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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Motor and Premotor Cortex Ablation on Concentrations of Amino Acids, Monoamines, and Acetylcholine and on the Ultrastructure in Rat Striatum. A Confirmation of Glutamate as the Specific Cortico-Striatal Transmitter (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 38 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: At 1, 2, and 4 weeks after unilateral premotor and motor cortex ablation in rats, a significant and lasting decrease in glutamate levels in the ipsilateral versus contralateral striatum was observed. A significant corresponding fall in aspartate was seen only after 1 week. In contrast, there was a large increase in the striatal concentrations of lysine, threonine, alanine, and glutamine 1 week after the cortical ablation. This correlates with the extensive glial proliferation in the deafferented ipsilateral striatum. Four weeks after cortical ablation the GABA concentration was significantly increased. There was no decrease in other putative transmitters (dopamine, serotonin, acetyl-choline, glycine and taurine), nor was a glutamate decrease observed in the hippocampus or in the hypothalamus, which do not receive direct premotor and motor cortical inputs. Both biochemical and morphological evidence for a minor contralateral cortico-striatal projection was obtained. Correlating with the fall in glutamate, ultrastructural observations indicated the degeneration of two types of striatal synapses, i.e., those of the axo-spinous type III and of the axo-dendritic type VII. Frontal cortex ablation clearly affects, in opposite directions, the metabolism of various striatal amino acids but not that of acetylcholine and the monoamine transmitters. The results strongly support the view that glutamate is the transmitter of the cortico-striatal fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb05352.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass Fragmentographic Determination of Homovanillic Acid in Individual Dopaminergic Neuron Systems of Rat Brain: Application of Reaction Gas Chromatography (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 38 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Homovanillic acid (HVA) levels of 12 discrete rat brain areas were determined by a mass fragmentographic method using the reaction gas chromatographic technique. The use of reaction gas chromatography increased the sensitivity for determination of HVA. The sensitivity of this method allows measurement of HVA in small amounts of brain tissue. The HVA levels in polar, medial, and lateral fields of prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, septum, amygdala, A12, A13, and A14 dopaminergic neurons were 0.417 ± 0.018 ng/mg protein, 0.689 ± 0.004, 0.753 ± 0.024, 0.496 ± 0.029, 1.311 ± 0.046, 0.555 ± 0.008, 1.949 ± 0.077, 1.109 ± 0.112, and 0.489 ± 0.019, respectively. The HVA levels in these areas are first reported in the present paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb10884.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein synthesis in vitro, in the presence of Ca(OH)2-containing pulp-capping medicaments (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral pathology & medicine 12 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0714
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Four Ca(OH)2-containing pulp-capping medicaments were compared for their effects on protein synthesis in early subcultures of monkey- and human-pulpal fibroblasts. While protein synthesis, as well as DNA synthesis, was depressed by three of the medicaments, the protein-synthetic rate in human-cell cultures in the presence of Life® rose to control levels when the medium was changed daily, but was depressed when the medium was not changed. This suggests that serum proteins play a protective role for pulpal tissues under inflammatory conditions, at least in the case of Life®, allowing odontoblasts to differentiate and make dentinal matrix without interference of either toxic components or excess alkalinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1983.tb00348.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of amitriptyline on serum glutamate and free tryptophan in rats (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 391-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Serum glutamate ; Free tryptophan ; Amitriptyline ; Depression ; Serum-Glutamat ; freies Tryptophan ; Amitriptylin ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die chronische Gabe von Amitriptylin (2 Wochen, 10 mg/ kg, i.p.) führte zu einer signifikanten Zunahme von Glutamat und freiem Tryptophan im Serum von Ratten. Dagegen hatte Amitriptylin eine Wirkung weder auf das Gesamttryptophan im Serum noch auf den Glutamatgehalt des Liquors. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die Hypothese, daß Antidepressiva für die Zunahme des Serumglutamats bei Depressiven verantwortlich sind.
    Notes: Summary In rats, chronic amitriptyline (14 days, 10 mg/kg, IP) administration resulted in a significant increase in the serum glutamate concentration and concomitant increase in the serum free tryptophan. In contrast, amitriptyline had no effect on the total serum tryptophan or CSF glutamate level. The data confirmed that antidepressant drugs may induce an increase of the serum glutamate concentration in depressive patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345595
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamat- und GABA-Konzentration in Gehirn und Liquor Cerebrospinalis von Ratten unter Behandlung mit Phosphatidylcholin (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Phosphatidylcholine ; Glutamate ; GABA ; Brain ; CSF ; Friedreich's ataxia ; Phosphatidylcholin ; Glutamat ; GABA ; ZNS ; Liquor cerebrospinalis ; Friedreichsche Ataxie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um zu untersuchen, ob die Gabe von Phosphatidylcholin, die den zentralnervösen Azetylcholingehalt erhöht, einen Einfluß auf die Neurotransmitter Glutamat und GABA hat, wurde 17 von 32 Ratten über 14 Tage 1,5g/kg Lethicon® pro die peroral gegeben. Die fluorometrische Messung der Konzentrationen von Glutamat und GABA in frontalem Cortex, Striatum, Nigra, Kleinhirnrinde sowie von Glutamat im Liquor cerebrospinalis ließ keine signifikanten Unterschiede gegenüber Kontrolltieren erkennen. Nach zweiwöchiger Gabe von Phosphatidylcholin konnte keine zentralnervöse Interaktion des cholinergen Systems mit den Neurotransmittern Glutamat und GABA nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Phosphatidylcholine increases CNS concentrations of acetylcholine. In rats we investigated whether or not phosphatidylcholine also influences the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. In 17 rats 1.5g/kg Lethicon perorally was administered daily for 2 weeks, 15 rats served as controls. In tissue from frontal cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, cerebellar cortex no significant differences between treated and untreated animals were found in glutamate or GABA concentrations. A central nervous interaction between the cholinergic system and the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, therefore, could not be demonstrated after 2 weeks of phosphatidylcholine intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343363
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of cerebrospinal fluid glutamic acid in huntington's chorea and in schizophrenic patients (1980)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 228 (1980), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Huntington's chorea ; Schizophrenia ; Glutamic acid ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Neuroleptic therapy ; Huntington-Chorea ; Schizophrenie ; Glutaminsäure ; Liquor ; Neuroleptische Behandlung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Liquor von drei Patienten-Gruppen mit Huntington-Chorea, Schizophrenie und Bandscheibenvorfällen wurde der Glutaminsäuregehalt bestimmt. Im Liquor der Huntington-Patienten und der Schizophrenen war die Glutaminsäure fast auf die Hälfte erniedrigt im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen mit Bandscheibenvorfällen. Der Glutaminsäuregehalt des Blutserums war bei allen drei Gruppen gleich hoch. Die meisten Huntington- und Schizophrenie-Patienten standen unter neuroleptischer Behandlung, nur eine Tochter eines Huntington-Patienten, bei der die Krankheit noch nicht manifest war, zeigte ebenfalls eine Glutaminsäureverminderung im Liquor. Da diese Patientin keine neuroleptischen Medikamente erhielt, ist es wahrscheinlicher, daß die Glutaminsäureverminderung durch die Erkrankung und nicht durch die neuroleptische Behandlung verursacht ist.
    Notes: Summary Glutamic acid levels were investigated in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum of patients with schizophrenia, Huntington's chorea, and sciatic nerve compression by lumbar disc protrusion. In the serum the glutamic acid levels were equal in all three groups; in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of schizophrenic and Huntington's patients, however, the glutamic acid was decreased to almost half that of the lumbar disc group which served as control. Most of the patients were treated with neuroleptic drugs. However, since in one case (the daughter of a Huntington's patient) the CSF glutamic acid was decreased although this woman had had no neuroleptic treatment, it seems more likely that the glutamic acid decrease is due to the disease rather than to the neuroleptic treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365738
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased serum glutamate in depressed patients (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Serum glutamate ; Endogenous depression ; Neurotic depression ; Antidepressants ; Serum-Glutamat ; endogene Depression ; neurotische Depression ; Antidepressiva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Serum-Glutamatgehalt wurde bei endogen depressiven, neurotisch depressiven, schizophrenen und schizoaffektiven Patienten sowie gesunden Kontrollpersonen bestimmt. Hierbei zeigte sich, daß die Serumglutamatspiegel bei endogen und neurotisch Depressiven signifikant höher waren als bei den anderen Gruppen. Zwischen schizophrenen und schizoaffektiven Patienten sowie Kontrollen zeigten sich dagegen keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Die weitere Analyse der Daten erbrachte die Hypothese, daß die erhöhten Serum-Glutamat-Konzentrationen bei endogen und neurotisch Depressiven eine Folge der antidepressiven Medikation sind. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Wirkung der Antidepressiva auf das Serum-Glutamat bei affektiven Störungen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Glutamate concentration was determined in serum from endogenous and neurotic depressive patients, in persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and in normal subjects. The mean serum glutamate level in the endogenous and neurotic depressive patients was found to be significantly higher than in any of the other groups. No other statistically significant differences were found. Statistical analysis revealed that the elevated serum glutamate concentration in the endogenous and neurotic depressive patients was probably caused by medication. These results are discussed in view of the effect of antidepressants upon the serum glutamate in the affective disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345492
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of total and free tryptophan in the plasma of endogenous and neurotic depressives (1981)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 231 (1981), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Total tryptophan ; Free tryptophan ; Endogenous depression ; Neurotic depression ; Gesamt- und freies Tryptophan ; Endogene Depression ; Neurotische Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gesamt- und freies Tryptophan wurde im Plasma von 34 endogen Depressiven, 20 neurotisch Depressiven und 25 gesunden Kontrollpersonen bestimmt. Während beim Gesamttryptophan kein Unterschied zwischen den drei Gruppen festgestellt werden konnte, war das freie Tryptophan bei endogen Depressiven und neurotisch Depressiven signifikant erniedrigt. Zwischen endogen und neurotisch Depressiven fand sich kein Unterschied.
    Notes: Summary The levels of total and free tryptophan were determined in the plasma of 34 endogenous depressives, 20 neurotic depressives and 25 healthy volunteers. Whilst the levels of total tryptophan were not different in the three groups, the level of free tryptophan was reduced in both endogenous and neurotic depressives. No difference could be found between endogenous and neurotic depressives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00342828
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in individual hypothalamic nuclei and other brain areas of rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1288-1290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat, brain ; brain, rat ; hypothalamus, rat ; serotonin ; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in individual nuclei of rat hypothalamus and other brain areas using HPLC with electrochemical detection. 5-HIAA levels were first demonstrated in hypothalamic and some discrete brain areas. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was highest in the n. caudatus putamen, high in the n. ventromedialis and lowest in the n. suprachiasmaticus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946679
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Einfluß von Aethanol auf die Neurotransmitter Glutamat und GABA (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Barbiturate ; Cortex ; GABA ; Glutamate ; Hippocampus ; Nigra ; Striatum ; Aethanol ; Barbiturat ; Cortex ; GABA ; Glutamat ; Hippocampus ; Nigra ; Striatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In zwei Versuchsserien wurde der Einfluß von chronischer Aethanolgabe (5 g/kg täglich) über 2 bzw. 4 Wochen auf die Neurotransmitter Glutamat und GABA bei Ratten untersucht. Dabei fand sich ein durch Barbiturat maskierter Anstieg der GABA-Konzentration in Striatum, Hippocampus und Substantia nigra, 8 bzw. 12 Stunden nach der letzten Aethanolgabe. Für Glutamat konnte ebenfalls ein Anstieg in den untersuchten Hirnregionen gefunden werden, der mit den für Dopamin bekannten Veränderungen unter Aethanol vereinbar ist. Die Bedeutung für die Pathogenese hirnorganischer Anfälle und psychotischer Symptome nach chronischem Alkoholmißbrauch wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The effect of chronic ethanol administration, 5 g/kg per day for 2 or 4 weeks, on the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA was investigated in rats. An increase in GABA was found in the striatum, hippocampus, and substantia nigra, 8 or 12 h after the last ingestion of ethanol, this being masked by injection of barbiturate. In addition an increase of glutamate has been found in the examined brain areas. This is consistent with the known effect of ethanol on brain Dopa metabolism and release. Finally, the relevance of the results for the pathogenesis of withdrawal seizures and delirious states is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343699
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