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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol as a reinforcer for rats: Effects of concurrent access to water and alternate positions of water and ethanol (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Ethanol Drinking ; Water-Ethanol Choice ; Concurrent Schedules ; Ethanol Concentration ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Water and ethanol solutions were concurrently made available on a continuous reinforcement schedule to 4 food-deprived male albino rats during daily 1-hr sessions in an operant conditioning chamber equipped with 2 levers and 2 liquid dippers. The number of ethanol reinforcements substantially exceeded the number of water reinforcements for each rat at each concentration studied (8, 16, and 32% w/v). Water reinforcements were low in number and did not vary with ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol reinforcements obtained decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g of body weight/hr) increased. The highest rate of responding occurred at the beginning of the session.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437609
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid establishment of ethanol as a reinforcer for rats (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rats ; Ethanol ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Acquisition ; Schedule-Induced-Polydipsia ; Ethanol Concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Daily 6-h sessions were run during which each lever press by rats produced brief access to water, or to 8
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428917
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumental analysis of ethanol-induced intoxication in human males (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Blood ethanol concentration ; Instrumental response ; Verbal behavior ; Time-effect relations ; Human subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to assess subjective reports of intoxication during the ascending phase of the plasma ethanol curve. Eighteen male social drinkers were divided into three groups and were given either placebo, 0.347 g/kg ethanol or 0.694 g/kg ethanol under double-blind conditions. Subjects reported levels of intoxication both instrumentally, by moving a joystick device, and verbally using an 11-point self-rating scale. Compared to placebo, ethanol produced significantly higher verbal self-rating scores, but there were no differences in the scores between the low-and high-dose ethanol groups. Instrumental responses of ethanol effects did, however, distinguish between the two ethanol treatments. All subjects who received ethanol reliably detected its effects when plasma ethanol levels reached 32 mg/dl, but only the subjects who received the high dose reported episodes of intense well-being or euphoria. Ethanol-induced euphoria occurred while plasma ethanol levels were rapidly rising, and was characterized by multiple, paroxysmal episodes that typically lasted about 3 min each. This study demonstrated that a continuously available instrumental response provided sensitive and reliable measures of rapidly changing behavioral states associated with ethanol-induced intoxication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175181
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the selectivity of fenmetozole (DH-524) reversal of ethanol-induced changes in central nervous system function (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 69 (1980), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenmetozole ; Ethanol ; Aerial righting reflex ; Conflict behavior ; Guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate ; Physical dependence ; Physiological antagonism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The selectivity and specificity of fenmetozole (DH-524) [2(3,4-dichlorophenoxy-methy))2-imidazole HCl] as an antagonist of the actions of ethanol were examined. Fenmetozole (15–30 g/kg) reduced ethanol-induced impairment of the aerial righting reflex without changing blood or brain ethanol content, indicating that the antagonistic actions of fenmetozole were not due to change in the pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Since fenmetozole also reduced aerial righting reflex impairment due to phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, and halothane, this action of fenmetozole was not specific to ethanol. In mice, both the ethanolinduced increase in locomotor activity at 2.0 g/kg and the decrease caused by 4.0 g/kg were antagonized by fenmetozole. In addition, fenmetozole attenuated the ethanol-induced reduction in cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content, but the drug also significantly elevated cGMP levels in this tissue when given alone. Fenmetozole did not alter ethanolinduced increases in punished drinking in a conflict test, except at a high dose which alone decreased both punished and unpunished responding. Fenmetozole also failed to precipitate ethanol withdrawal-like reactions when given to physically-dependent, intoxicated rats. Thus, the antagonistic action of fenmetozole against ethanol would not seem to be related to a specific receptor interaction but rather may be the result of a physiological antagonism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427641
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors governing the vulnerability of DRL operant performance to the effects of ethanol (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 351-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Operant Performance ; Dose-Response Analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various doses of ethanol on DRL performance was examined in rats under conditions of cued and non-cued DRL tasks and under conditions of low versus high baseline performance criteria. The dose-level at which ethanol produced a significant reduction in number of responses and reinforcements interacted in a complex fashion with level of baseline performance, the cue conditions, and the order of DRL tasks. Generally, performance was impaired at a lower dose level for groups initially trained to a low criterion of DRL performance than for groups later trained to a higher criterion of DRL performance, regardless of cue condition. Further, the dose level at which ethanol impaired performance (as indicated by number of reinforcements obtained) under non-cued DRL conditions was lower than that for the cued DRL conditions, but only on the initial task where baseline DRL performance criterion was lower. Finally, the group with a higher baseline level of responding (i.e., poorer DRL performance) was more vulnerable to the disrupting effects of ethanol on this measure than groups with lower baseline response rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422755
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose Transporters and Glucose Utilization in Rat Brain after Acute Ethanol Administration (2000)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 15 (2000), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Ethanol ; GLUT1 ; GLUT3 ; Glucose ; Cerebral Metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the normal adult brain, glucose provides 90% of the energy requirements as well as substrate for nucleic acid and lipid synthesis. In the present study, effects of ethanol on glucose transporters (GLUT) and glucose utilization were examined in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 gms were given either ethanol 3 gm/kg BW or saline IP 4 hrs prior to the animal sacrifice and removal of the cerebral cortical tissue. The cortical plasma membranes analyzed by cytochalasin B binding assay showed a decrease in GLUT number but not in GLUT affinity in the ethanol treated rats as compared to the control rats. The estimated Ro values were 70 ± 8.9 Vs 91 ± 8.9 pmoles/mg protein (p 〈 0.05 N=4) and the estimated Kd values were 0.37 ± 0.03 and 0.28 ± 0.05 μM (p: NS) in ethanol and control experiments respectively. Immunoblots of purified cerebral plasma membranes and low density microsomal fraction showed 17% and 71% decrease for GLUT1 and 54% and 21% (p〈0.05 or less; n=6) for GLUT3 respectively in ethanol treated rats than in control animals. Immunofluoresence studies also showed reduction of GLUT1 immunoreactively in choroid plexus and cortical microvessels of ethanol treated rats as compared to control rats. The effect of ethanol on regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (CMRGle) was studied using [6-14C] glucose and showed statistically insignificant decrease in brain glucose utilization. These data suggest that ethanol invivo decrease GLUT number and protein content in rat cerebral cortex
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011115809810
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reorganization of cytoskeletal and junctional proteins during cochlear hair cell degeneration (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 18 (1991), S. 215-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: guinea pig ; organ of Corti ; cytokeratins ; actin ; cingulin ; phalangeal scar ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Experiments were carried out to elucidate changes in cytoskeletal elements and intercellular junctions in the organ of Corti, when hair cells degenerate and phalangeal scars form. Hair cell damage was induced by exposing guinea pigs to high intensity noise. The spatial and temporal changes in the organization of micro-filaments, intermediate filaments, and tight junction-specific proteins were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. The results show that microfilaments, cytokeratins, adherens junctions, and tight junctions rearrange their distribution in damaged areas. From the temporal sequence of these changes it appears that phalangeal scars develop simultaneous with hair cell degeneration, and that the integrity of the luminal membranes in the organ of Corti is not interrupted. Each scar is formed by two supporting cells which expand and invade the sub-apical region of the dying hair cell. This region becomes cytokeratin-positive. The two supporting cells meet at the mid-line of the scar, where a new junctional complex is formed. The junctional complex consists of tight junction and adherens-type junction, but desmosomes are absent.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970180307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic regulation in mammalian sperm: Mitochondrial volume determines sperm length and flagellar beat frequency (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 19 (1991), S. 180-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: spermatozoa ; cilia and flagella ; mechanochemical transduction ; dynein ; cell motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the absence of glycolytic support, mammalian sperm derive their energy for motility from a densely packed array of mitochondria at the base of the flagellum known as the midpiece. Using data on the morphometric dimensions of over 200 mammalian species, we found that an allometric relationship exists between midpiece length (Lm) and flagellum length (Lf). Specifically, the length of the midpiece varies approximately as the 3/2 power of the flagellar length although the proportionality constant is different for eutherian and marsupial sperm. In contrast, when we corrected for the fraction of the midpiece that was taken up by mitochondria, a single linear correlation between mitochondrial volume and flagellar length for all mammals was found. These allometric relationships were used along with basic flagellar hydrodynamic theories to establish a unifying equation that predicted flagellar frequencies for any mammalian sperm between 40 μm and 200 μm in length. These findings imply that, at least in mammals, the mechanisms for energy production and dissipation in sperm flagella are highly conserved.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970190306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Junctional complexes in the preimplantation rabbit embryoSupported by grant HD 09462 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. We would especially like to thank Dr. Karl Pfenninger for extensive assistance in freeze-cleave techniques with the blastocysts. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 17-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and development of junctional complexes between blastomeres of the preimplantation rabbit embryo were investigated using several approaches. Electron microscopic examination of embryos stained en bloc with uranyl acetate, and the study of junction permeability using horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum nitrate provided information on structure, intermembrane spacing and permeability of the junctional complexes. In addition, the freeze fracture technique was used with day 5 and day 6 blastocysts, since the large size of these embryos facilitated use of this method. These experiments showed that although rudimentary junctions were present between blastomeres of the early cleavage stages, effective tight junctions were not present until the blastocyst stage. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections revealed apical foci of membrane approximation or “fusion” between trophoblast cells by day 4. Freeze fracturing revealed a lattice of interconnecting ridges (on the A face) and grooves (on the B face) in the apical region between trophoblast cells of the day 5 blastocyst. This lattice formed a continuous band along the apical margin of each cell, and therefore constituted a zonula occludens. The zonula occludens of the day 5 blastocyst averaged 2-3 ridges per lattice, while day 6 blastocysts had lattices that averaged 5-6 ridges. Also seen in the freeze fracture replicas from the day 5 and day 6 blastocysts were local accumulations of intramembranous particles on the A face. These particles were often observed in aggregates similar to those of previously described gap junctions. It could not be determined whether these small regions of particles were true gap junctions or a possible primitive form of gap junction because the complementary pitted surfaces (B face pits) were not demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091810103
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve pathways between the pterygopalatine ganglion and eye in cats (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 222 (1988), S. 95-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: By dissection of thiocholine-stained orbital preparations, it has been determined that three different nerve pathways link the pterygopalatine ganglion and the eye in cats. (1) Nerves from the proximal half of the ganglion join a plexus of nerves and ganglion cells in the rete mirabile of the maxillary artery. Branches of the internal carotid nerve also supply this plexus. Fine nerves from the plexus travel to the optic nerve and then to the eye, accompanying both the nasociliary nerve that passes through the rete and the ciliary arteries that arise from the rete. (2) One or more nerves from the nerve of the pterygoid canal and from a prominent accessory ganglion near the orbital apex course to the inferior optic nerve surface at the optic foramen; these then run distally along the optic nerve to fuse with ciliary nerves or to accompany ciliary arteries entering the eye. (3) Other nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglion travel medially around the extraocular muscle cone to join the ethmoidal and infratrochlear branches of the nasociliary nerve; some nerves from the ganglion then take a retrograde course to the optic nerve, where they join ciliary nerves or arteries to the eye. All three pathways may transmit sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic sensory nerve fibers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092220114
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