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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Clinica Chimica Acta 196 (1991), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 0009-8981
    Keywords: Apolipoprotein B ; Apolipoprotein E ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Neurological diseases
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Clinica Chimica Acta 156 (1986), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 0009-8981
    Keywords: Blood CSF barrier ; Carcinoembryonic antigen ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Enzyme immunoassay ; Tumor marker ; Tumor metastasis in central nervous system
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Clinica Chimica Acta 163 (1987), S. 319-328 
    ISSN: 0009-8981
    Keywords: Albumin ; Barrier permeability ; Blood CSF barrier ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Immunoglobulin ; Neurological disease
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Immunoglobulin-containing cells ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Immunocytochemistry ; Inflammatory diseases ; HIV-encephalitis ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunocytochemical technique allowing repeated use of antisera is applied to identify immunoglobulin-containing cells (ICC) of the IgG, IgA, and IgM class in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 298 patients with various neurological disorders. The demonstration of ICC in the CSF is highly indicative of an inflammatory disease (p〈0.0001; Chi-square test). In the group of noninflammatory disorders ICC are only found in three cases of lymphomas, two dysgerminomas, and one glioblastoma. ICC of all classes are seen in acute viral and bacterial infections of the CNS including tick-borne meningopolyneuritis Bannwarth. IgG-positive ICC predominate in chronic inflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis and HIV encephalitis. In HIV-positive patients IgA-or IgM-positive cells are strongly indicative of an opportunistic infection of the brain. Persistent high levels of ICC in three patients with bacterial meningitis are associated with a fatal outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 764-768 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid ; Liquorrhea ; Meningitis ; Brain trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The detection of β trace-protein with the help of an easy-to-perform Ouchterlony test is strongly indicative of liquorrhea. The protein has been purified from pooled cerebrospinal fluid and an antiserum has been produced in rabbits. An open CSF fistula was diagnosed in 24 cases and there was no false positive result.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; HIV encephalitis ; HIV-specific antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To establish a reliable procedure for the early detection of central nervous system involvement in HIV infection, paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples of 59 patients were analysed. Fifteen were HIV antibody positive without clinical symptoms (stage I), 12 had lymphadenopathy syndrome or AIDS-related complex (stage II), and 32 had AIDS (stage III). Intrathecal synthesis of HIV antibodies was determined by a modified ELISA. Antibodies in CSF and serum were evaluated at identical immunoglobulin G levels to correct for the actual blood-CSF-barrier permeability. A CSF/serum quotient above 1.5 is indicative of intrathecal antibody synthesis, which was found in 47% of the patients in stage I, 67% in stage II, and 84% in stage III. These findings indicate an early and frequent invasion of the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 505-510 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Inflammatory diseases ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; B lymphocytes ; IgG synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistological technique was used to identify activated, i.e. IgG-synthesizing, B cells in cerebrospinal fluid. A total of 177 patients suffering from inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system were investigated. Activated B cells were found in 61% of patients with bacterial meningitis, especially in lethal or prolonged cases. The number of activated B lymphocytes was low in most cases of viral meningitis, whereas in tick-borne meningopolyneuritis Bannwarth, a very strong B cell activation was detectable. In all inflammatory diseases investigated, the B cell response was restricted to the mononuclear phase. Comparing the number of activated B cells and the amount of locally synthesized IgG, there was a loose correlation between these inflammation parameters in meningopolyneuritis Bannwarth. In acute viral and bacterial meningitis more than 50% of the patients exhibited activated B cells without any detectable intrathecal IgG synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 207 (1974), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Blood-CSF barrier ; α2-macroglobulin in CSF ; Immunoglobulins in CSF ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Immunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der vergleichenden Disc-Elektrophorese von Serum und Liquor konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine Vermehrung großmolekularer Proteine im Liquor Ausdruck einer Störung der Blut-Liquor-Schranke ist. Da das α2-Makroglobulin (α2M) mit der elektroimmunologischen Methode im unkonzentrierten Liquor quantitativ bestimmt werden kann, ist es zur Beurteilung der Blut-Liquor-Schranke besonders geeignet. Eine Störung der Blut-Liquor-Schranke findet sich bei vielen neurologischen Erkrankungen: allen Formen der Meningitis, Hirn- und Rückenmarkstumoren, Polyneuropathien, Bandscheibenvorfällen und Encephalomalacien. Auch die Immunglobuline treten bei einer gesteigerten Schrankenpermeabilität vermehrt hindurch. Bei den luischen Erkrankungen des Nervensystems, der multiplen Sklerose und der subakuten sklerosierenden Leukencephalitis ist der α2M-Spiegel normal oder nur leicht erhöht, was auf eine lokale Produktion der stark vermehrten Immunglobuline hinweist. Bei chronischen parasitären Infektionen und in der Heilungsphase der eitrigen Meningitis findet sich eine leichte Störung der Blut-Liquor-Schranke, aber auch eine beträchtliche lokale Immunglobulinproduktion.
    Notes: Summary As judged by comparative disc-electrophoresis of serum and CSF any high-molecular protein may serve as a parameter for the condition of the blood-CSF barrier. α2-macroglobulin (α2M) is especially suited for this purpose because it can be quantitated by the electroimmuno assay in the unconcentrated CSF. The blood-CSF barrier is disturbed in many neurological diseases: meningitis of all kinds, neoplastic infiltrations of the meninges, spinal and cerebral tumors, polyneuropathies, disk herniations and cerebral infarctions. The immunoglobulins participate in the general protein elevation according to their molecular size in all cases with an increased barrier permeability. The α2M level is normal or only slightly increased in neurosyphilis, multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing leucencephalitis, indicating a local production of the increased immunoglobulins. There is a weak barrier disturbance combined with a strong local IgG production in chronic parasitic infections and during the healing stages of purulent meningitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1385-1392 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Amino acid transport ; Blood brain barrier ; Capillary permeability ; Cerebrospinal fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to evaluate those portions of low molecular hydrophilic solutes that obey apparent passive transfer principles at the blood cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier under steady state conditions. Twenty-four electrolytes, metabolites, and amino acids are determined in serum and CSF obtained simultaneously. The correlation found between the serum/CSF concentration ratios and the molecular radii of most compounds is indicative of the prevalence of passive transfer processes in CSF formation, as has been already demonstrated for proteins. The level of some constituents in the primary filtrate may be secondarily increased by influx from the adjacent extracellular space, e.g. glutamine and creatinine, or decreased by specific uptake from the CSF compartment, e.g. glycine. The CSF levels of all compounds are dependent upon the actual state of the blood CSF barrier as evaluated by the serum/CSF concentration ratios of albumin and α2-macroglobulin. The results do not support the assumption that CSF may be used to test the permeability state of the blood brain barrier propery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 218 (1978), S. 77-96 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid ; Blood-brain barrier ; Blood-CSF barrier ; Immunoglobulins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Konzentrationsgefälle, das für die meisten Proteine zwischen Serum und Liquor besteht, hängt von den hydrodynamischen Radien ab. Für Routineuntersuchungen sind die Serum/Liquor-Quotienten von Albumin (QA1b) und a 2-Makroglobulin (Q a2M)verläßliche Parameter zur Beurteilung des Funktionszustandes der Blut-Liquor-Schranke. Bei einigen Erkrankungen, z.B. Bandscheibenvorfällen, degenerativen Prozessen und Stoffwechselstörungen, ist die Beurteilung der Blut-Liquor-Schranke ein empfindlicheres Kriterium als die Bestimmung des Gesamteiweißgehaltes. Die Immunglobuline G und A folgen unter normalen Bedingungen und allen Schweregraden reiner Schrankenstörungen den gleichen Permeabilitätsgesetzen. Eine Abweichung der Serum/Liquor-Immunglobulinquotienten wird in den Fällen beobachtet, in denen es zu einer lokalen Immunglobulinsynthese kommt. Die beschriebene Methode ermöglicht eine quantitative Differenzierung zwischen der lokal produzierten und der passiv aus dem Serum hindurchgetretenen Immunglobulinfraktion. Eine lokale humorale Immunantwort im Nervensystem wurde in gewissen Stadien akuter Infektionen und bei chronischen entzündlichen Prozessen wie der subakuten sklerosierenden Panencephalitis, der Neurolues und der Multiplen Sklerose beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary For the majority of proteins there is a steady state equilibrium between the serum and the CSF compartment which depends upon the hydrodynamic radii of the passively transferred molecules. For clinical purposes the serum—CSF concentration ratios of albumin (QA1b) and a 2-macroglobulin (Q a2M)have proven to be a reliable barrier parameter, which is more sensitive than the total protein level in certain diseases, e.g. disk protrusions, degenerative processes and metabolic disorders. The immunoglobulins G and A cope with the passive transfer mechanism in both normal conditions and all degrees of pure barrier impairments but deviate in cases with local immunoglobulin production. The method described produces a quantitative differentiation between the locally synthesized and the serum-derived immunoglobulin fractions. A humoral immune response within the central nervous system was found in certain stages of acute infectious diseases and with chronic inflammatory processes such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, neurolues and multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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