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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 57 (1979), S. 977-991 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Epithelial transport ; Kidney ; Small intestine ; Electrolyte ; Epithelialer Transport ; Niere-Darm-Elektrolyt ; Elektrochemisches Gradient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Epithel von Niere und Darm besteht aus einer einzigen Lage von Zellen, die an ihrer luminalen Seite durch Schlußleisten zusammengekittet sind. Der Stofftransport geht entweder transzellulär durch die Zellen hindurch und ist dann in der Regel aktiv, oder er geht parazellulär an den Zellen vorbei durch die Schlußleisten und interzellulären Spalten und ist dann passiv. Die Triebkraft für den aktiven Transport kommt entweder direkt aus dem Stoffwechsel und wirkt mittels ATPasen auf die zu transportierenden Stoffe. Wir haben dann einen primär aktiven Transport vor uns. Oder sie kommt aus Gradienten von Substanzen, in erster Linie Natriumionen, die ihrerseits primär aktiv transportiert wurden. Man spricht dann von sekundär aktivem Transport. Die Triebkräfte für den passiven Transport sind Konzentrations- bzw. elektrochemische Potentialdifferenzen sowie der durch Reibung bedingte Mitreißeffekt des resorbierten Wassers. Sowohl in Niere als auch im Darm haben die proximalen Abschnitte, wo eine große Flüssigkeitsmenge isoton resorbiert wird, undichte Schlußleisten, so daß eine beträchtliche Substanzmenge passiv resorbiert werden kann. In den distalen Abschnitten hingegen, wo der Transport geregelt wird, sind die Schlußleisten dicht, so daß entsprechende Konzentrationsunterschiede erzeugt und aufrecht erhalten werden können. Aktiver Transport durch die Epithelzellen hindurch ist indessen nur möglich, wenn der Stofftransport polar ist, d.h. an der luminalen Zellseite anders als an der kontraluminalen Zellseite. Durch elektrophysiologische Messungen an den einzelnen Zellseiten als auch durch Transportmessungen an geschlossenen Vesikeln, die von den beiden Zellseiten gewonnen wurden, konnten die treibenden Kräfte für die einzelnen Substanzen weitgehend festgelegt werden. An Schemata, in die die Transportmechanismen der einzelnen Zellseiten eingezeichnet sind, wird eine weitgehende Identität der Transportmechanismen im proximalen Tubulus und Dünndarm deutlich.
    Notes: Summary Epithelia of kidney and small intestine consist of one layer of cells which, at their luminal edge, are linked together by terminal bars. Solute transport proceeds either across the cells, which is true of all active transports, or it proceeds paracellularly through the basolateral spaces and terminal bars and is then passive. The driving force for the active transport of a substance is derived either directly from metabolism (primary active transport), or from the gradient of another solute, usually Na+, which in turn is created by primary active transport. In the latter case the transport is referred to as secondary active. The driving forces of passive transport are the electrochemical gradient of the respective substance and solvent drag. The proximal parts of the kidney as well as of the intestine are leaky so that a considerable part of net reabsorption proceeds passively. Their distal parts, however, where the transport is regulated, are tight so that large concentration differences can be created and maintained. Transcellular active transport is only possible if the cells are polar, i.e., the transport characteristics of the luminal cell membrane differ from those of the contraluminal cell membrane. By measuring the cellular electrical potential difference or by measuring transport into isolated plasma membrane vesicles from either cell side the driving forces for the two transport steps, the luminal and contraluminal, have been elucidated. Schemes for the transport steps in the proximal tubule and in the small intestine are given. They show the principal similarity of the transport of many substances in both epithelia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 41 (1979), S. 181-195 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 25 (1963), S. 91-142 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer Mikroperfusionspumpe wurden die corticalen Nephronabschnitte von Ratten in Antidiurese und Wasserdiurese mit hypo- bzw. hypertonen Lösungen durchströmt. Aus der Geschwindigkeit des osmotischen Angleichs an die Osmolarität des Plasmas wurde die Wasserpermeabilität errechnet. Außerdem wurde die Differenz der Osmolarität von Tubulusinhalt und Plasma bei etwa gleich großem Wasserausstrom und Wassereinstrom am proximalen Tubulus gemessen und folgendes gefunden: 1. In Antidiurese ist die Wasserpermeabilität des proximalen Konvoluts zweieinhalbmal so groß wie die des distalen Konvoluts (17,4 zu 7,6 · 10−8 cm3/cm2/sec/cm H2O). 2. Bei Wasserdiurese ändert sich die Wasserpermeabilität des proximalen Konvoluts nicht (17,4 zu 15,8 · 10−8 cm3/cm2/sec/cm H2O). 3. Im distalen Konvolut nimmt bei Wasserdiurese die Wasserpermeabilität stark ab. Bei stärkster Diurese bis unter 1/10 der Permeabilität bei Antidiurese. 4. Der Wasserausstrom aus dem proximalen Tubulus erfolgt isoton, der Wassereinstrom jedoch nicht. Die möglichen Mechanismen für diesen Unterschied werden diskutiert. 5. Im Anhang wird eine mathematische Behandlung der Permeabilitätsmessung an Nierentubuli gegeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Milchsäure- und Glucosekonzentration wurden in Plasmaproben gemessen, die durch Mikropunktion aus den vasa recta von Goldhamstern entnommen worden waren. Ein Vergleich mit den Milchsäure- und Glucosekonzentrationen im Plasma der Nierenarterie und Nierenvene ergab: 1. Die Glucosekonzentrationen im vasa recta Plasma sind im Mittel 57 mg-% niedriger, die Milchsäurekonzentrationen 21 mg-% höher als im Plasma der Nierenarterie. 2. Zwischen Nierenarterie und Nierenvene bestehen keine eindeutigen Konzentrationsdifferenzen. Bei Beachtung der für die Gegenstromdiffusion geltenden Bedingungen läßt sich abschätzen, daß von der im Gegenstromsystem umgesetzten Glucose ca. 25% als Milchsäure erscheint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal Tubule ; Phosphate Transport ; Sodium Dependence ; Micropuncture ; Microperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The standing droplet method has been used in combination with the peritubular perfusion of blood capillaries to determine the build up of transtubular concentration differences of phosphate (P i ) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule of parathyroidectomized rats. Electron probe analysis was used to estimate P i . At zero time both the intraluminal and the contraluminal P i concentration was 2 mM. The time dependent decrease of the intraluminal P i concentration was approximately 4 times faster in the early than in the late proximal convoluted tubule. After 45 sec an intraluminal steady state concentration of 0.20 mM P i was achieved in the early part. In the late part the intraluminal P i concentration approached a steady state value of 0.54 mM at 120 sec. When sodium free solutions were used the intraluminal P i concentration increased to 2.22 mM in the earlier and to 2.76 mM in the late part. The data indicate that in the proximal convoluted tubule 1. The rate of phosphate reabsorption is greater in the early part than in the later part, and 2. phosphate reabsorption might occur as co-transport with Na+ ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 372 (1977), S. 269-274 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Parathyroidectomy ; Parathyroid hormone ; Phosphate diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The standing droplet method was applied in combination with microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries to determine the build up of transtubular concentration differences of phosphate (Pi) in proximal convoluted tubules. As revealed in experiments with chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats, the time dependent decrease of the intraluminal Pi concentration, or increase of transtubular Pi concentration difference ( $$\Delta {\text{c}}_{{\text{P}}_i }$$ ), changes along the proximal convolution in a ratio 4:2:1 in the first quarter: second plus third quarter: fourth quarter. In acute (〉2 h) PTX rats $$\Delta {\text{c}}_{{\text{P}}_i }$$ decreased by 31% in the first and by 41% in the fourth quarter of the convolution when parathyroid hormone (PTH; 5 U initially and 12 U/h continuously) was infused. In chronic (〉2 days) PTX rats the correspondent values of 17% and 29% were significantly smaller. When the rats were kept for 7–11 weeks on a low phosphate diet (〈0,15% P in the dry matter) their Pi transport was in the range of that of the PTX rats. PTH infusion, however, diminished the P i reabsorption rate in the fourth quarter of the convolution only, but not that in the early parts of the convolution. On the contrary, rats kept for the same time on a high phosphate diet (2%) showed all along the proximal convolution one by one third of the phosphate transport rate of animals on a low phosphate diet. Acute parathyroidectomy of the high P diet rats led to 51% increase in P i transport. The data show that 1. the phosphate transport decreases as a function of proximal convolution length, 2. PTH exerts a considerable inhibitory effect on P i transport only in acute PTX rats, while the effect in chronic PTX rats is rather small, 3. the P content of the diet inversely correlates with the P i transport. 4. further with low P diet the PTH inhibits P i transport in late, but not in early segments of the proximal convolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 375 (1978), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Paracellular shunt ; Calcium ; Ca2+ ionophore A 23187
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proximal inorganic phosphate (P i ) transport was evaluated using the standing droplet method with simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries. In chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats addition of 3 μM of the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 to the luminal perfusate had no effect on the P i transport, although the isotonic fluid reabsorption was reduced by 20%. When the Ca2+ concentration in the perfusates was raised from 1.5 mM to 3.0 mM the reabsorption did not change significantly. But when Ca2+ was omitted from the perfusates the P i reabsorption dropped by 19%, and when 2 mM EDTA were added to the perfusates P i transport decreased by 35%. The influx of P i from the interstitial space and from the cell into the phosphate-free luminal perfusate did not change, when the perfusates were Ca2+-free, but it increased by 23% in the presence of 2 mM EDTA. The data indicate that 1. a rise in intracellular Ca2+ above normal is not a factor which modifies “basal” P i transport i.e. when P i transport is independent of the action of parathyroid hormone. 2. A reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration from normal toward zero reduces P i transport without changing the paracellular leak permeability for P i . 3. With EDTA the paracellular leak permeability for P i is increased, thus causing an even greater reduction in net P i transport than with Ca2+-free solutions alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 282 (1964), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels einer Mikroperfusionspumpe wurde in einen einzelnen proximalen Tubulus isotone NaCl-Lösung, die radioaktives Inulin enthielt, infundiert. Die Infusionsrate entsprach der Filtrationsrate eines einzelnen Glomerulum. Vom Beginn der Infusion an wurde die Ausscheidung des radioaktiven Inulins im Ureterenurin beider Seiten gemessen. In 7 von 21 Durchströmungen wurde unter 1% des ausgeschiedenen Inulins in der kontralateralen Niere gefunden, d. h. weniger als 2% hatten ihren Weg über die Blutbahn genommen. In technisch mangelhaften Experimenten war dieser Anteil größer, und zwar bis zu 31,4%. Die Experimente liefern den direkten Beweis, daß Inulin nicht in nennenswertem Maße transtubulär rückresorbiert wird und als glomeruläre Testsubstanz geeignet ist.
    Notes: Abstract Isotonic NaCl solution containing radioactive inulin was infused into a single proximal tubule by means of a micro infusion pump, the rate of infusion was comparable to the normal rate of filtrate through one glomerulus. The excretion of radioactive inulin via each ureter was individually determined from the start of the infusion. In 7 of 21 perfusions less than 1% of the inulin was recovered from the contralateral kidney, i.e. less than 2% had been transported in the circulation. In technically defective experiments this percentage was higher, even as much as 31.4%. These experiments constitute a direct proof that there is no consequential transtubular reabsorption of inulin, and that inulin affords a suitable means of measuring glomerular filtration rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 357 (1975), S. 149-163 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal Tubule ; H+ Transport ; Sodium Dependence ; Carbonic-Anhydrase Inhibitors ; Adaptation (Acid Base Balance)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the stop flow microperfusion technique with simultaneous capillary perfusion the secretory rate of H+ ions in the proximal tubule was evaluated by measuring the level flow reabsorption as well as the static head concentration difference of3H labelled glycodiazine. At ambient glycodiazine concentration of 21 mmol/l the level flow reabsorption is in the same range as that of bicarbonate. In the early proximal loops the reabsorption is 20% greater than in the late proximal loops. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-sulfonamide (both 10−4 M) as well as furosemide (10−3 M) inhibit the glycodiazine reabsorption 43%, 27% and 22% respectively. Thiocyanate (2 · 10−2 M), however, exerted only an insignificant inhibition (12%). When Na+ in the ambient perfusion solutions was replaced by Li+ or choline+ the glycodiazine transport was strongly reduced. Ouabain (5 · 10−2 M) inhibited too, but amiloride (10−3 M) had no effect on glycodiazine transport. The glycodiazine transport was 28% reduced in metabolic alkalosis and to a smaller although significant extent (17%) in metabolic acidosis; it was unchanged in chronic hypercapnia. In chronic K+ depletion the glycodiazine reabsorption was accelerated by 12% only in the early proximal loops. Chronic parathyroidectomy as well as acute substitution with parathyroid hormone had no effect on the glycodiazine absorption. The main conclusions are: Proximal H+ transport proceeds with suitable buffers. Although independent of HCO3 − and carbonic anhydrase, it could be partially inhibited by CA inhibitors. H+ transport is supposed to proceed as countertransport with Na+ ions. In chronic alkalosis the H+ transport is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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