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  • 1
    Unbekannt
    Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (2001)
    Oxford [England] ; New York, N.Y. [USA] : Oxford University Press
    Rutgers series on self and social identity  
    Details
    Schlagwort(e): Conflict management. ; Ethnic relations. ; Gestion des conflits. ; Group identity. ; Identité collective. ; Relations interethniques.
    Notizen: Introduction : social identity and intergroup conflict / Lee Jussim, Richard D. Ashmore, and David Wilder / Ingroup identification and intergroup conflict : when does ingroup love become outgroup hate? / Marilynn B. Brewer -- Ethnic identity, national identity, and intergroup conflict : the significance of personal experiences / Thomas Hylland Eriksen -- The meaning of american national identity : patterns of ethnic conflict and consensus / Jack Citrin, Cara Wong, and Brian Duff -- Communal and national identity in a multiethnic state : a comparison of three perspectives / Jim Sidanius and John R. Petrocik -- Social and role identities and political violence : identity as a window on violence in northern ireland / Robert W. White -- Individual and group identities in genocide and mass killing / Ervin Staub -- The role of national identity in conflict resolution : experiences from Israeli-Palestinian problem-solving workshops / Herbert C. Kelman -- Conclusion : toward a social identity framework for intergroup conflict / Richard D. Ashmore, Lee Jussim, David Wilder, and Jessica Heppen
    Seiten: xii, 270 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530241-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129724
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modification of magnetic properties of epitaxial Co/Cu multilayers by 1 MeV C+ irradiation (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 2036-2038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Epitaxial [Co/Cu]10 grown on Si (001) has been irradiated by 1 MeV C+ with a dose of 1×1016/cm2. The intrinsic characteristics of epitaxy, such as crystal structure and fourfold magnetic anisotropy, are conserved after ion irradiation. However, the extrinsic magnetic properties are changed such that the coercivity decreases and the squareness of the hysteresis loop is noticeably improved. The intensity of the Cu (200) peak in the x-ray diffraction pattern increases about three times and its half-width decreases after irradiation. It is concluded that the changes of magnetic properties induced by ion irradiation result from the grain growth and the improved crystalline quality. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1384483
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diffusion barrier and electrical characteristics of a self-aligned MgO layer obtained from a Cu(Mg) alloy film (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 2192-2194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Diffusion barrier characteristics and electrical properties of self-aligned MgO layers obtained from a Cu(Mg) alloy film have been investigated. Self-aligned surface and interfacial MgO layers were formed upon annealing a Cu(Mg) film in an oxygen ambient and prevented interdiffusion of Cu in SiO2 up to 700 °C. The thermal stability of a pure Cu/TiN/Si multilayer system has been significantly enhanced up to 800 °C by the MgO layers by forming a MgO/Cu/MgO/TiN/Si multilayer system. A combined structure of Si3N4(500 Å)/MgO(100 Å) increased the breakdown voltage up to 20 V from 15 V and reduced the leakage current density down to 3×10−9 A/cm2 from 1×10−8 A/cm2 compared to a pure copper system. Consequently, the deposition of Cu(Mg) alloy followed by annealing in an oxygen ambient gives rise to the formation of a self-aligned MgO layer with excellent diffusion barrier and electrical characteristics and the film can be applied as a gate electrode in thin-film transistor/liquid-crystal displays, resulting in a reduction of process steps. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1314879
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A four-site model for elongated liquid crystal molecules (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 6943-6949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Molecular dynamics simulation is performed for linear liquid crystal molecules using a four-site model. The model consists of four Lennard-Jones centers which are bonded together via central potentials in a shish-kebab shape. When the molecules are left under their own vapor pressure, they exhibit isotropic and smectic B phases with no intervening nematic phase. A wall consisting of frozen Lennard-Jones centers is shown to anchor the molecules and to widen the range of the smectic regime. This demonstrates that the model can be used for molecular dynamics studies on liquid crystals in various polymer matrices. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1311592
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of trisubstituted pyrimidines and triazines (1978)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 21 (1978), S. 623-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Quelle: ACS Legacy Archives
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00205a006
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermal excitation of rotation of the methyl group in chemisorbed acetate on Cu(110) (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 3351-3357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The adsorption of acetic acid on the Cu(110) surface has been investigated by the time-of-flight electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution technique by observing H+(D+) ions from the methyl groups. The activated conversion of acetic acid to acetate has been witnessed by observing the formation of oriented acetate species. It has been found that the activation energy for acetate formation varies from 0.39±0.06 eV at low coverage to 1.1±0.1 eV at high coverage, possibly because of acetic acid stabilization at high coverage by hydrogen bonding. Methyl groups are oriented with one C–H bond azimuthally directed in the 〈11¯0〉 direction. At high coverage, the methyl groups are tilted slightly in the 〈11¯0〉 direction due to repulsive acetate–acetate interactions. The activated rotation of the methyl groups on adsorbed acetate is clearly observed by the electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution method and the barrier height for CH3 rotation is estimated to be 12±6 meV, and for CD3 groups to be 7±4 meV. The small inverse D isotope effect is postulated to be caused by higher amplitude CH3 wagging motions compared to CD3, which permit slightly higher hyperconjugation for CH3 as this group interacts with the anchoring carboxyl group. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481594
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The stabilization of L-ascorbic acid in aqueous solution and water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion by controlling pH and electrolyte concentration (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 26 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: This study presents a new approach that can stabilize effectively l-ascorbic acid in water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions. Basically, the behavior of l-ascorbic acid in the aqueous phase was observed, considering its molecular deformation. Then, it was found that the stability determined in the aqueous phase by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the collapse of ionization of l-ascorbic acid played a crucial role in protecting the molecular deformation. Then, the stable aqueous system was incorporated into the internal aqueous phase of the double emulsions. From the PLC analysis, it was observed that the l-ascorbic acid in an appropriate system showed high molecular stability for a long time. Moreover, in the measurement of in vitro skin permeation, the l-ascorbic acid stabilized in this study showed considerable skin permeation ability, indicating its potential applicability in pharmaceutics and cosmetics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0142-5463.2004.00223_1.x
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Downregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human keratinocytes by melanogenesis inhibitors (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 26 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Liberated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is translocated into the nucleus where it can change or alter the expression of target genes, resulting in the secretion of extracellular signaling molecules including melanotrophic factors affecting the melanocyte. In order to demonstrate the possible role of NF-κB activation on the synthesis of melanotrophic factors from the keratinocytes, the activities of NF-κB induced by melanogenesis inhibitors were determined in human HaCaT keratinocytes transfected with pNF-κB-SEAP-NPT plasmid. Transfectant cells released the secretory alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as a transcription reporter in response to the NF-kB activity. Melanogenesis inhibitors such as niacinamide, kojic acid, hydroquinone, resorcinol, arbutin and glycolic acid were pre-incubated with transfectant HaCaT cells for 3 h and then irradiated with ultraviolet B (UVB). Of the melanogenesis inhibitors tested, kojic acid (IC50 = 60 μM) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of UVB-upregulating NF-κB activation in transfectant HaCaT cells, which is followed by niacinamide (IC50 = 540 μM). Especially kojic acid and niacinamide effectively lowered NF-κB binding as measured by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Furthermore, these two inhibitors remarkably reduced the secretion level of IL (interleukin)-6, one of the melanotrophic factors, triggered by UV radiation of the HaCaT cells. These observations suggest that melanogenesis inhibitors working at the in vivo level might act partially through the modulation of the synthesis of melanotrophic factors in keratinocytes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00217_05.x
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of a natural preservative system using the mixture of chitosan-Inula helenium L. extract (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 24 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The aim of this study was to develop a new natural preservative system making up for the weak points of chitosan as a preservative. As reported in a previous manuscript (20th IFSCC Congress, Cannes, France, 1998), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of water-soluble chitosan against bacteria and yeast were 0.9–3.0 mg mL−1, whereas MICs of chitosan against Aspergillus niger were over 5.0 mg mL−1. However, the result of recent study showed that the MICs of Inula helenium L. extract against A. niger were below 1.0 mg mL−1. Thus, we could develop a new preservative system containing both chitosan and I. helenium L. extract named CI-mixture. MICs of CI-mixture against bacteria and fungi (yeast and mould) were 2.0–4.0 mg mL−1. When 10.0% of the mixture (the ratio of chitosan to I. helenium L. extract = 7.5% : 2.5%) was applied to cosmetic formulae such as skin lotion, milk lotion, cream and pack, it revealed appropriate preservative efficacy. Our result of the patch test also showed that this preservative system reduced skin irritation by about 30–50%, as compared to the organic preservative system. Therefore, the good natural preservative system including chitosan and Inula helenium L. extract could be incorporated in cosmetic formulations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00139.x
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CIRCULATING LEVELS OF PREGNANCY PROTEINS IN EARLY AND LATE PREGNANCY IN RELATION TO PLACENTAL TISSUE CONCENTRATION (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 86 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein (SP1), ferritin (PP2) and placental protein 5 (PP5) were examined in maternal serum and placental tissue in early and late pregnancy. The circulating concentration of hPL, SP1, and PP5 were higher during late pregnancy than early pregnancy, that of hCG lower, and ferritin (PP2) levels showed no difference. Placental tissue levels of hPL and SP1 were higher in late pregnancy, hCG levels lower, and ferritin (PP2) and PP5 showed no change. The ratio of the concentration in maternal serum to that in placental tissue increased during pregnancy for all proteins with the exception of ferritin. It is proposed that the mechanism of secretion of trophoblast specific proteins varies widely and that this should be taken into account in the clinical interpretation of circulating levels in the mother.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1979.tb10717.x
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