear cells ; Interleukin-1β release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endotoxin-induced early inflammatory reactions may inhibit the function and survival of isolated cells or cell aggregates after transplantation. By the chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay we found rather high but variable endotoxin concentrations in the chemicals used for islet isolation, i.e. collagenase and Ficoll. Liberase, a special collagenase preparation from Boehringer, was nearly endotoxin-free. Correlating to the endotoxin content, collagenase and Ficoll had the capacity to induce interleukin-1β release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Because collagenase and density gradient media are needed in most cell isolation procedures from solid organs, each lot of these chemicals should be tested for endotoxin contamination. In pancreatic islet transplantation, the use of endotoxin-free chemicals may diminish early local inflammatory reactions at the graft site and thereby reduce the number of islets needed for successful islet transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 136-148 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Guillain-Barré-Syndrom ; Autonomes Nervensystem ; Barorezeptorreflex ; Katecholamine ; Key words Guillain- Barré syndrome ; Autonomous nervous system ; Baroreceptor reflex ; catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary About 20% of all GBS patients have symptoms of dysautonomia: labile hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, sinustachycardia or sinus arrest. This rate rises to 75% in patients with tetraplegia. Proprioceptive loss predicts dysautonomia independently from the severity of weakness. It is frequently responsible for dysautonomia. The afferent limb of cardiovascular regulation contains more myelinated fibers than the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferences, which determine the common classification of dysautonomia. The frequence of mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic hyperactivity is hard to ex- plain by efferent lesions. Afferent conduction block releases the sympathetic efference of the baroreceptor reflex. The resulting cate- cholamine excess explains hypertension, tachycardia, ECG-changes and hyperglycemia. Norepinephrine sensitizes left ventricular stretch receptors. They induce cardiovascular depression and neurocardiogenic syncope which has a temporal behaviour similar to the blood pressure variations of GBS. Conduction block of sinoatrial stretch receptors causes inappropriate secretion of ADH and renin. Disbalance between myelinated and unmyelinated afferents which decrease and increase heart rate may cause parasympathetic hyperactivity, as exemplified by pulmonary stretch receptors that are stimulated by artificial ventilation. Wrong afferent feedback is responsible for many cardiovascular instabilities in GBS. Blockade of misguided efferent reactions is an attractive therapeutical approach.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei GBS-Patienten mit Tetraplegie oder propriozeptiven Ausfällen sind vegetative Störungen häufig und nicht selten bedrohlich. Je nach verwendetem Grenzwert und abhängig von der Patientenauswahl haben 20–75% der Patienten supraventrikuläre Tachykardien. Ventrikuläre Tachykardien sind seltener vital bedrohlich als Bradykardien, die spontan und nach verschiedenen thorakalen und orofazialen Reizen auftreten können. Etwa jeder fünfte Patient ist dauerhafter hyperton. Typisch sind bizarr schwankende Blutdruckwerte. Seltener stehen Blutdruckabfälle im Vordergrund. Afferente Konduktionsblöcke entzügeln diverse Efferenzen. So kommt es bei Ausfall sinoatrialer Dehnungsafferenzen zur unangemessenen ADH- und Reninausschüttung. Afferente Störungen des Barorezeptorreflexes verursachen Katecholaminexzesse, die zu Hypertonus, Tachykardie, EKG-Veränderungen und Hyperglykämie führen. Außerdem steigern sie die Empfindlichkeit unmyeliniserter linksventrikulärer Dehnungsrezeptoren, die kardio- und vasodepressorisch wirken und zur Blutdrucklabilität beitragen. Intakt gebliebene unmyelinisierte Afferenzen vermitteln nicht selten bradykarde Reaktionen, v.a. wenn das Gegengewicht tachykard wirkender myelinisierter Afferenzen verloren gegangen ist. Ein Beispiel sind hochschwellige unmyelinisierte pulmonale Dehnungsafferenzen, die bei der Seufzerbeatmung stimuliert werden. Die Kenntnis der klinischen Risikofaktoren Tetraplegie und gestörte Propriozeption, des wichtigsten Dysautonomieindikators Blutdrucklabilität und die Anwendung vegetativer Funktionstests helfen, bedrohte Patienten zu erkennen, die kardial überwacht werden müssen. Angesichts der häufigen afferenten Fehlmeldungen ist eine sympathische und parasympathische Blockade unter Schrittmacherbereitschaft zu erwägen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 1015-1022 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Polyneuritis ; Autonomic dysfunction ; Intensive ; care ; Cardiac arrest ; Blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study sought to establish quantitative criteria for dysautonomia in artificially ventilated patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Such criteria would help to identify patients at risk for cardiovascular complications. This retrospective controlled clinical study compared hourly cardiovascular monitoring data from 36 successive, artificially ventilated GBS patients with that from 11 artificially ventilated control patients with myasthenia. Tolerance limits for daily means, extremes, and variations in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were estimated from the most abnormal subgroups of the treatment days of our control patients. These exceeded previously suggested arbitrary cutoff values for dysautonomia. The range in systolic BP was increased in 27 GBS patients, despite an upper limit of normal (85 mmHg) that was double the value suggested in previous work. All 16 patients with mean systolic BP above 165 mm Hg also had persistent tachycardia (mean HR 〉 125 bpm), or were treated with β-blockers. This pattern of sympathetic hyperactivity was combined with probable vagal hyperactivity (bradycardia 〈 48 bpm) in 6 patients. Hypotension (minimal systolic BP 〈 85 mm Hg) and unprovoked bradycardia indicated sympathetic hypoactivity in 3 patients. Except in one patient who suffered from asystole on his first day on the ICU, all episodes of bradycardia were preceded by increased daily systolic BP variation (〉 85 mm Hg), which thus proved to be a sensitive and prognostically valuable indicator of dysautonomia in GBS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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