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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy-ion sources for radiation therapy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 3947-3969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The usefulness of particle beams for radiation therapy has been well and widely recognized. For the cure of cancer patients, many accelerator facilities have already been utilized, and some new facilities are now being put into operation, or are under construction. Considering the medical and biological requirements, light heavy ions with an energy of several hundred MeV/nucleon are regarded as being the most suitable species. A reasonable choice to this end is an accelerator complex, for an example, one comprising an ion source, an injector linac, and a synchrotron. The ion source is of great importance, since its characteristics strongly affect the overall performance of the accelerator system. A pulsed Penning source (PIGIS) has been successfully used at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Recently, at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences a low-duty pulsed PIGIS for the heavy-ion medical accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) has been developed; it has both a long lifetime and a high peak intensity. As other types of ion sources, an electron-beam ion source (EBIS) and an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS) are being developed at several laboratories. An EBIS is basically a pulsed source, and is being successfully used at Saclay. By using an after-glow mode, two ECRISs have made remarkable progress at Grenoble and the Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds; similar tests are proceeding for the Schwer-Ionen Synchrotron at the Gesellschaft für Schwer-Ionenforschung, the booster at Centre d'Europeen de Recherche Nucleaire, and the HIMAC. These different types of heavy-ion sources are discussed from the viewpoint of their application to radiation therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357411
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic decay processes following the resonance excitation of the B 1s core electron in BF3 (1994)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 3520-3523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron spectroscopy has been carried out to investigate spectator and participant resonance Auger decay processes following the B 1s→2a2‘ excitation in gaseous BF3 molecules using monochromatized synchrotron radiation. The resonance-enhanced satellite bands corresponding to the spectator Auger electron emission form six broad peaks showing good correspondence with the normal Auger bands. Resonance enhancement of the photolines corresponding to the participant Auger electron emission occurs only for the bonding orbitals having B character.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.467537
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionization by electron impact in an indirectly heated Penning source (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: ion-production mechanism in an indirectly heated Penning source has been studied at NIRS. Taking the number of primary electron passages between two cathodes into account, we calculated the effective electron current density, Ji ; it is the order of kA/cm2 for Ar, where the index "i'' is the charge state. In a pulsed arc condition of 2.6 A and 1300 V with a neutral atom density of 4×1013/cm3(cw), the calculated ionization times for Ar5+→Ar6+ and Ar6+→Ar7+ are 18 and 28 μs if their production process is step-by-step. These values agree well with the experimental value of 20 μs. Ji is proportional to the arc voltage and inversely proportional to the neutral-atom density N. The yield of multiply charged ions is in proportion to 1/Ni−2. This expression agrees well with the experimental results, which suggest that multiply charged ions are produced from Ar2+ through step-by-step ionization by primary electrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347736
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of low-temperature ions in the nonequilibrium state plasma of a Penning source (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 7933-7935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present the high-output properties during the early 100–200 μs of a pulsed Penning source. The peak intensity, I, is higher than that of a dc source by a factor of more than 10. This phenomenon is due to the long confinement time of ions, τ, at the rising of the plasma, since within such a short time the ion temperature, T, does not reach thermal equilibrium and is still low. These characteristics are expressed as I∝τ∝T−1/2. The ratio of T−1/2 before and after equilibrium has a maximum of 1/18.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347487
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for determining the column density from the pressure-broadened resonance lines (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 1690-1694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a method for determining metal-atom number-density integrated over a line-of-sight (i.e., the column density) by measuring the optical depth in the wings of the pressure-broadened resonance lines. This method is capable of monitoring the column density in situ during photoelectric absorption measurement of metal vapors in a synchrotron radiation beamline. The present method requires measuring the reduced absorption coefficients of the metal–metal and metal–buffer-gas collisional quasimolecules γMM and γMG and the effective vapor length l before its use. We thus describe also the procedure for obtaining γMM, γMG, and l using He-buffered Yb vapor as a specific example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143324
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of a low-duty pulsed Penning source for the medical synchrotron facility at NIRS : Proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Ion Sources (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 2904-2906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low-duty pulsed Penning source has been developed for the injector of the medical synchrotron facility at NIRS. The repetition rate is 1 Hz, with a duty factor of 4×10−4. The lifetime of the cathodes has been evaluated to be longer than two months, and that of the filament (cw) longer than one week. The intensity of multiply charged ions was increased by a factor of 10 compared with that obtained under dc operation. The reliability and stability were also improved. The results concerning the performance and some improvements of the source are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142794
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences electron cyclotron resonance ion source for the heavy ion medical accelerator in Chiba : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1087-1089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The development of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source for the heavy ion medical accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) injector is reported. The HIMAC is a heavy ion medical accelerator for cancer therapy. The electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is expected to provide a long lifetime, easy operation, and easy maintenance for medical use. The NIRS-ECR ion source has a single closed ECR stage, and a microwave frequency of 10 GHz is applied. Under the present performance, the output electrical currents of the ions are 2500 eμA for He1+, 300 eμA for C2+, 480 eμA for Ne3+, and 110 eμA for Ar6+. Stability of the intensity is better than 2%. The transmission efficiency through a low-energy beam-transport line with an acceptance of 200 πmm mrad is more than 70%; the typical 50% and 90% emittances of the injection beam with 8 keV/u are 20 and 80 πmm mrad, respectively. These performances satisfy the requirements for radiotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145071
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of pair absorption and self-broadening in Ba vapor (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 1907-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reduced absorption coefficients γBaBa were measured for the far-wing absorption of the self-broadened Ba6s2 1S0–5d6p 1P1 line, Ba(6s2 1S0) +Ba(6s2 1S0)+(h-dash-bar)ω → Ba*(5d6p 1P1)+Ba(6s21 S0)and the pair absorption Ba(6s2 1S0)+Ba(6s2 1 S0) +(h-dash-bar)ω→Ba*(6s6p 1P1 +Ba*(6s5d 1D2). The self-broadening shows the red-shaded asymmetric profile: γBaBa on the red wing is proportional to Δν−3/2, where Δν is the detuning from the line center. The pair absorption shows a broad asymmetric peak having a blue tail and a blue satellite. The estimated γBaBa, which is based on the quasistatic line-broadening theory and the long-range dipole–dipole interaction between the relevant atomic excited levels, shows reasonable agreement for the red wing of the self-absorption whereas it gives larger values by a factor of 3 for the blue tail of the main peak for the pair absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.459911
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of far-wing absorption bands of the Ba 6s2 1S0–5d6p 1P1 line broadened by rare gases (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 1903-1906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have determined reduced absorption coefficients on far wings of the Ba 6s2 1S0–5d6p 1P1 line broadened by He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. Using the unified Franck–Condon theory, we analyzed the blue satellite band observed for each of the He, Ne, and Ar perturbers and obtained the position and the height of the extremum of the difference potential-energy curve to be 6.5±1.5 A and 251±4 cm−1 for He, 7.6±2 A and 114±2 cm−1 for Ne, and 7.4±2 A and 70±2 cm−1 for Ar. We have also observed the collision-induced–dipole absorption bands associated with the Ba 6s2 1S0–6s7s 1S0 forbidden transition for all rare-gas perturbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.460712
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blue satellite structure of the Ba resonance line broadened by rare gases (1992)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 97 (1992), S. 9492-9493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.463277
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