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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 205 (1997), S. 158-164 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Adulteration ; Carbon-13 ; Citric acid ; Ethanol ; Malic acid ; Tartaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The δ13C-values of organic acids and their correlations to those of the sugar and ethanol, respectively, from 57 EU data bank wines of the Rheinpfalz area (years 1991 – 1993) and from some of their corresponding musts have been determined. In addition to the well established difference between fermented sugar and ethanol (Δδ13C = –1.7±0.2‰), a new constant correlation was found in wine for ethanol and citric acid (Δδ13C = +2.4±0.4‰). From this result a fixed δ-value difference for citric acid in wine to the fermented sugar of +0.7±0.6‰ can be deduced. The δ13C-values of L-malic acid and L-tartaric acid in must were not altered by the alcoholic fermentation; they should therefore directly provide access to the δ13C-value of the natural sugar in must. However, in non-adulterated wines the expected δ13C-value differences between these acids and ethanol showed unsatisfactory correlation coefficients. For L-malate this is attributed to the secondary (partial) degradation of this acid by the malolactic fermentation; a corresponding correction is envisaged in order to make L-malate available as an internal standard. As a reason for the unsatisfactory correlation between L-tartaric acid and ethanol, it is supposed that the time of its maximum biosynthesis period does not coincide with that of glucose in the grape ripening period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 208 (1999), S. 400-407 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Wine ; Oxygen isotopes ; Adulteration control ; Origin assignment ; European Union data bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The application of oxygen isotope analysis to wine water (according to EU regulation no. 822/97) to determine a wine's origin, and check that it has not been adulterated is gaining increasing importance in both laboratories and industry. Using samples of Italian, French and German wines from the EU wine data bank (EU-DB), good agreement between the results from participating laboratories was demonstrated. Close correlations between the oxygen isotope contents of must and related wine water were found for samples from all countries. Based on the results of the δ18O values for EU-DB wines from 1991 to 1996 from Italy, France and Germany, we describe and discuss the main factors which are responsible for the variation of the oxygen isotope ratios of wine water. The examination of spiked samples demonstrated the usefulness of δ18O analysis for the detection of the watering down of wine. The possibility of origin assignment, preferably if the determination of the δ18O value by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is employed together with the determination of the site-specific hydrogen isotope content of wine ethanol by 2H-NMR and the measurement of δ13C values of ethanol by IRMS, is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 207 (1998), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words 2H-Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 13C ; 18O-Isotope ratio mass spectrometry ; Glycerol ; Origin assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The adulteration of wine with glycerol is considered to be a problem in European wine-producing countries. The latest control methods are mainly based on the detection of impurities from commercial products, but suffer from the raising efficiency of the purification processes. As there is little chance of being able to identify glycerol from different sources on the basis of a method which uses only one isotope, a multielement approach was tested. Glycerol from wine showed the lowest relative enrichment with D, mainly in position C-2, a relatively high 18O content, and very negative δ13C values, which significantly correlated with those of ethanol from the same wines. The isotopic data of glycerol samples from different sources were in agreement with those given by indices of origin (impurities). These data allowed us to identify the origin of these glycerol samples, i.e. whether they were produced industrially or synthesised by animals or plants. Glycerol of plant origin was most similar to glycerol found in wine. The combination of several isotopic data by discriminance analysis yielded clusters of data obtained from glycerol samples of similar origin. Taking into account the characteristics of possible mixtures, proof that wine has been adulterated depends on the origin and isotope levels of the added compound. This study showed that it is possible to prove that wine has been adulterated with glycerol from other sources when the latter is present at a concentration of 15% of the total glycerol content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: 14C-labelled glipizide ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; metabolism ; protein-binding ; insulin concentration ; glucose determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peak serum concentrations are reached after about 2 h following oral administration of 5 mg radioactive glipizide, and in the case of intravenous administration of 1 mg radioactive substance they are reached immediately following the injection. The half-life amounts to 36 min (compartment 1) and 3.6 h (compartment 2) resp. The distribution volume of the substance is11, 100 ml. — 5 metabolites were detected in the urine; 2 of them remained unidentified; the same metabolites could partly be detected in the serum. — As regards the insulin levels, two peaks can be seen following oral as well as following intravenous administration; the first peak is reached after absorption or after the injection as the case may be, the second one is reached at midday postprandially. — Of the orally administered substance, the greatest share of total activity eliminated in the urine is observed during the first 24 h, 65.2% of the administered activity are renally eliminated during 48 h. The corresponding value for 120 h being 65.4% after oral and 64.8% after intravenous administration. — These data verify complete absorption following oral administration.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 604-607 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand zweier pharmakokinetischer Modelle wurde bei bei gesunden Probanden eine vergleichende Analyse des Konzentrationsablaufs von3H-β-Methyldigoxin imSerum nach oraler und intravenöser Gabe (Infusion) vorgenommen. Die mit den verwendeten Auswertungsmethoden berechnete Halbwertszeit von 22 min für die Überführung3H-β-Methyldigoxin in den Organismus entspricht einer ungewöhnlich raschen Glykosidinvasion nach oraler Gabe. Aus den fast identischenc 0-Werten in beiden Kompartimenten nach oraler und intravenöser Gabe geht eine nahezu vollständige Resorption hervor. Die Halbwertszeit von etwa 20 h für die Elimination aus Kompartiment II läßt einen raschen Glykosidschwund aus dem Organismus erkennen.
    Notes: Summary Serum concentrations of3H-β-methyldigoxin after oral and intravenous administration (infusion) were compared in normal individuals by the application of two pharmacokinetic models. The half-life of 22 minutes for the enteral absorption obtained by the applied statistical methods reflect an unusually rapid entry of the glycoside into the organism. The intestinal absorption of3H-β-methyldigoxin is almost complete, as evidenced by nearly identicalc 0-values in both compartments after oral and intravenous administration. The half-life of approximately 20 hr for the elimination from compartment II indicates rapid excretion of the glycoside.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 50 (1972), S. 744-750 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acid secretion ; Parietal cells ; Chronic-atrophic gastritis ; Duodenal ulcer ; Säuresekretion ; Parietalzellen ; chronischatrophische Gastritis ; Ulcus duodeni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei männlichen Kontrollpersonen, Patienten mit Ulcus duodeni und mit chronisch-atrophischer Gastritis wurde aus Biopsiematerial der Korpusschleimhaut die Parietalzellzahl pro Areal Schleimhautoberfläche mit Hilfe einer histochemischen Reaktion und die maximale Säuresekretion mit Hilfe des Pentagastrininfusionstestes bestimmt. Bei den Patienten mit Ulcus duodeni fand sich eine signifikante Zunahme und bei den Patienten mit chronisch-atrophischer Gastritis eine signifikante Abnahme der bestimmten Parameter. Zwischen der Parietalzelldichte in Biopsiematerial und maximaler Säuresekretion bestand eine deutliche lineare Korrelation, die sich allerdings auch als polynominale Regression 2. Grades ausdrücken ließ.
    Notes: Summary Male patients with duodenal ulcer, chronicatrophic gastritis, and controls without gastrointestinal diseases were examined with respect to the relationship of their maximal acid output and parietal cell mass in gastric mucosal biopsies. Maximal acid output was measured using the pentagastrin infusion test. Parietal cells were marked histochemically in fresh frozen sections by means of their SDH-activity. The following results were obtained: 1. Maximal acid output (MAO) and parietal cell mass were significantly increased in the duodenal ulcer group, while these values were significantly decreased in the patients with chronic-atrophic gastritis. 2. Parietal cell density in biopsy material was closely related to the MAO irrespective of the group investigated. 3. This relationship was calculated as a linear one and could be further improved when expressed as a binominal regression.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Coronary occlusion ; young/adult dogs ; coronary vasodilator survival rate ; Coronarverschluß ; Überlebensquote ; Coronardilatoren ; junge ; ausgewachsene Tiere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über eine Zeit von 7 Jahren werden Versuche an insgesamt 93 Hunden durchgeführt, bei denen der Ramus descendens der linken Kranzarterie akut hoch ligiert wird. Zwei Kontrollserien 1963/64 und 1969/70 an 11 bzw. 13 unvorbehandelten Tieren ergeben mit 9,1% und 7,7% trotz Wechsel im Untersucherteam praktisch gleiche Überlebensquoten. Ebenso zeigen zwei in demselben Zeitabstand durchgeführte Versuchsserien mit Intensain-Vorbehandlung mit 62,5 (p〈0,05) bzw. 66,7% (p〈0,01) etwa dieselbe Überlebensquote. Nach Vorbehandlung mit Persantin ist die Überlebensquote mit 84,7% ebenfalls höher als bei den Kontrolltieren (p〈0,001). Nach Langzeitgabe von Carduben überleben 42,9% der Versuchstiere den Coronarverschluß (p〈0,05). Werden für die Kontrollen junge Hunde im Alter von 9–12 Monaten benutzt, so ist die Überlebensrate mit 58,3% deutlich höher (p〈0,01) als bei ausgewachsenen Tieren. Erhalten Jungtiere prophylaktisch Pteridinol (RE 102), erhöht sich die Überlebensquote nach akutem Verschluß des Ramus descendens auf 91,1% (p〈0,05). Die hohen Überlebensraten bei den jungen Hunden erklären sich durch eine bessere Kollateralversorgung des Myokards. Die über mehrere Jahre hinweg gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Überlebensquoten nach akutem Coronarverschluß bei Kontrolltieren und bei vorbehandelten Hunden beweist den Aussagewert von Vergleichsuntersuchungen zwischen vor- und nicht vorbehandelten Tieren. Die Versuchsbedingungen, Lebensalter und Haltung der Tiere müssen jedoch vergleichbar sein.
    Notes: Summary Over a period of seven years the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was acutely ligated in a total of 93 dogs. Two control series, 1963/1964 and 1969/1970, on 11 and 13 dogs respectively, produced essentially identical survival rates of 9.1% and 7.7% despite variations in the experimental team. Two experimental series performed at the same time with Intensain pretreatment show essentially the same survival rate (62.2%,p〈0,05 and 66.7%,p〈0.01, respectively. After pretreatment with Persantin the survival rate of 84.7% is likewise significantly higher than in the control animals (p〈0.001). After prolonged administration of Carduben, 42.9% of the experimental animals survived coronary occlusion (p〈0.05). If young animals of the age of 9 to 12 months are used in the control series, the survival rate of 58.3% is clearly higher than with adult ones (p〈0.01). If young animals receive prophylactically Pteridinol (RE 102), the survival rate is increased after acute occlusion of the anterior descending artery to 91.1% (p〈0.05). The higher survival rate in young animals may be explained by an improved collateral circulation of the myocardium. The good reproducibility of survical rates following acute coronary occlusion over several years with both controls and treated dogs proves the significance of comparative studies between treated and untreated animals. The experimental conditions, age and living conditions, however, must be comparable.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die dem APUD-Zellsystem (Pearse, 1968) zugehörigen endokrinen Zellen des Magens wurden nach Darstellung mit bestimmten cytochemischen Referenzreaktionen und nach numerischer Erfassung durch vergleichende Untersuchungen identifiziert (Operationsmaterial von 22 Patienten, Biopsiematerial von 14 Patienten). Dabei zeigten nicht alle zur Verfügung stehenden Referenzreaktionen aus methodischen Gründen eine für die numerische Erfassung ausreichende Verläßlichkeit. Jeder differenzierbare Zelltyp wurde auf seine mögliche Beziehung zur Funktion der Magenschleimhaut (H+-Sekretion, Parietalzellzahl) untersucht, außerdem das Verhalten dieser Zellen unter normalen und pathologischen Bedingungen (Hypersekretion und Hyposekretion) geprüft. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden gewonnen: 1. 2 endokrine Zelltypen sind am Magen statistisch sicherbar zu unterscheiden: die argentaffinen EC-Zellen und die argyrophilen G (= Gastrin)-Zellen. Darüberhinaus deuten die numerischen Befunde auf einen dritten endokrinen Zelltyp hin. Die Abgrenzung der cytochemisch durch die maskierte Metachromasie gekennzeichneten sog. D-Zellen als eigenständigen Zelltyp läßt sich wegen der Flüchtigkeit des Reaktionsausfalls mit statistischen Methoden nicht überprüfen. 2. Die G-Zellzahl ist bei Hyposekretion infolge chronisch atrophischer Gastritis vermindert, bei Hypersekretion ist sie vermehrt. 3. Zwischen Parietalzellorgan und H+-Sekretion einerseits und argyrophilen G-Zellen andererseits bestehen konstante gleichsinnige logarithmische Beziehungen. 4. Von diesen Befunden abweichend fanden sich bei 2 Patienten mit hochgradiger chronisch-atrophischer Gastritis und Schleimhautmetaplasie sowie mit einer Linitis plastica stark erhöhte G-Zellzahlen. Dieser Befund ist von Bedeutung im Hinblick auf die erhöhten Gastrinspiegel bei Perniciöser Anämie mit totaler Schleimhautatrophie und stimmt mit Befunden von Bussolati u. Pearse überein (1970), nach denen die G-Zellen unter den besonderen Bedingungen der Perniciosa trotz der Schleimhautatrophie vermehrt sind.
    Notes: Summary The endocrine cells of the stomach in man were studied cytochemically. Suitable marker-reactions were selected for numerical evaluation in order to differentiate the cells. The identity of the endocrine cells which were marked by the various reactions was checked by statistical evaluation. The different identified cells were then investigated for a possible numerical relationship with the number of parietal cells and with the H+ output (PAO). Three conditions were studied and compared: the hypersecretory state associated with duodenal ulcer, the stomach with a normal secretion and the hyposecretory state in chronic atrophic gastritis. The gastric tissue investigated was obtained from 30 patients at operation or by biopsy. Results: 1. Two endocrine cell types could be identified only using the methods described, the argentaffine EC-cells and the argyrophil G (= gastrin) cells. The identity of the so called D-cell as a separate “endocrine” cell which is characterized cytochemically by masked metachromasia could not be checked in this analysis due to rapid vanishing of the cytochemical reactions available. However, the numerical data point versus an additional third cell type. 2. The number of G-cells is increased in conditions with hypersecretion. It is decreased in hyposecretion due to chronic atrophic gastritis. 3. A constant positive logarithmic relationship exists between H+-secretion and number of parietal cells on the one hand und number of G-cells on the other hand. 4. In two patients with severe chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinalization of the atrophic mucosa and with a linitis plastica quite different observations were made: the number of G-cells was markedly increased. This finding correlates with the reports of an increased gastrin level in pernicious anemia in the literature, and also with the observation of Bussolati and Pearse (1970) according to which, in this disease, the G-cells may be increased despite mucosal atrophy.
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