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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal and synaptic arrangements of the lateral geniculate nucleus in night-active primates (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 168 (1983), S. 341-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Presynaptic perikarya of interneurons of LGN ; Night-active prosimian and simian ; EM ; Degeneration of retino-geniculate terminals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of Aotus trivirgatus and Nycticebus coucang shows two types of neurons at the ultrastructural level: a large thalamo-cortical relay neuron (TCR) and a small neuron of Golgi type II, which is considered to be an interneuron. The interneuron contains small aggregations of synaptic vesicles in the perikaryon adjacent to the cell membrane in synaptic contact to a TCR neuron. Only in the perikaryon of the interneurons can cilia have their origin. After unilateral enucleation, neurofilamentous or dark degenerations of large boutons with round vesicles (type RL) occur in the outer layers of the contralateral LGN and in the inner layers of the ipsilateral LGN. The optic terminals establish synaptic contacts in the glomerulus with dendritic spines of the TCR neurons and with presynaptic dendrites (F2) of interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304272
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiber projections of the non-specific midline nuclei to the anterior dorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the cat (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 216-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pathways of non-specific cortical responses ; Midline nuclei of the thalamus ; No direct fibers to cortical areas ; Fiber degenerations to anterior dorsal nucleus (A.d) and few to VA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fiber degenerations following stereotactic lesions in the midline nuclei of the cat thalamus, especially in the nucleus centralis medialis, rhomboidalis and reuniens (after perpendicular and oblique electrode approach) were investigated by the Fink-Heimer method of terminal degeneration. These nuclei fail to send direct fibers to all checked cortex regions; they are therefore trunco-thalamic. The midline nuclei of the thalamus, however, have besides very few degenerated fibers to the rostral pole of the thalamus (VA nucleus) strong direct connections to both anterior dorsal nuclei (A.d). This suggests a new additional path of non-specific cortical activation from the thalamic midline nuclei through the anterior dorsal nucleus to the retrosplenial cortex, and hence to the surrounding cortical fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235030
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophysiologic studies on the pallido- and cerebellothalamic projections in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 51 (1983), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pallidum ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Thalamus ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thalamic projections of the pallidum and the deep cerebellar nuclei were studied by unitary recordings as well as field potential analysis in the thalamus of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Stimulation of the pallidum produced a positive field potential preceded by incoming afferent fiber volleys in the thalamus. Spontaneous discharges of thalamic neurons were suppressed during this positive potential, and intracellular recordings from the thalamic neurons revealed that the time course of this field potential corresponded to that of the hyperpolarizing potential. The hyperpolarization was presumed to be a monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential by the short synaptic delay (about 0.5–0.7 ms) and responsiveness to high frequency stimulation (over 150 Hz). The positive field potential on stimulation of the external pallidal segment was distributed in L.po (VA) and the reticular thalamic nucleus around L.po, whereas that on stimulation of the internal segment was in V.o.a (the anterior basal part of VL) and in Z.o (upper part of VL). The projection of the external segment appeared to be less dense than that of the internal segment. The projection of deep cerebellar nuclei was situated in V.o.a, V.o.p (posterior part of basal part of VL), V.o.i (VLm), the intralaminar nucleus (CL), and some part of V. im (the rostral part of VPLo). Projections of the interpositus and dentate nuclei were distributed in a more anterior part than those of the fastigial nucleus. A certain topographical arrangement of the projections of these three nuclei was found in V.o.p, V.o.i and V.im. No significant overlap was detected between projections of the pallidum and the deep cerebellar nuclei within the thalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236805
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the extrapyramidal motor system 1. Regional distribution of GABA in rabbit, rat, guinea pig and baboon CNS (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 514-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA-Regional distribution ; Rabbit ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Baboon ; CNS ; Substantia nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regional distribution of GABA in the CNS of rabbit (17 regions), rat (14 regions), guinea pig (12 regions) and baboon (11 regions) was determined by sensitive enzymatic and fluorometric assay. In all species studied a high concentration of GABA was found in substantia nigra (8.5–10.1 mmoles/kg) and pallidum (6.5–8.2 mmoles/kg). Fairly high amounts were found in hypothalamus, superior and inferior colliculi, nucleus oculomotorius and dentate nucleus. The GABA concentration in spinal cord (white matter) had the lowest value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234282
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Locally evoked potentials in slices of rat neostriatum: A tool for the investigation of intrinsic excitatory processes (1979)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 575-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neostriatum slices ; Field potentials ; Action potentials ; EPSPs ; Intrinsic excitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Field potentials, extracellular unitary discharges and intracellular potentials evoked by intrastriatal stimulation were recorded from slices (thickness 200–400 μm) of rat neostriatum maintained in an artificial medium. The field potentials consisted of two negative waves appearing at latencies of 0.5–1.5 ms (N-1) and 2–4 ms (N-2). Extracellular unitary records showed two types of discharges, one with short but constant latencies at threshold level stimulation and the other with longer and variable latencies. In intracellular recordings the late discharge was seen to arise from EPSPs. Based on the intra- and extracellular unitary records, N-1 was identified as the population spike of antidromically or directly activated unitary discharges and N-2 as that of orthodromically activated discharges. This interpretation was substantiated by the fact that the N-2 potential was blocked in a perfusion medium containing a lower Ca++ or a higher Mg++ concentration than the standard solution. Neither interruption of ascending neostriatal inputs nor decortication 14 days prior to recording altered the configuration of the locally evoked potentials or the probability of synaptically driven discharge occurrence. Thus by intrastriatal stimulation, neostriatal neurons are activated antidromically or directly and/or orthodromically through intrinsic excitatory synapses. Since the intracellular recordings showed that neostriatal neurons can be well preserved, this preparation can be regarded as a useful tool for electrophysiological and neuropharmacological investigations on intrinsic excitatory processes in the neostriatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239150
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective degeneration of two out of the nine types of synapses in cat caudate nucleus after cortical lesions (1978)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 31 (1978), S. 67-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Caudate ; Cat ; 9 Types of synapses ; Degenerated ; Cortico-striate boutons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the cat caudate nucleus the same nine types of synapses are found as in putamen and fundus striati. The three parts of the striatum in the strict sense do not differ in the morphological differentiation of synapse types but only in their quantitative distribution. One-third of all synapses in the caudate nucleus are axo-spinous type IV synapses with a curved and divided asymmetric contact. This strongly suggests that the caudate nucleus interneuronal apparatus is dominated by centre-median input, in contrast to the putamen which is controlled by the cortico-striatal input to its internuncial cells and by its strong intrastriatal feedback mechanism. Extensive destruction of the convexity of the cortex and the medial cortex in one hemisphere results in dark degeneration of a large proportion of two of the nine types of caudate synapses: a) the axo-dendritic type VII synapses exciting the large aspiny caudate neurons and b) the axo-spinous type III synapses making contact with the small spiny neurons of the interneuronal cell apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235805
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L-glutamate decarboxylase and Choline acetyltransferase activity in the substantia nigra and the striatum after surgical interruption of the strio-nigral fibres of the baboon (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: L-glutamate decarboxylase ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Substantia nigra ; Strio-nigral fibre ; Inhibitory system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study investigated the effect of strio-nigral hemitransection on the enzymes necessary for the synthesis and cataboiism of γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and dopamine in the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the pallidum and the substantia nigra of the baboon. After transection, more than 70% of the L-glutamate decarboxylase activity was missing from the substantia nigra ipsilateral to the location of the lesions, leaving all remaining regions unchanged. Choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and monoaminoxidase activities failed, however, to be affected by the lesions, while glutamic-γ-aminobutyric transaminase was slightly decreased in the substantia nigra. These results strongly support our previous view that the strio-nigral neuron system is primarily an inhibitory one, in which γ-aminobutyric acid plays the role of transmitter. Confirming earlier investigations, a marked reduction of L-DOPA decarboxylase activity was induced by the lesions in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, which indicates that the nigro-striatal neuron system in the baboon is also dopaminergic. Neither the striatum nor the substantia nigra had a markedly diminished acetylcholine content after hemitransection. This strongly suggests that the acetylcholine in the striatum does not depend on the integrity of the strio-nigral connexions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238536
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Termination of cortical afferents on identified neurons in the caudate nucleus of the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Caudate nucleus ; Golgi/EM ; Corticocaudate projection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combined Golgi/electron microscopic technique was used to investigate the fine structure and synaptology of Golgi-stained spiny neurons in the caudate nucleus of the cat. In order to study the termination sites of cortical afferents on Golgistained spiny neurons, cortical fibres were caused to degenerate by making extensive cortical lesions 3 days prior to fixation of the animals. When examined in the electron microscope, perikarya of labelled spiny neurons have a round nucleus, a few mitochondria and microtubules, and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Only rarely are axo-somatic contacts seen. Labelled dendrites exhibit a moderate number of microtubules and sometimes elongated mitochondria. Numerous labelled spines are seen in the vicinity of their parent dendrites. They are contacted by smaller type I and type III boutons and larger type IV boutons (Hassler et al. 1978). Large boutons filled with clear round vesicles establish symmetric contacts with labelled dendritic shafts. Degenerating boutons of cortical afferents are seen in contact with spines and, more rarely, with dendritic shafts of Golgi-stained spiny neurons. All degenerating boutons synapsing with labelled structures are found some distance from the cell body. No contacts of degenerating cortical boutons with the soma or with stem dendrites of Golgi-stained spiny neurons are found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238890
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the extrapyramidal motor system (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1971), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA ; Strio-nigral neurons ; Elongated synaptic vesicles ; Hemitransection ; Bouton-degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interference with the neuronal connection between the substantia nigra and striatum of rat by hemitransection at the subthalamic level or lesion of left side of striatum by a simple suction method was studied in relation to the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in both regions. Time interval studies, at two, six, and twelve days after hemitransection, showed that the GABA concentration in substantia nigra had markedly decreased, whereas only a slight change was shown on the striatum of the operated side. Destruction of the striatum by suction caused a significant fall of the GABA content in the ipsilateral side of substantia nigra. However, destruction of the frontal cortex alone did not cause any marked change in the GABA content of the substantia nigra. In addition, electron microscopic studies disclosed that within the synaptic organization of the substantia nigra approximately 20 % of the boutons contained elongated synaptic vesicles, and that, following coagulation of the striatum, some large axosomatic terminals containing elongated synaptic vesicles also underwent degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234913
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projection of the vestibular nerve to the area 3a arm field in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri Sciureus) (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibulocortical projection ; Saimiri sciureus ; Area 3a
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A projection of the vestibular nerve to the anterior bank of the central sulcus was identified. The zone is small and located within the arm field. Surface positive potentials and negative field potentials in deeper cortical layers were evoked within this field by isolated stimulation of the vestibular nerve. Field potentials after isolated stimulation of the facial and auditory nerves were recorded from distinct cortical locations clearly separate from the vestibular field. The tracks of electrodes which recorded the vestibular negative field potentials were histologically located within area 3a. This cytoarchitectonic area extends from the fundus of the central sulcus onto the cortical surface anterior to this sulcus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234260
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