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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical monitoring of activity of many neurons in invertebrate ganglia during behaviors (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Voltage-sensitive dye ; abdominal ganglion ; buccal ganglion ; neuronal activity ; gill-withdrawal reflex ; Aplysia ; Navanax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Optical methods for monitoring neuron activity were developed because these methods lend themselves to simultaneous multiple-site measurements. With the use of new voltage-sensitive dyes, the dye-related pharmacology and photodynamic damage appear to be relatively unimportant. Using multiple-site measurements made with a 124-element photodiode array, we estimated that approximately 30 of the 200 neurons present in theNavanax buccal ganglion make action potentials during feeding and that approximately 300 of the 1100 neurons present in theNavanax buccal ganglion make are active during the gill-withdrawal reflex. The fact that a light mechanical touch to the siphon skin activated such a large number of neurons in the abdominal ganglion suggests that understanding the neuronal basis of the gill-withdrawal reflex and its behavioral plasticity may be forbiddingly difficult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940529
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholaminergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 191-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA ; Catecholamine ; Coexistence ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coexistence of immunoreactivities for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was revealed in various brain regions in colchicine-injected and untreated rats, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Consecutive 40 μm thick Vibratome sections were incubated in different antisera and those cells which were bisected by the plane of sectioning so as to be included at the paired surfaces of two adjacent sections were identified. The coexistence of the immunoreactivities for TH and GAD or GABA in the same cell could thus be determined by observing the immunoreactivity of the two halves of the cell incubated in two different antisera. In the olfactory bulb, retina, diencephalon, mesencephalic central grey and cerebral cortex, many TH-like immunoreactive neurons also showed GAD-like or GABA-like immunoreactivity, whereas in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and locus ceruleus none of TH-like immunoreactive neurons showed either GAD-like or GABA-like immunoreactivity. In the olfactory bulb, retina and cerebral cortex, the majority of the TH-like immunoreactive neurons were also GAD-like or GABA-like immunoreactive. In the diencephalon of colchicine-injected rats, at least one-third of the TH-like immunoreactive neurons were GAD-like immunoreactive. Using serial 0.5 μm thick plasticembedded sections, it was shown that immunoreactivities for three antigens, GAD, GABA and TH could occur in the same neurons in the olfactory bulb. These observations indicate the possible coexistence of two classical transmitters, GABA and catecholamine, in various brain regions of the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236215
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-time Breadmaking Systems. Effect of Formulation, Additives, Temperature, and Flour Quality (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 53 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An optimum formula for short-time breadmaking included flour (100%), yeast (5%), sugar (3%), salt (1.5%), shortening (3%), oxidant (100 ppm ascorbic acid and 60 ppm KBrO3), and optimum water. The minimum fermentation time for good volume was 15 min. Ambient temperature greatly affected baking performance, and formula changes would be required to produce optimum short-time bread at different temperatures. Baking the same flours by both short- and long-time baking methods gave poor correlations between loaf volumes and oxidant requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb07750.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two Forms of Rat Brain Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Differ in Their Dependence on Free Pyridoxal Phosphate (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 44 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: There are two forms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) found in the rat brain. One form (form A) does not require exogenous pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) for activity whereas another form (form B) requires exogenous PLP for activity. These two forms differ greatly in temperature sensitivity, inactivation, and reactivation by the removal and readdition of PLP, electrophoretic mobility, and regional distribution. For instance, forms A and B are inactivated to an extent of 91% and 10%, respectively, by the treatment at 45°C for 30 min; form A is greatly inactivated (77%) by the removal of PLP by aminooxyacetic acid and the readdition of PLP, whereas form B is only slightly inactivated (7%). Forms A and B can be clearly separated by 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in which form A migrates faster than form B. In all 10 brain regions studied, form A is present in smaller amounts than form B. This difference is greatest in the superior colliculus (the ratio of B to A is about 5), while in the locus coeruleus and cerebellum, forms A and B are present in nearly equal proportion. Forms A and B are similar with respect to relative abundance in hypotonie, isotonic, and hypertonic preparations, inhibition of catalytic activity by a carbonyl-trapping agent, immunochemical properties, and chromatographic patterns in a variety of systems. The significance of forms A and B and PLP in the regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb12910.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-release of glutamate and aspartate from cholinergic and GABAergic synaptosomes (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 330 (1987), S. 64-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Whole synaptosome fractions from cerebral cortex were incubated with non-immune (as control) or immune serum to allow specific immunoglobulins to attach to the synaptosomal surface as appropriate. Labelled synaptosomes were then exposed to magnetic microspheres to which protein A had been ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/330064a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of l-glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the major pelvic ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 90 (1988), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of l-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, was studied in the rat major pelvic ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex by indirect immunofluorescence technique with a specific antiserum raised in rabbits. GAD immunoreactivity was demonstrated in small cells of these ganglia. The GAD-immunoreactive small cells were 10–20 μm in diameter and formed clusters or occured as solitary cells. The principal neurons were non-reactive but they were surrounded by immunoreactive processes. Studies on colocalization of GAD with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine synthesis, in the major pelvic ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex indicated that all GAD-immunoreactive small cells were also labelled with TH. In the major pelvic ganglion all TH-immunoreactive SIF cells were also immunoreactive for GAD. However, in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex there occured TH-immunoreactive small cells which showed no immunoreactivity to GAD. It is suggested that the small GAD-immunoreactive cells represent small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00495968
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA and GAD-like immunoreactivity in the primate retina (1987)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 86 (1987), S. 485-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary GABA immunoreactivity was studied and compared with GAD immunoreactivity in the retinae of baboon, cynomolgus monkey and man. The central and peripheral parts of the retinae were investigated separately in cynomolgus monkey and in man. The same kinds of structures were stained with both antisera. Cells with a position corresponding to amacrine cells were stained, as well as processes in the inner plexiform layer and some cells in the ganglion cell layer. The outer plexiform layer and some cells with the position and configuration of horizontal cells also appeared immunoreactive. Staining was also observed in bipolar-like cells, in man most clearly when using the GABA antiserum in sections from the central parts of the retina. It is possible that horizontal cells, as well as bipolar-like cells, may play a previously unsuspected role in GABAergic transmission in the primate retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500621
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible coexistence of amino acid (γ-aminobutyric acid), amine (dopamine) and peptide (substance P); neurons containing immunoreactivities for glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P in the hamster main olfactory bulb (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 633-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Coexistence ; GABA ; Catecholamine ; Substance P ; Olfactory bulb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coexistence of immunoreactivities for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and substance P (SP) was revealed in the hamster main olfactory bulb, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. Adjacent 40 μm thick Vibratome sections were incubated in different antisera and those cells which were bisected by the plane of sectioning were identified at the paired surfaces of two consecutive sections. The coexistence of the immunoreactivities for 1) TH and GAD, 2) TH and SP and 3) GAD and SP in the same cells could thus be determined by observing the immunoreactivity of the two halves of the cell incubated in two different antisera. About 70% of TH-like immunoreactive (TH-LI) neurons in the periglomerular region also contained GAD-like immunoreactivity, whereas about 45% of GAD-LI ones were also TH-like immunoreactive. Furthermore, almost all (more than 95%) of SP-LI neurons contained both GAD-like and TH-like immunoreactivities. These observations indicate that in the periglomerular region of the hamster main olfactory bulb, some neurons (about 9% of all neurons containing TH-like and/or GAD-like immunoreactivities) may contain three different categories of neuroactive substances, that is, amino acid (GABA), amine (dopamine) and peptide (SP).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248757
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABAergic neurons containing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 388-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) ; Somatostatin ; Coexistence ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SS-LI) material and its colocalization with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity were studied in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus neurons using immunohistochemistry. In the dentate gyrus and CA1 region, SS-LI perikarya were concentrated in the hilus and in the stratum oriens, respectively, whereas immunoreactive cell bodies were rarely seen in other layers. Approximately half of the SS-LI neurons of the CA3 region were situated in the stratum oriens, the other half being scattered in strata pyramidale, lucidum and radiatum. About 90% of SS-LI neurons were also GAD-like immunoreactive, whereas about 14% of GAD-like immunoreactive (GAD-LI) neurons were SS-like immunoreactive. The percentage of GAD-LI neurons which were also immunoreactive for SS varied from one layer to the other. This percentage was about 30% in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the stratum oriens of the CA1 and CA3 regions; it was 5–10% in the strata pyramidale, lucidum and radiatum of the CA3 region and reached only 2% in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the stratum pyramidale and stratum radiatum in the CA1 region. These observations indicate that the majority of SS-LI neurons in the rat hippocampal formation are a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247498
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