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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total numbers of neurons in myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myenteric plexus ; Intestine, small ; Neurons ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two techniques that are thought to stain all of the neurons in the myenteric ganglia of the intestine are NADH diaphorase histochemistry and immunhistochemistry using a “nerve cell body” antiserum. However, this assumption has never been directly verified. In the present study myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig ileum were prepared as whole-mounts and stained with either of these techniques. All nerve cells that could be identified in the whole-mounts were counted. The whole-mounts were then embedded flat in resin and serially sectioned at 1 μm. Nerve cells were identified and counted from the serial sections, and the data compared to those obtained from the whole-mounts. NADH diaphorase histochemistry did not reveal all the neurons at incubation times that gave selective staining. In contrast, “nerve cell body” antiserum stained the entire neuronal population. To determine the total number of nerve cell bodies/ganglion and the proportion of nerve cell bodies with calbindin immunoreactivity, whole-mounts that had been processed for calbindin immunohistochemistry were serially sectioned and reconstructed. The total number of neurons per myenteric ganglion was 105±10 (SE). Calbindin-immunoreactive neurons comprised about 20% of the myenteric neurons, which is considerably less than previous estimates, because previously the total population has been underestimated. The spatial density of myenteric neurons in the undistended ileum of the guinea-pig is 17300 nerve cells/cm2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323587
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the tertiary component of the myenteric plexus in the guinea-pig small intestine (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 509-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myenteric plexus ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation, of intestinal muscle ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tertiary component of the myenteric plexus consists of interlacing fine nerve fibre bundles that run between its principal ganglia and connecting nerve strands. It was revealed by zinc iodide-osmium impregnation and substance P immunohistochemistry at the light-microscope level. The plexus was situated against the inner face of the longitudinal muscle and was present along the length of the small intestine at a density that did not vary markedly from proximal to distal. Nerve bundles did not appear to be present in the longitudinal muscle as judged by light microscopy, although numberous fibre bundles were encountered within the circular muscle layer. At the ultrastructural level, nerve fibre bundles of the tertiary plexus were found in grooves formed by the innermost layer of longitudinal smooth muscle cells. In the distal parts of the small intestine, some of these nerve fibre bundles occasionally penetrated the longitudinal muscle coat. Vesiculated profiles in nerve fibre bundles of the tertiary plexus contained variable proportions of small clear and large granular vesicles; they often approached to within 50–200 nm of the longitudinal smooth muscle cells. Fibroblast-like cells lay between strands of the tertiary plexus and the circular muscle but were never intercalated between nerve fibre varicosities and the longitudinal muscle. These anatomical relationships are consistent with the tertiary plexus being the major site of neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318557
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The projections of chemically identified nerve fibres in canine ileum (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin ; Gastrin releasing peptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Somatostatin ; Substance P ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projections of nerve fibres with immunoreactivity for the peptides enkephalin (ENK), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were studied in canine small intestine by analysing the consequences of lesions of intrinsic and extrinsic nerves. Of peptides present in fibres supplying myenteric ganglia, GRP, SOM and VIP were in anally directed nerve pathways, whereas ENK and NPY were in orally directed pathways. Pathways ran for up to about 30 mm. SP fibres ran for short distances in both directions in the myenteric plexus. The circular muscle was supplied with ENK, NPY, SP and VIP fibres arising from the myenteric ganglia, whereas most mucosal SP and VIP fibres were deduced to arise from submucous ganglia. There were projections of fibres reactive for ENK, GRP, SOM, SP and VIP from myenteric ganglia to submucous ganglia. Antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase were used to locate noradrenaline nerve fibres supplying the intestine; these fibres all disappeared when extrinsic nerves running through the mesentery to the small intestine were cut. It is deduced that there is an ordered pattern of projections of peptide-containing fibres in the canine intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218319
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shapes of nerve cells in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine revealed by the intracellular injection of dye (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 561-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Neurons, types ; Myenteric plexus ; Intracellular dye injection (Lucifer yellow) ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The shapes of myenteric neurons in the guineapig small intestine were determined after injecting living neurons with the dye Lucifer yellow via a microelectrode. The cells were fixed and the distribution of Lucifer yellow rendered permanent by an immunohistochemical method. Each of 204 nerve cells was examined in whole-mount preparations of the myenteric plexus and drawn using a camera lucida at 1250 x magnification. Four cell shapes were distinguished: (1) neurons with several long processes corresponding to type II of Dogiel; (2) neurons with a single long process and lamellar dendrites corresponding to type I of Dogiel; (3) neurons with numerous filamentous dendrites; and (4) small neurons with few processes. About 15% of the neurons could not be placed into these classes or into any single class. The type II neurons (39% of the sample) had generally smooth somata and up to 7 (average 3.3) long processes, most of which ran circumferentially. Dogiel type I neurons (34% of sampled neurons) had characteristic lamellar dendrites, i.e., broad dendrites that were flattened in the plane of the plexus. The filamentous neurons (7% of the sample), had, on average, 14 fine processes up to about 50 μm in length. Small neurons with smooth outlines and a few fine processes made up 5% of the neurons encountered. We conclude that myenteric neurons that have been injected with dye can be separated into morphologically distinct classes and that the different morphological classes probably correspond to different functional groupings of neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226506
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurochemically similar myenteric and submucous neurons directly traced to the mucosa of the small intestine (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Cholecystokinin ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Neuropeptide Y ; Somatostatin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY) gave an intense immunohistochemical reaction of certain nerve cells in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the guinea-pig small intestine. Each nerve cell had up to 20 branching, tapering processes that were less than ∼50 μm long and a long process that could be followed for a considerable distance. This morphology corresponds to that of the type-III cells of Dogiel. The long process of each myenteric cell ran through the circular muscle to the submucosa, and in most cases the process could be traced to the mucosa. The submucous nerve cell bodies also had processes that extended to the mucosa. These cell bodies, in both plexuses, also stained with antisera raised against calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and somatostatin (SOM), but did not stain with antibodies against enkephalin, substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide. Thus, it has been possible for the first time to trace the processes of chemically specified neurons through the layers of the intestinal wall and to show by a direct method that CGRP/CCK/ChAT/NPY/ SOM myenteric and submucous nerves cells provide terminals in the mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214637
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The source of the nerve fibres forming the deep muscular and circular muscle plexuses in the small intestine of the guinea-pig (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 497-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Nerves, degeneration ; Neuronal connections ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative ultrastructural study was made of the neuntes forming the deep muscular and circular muscle plexuses of the guinea-pig small intestine following microsurgical lesions designed to interrupt intrinsic and extrinsic nerve pathways within the intestinal wall. Removal of a collar of longitudinal muscle with attached myenteric plexus from the circumference of a segment of small intestine resulted in the subsequent disappearance of 99.3% of neurites in the underlying circular muscle. The few surviving neurites in the deep muscular plexus and circular muscle disappeared completely from lesioned segments that were, in addition, extrinsically denervated surgically. These results indicate that the majority of nerve fibres in the deep muscular and circular muscle plexuses of the guinea-pig small intestine is intrinsic to the intestine and originates from nerve cell bodies located in the overlying myenteric plexus. At the light-microscopic level, nerve bundles were traced from the myenteric plexus to the circular muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215742
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shapes and projections of neurons with immunoreactivity for gamma-aminobutyric acid in the guinea-pig small intestine (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aminobutyric acid ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Neurotransmitters ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve cell bodies and fibres with immunoreactivity for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been studied in the guinea-pig small intestine. Cell bodies were common in myenteric ganglia but were extremely rare in the submucosa. Reactive fibres were numerous in the tertiary component of the myenteric plexus and in the circular muscle but they were rare in both myenteric and submucous ganglia. Reactive nerve fibres were absent from the mucosa. This distribution conforms to previous descriptions. Exposure to exogenous GABA, in vitro, was used to supplement endogenous stores of GABA. The morphology of cell bodies was better defined after this treatment. Nearly all cell bodies had type-I morphology, i.e., the cells had numerous short lamellar dendrites and one axon. Most axons ran anally. Some could be traced to the tertiary component of the myenteric plexus, others to the circular muscle. Removal of the myenteric plexus from a short length of intestine caused a loss of nerve fibres from the circular muscle beneath the site of operation and a decrease in fibre density in the circular muscle that extended anally from the lesion for about 1 mm. The nerve lesions caused no significant changes in the tertiary plexus. It is concluded that GABA is contained in motor neurons supplying the longitudinal and circular muscle, and that the neurons supplying the circular muscle may be inhibitory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218886
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Galanin-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine: their projections and relationships to other enteric neurons (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 607-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Galanin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Neuropeptides ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Galanin immunoreactivity was observed in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres, but not in enteroendocrine cells, in the small intestine of the guinea-pig. Nerve terminals were found in the myenteric plexus, in the circular muscle, in submucous ganglia, around submucous arterioles, and in the mucosa. Lesion studies showed that all terminals were intrinsic to the intestine; those in myenteric ganglia arose from cell bodies in more orally placed ganglia. Myenteric nerve cells were also the source of terminals in the circular muscle. Galanin (GAL) was located in a population of submucous nerve cell bodies that also showed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and in a separate population that was immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY). Processes of the GAL/VIP neurons supplied submucous arterioles and the mucosal epithelium. Processes of GAL/NPY neurons ran to the mucosa. It is concluded that galanin immunoreactivity occurs in several functionally distinct classes of enteric neurons, amongst which are neurons controlling (i) motility, (ii) intestinal blood flow, and (iii) mucosal water and electrolyte transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218954
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choline acetyltransferase- and peptide immunoreactivity of submucous neurons in the small intestine of the guinea-pig (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Cholecystokinin ; Neuropeptide Y ; Somatostatin ; Substance P ; Intestine, small ; Submucous ganglia ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were localized immunohistochemically in nerve cell bodies of the submucous ganglia in the small intestine of the guinea-pig. VIP-like immunoreactivity was found in 45% of submucous neurons. ChAT immunoreactivity was observed in a separate group of nerve cells, which made up 54% of the total population. There were three subsets of neurons immunoreactive for ChAT: (1) ChAT neurons that also contained immunoreactivity for each of the peptides CCK, SOM and NPY, representing 29% of all submucous neurons; (2) ChAT neurons that also contained SP-like immunoreactivity, representing 11% of all submucous neurons, and (3) ChAT cells that did not contain any detectable amount of the peptides that were localized in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217152
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calbindin neurons of the guinea-pig small intestine: quantitative analysis of their numbers and projections (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Sensory neurons ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve cells with immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein, calbindin, has been studied in the small intestine of the guinea-pig, and the projections of these neurons have been analysed by tracing their processes and by examining the consequences of nerve lesions. The immunoreactive neurons were numerous in the myenteric ganglia; there were 3500±100 reactive nerve cells per cm2 of undistended intestine, which is 30% of all nerve cells. In contrast, reactive nerve cells were extremely rare in submucous ganglia. The myenteric nerve cells were oval in outline and gave rise to several long processes; this morphology corresponds to Dogiel's type-II classification. Processes from the cell bodies were traced through the circular muscle in perforating nerve fibre bundles. Other processes ran circumferentially in the myenteric plexus. Removal of the myenteric plexus, allowing time for subsequent fibre degeneration, showed that reactive nerve fibres in the submucous ganglia and mucosa came from the myenteric cell bodies. Operations to sever longitudinal or circumferential pathways in the myenteric plexus indicated that most reactive nerve terminals in myenteric ganglia arise from myenteric cell bodies whose processes run circumferentially for 1.5 mm, on average. It is deduced that the calbindin-reactive neurons are multipolar sensory neurons, with the sensitive processes in the mucosa and with other processes innervating neurons of the myenteric plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318629
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