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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in the surface characteristics of the sward and the short-term rate of herbage intake by calves and lambs (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The results are reported of an examination of detailed measurements on the ingestive behaviour of calves and lambs in response to variations in the surface characteristics of swards under strip-grazing and continuous stocking managements. It is shown that intake per bite and the short-term rate of herbage intake were both sensitive to the height of the surface horizon above ground level but, at least under strip-grazing management, not to variations in herbage density in the grazed horizon. The rate of biting was less sensitive to variations in sward conditions, particularly under strip-grazing.Both intake per bite and rate of intake were more sensitive to variations in grazing height under strip-grazing, where sward changes were rapid, than under continuous stocking, where they were slow. Under continuous stocking, ingestive behaviour was more sensitive to changes in sward conditions in lambs than in calves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1981.tb01538.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in herbage mass and digestibility, and the grazing behaviour and herbage intake of adult cattle and weaned calves (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two experiments are described in which groups of lactating cows, non-lactating cattle and weaned calves grazed a sequence of swards varying in maturity and herbage mass under strip grazing management at a daily herbage allowance of 60 g dry matter per kg live weight. Lactating cows ate 43% and 76% more herbage than non-lactating cattle of similar weight in the two experiments but herbage OM intakes per unit live weight by the calves and lactating cows were similar.Variations in diet digestibility and herbage intake in the lactating and non-lactating cattle with changes in sward conditions were similar. In the first experiment the calves were experienced grazers; the variation in the digestibility of the herbage selected was less in the calves than the adult cattle, but the variation in herbage intake was greater. The calves in the second experiment were younger, and they were inexperienced grazers; their ability to increase herbage intake in response to changing sward conditions was poorer than that of adult cattle, though variations in diet digestibility were similar in all classes.The practical implications of these results are discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1981.tb01537.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of sward condition on rates of herbage growth and senescence in mixed swards under continuous stocking management (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 38 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A study was conducted to determine the influence of herbage mass under continuous stocking management with sheep on rates of herbage growth (G), senescence (S) and net production of green herbage (NP) in a mixed-species sward of Lolium perenne. Poa annua and Trifolium repens. Plots were maintained in as nearly constant herbage mass as possible at 500, 700, 1000 and 1700 kg organic matter (OM) ha−1 by continuous but variable stocking with sheep for the period May to July inclusive. Estimates of G, S and NP were obtained for each species from repeated measurements over two 2-week periods on individually identified grass tillers or clover stolons. Estimates of species population densities enabled estimates of G. S and NP per unit area to be made.Rates of G were higher and of S were lower for Lolium tillers and Trifolium stolons than for Poa tillers. The laminae of Poa tillers occupied inferior positions in the canopy of the swards maintained at higher herbage masses and were less accessible to the grazing animals, so that Poa tissue was less well utilized.The total population densities of tillers and stolons declined at herbage masses both above and below 700 kg OM ha−1. The rate of G for the three species combined increased with herbage
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1983.tb01656.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development and use of equipment for the automatic recording of ingestive behaviour in sheep and cattle (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A description is given of equipment designed to be fitted to either sheep or cattle, and to record automatically information on the jaw movements associated with both grazing and ruminating, movements of the head in plucking mouthfuls of herbage, and the time spent in grazing. The equipment has been successfully tested against alternative visual and mechanical methods of measuring grazing behaviour.The use of modified equipment in detailed studies has shown (a) that the maximum acceleration of the head in a longitudinal plane when plucking mouthfuls of herbage was twice as great in sheep as in cattle and in the sheep, but not in the cow, increased as sward height decreased; and (b) that the ratio of jaw movements to head movements was always greater than unity in both sheep and cattle, and was greater on tall than on short swards in two out of three comparisons. The rate of biting was significantly lower on tall than on short swards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1981.tb01545.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in plant population density, composition and sward structure of a hill pasture during a pastoral fallow (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Appropriate pre-sowing methods for the introduction of improved forage legume and grass germplasm are an important issue for hill pasture improvement in New Zealand. A pastoral fallow, which involves not defoliating pasture for a period generally from late spring/early summer to autumn, could create a potentially favourable environment for introducing improved germplasm. A field study was conducted on two aspects (shady and sunny) of moist, low-fertility hill country with or without added fertilizer (phosphorus and sulphur) in the southern North Island of New Zealand, to investigate the changes in plant population density and sward structure during a full or partial pastoral fallow, compared with a rotationally grazed pasture. A 7-month (October to May) pastoral fallow dramatically decreased the densities of grass tillers by 72% (P 〈 0·01), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing points by 87% (P 〈 0·01) and other species by 87% (P 〈 0·05). The decline in tiller density by pastoral fallow was enhanced on the shady aspect. Fertilizer application increased white clover growing-point density on the shady aspect (P 〈 0·05) and grass tiller density on the sunny aspect (P 〈 0·05). Decreased plant density during pastoral fallowing was attributed to aboveground biomass accumulation, which altered sward structure, leading to interplant competition and mortality by self-thinning and completion of the life cycle of some matured plants. The plant size-density relationship during pastoral fallowing in this mixed-species sward followed the serf-thinning rule, particularly when the calculation was based on all plant species rather than grass alone. There was no significant (P 〉 0·05) difference in final plant population density between the 7-month pastoral fallow and a shorter term (October to December) pastoral fallow. It is concluded that pastoral fallowing effectively reduced the plant population density and altered sward structure of a hill pasture. Such changes create a more favourable environment for the introduction of improved forage species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02349.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regrowth, morphology and persistence of Grasslands Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in response to grazing frequency and intensity (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Effects of different grazing frequencies and intensities on herbage production (on both a unit pasture and individual plant basis) and on persistence of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) were studied at Palmerston North, New Zealand (latitude 40°23′S) from November 1994 to November 1995. Three experiments were conducted on the same chicory stand, sown on 12 May 1994. The main grazing experiment had two grazing intensities, hard-lax grazing (50- to 100-mm stem stubble to mid-January, and thereafter 100- to 150-mm stem stubble) and lax grazing (100- to 150-mm stem stubble), and three grazing frequencies (1-, 2- or 4-week intervals). A subsidiary plant survival experiment compared the survival of 120 marked plants in ungrazed and grazed treatments. A late autumn grazing experiment examined the effects on plant persistence in the following spring. The greatest herbage mass (leaf + stem) resulted from the 4-week grazing frequency [9640 ± 874 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1], in which stem mass was reasonably low (1270 ± 410 kg DM ha−1), but was significantly higher in the 4-week grazing frequency than 1- and 2-week grazing frequencies (P 〈 0·01). Grazing intensity had no significant effect except on the average stem mass of individual plants when the hard-lax intensity gave a lower stem mass (P 〈 0·01). There were no interactions between grazing frequency and intensity in herbage mass. Plant density declined by 35% over the growing season with the decline unaffected by grazing intensity or frequency during the season. Grazing in late autumn resulted in approximately 27% less plants the following spring. It was concluded that grazing management through the growing season cannot be used to improve persistence without compromising leaf growth rate, but that avoidance of grazing late autumn will improve the persistence of chicory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.1997.00051.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of change in herbage mass on rates of herbage growth and senescence in mixed swards (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A study was conducted to determine the influence of a change in herbage mass on rates of herbage growth (G), senescence (S) and net production of green herbage (NP) in swards of Lolium perenne L., Poa annua L. and Trifolium repens L. under continuous stocking with sheep. Swards were maintained at either high (1700–1900 kg OM ha−1; H) or low (700–900 kg OM ha−1; L) herbage mass from April to 20 August. From 20 August to 13 September half of the L sward was permitted to grow until a herbage mass similar to that of the H sward was achieved (LH), and at the same time half of the H sward was grazed down until a herbage mass similar to that of the L sward was achieved (HL). The other half of each sward was held at constant mass (LL and HH). Estimates of G, S and NP were obtained for each plant species over a 2-week period from 17 September to 1 October and estimates of species population densities were also made.The combined species rates of G and S per unit area were highest in treatment LH and lowest in treatment HL, whilst the rates for the LL and HH swards were intermediate. The rate of NP was similar in the LL, HH and LH treatments (34.5, 29.3, 33.6 ± 6.2 kg DM ha−1d−1) but was lower in the HL sward (100 ± 6.2). The effects of alteration of herbage mass on individual tiller or stolon G and S rates were rapid but population density changes were slower.Within the limited conditions of this trial it was not possible to increase NP by manipulation of herbage mass under continuous stocking management but the results indicate that NP can be reduced in the short term if a sward of high herbage mass and low population density is grazed hard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01672.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diet ingested by sheep grazing swards differing in white clover and perennial ryegrass content (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 37 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A series of twenty-four swards containing different proportions of white clover (0·20-0·25) and perennial ryegrass were created by using different seed mixtures, herbicide applications and previous cutting Frequencies. These swards were used to study the diet of oesophageally-fistulated wether sheep which grazed the various swards for a 30-min period after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of regrowth.The proportion of white clover in the diet was generally greater than that in the sward. Fifty-seven percent of the variation in the proportion of white clover in the diet could be attributed to the proportion of white clover in the sward. White clover and perennial ryegrass leaf and stem were grazed to the same height and the proportion of white clover in the grazed horizon of the sward explained 83% of the variation in the proportion of white clover in the diet. The proportion of white clover in the diet was greater than the proportion in the grazed horizon of the sward in week 3 of regrowth, but not in weeks 1 and 2, and greater when the proportion of white clover in the grazed horizon was lower than 0·20. Both these observations were interpreted as indicating selection for white clover by the sheep within the grazed horizon.There was a positive and linear relationship between the depth of the grazed horizon and sward height which, together with the relationship between the proportion of white clover in the grazed horizon and in the diet, would allow the prediction of the proportion of white clover of the diet from the height and the white clover content of the grazed horizon of the sward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1982.tb01598.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet overlap in a piscivore community (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ecology of freshwater fish 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract— We examined prey selection of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), and yellow perch (Percaftavescens) by comparing diet overlap in a small, unexploited lake in Michigan, USA from 1988 to 1990. Niche hypervolume principles were applied to diet data as a means of assessing diet space for each species and the community as a whole. Largemouth bass occupied the largest proportion of community diet space (70.2%), followed by smallmouth bass (44.2%), and yellow perch (21.7%). The majority of community diet space (58.8%) was occupied by a single species, and 41.2% was shared by ≥ 2 species. Diet overlap was assessed by measuring the amount of diet space of one species occupied by the other species. Our analyses demonstrated that diet partitioning in a three species piscivore community is reflected in different use of the prey resource by co-occurring species. Niche overlap of largemouth bass with smallmouth bass and yellow perch is strongly asymmetric, largely due to the ability of largemouth bass to effectively consume prey of terrestrial origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00156.x
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  • 10
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    Heikkilä, J. "Kansallista luokkapoolitiikkaa: Sosiaalidemokraatit ja Suomen autonomi-anpuolustus 1905-1917" (Book Review) (1995)
    London, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Slavonic and East European review. 73:2 (1995:Apr.) 345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0037-6795
    Topics: History , Slavonic Studies
    Notes: REVIEWS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:0072-1995-073-02-000042
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