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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Dissektion ; Intramurales Hämatom ; Atherom ; Therapie ; Key words Dissection ; Intramural hematoma ; Atheroma ; Therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Improved methods of imaging the cerebral vascular system have increased the detection of traumatic or spontaneous dissection of the vertebral and carotid arteries. Especially MRI allows direct demonstration of intramural hematomas that are a sign of dissection of the vessel wall. We report on a patient who had an acute onset of dysarthria and monocular blurred vision, which recurred several times. Doppler ultrasound showed stenosis in both internal carotid arteries with reduced velocity of the flow; angiography confirmed the stenosis, showing a long stretch of stenosis (70%) of the right and a short stretch of stenosis (60%) of the left internal carotid arteries. MRI demonstrated a narrowing of the lumen by an intramural mass, whose signal characteristics were typical for blood. The MRI findings were thus consistent with the diagnosis of a spontaneous dissection of the carotid arteries. Since the Doppler ultrasound follow-up showed no change during the following 3 days, we interpreted the MRI findings as an indication of bleeding in an atheroma. The carotid disobliteration, performed first on the left side and later on the right side, confirmed this interpretation. Since stenosis due to a fissuring atheroma or bleeding in an atheroma requires different therapy than a dissection, it is thus important to consider the possible differential diagnosis in interpreting the MRI.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Durch die Fortschritte in den bildgebenden Verfahren werden traumatische, bzw. spontane Dissektionen der A. carotis und der A. vertebralis zunehmend häufiger diagnostiziert. Insbesondere die Magnetresonanztomographie ermöglicht dabei einen direkten Nachweis von intramuralen Hämatomen als Zeichen der Dissektion. Wir berichten nun über einen Patienten, der akut beginnend und im Verlauf rezidivierend eine Dysarthrie sowie monokuläre Sehstörungen des linken Auges bemerkte. Dopplersonographisch fand sich beidseits, rechts betont, eine im Bulbus der A. carotis communis beginnende, bis in die A. carotis interna reichende Stenose, in der arteriellen digitalen Subtraktionsangiographie eine langstreckige etwa 70%ige A.-carotis-interna-Stenose rechts und eine kurzstreckige etwa 60%ige Stenose links. Diese Befunde ließen sowohl an eine ausgeprägte arteriosklerotische Makroangiopathie als auch an eine Dissektion denken. In der Kernspintomographie fand sich dann eine verdickte Gefäßwand der A. carotis interna beidseits mit einem schmalen Restlumen. Dieses wurde beidseits von in der T1w-Gewichtung mit selektiver Fettunterdrückung hyperintensivem Gewebe, am ehesten einem intramuralen Hämatom entsprechend, eingeengt. Dieser Befund ließ dann an eine beidseitige Dissektion der A. carotis interna denken. Auf Grund der in der Duplexsonographie über Tage unveränderten Befunde wurde das Bild dann als eine Einblutung in Wandatherome beidseits bei arteriosklerotischer Makroangiopathie gewertet und der Patient wegen der rezidivierenden, hämodynamisch bedingten Symptomatik operiert. Bei der zweizeitig durchgeführten Karotisdesobliteration beidseits bestätigte sich der Verdacht auf intramurale Atherome. Intramurale Atherome mit oder ohne Einblutung sind eine kernspintomographische Differentialdiagnose zu intramuralen Hämatomen bei Karotisdissektion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 137 (1995), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Schlagwort(e): Carotid endarterectomy ; cerebrovascular disease ; surgical technique ; quality control programme
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary With the completion of the major carotid endarterectomy trials the indications for this procedure can be defined. The procedure, if done by experienced teams, has been shown to improve the chance of stroke free survival in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with a high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery. In asymptomatic patients the risk reduction gained by prophylactic carotid endarterectomy may be small in relation to the risk of coincident factors particularly coronary artery disease. The benefit gained by carotid endarterectomy depends closely on the risk of the procedure itself, and a single little flaw during the management can annulate the benefit of the operation in asymptomatic patients. There are still considerable controversies with regard to peri-operative management and surgical technique, e.g., the necessity of routine pre-oper-ative arteriography has recently been questioned. Quality control programmes become a requirement with the publication of performance standards for carotid endarterectomy. According to a consensus of the American Heart Association, the surgical morbidity/mortality must be less than 6% for symptomatic carotid lesions and less than 3% for asymptomatic lesions. The present review discusses the steps of the pre-operative work-up, the procedure itself and the post-operative management with the aim to identify accepted safety standards as well as areas of uncertainty.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 138 (1996), S. 898-906 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Schlagwort(e): Awareness ; cognition ; language ; mind modules ; neural network
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The object of the neurosurgeons daily endeavour, the human brain, is less well understood in its overall organization than any other organ. This puts the neurosurgeon in a very difficult position. However, a substantial body of knowledge has been accumulated during recent years, and scientists from a variety of different disciplines have worked out theoretical frameworks to accomodate the available data. Here we present some of the evolving concepts on the organization of the substrate of the mind. Review of the literature shows that application of mathematical neural network models to the nervous system is very successful in explaining function. An implicit aspect of neural network models is that information storage is not localized in certain neurons but that the information is stored as the global pattern of activity in the network. Because networks of the brain involve often millions of neurons, exact identification and comparison with the theoretical models is not possible today.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Schlagwort(e): Dural arteriovenous fistulas ; transverse sinus ; sigmoid sinus ; arterial embolization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We report about the treatment and outcome of 30 patients with durai arteriovenous fistulas including the transverse and sigmoid sinuses treated between 1986 and 1995. All patients underwent panangiography for definitive diagnosis. The dAVF were supplied by the external carotid artery system alone (14 patients), both external and internal carotid systems (10 patients) or both anterior and posterior circulation (6 patients). Depending on the venous drainage the fistulas were classified following a modification of Djindjian's description with 18 patients revealing Type I (main sinus with antegrade flow), 5 Type II a (main sinus with reflux into the contralateral sinus), 5 Type II b (cortical veins), 1 Type II a + b (both) and 1 of Type III (direct cortical drainage). Bruit, pulsatile tinnitus and headaches were the most common symptoms. 6 patients presented with intracranial haemorrhage, 4 with progressive neurological deficit or seizures and 3 with dementia. Arterial embolization was performed in all cases except one, where a transvenous approach for balloon occlusion of the transverse sinus was performed. 21 patients were treated by single or repeated embolization alone. Only in 9/21 cases did arterial embolization result in complete occlusion of the fistula. In 12/21 patients incomplete occlusion was achieved. Following embolization 8 patients underwent additional surgery including coagulation of the feeding arteries and arterialized veins, sinus resection and reconstruction of the sinus. Overall, 18 patients were cured, 11 improved and 1 patient was unchanged. There was a total number of 5 complications including transient stroke, transient facial nerve palsy, and a small necrotic skin area following embolization. Venous infarction of the occipital lobe was induced by transvenous occlusion and surgical resection of the transverse sinus in one patient each, respectively. From our results we conclude that the endovascular therapy alone is the treatment of choice in case of Type I fistulas. In dAVF of Type II and III repeated endovascular treatment seems not to be sufficient and additional surgery is necessary.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 141 (1999), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: Cavernous haemangioma; vascular malformation; intramedullary; spinal cord; surgery; outcome.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen:  The data of 48 studies (published between 1903 and 1996), presenting information of all together 107 patients (108 lesions) regarding pre-treatment clinical and radiological factors, treatment strategies, and the outcome, plus our own experience of nine patients were retrospectively re-analyzed. The prognostic influence of pre-treatment factors was estimated with the chi-square statistics. Clinical evaluation before/after treatment was performed using the Frankel scale. The average bleeding rate was obtained from the ratio of percentage of first bleeding events in the population to the mean age of the population.  There were 47 males and 69 females (aged from twelve to 88 years). Thirty nine percent of the lesions were found in the cervical, 54% in the thoracic (30% upper, 24% lower) and 7% in the lumbar cord. The peak age of presentation was in the fourth decade, the median duration of symptoms was 32 months. Clinical symptoms before treatment were progressive in all cases. Three patterns of clinical presentation could be identified: a) episodes of stepwise clinical deterioration (30%), b) slow progression of neurological decline (41%), c) acute onset with rapid or gradual decline over weeks or months (26%). 58% of the lesions showed clinical or radiological signs of haemorrhage. In 66% of surgical patients (91 efficiently documented cases), clinical improvement was achieved, 28% remained unchanged and 6% deteriorated. Whereas age, sex and lesion location had no influence on the results, duration of symptoms (〈three years) correlated significantly to a better outcome (p〈0.02).  Surgical management in symptomatic patients is recommended. Once clinical signs caused by the malformation have appeared, the patients tend to experience progressive neurological deterioration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 139 (1997), S. 381-382 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: Cerebral aneurysms; endovascular treatment; interdisciplinary therapy; posterior circulation; vertebro-basilar arteries.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary  The authors report on a series of 100 posterior circulation aneurysms managed by surgical and endovascular procedures. The series consisted of 41 elective admissions more than 14 days after SAH or for unruptured aneurysms and 59 acute admissions after subarachnoid haemorhage (SAH).  In this first interdisciplinary series after the introduction of electrolytically detachable coils, surgical clipping was maintained as treatment of choice in good grade patients while endovascular therapy was primarily offered for patients in poor clinical grade or if the aneurysm was judged difficult to be accessed surgically. A total of 70 patients underwent aneurysm elimination, 54 surgically and 16 by the endovascular route. In 30 patients the aneurysm was not treated, either because of persisting grade 5 WFNS after SAH or because the risk of treatment appeared excessive with some complex unruptured aneurysms. A complication leading to permanent morbidity or mortality occurred after 5 surgical and 1 endovascular procedure (8.6%). Regarding overall management results after acute SAH, 14 of the total of 59 patients admitted with acute SAH died, corresponding to a management mortality of 24%.  Although the present series cannot provide statistically firm conclusions, the authors believe from the actual experience and the accumulating literature, that the principal complementary aspect of the two treatment modalities is aneurysm location. Size and shape do not appear to be a primary factor to favour one or the other modality. The hope that endovascular therapy improves the prognosis of poor grade patients with posterior circulation aneurysms probably has been overstated. The good results of endovascular treatment with small narrow-necked aneurysms on proximal arteries of the posterior circulation, as seen in the present series and as reported in the accumulating literature, suggest that in future surgical and endovascular treatment should be considered as alternatives in these special cases while in large and broad-necked aneurysms surgery should be considered first.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; Perfusion studies ; Dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging ; Cerebral blood volume ; Brain infarcts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract MRI perfusion studies have focussed mainly on acute ischaemia and characterisation in ischaemia. Our purpose was to analyse regional brain haemodynamic information in acute, subacute, and chronic ischaemia. We performed 16 examinations of 11 patients on a 1.5 T MR images. Conventional and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging were employed in all examinations. For the dynamic susceptibility sequences, a bolus (0.2 mmol/kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine was injected. Reconstructed regional relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps, bolus maps, and conventional images were analysed by consensus reading. In all examinations decreases in rCBV were observed in the lesions. The distribution of regional rCBV in lesions was heterogeneous. The rCBV of the periphery of the lesions was higher than that at their center. There was a correlation between the time since onset and abnormalities on the rCBV map and T2-weighted images (T2WI). In the early stage of acute stroke, the abnormalities tended to be larger on the rCBV than on T2WI. Many patterns of bolus passage were observed in ischaemic regions. rCBV maps provide additional haemodynamic information in patients with brain infarcts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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