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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 32 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Alanine aminotransferase activity in subcellular fractions of rat brains was investigated during ontogenic development. The activity rose from the prenatal period until adulthood, the highest increase being observed during the period of morphological metabolic and functional maturation of the brain. The rise of the total activity was due predominantly to a rise in the activity of the cytosblic enzyme; the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme did not change markedly during ontogeny. CI-ions and elevated temperature (55°C) inhibited the activity only of the mitochondrial enzyme. Raised temperature stimulated the activity of the cytosolic enzyme while CI-ions did not influence its activity. Our results indicate that 2 alanine aminotransferase isoenzlmes are already present in the rat brain in the prenatal period. It is assumed that the cytosolic enzyme is involved in the regulation of tissue glycol)sis and alanine formation, while the mitochondrial enzyme plays a role in the amino nitrogen transport between mitochondria and cytosol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 45 (1979), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tangier disease ; Peripheral nerve ; Electron microscopy ; Cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sural nerve biopsy was performed in a 55-year-old male patient with Tangier disease (familiallipoprotein deficiency). Light-microscopy showed an increase in the endoneural connective tissue and a loss of nerve fibers indicating a chronic peripheral neuropathy. Electron-microscopy revealed an accumulation of lipid droplets within Schwann cells of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. When compared with age-matched controls the myelinated fiber density was reduced with a relative preponderance of small myelinated fibers. In addition, distributional cytometric studies of nerve vibers in relation to the perineurium and endoneurial capillaries showed: Contrary to 4.6–7.5 μm thick nerve fibers, which accumulated in the center of the nerve fascicle, small (0.5–4.5 μm) and large (7.6–10.0 μm) fibers lay nearby the perineurium. The measured increase in small myelinated nerve fibers around endoneurial capillaries may be explained as a sign of regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 10 (1968), S. 336-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Rat brain, new born ; Porencephalic cyst ; Brain injury ; Glial reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stichverletzung des Gehirns neugeborener Ratten erzeugte regelmäßig eine Defekthöhle, deren Begrenzung zuerst aus einer Schicht fibrillärer Astrocyten mit vielen dünnen Cytoplasmafortsätzen bestand. Während der 2. und 3. Woche wurde die Astrocytenschicht lockerer und durch eine Basalmembran abgegrenzt, die gewöhnlich in Verbindung mit einer darüberliegenden Schicht von Pia-ähnlichen Zellen stand, Erst hernach ähnelte die Feinstruktur der Defektwand jener der Heldschen “Membrana gliae accessoria” für die differenzierte Struktur vorbehalten bleiben und nicht zur Bezeichung der frühen Astrocytenbegrenzung verwendet werden sollte. Keine dichte Glia-oder Bindegewebsnarbe, wie im Erwachsenengehirn üblich, wurde gefunden. Die Makrophagen verschwinden vor der 3. Woche, anstelle monatelang wie beim Erwachsenen zu verweilen. Das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Narbenbildung und Makrophagen dürfte nur das Alter, in dem die Verletzung erfolgte, widerspiegeln und daher für die Unterscheidung zwischen Mißbildungs-und Verletzungsdefekten unverläßlich sein.
    Notes: Summary Needle injury of the newborn rat brain resulted regularly in cavity formation, the lining of which at first consisted of a layer of fibrous astrocytes with many thin cytoplasmic projections. Between the second and third weeks the astrocytic surface became smoother and was lined by a basement membrane, usually in association with an overlying layer of pia-like cells. Only after this time did the fine structure of the cavity wall resemble that of Held's membrana gliae limitans superficialis. It is, therefore, suggested that Spatz's “membrana gliae limitans accessoria” be reserved for this differentiated structure and not used to identify the earlier astrocytic lining. No dense glial or connective tissue scarring, as usually seen in the adult brain, was found. Macrophages disappear before the third week, rather than persisting for months, as in the adult. The presence or absence of scar formation and macrophages may only reflect the age at which the injury occurred and may, therefore, be unreliable in distinguishing between cavities due to malformation and to injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 10 (1968), S. 324-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Rat brain, new born ; Brain injury ; Brain edema ; Extracellular space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion des Gehirns neugeborener Ratten auf Stichverletzung wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die wenigen im Neugeborenenhirn vorhandenen protoplasmatischen Astrocyten erschienen an der Reaktion unbeteiligt. Hingegen erwies sich der Extracellularraum durch Anhäufung von Ödemflüssigkeit erweitert. Die Mikrogliazellen reagieren bemerkenswert schnell; viele, ganze Zellen sowie Myelinfiguren und Fetttröpfchen enthaltende Makrophagen werden schon 24 Stunden nach der Verletzung gefunden. Eine dichte Glia- oder Bindegewebsnarbe bildet sich nicht. Diese Reaktionen sind von denen für das reife Hirngwebe charakteristischen durchaus verschieden; mögliche Erklärungen für diese Unterschiede werden erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The reaction of the newborn rat brain following needle injury has been studied electron microscopically. Very few protoplasmic astrocytes are present in the newborn brain, and they do not appear to participate in the reaction. Instead, the extracellular space appears to be widened by an accumulation of oedema fluid. The microglial cells react remarkably rapidly; many macrophages containing whole cells as well as myelin figures and lipid droplets are found within 24 hours after the injury. At no time does a dense glial or connective tissue scar form. These reactions are quite different from those characteristic of mature brain tissue, and possible explanations for these differences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alanine ; Alanine aminotransferase activity ; Proliferating macroglia ; Cerebral tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the nerve tissue with proliferating macroglia cells were observed a lowered oxygen consumption, an increased aerobic glycolysis and alanine formation and a higher alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity than in the control tissue in the homogenates and in the cell sap fraction. The substrate saturation curves, apparent Km and pH optimum values in the tissue with proliferating macroglia and in the control did not differ from one another. The authors assume that a higher alanine amino-transferase activity in the tissue with macroglia proliferation can reflect either a higher synthesis of the enzyme in the altered tissue, or a predominance of glial elements in the altered tissue possessing a higher alanine aminotransferase activity than the nerve cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 45 (1978), S. 51-62 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Partial endoreduplication (PE) as defined by Lejeune et al. (1966) has only been found in a few instances. Similar configurations, also called PEs, seem to originate from a different process. A series of 12 PEs is presented in this paper, discovered in metaphases from healthy individuals, and in patients with or without chromosome-breakage syndrome and after treatment with chromosome-breaking agents. Interpretations of the microscopic appearance of each configuration led to the conclusion that there are three different modes of origin for such rare events, one being true partial endoreduplication, the second a partial pseudoendoreduplication, and the third a homologous triradial chromatid translocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 45 (1975), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corpus luteum periodicum (c.l.p.) of the bitch was studied using enzyme histochemistry, clinical and biochemical methods. Assessment of variations of the serum progesterone level during different stages of the ovarian cycle and the study of enzymatic activity of the luteal tissue furnished informations on vitality and biosynthetic capacity of luteinizing cells: The period of functional activity of the c.l.p. nearly ceased about day 60 of the cycle (proestrus included) in the animals examined. In the light microscope the neo-synthesis of progesterone in the c.l.-tissue can be made visible by histochemical demonstration of the activity of Delta5-3 beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) only up to a progesterone level exceeding 6.7 ng/ml plasma. The data obtained contribute to our baseline knowledge of the mechanism involved in the etiology of pseudopregnancylike conditions in the bitch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 95 (1966), S. 324-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Records show 38 cases of infants with diabetic syndromes in the first six weeks of life. These cases are summarized and arranged as follows: 1. 10 certain and 4 probable cases of genuine, permanent diabetes mellitus. 2. 6 cases of secondary hyperglycaemia following a cerebral alteration or infection. 3. 11 cases of transient diabetes mellitus to which the case we observed is added as the twelfth one. 4. 6 infants who only developed transient diabetes under the stress of an infection. The “transient diabetes mellitus syndrome of the newborn” described as an independent aspect of disease, is a diabetic syndrome without ketosis occuring to prenatal dystrophic infants within the first six weeks of life, mostly without any diabetic heredity, and cured completely if treated with relatively small doses of insulin. Only by observing the course of disease may the limits to genuine diabetes mellitus be clearly defined. Aetiologically the syndrome is interpreted as an adaption disease of prenatal dystrophic infants whose blood glucose level in intrauterine life had probably always been too low owing to a placental dysfunction so that the islets of the pancreas acquires normal function only after birth with a then sufficient glucose stimulation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden aus der Literatur 38 Säuglinge der ersten 6 Lebenswochen mit diabetischen Syndromen zusammengestellt und gegliedert in: 1. 10 sichere und 4 wahrscheinliche Fälle von echtem, bleibendem Diabetes mellitus. 2. 6 Fälle von sekundärer Hyperglykämie nach cerebraler Alteration oder Infektion. 3. 11 Fälle von transitorischem Diabetes mellitus, denen die eigene Beobachtung als 12. Fall hinzugefügt wird. 4. 6 Säuglinge, die erst unter der Belastung einer Infektion das Bild eines transitorischen Diabetes entwickelten. Das als eigenständiges Krankheitsbild herausgestellte “Transitorische Diabetes mellitus-Syndrom des Neugeborenen” ist ein bei pränatal dystrophen Säuglingen, fast immer ohne familiäre Diabetes mellitus-Belastung, innerhalb der ersten 6 Lebenswochen auftretendes diabetisches Syndrom ohne Ketose, das unter Therapie mit relativ kleinen Insulindosen endgültig ausheilt. Nur die Verlaufsbeobachtung ermöglicht eine sichere Abgrenzung zum echten Diabetes mellitus. Ätiologisch wird das Syndrom als Adaptationskrankheit pränatal dystropher Säuglinge gedeutet, deren Blutzucker auf Grund einer placentaren Dysfunktion intrauterin wahrscheinlich ständig zu niedrig war, so daß ihr Inselapparat erst nach der Geburt unter jetzt ausreichender Glucosestimulation zu normaler Funktion heranreift.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anhäufung von Glykogen in der Großhirnrinde von Goldhamstern und Ratten wurde im Bereich peritraumatischer Astrozytenproliferation histochemisch, elektronenmikroskopisch und biochemisch untersucht. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde ergeben klare Aufschlüsse über zelluläre Lokalisation und morphologische Eigenschaften des Depotkohlenhydrates. Massen von 150–400 Å großen Partikeln lagern im Grundplasma der reaktiven Astrozyten; sie sind nach Behandlung mit Bleihydroxyd (Kontrasterhöhung) deutlich darstellbar. Die Vermehrung dieser Partikel ist bereits nach 24 Std in den perikapillären Fußstücken nachweisbar, breitet sich auf einen Großteil des Cytoplasmas einschließlich der das Neuropil durchsetzenden Fortsätze aus und erreicht nach 1–2 Wochen gewöhnlich ihren Höhepunkt. In mehrere Monate alten Glianarben finden sich filamentfreie Cytoplasmabezirke von astrozytären Faserbildnern, die zahlreiche Polysaccharidpartikel enthalten. Örtliche Beziehungen der Glykogenanhäufungen zum Mitochondrienbest and und zum endoplasmatischen Reticulum lassen sich in den reaktiv veränderten Astrozyten nicht feststellen. Auffällige eigenartige, große Lamellenkörper, in deren Zentrum häufig Glykogengranula konzentriert sind, kommen in den Frühstadien der reaktiven Veränderungen der Astrozyten vor. Diese Lamellenkörper entstehen durch Umformung von Golgizonen. Hirnrindengewebe von Ratten, das umfangreiche peritraumatische astrozytäre Reaktionen aufwies, wurde biochemisch untersucht. Nach Ablauf von 24 Std bis 30 Tagen wurden in diesem Gewebe die Glukose, das freie und gebundene Glykogen, die Milchsäure, die Laktatdehydrogenaseaktrvität, der Gesamtstickstoff und die Proteine bestimmt und mit den Werten des normalen Gewebes verglichen. Als wesentlicher Befund ist ein ansehnlicher Anstieg des gebundenen Glykogens in der alterierten Hirnrinde festzustellen. Der Gehalt an freiem Glykogen bleibt dagegen nahezu unverändert. Als wahrscheinlichste Ursache der Glykogenanhäufung im Perikaryon reaktiver Astrozyten wird eine Störung der metabolischen Beziehung zwischen diesen Gliaelementen und den Nervenzellen in Betracht gezogen. Schädigung und Untergang von Neuronen sowie der nachfolgende Gewebsumbau beeinträchtigen die Funktion der Astrozyten als metabolische Bindeglieder zwischen Nervenzellen und Blutstrombahn. Bei unverminderter Glukosezufuhr wird ein unverwertbarer Teil dieser Substanz in Form von Glykogenoproteiden im Cytoplasma der Astrozyten stark vermehrt abgelagert. Für diese Deutung spricht auch der Anstieg von Laktatwerten bei unveränderter Aktivität der Laktatdehydrogenase in dem Gewebe, das reaktive Makrogliaformen enthält.
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of glycogen in reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of syrian hamsters and rats following a trauma was studied with the electron microscope and with histochemical and biochemical methods. The localization of carbonhydrate deposits within cellular components is achieved by electron microscopic techniques. Discrete particles in the cytoplasm of the reactive astrocytes measuring 150–400 Å show a high contrast by lead hydroxide staining. An increase in the number of these particles can be readily demonstrated after 24 hours in the pericapillary pedicles of the astrocytes. In later stages these particles seem to extend in the cytoplasm of the astrocytes and their processes. The accumulation reaches its highest point after 1 to 2 weeks. Several months later in the old scars the filament-free cytoplasmic areas of the fibrous astrocytes are abundantly loaded with polysaccharide particles. Topographic relations of glycogen accumulations to mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum were not observed in the reactive astrocytes. The appearance of peculiar, large, lamellar bodies in the early reactive astrocytes is very remarkable. In the center of these bodies a concentration of glycogen granules often occurs. These lamellar bodies are produced by a transformation of Golgi-apparatus. In order to study the biochemical correlates an extensive peritraumatic astrocyte reaction was induced in the cerebral cortex of rats. In the course with a range from 24 hours to 30 days, glucose, free and bound glycogen, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase activity, total nitrogen as well as protein in the peritraumatic tissue were determined and compared with the values of the normal tissue. As a significant result a considerable increase of bound glycogen takes place in the altered cerebral cortex. On the other hand, the content of free glycogen remains almost unchanged. As a probable cause of the glycogen accumulation in the perikaryon of the reactive astrocytes, a disturbance in the metabolic interrelationship between these glial elements and neurons is taken into consideration. The alterations of neurons impairs the function of the astrocytes as metabolic connecting links between neurons and blood stream. With continued glucose supply an unutilized part of this substance is stored in the cytoplasm in the form of glycogenproteid. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the lactate values increase without changes of the lactate dehydrogenase activity.
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