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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus of the mouse and the cellular localization of catecholamines (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 40-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synapse ; Catecholamines ; Nigra ; Caudate ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus of the mouse is studied by electron microscopy. The structure of neurones in both regions confirm the general contention that catecholamines are produced in the perikaryon. In the substantia nigra two structurally distinct types of synaptic junctions are observed; namenly an “encircled type” by which a dentrite is surrounded by three or more axon terminals, containing granulate and/or synaptic vesicles, and a “sandwich type” which is characterized by a dendrite interposed between two axon terminals, which contain only synaptic vesicles. The bouton containing both granulate and synaptic vesicles is considered aminergic (type A), whereas that having only synaptic vesicles is regarded cholinergic (type C) in nature. The caudate nucleus does not show the regional specialization of synaptic junctions, and its junctions are composed of simple appositions of dendrites and axon terminals, which contain a limited number of granulate vesicles. Treatment with reserpine depletes the dense core of granulate vesicles, while injections of iproniazid increase the relative number of granulate vesicles in axon terminals. The relative number of granulate vesicles is not affected by oxypertin. These observations are discussed in light of currently available information on the anatomy, chemistry and physiology of amine-containing brain regions. It is suggested that there might be two functionally different types of boutons (types A and C) in the substantia nigra, and that granulate vesicles of axon terminals of the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus might contain dopamine, which may act as a transmitter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234469
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the extrapyramidal motor system 1. Regional distribution of GABA in rabbit, rat, guinea pig and baboon CNS (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 514-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA-Regional distribution ; Rabbit ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Baboon ; CNS ; Substantia nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regional distribution of GABA in the CNS of rabbit (17 regions), rat (14 regions), guinea pig (12 regions) and baboon (11 regions) was determined by sensitive enzymatic and fluorometric assay. In all species studied a high concentration of GABA was found in substantia nigra (8.5–10.1 mmoles/kg) and pallidum (6.5–8.2 mmoles/kg). Fairly high amounts were found in hypothalamus, superior and inferior colliculi, nucleus oculomotorius and dentate nucleus. The GABA concentration in spinal cord (white matter) had the lowest value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234282
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L-glutamate decarboxylase and Choline acetyltransferase activity in the substantia nigra and the striatum after surgical interruption of the strio-nigral fibres of the baboon (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: L-glutamate decarboxylase ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Substantia nigra ; Strio-nigral fibre ; Inhibitory system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study investigated the effect of strio-nigral hemitransection on the enzymes necessary for the synthesis and cataboiism of γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and dopamine in the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the pallidum and the substantia nigra of the baboon. After transection, more than 70% of the L-glutamate decarboxylase activity was missing from the substantia nigra ipsilateral to the location of the lesions, leaving all remaining regions unchanged. Choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and monoaminoxidase activities failed, however, to be affected by the lesions, while glutamic-γ-aminobutyric transaminase was slightly decreased in the substantia nigra. These results strongly support our previous view that the strio-nigral neuron system is primarily an inhibitory one, in which γ-aminobutyric acid plays the role of transmitter. Confirming earlier investigations, a marked reduction of L-DOPA decarboxylase activity was induced by the lesions in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, which indicates that the nigro-striatal neuron system in the baboon is also dopaminergic. Neither the striatum nor the substantia nigra had a markedly diminished acetylcholine content after hemitransection. This strongly suggests that the acetylcholine in the striatum does not depend on the integrity of the strio-nigral connexions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238536
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic cholinergic excitation in the rat neostriatum: Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (1980)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 39 (1980), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intrinsic cholinergic excitation ; Nicotinic receptors ; Fast excitation ; Muscarinic receptors ; Slow excitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An in vitro slice technique was employed to study the receptors involved in intrinsic cholinergic excitation in the rat neostriatum. The locally evoked synaptic potentials were suppressed by antinicotinic agents, mecamylamine (10 μM), d-tubocurarine (3 μM) or hexamethonium (100 μM), but not by the antimuscarinic agent atropine (100 μM). If the slices were exposed to an acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibitor (paraoxon 1–20 μM, physostigmine 0.1–0.5 μM), the synaptic potentials were potentiated. The amplitude of the orthodromic population spike increased, and it was further facilitated when the stimulus frequencies were raised from 1–3 Hz to 10–30 Hz. The frequency facilitation following exposure to an AChE-inhibitor was blocked by atropine (1–100 μM). Intracellular recording indicated that a slow depolarizing potential caused the frequency potentiation of the orthodromic discharges. Apparently rat neostriatum is similar to cholinergic systems in sympathetic ganglia and spinal Renshaw cells, in that nicotinic receptors mediate fast excitation and muscarinic receptors mediate slow excitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239304
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes associated with reversible and irreversible suppression of electrical activity in olfactory cortex slices (1970)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 360-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Brain slices ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic potential ; Metabolism ; Olfactory cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure and electrical activity were studied in thin brain sections prepared from the olfactory cortex of the guinea pig and incubated in vitro in standard and modified conditions. In the standard medium, the potential response was maintained with no marked changes for 4–5 hours and thereafter gradually decreased. The ultrastructure of the tissue was well preserved for the initial 2 hours of incubation. After incubation for 5 hours, many empty spaces were noted. Some dendritic stumps lost fine internal structure, but most of the synapses were apparently normal. Cyanide suppressed the potential response, and caused swelling of the nerve terminals and a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles. The recovery of the response in the standard medium was not accompanied by a full restoration in the fine structure. If slices were incubated in the absence of glucose and oxygen, with cyanide in glucose-free medium, or at a low temperature, the potential response was irreversibly depressed. In these slices, numerous wide spaces of low electron density were noted which were concluded to have been derived, at least partly, from the swollen dendrites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237909
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the extrapyramidal motor system (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1971), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA ; Strio-nigral neurons ; Elongated synaptic vesicles ; Hemitransection ; Bouton-degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interference with the neuronal connection between the substantia nigra and striatum of rat by hemitransection at the subthalamic level or lesion of left side of striatum by a simple suction method was studied in relation to the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in both regions. Time interval studies, at two, six, and twelve days after hemitransection, showed that the GABA concentration in substantia nigra had markedly decreased, whereas only a slight change was shown on the striatum of the operated side. Destruction of the striatum by suction caused a significant fall of the GABA content in the ipsilateral side of substantia nigra. However, destruction of the frontal cortex alone did not cause any marked change in the GABA content of the substantia nigra. In addition, electron microscopic studies disclosed that within the synaptic organization of the substantia nigra approximately 20 % of the boutons contained elongated synaptic vesicles, and that, following coagulation of the striatum, some large axosomatic terminals containing elongated synaptic vesicles also underwent degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234913
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amantadine actions on acetylcholine and GABA in striatum and substantia nigra of rat in relation to behavioral changes (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 33 (1972), S. 45-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A relatively high dose of amantadine (100 mg/kg i.p.) causes rigidity with humpback and tremor-like movements, but at a milder degree than harmaline. The amantadine induced syndrome is later accompanied with locomotor hyperactivity. Biochemically amantadine produces an increase of acetylcholine (ACh) content (100%) in the striatum, but with no effect on the striatal serotonin or dopamine, while GABA is increased 17% in striatum and 23% in substantia nigra. The enzyme activities involved in synthesis and degradation of ACh and GABA, namely glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA-transaminase, and cholineacetyltransferase, are not altered after amantadine hydrochloride. The acetylcholinesterase activity in the striatum appears to show a slight decrease. The rigidity and the tremor-like movements after amantadine can be explained by the increased striatal acetylcholine as in the case of harmaline. The locomotor hyperactivity and the circling movements after amantadine hydrochloride may result from the inhibition of recurrent nigro striatal (dopaminergic) fibers influenced by the increased GABA activity in the substantia nigra, thereby causing disinhibition of the pallidar structures for locomotor activity. The cause of stereotypy and convulsions requires further investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244727
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic observations in the substantia nigra of mouse during reserpine administration (1965)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 21 (1965), S. 568-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Reserpin bewirkte an den Zellen der Substantia nigra der Maus Verschwinden der Katecholamin-haltigen Granula und Anschwellen des endoplasmatischen Retikulums. Das Hauptmerkmal von normalen Kontrollzellen bildeten elektronenoptisch dichte Körper im Cytoplasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02151533
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of 5-hydroxydopamine on uptake and content of serotonin in rat striatum (1972)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 28 (1972), S. 439-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 5-OH-Dopa und 5-OH-Dopamin senken in vivo den Serotoningehalt und vermindern in vitro dosisabhängig die Aufnahme von3H-Serotonin im Striatum von Ratten. Es kann daher angenommen werden, dass 5-OH-Dopamin in vivo überwiegend eine Verdrängung von Serotonin aus den serotoninergen Speichern verursacht, während in vitro zusätzlich eine Verdrängung von unspezifisch in katecholaminerge Speicher aufgenommenem Serotonin auftreten kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02008328
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro lysis of erythrocytes and chromaffine granules by prenylamine (1968)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 24 (1968), S. 701-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Oberflächenaktivität des Prenylamins, bedingt durch den lipophilen Diphenylpropylanteil des Moleküls, wird die Ursache dafür erblickt, dass hohe Konzentrationen zur Freisetzung von Brenzcatechinaminen aus chromaffinen Granula sowie von Hämoglobin aus Erythrocyten führen. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigten schwere Membranschädigungen der mit Prenylamin inkubierten Granula. Prenylamin hemmte bzw. verhinderte die Hämolyse der in hypotonischer Salzlösung suspendierten Erythrozyten. Ein gemeinsamer Mechanismus, der sowohl die granulolytische und hämolytische als auch die protektive Wirkung auf Granula- und Erythrozytenmembran erklären könnte, wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02138324
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