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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 338-342 (May 2000), p. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0948-5023
    Keywords: High-Temperature MD Simulations ; Confor-mational Analysis ; Porphyrin-Quinone Systems ; Photosynthesis Models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Photoinduced electron transfer reactions play an important role in the primary step of the biological photosynthesis process. In an attempt to understand better the mechanism of the charge separation organic donor-acceptor molecules containing porphyrins and quinones were designed as photosynthesis models. In order to study the structure dependence of the photoinduced electron transfer twofold and fourfold bridged porphyrin-quinone systems with increasing donor-acceptor distance were synthesized (Figure 1) [1, 2, 3]. It was assumed that in these molecules the porphyrin and quinone should be linked in a rigid and well-defined orientation. To verify this assumption the conformational behavior of these systems was studied by high-temperature MD simulations in combination with conformational analysis of selected minimized structures [4, 5].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 331-337 (May 2000), p. 1101-1106 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 107 (2000), S. 715-720 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Drug-associated stimuli, craving, drug memory, cue reactivity, conditioned response.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Due to conditioning processes, originally neutral stimuli become drug-associated cues and can initiate drug craving. Standardized stimuli are required to assess stimulus-induced activation of drug memory and craving in brain imaging and neurophysiology studies. We developed substance-specific visual and olfactory stimuli for alcohol, tobacco, opiate and cannabis abuse and tested them in subjects with the respective addiction and in healthy volunteers. Stimulus-related drug craving differed significantly between the diagnostic groups and indicated that the stimuli are suitable for craving studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dopamine receptors ; Growth Hormone ; alcoholism ; dopamine ; relapse ; neuroadaption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been hypothesized that dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol addiction. Therefore, peripheral dopamine levels, sensitivity of central dopamine receptors (apomorphine-induced Growth Hormone (GH) secretion), and the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins on adenylyl cyclase activity (as an indicator for dopamine D2-receptor coupled second messenger mechanisms) were measured in 45 alcohol-dependent patients before and after detoxification and in 10 healthy controls. The time needed to adjust to abstinence conditions differed between patients with good and poor treatment outcome. In subsequent abstainers, effects of alcohol withdrawal were already found during the first 24 hours of abstinence (normalisation of GH response, increases in dopamine levels and the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins). During the next 7 days of abstinence, no more significant changes were observed in the assessed variables. In subsequent relapsers, no significant effect of acute ethanol withdrawal on the same measures was found. However, at day 8 of abstinence, increases in apomorphine-induced GH secretion (towards normalisation), in dopamine plasma levels, and in the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins (towards above-normal levels) were observed. This retarded adjustment of dopaminergic signal transduction seems to reflect the relapse risk of treatment non-responders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Dopaminerges Verstärkungssystem ; Anhedonie ; Alkoholabhängigkeit ; Dopaminhypothese der Schizophrenien ; Phasische versus tonische Dopaminfreisetzung ; Key words Dopaminergic reward system ; Anhedonia ; Alcohol dependence ; Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia ; Phasic versus tonic dopamine release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It has been suggested that anhedonia, the loss of pleasure, is associated with a dysfunction of the dopaminergic reward system in schizophrenic and alcohol-dependent patients. In a series of neuroendocrinological and brain imaging studies, we examined pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotransmission in non-human primates and in schizophrenic and alcohol-dependent patients. Among alcoholics, we found indicators of a sensitization of dopaminergic neurotransmission, which was associated with the relapse risk, but not with anhedonia or depression. Schizophrenics with neuroleptic blockade of striatal dopamine D2 receptors displayed psychomotor slowing and reduced motivation, but not anhedonia. Primate studies pointed to the importance of a temporo-cortical dysfunction in the pathogenesis of phasic dopaminergic dysregulation in the striatum. These observations indicate that a dysfunction of stimulus-dependent dopamine release may be associated with motivational deficits caused by a reduction in incentive salience, but not with anhedonia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund von Tierversuchen war postuliert worden, daß Anhedonie das gemeinsame psychopathologische Korrelat einer Störung des dopaminergen Verstärkungssystems darstellt. In einer Serie neuroendokrinologischer und bildgebender Studien untersuchten wir prä- und postsynaptische Mechanismen der dopaminergen Neurotransmission bei Primaten sowie bei schizophrenen und alkoholabhängigen Patienten. Bei abstinenten alkoholabhängigen Patienten fanden sich Hinweise auf eine Sensitivierung der dopaminergen Neurotransmission, die mit dem Rückfallrisiko, nicht jedoch mit Anhedonie oder Depressivität assoziiert war. Schizophrene Patienten mit neuroleptikainduzierter Blockade der striären Dopamin-D2-Rezeptoren zeigten eine Motivationsstörung und psychomotorische Verlangsamung gegenüber medikationsfreien Patienten, aber keine Assoziation der Rezeptorblockade mit Anhedonie. Primatenstudien verwiesen auf die Rolle der temporofrontalen Kortices bei der Regulation der phasischen subkortikalen Dopaminfreisetzung. Unsere Befunde sprechen für die Annahme, daß eine Dysfunktion der stimulusabhängigen, striären Dopaminfreisetzung mit Motivationsstörungen, nicht jedoch mit Anhedonie, assoziiert ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 780-789 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Serotonin ; Verhaltensinhibierendes System ; Impulsivität ; Aggression ; Depression ; Key words Serotonin ; Behavior inhibition system ; impulsivity ; Aggression ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission has been associated with two different psychopathological syndromes – impulsive aggressivity resulting form a lack of stimulation of the “behavior inhibition system” on the one hand and the manifestation of clinical depression and compulsive syndromes on the other. The examination of primate behavior provides a model which may reconciliate these seemingly contradictory hypotheses. According to primate experiments, monoaminergic depletion results in anxious and desperate behavior only if the individual has previously been exposed to social isolation stress, which in turn induces a decrease in the central serotonin turnover rate. Young non-human primates who experience early social separation stress are anxious and fearful, while as adults they tend to be aggressive, consume excessive amounts of alcohol and are less intoxicated by alcohol intake. These observation indicate the importance of social separation stress in the pathogenesis of alcoholism and antisocial behavior and may point to prophylactic and pharmacological treatment strategies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Dysfunktion serotonerger Transmission wurde mit zwei verschiedenen psychopathologischen Syndromen in Verbindung gebracht. Einerseits wurde der serotonergen Neurotransmission eine wesentliche Rolle in der Stimulation des “verhaltensinhibierenden Systems” zuerkannt und postuliert, daß ein verminderter Serotoninumsatz zur Enthemmung impulsiver und aggressiver Verhaltensweisen führt. Andererseits gibt es Hinweise auf die Bedeutung einer verminderten serotonergen Transmission in der Pathogenese der Depression und der Angsterkrankungen. Eine mögliche Deutung der vordergründig widersprüchlichen Befunde ergibt sich aus der Untersuchung serotonerger Transmission bei Primaten. Eine pharmakogen induzierte Verarmung an monoaminergen Neurotransmittern führt demnach nur dann zu depressionsanalogen Verhaltensweisen, wenn in der individuellen Entwicklung mehrfach Phasen sozialer Isolation durchlebt wurden. Umgekehrt ist soziale Isolation bei jungen Primaten mit einem verminderten Serotoninumsatz, verstärkter Ängstlichkeit und sozialer Inkompetenz assoziiert, während sich bei diesen Primaten im Erwachsenenalter eine erhöhte Aggressivität und Alkoholtoleranz und ein erhöhter freiwilliger Alkoholkonsum nachweisen lassen. Diese Befunde unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Streß- und Lernfaktoren in der Ausgestaltung der psychopathologischen Korrelate einer serotonergen Dysfunktion und verweisen auf mögliche prophylaktische und pharmakologische Behandlungsoptionen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 54-57 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Synaptische Dopaminkonzentration ; phasische Dopaminfreisetzung ; SPECT ; IBZM ; AMPT ; Key words Synaptic dopamine concentration ; phasic dopamine release ; SPECT ; IBZM ; AMPT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia was based on the neuroleptical blockade of central dopamine D2 receptors. Brain imaging studies, however, generally failed to demonstrate a significant increase in central D2 receptors among schizophrenic patients. Using a novel approach, the group of Laruelle and Abi-Dargham was now able to demonstrate that schizophrenic patients have increased synaptic dopamine concentrations in the striatum. Endogenous dopamine competes with a radioligand for binding at dopamine D2 receptors; compared to healthy control subjects, blockade of dopamine production in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients induced a significantly higher increase in D2 binding of the infused radioligand, indicating higher endogenous synaptic dopamine. A similar increase in D2 binding was also observed in drug-free schizophrenics who had previously been treated with neuroleptics; these patients also showed an increased density of striatal D2 receptors, most likely due to counteradaptive upregulation of D2 receptors during neuroleptic medication. The Columbia study provides an important indication of hyperdopaminergic function in schizophrenia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Dopaminhypothese der Schizophrenien gründet sich auf die Beobachtung der neuroleptikabedingten Blockade zentraler Dopamin-D2-Rezeptoren. Bildgebende Studien zeigten jedoch keine Erhöhung der zentralen Dopaminrezeptoren. Mit einer neuartigen Verfahrensweise konnte jetzt die Arbeitsgruppe von Laruelle und Abi-Dargham an der Columbia Universität zeigen, dass bisher unmedizierte schizophrene Patienten eine erhöhte Dopaminkonzentration in den striären Synapsen aufweisen. Das endogene Dopamin konkurriert mit dem Radioliganden um die Bindung am D2-Rezeptor; die Blockade der Dopaminproduktion führte bei bisher unbehandelten schizophrenen Patienten zu einem stärkeren Anstieg der Bindung des infundierten Radioliganden an zentrale D2-Rezeptoren als dies bei den gesunden Kontrollpersonen der Fall war, was auf erhöhte synaptische Dopaminkonzentrationen bei diesen Patienten hinweist. Auch bei medikationsfreien, aber bereits früher mit Neuroleptika behandelten Patienten stieg die D2-Bindung stärker an als bei Kontrollpersonen, zudem war bei diesen Patienten die Dichte der striären D2-Rezeptoren erhöht, wahrscheinlich als Ausdruck einer Gegenregulation im Rahmen der früheren neuroleptischen Therapie. Die Studie ist ein entscheidender Hinweis auf das Vorliegen einer erhöhten dopaminergen Neurotransmission bei schizophrenen Patienten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS:25.75.-q – 25.70.Mn – 21.10.Ft – 21.10.Gv – 27.50.+e – 27.50.+j – 24.10.Pa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Projectile fragmentation of 238U in a lead target was investigated at a bombarding energy of 750 A MeV. Isotopic production cross sections of about 250 different projectile fragments in the element range Z= 30–53 were measured with the FRagment Separator (FRS). The magnetic selection and the kinematical analysis of the measured isotopes allowed to disentangle fission and fragmentation residues. The mass loss of these residues indicates a violent collision where a large amount of energy is dissipated. The position of the fragmentation corridor defined by the measured residues was used to determine an effective proton-evaporation barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS:25.85.-w Fission reactions – 25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collosions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Fragments of relativistic 750 A.MeV U-projectiles were investigated by using the fragment separator FRS for magnetic selection of reaction products including ray-tracing and ΔE-ToF techniques. For elements between Ge and Sb, measurements of isotopic yield distributions and velocities revealed three processes: fragmentation, low-energy fission, and high-energy fission. The last of these regimes is presently reported. First and second moments of distributions of mass numbers, atomic numbers and velocities of the corresponding fragments allowed us to identify 101 43Tc56 as the most probable fragment of a high energy symmetric fission reaction. Moreover, we could deduce a hypothetical mean fissioning fragmentation product 208Rn and its highly excited pre-fragmentation parent 227Ra produced in a primary abrasion reaction at an excitation energy of about 290 MeV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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