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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 883-891 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Renin ; Angiotensin II ; ACE inhibitors ; Renal function ; Blood pressure ; Diabetes mellitus ; Renin ; Angiotensin II ; ACE-Hemmer ; Nierenfunktion ; Blutdruck
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht gegeben über in der Literatur berichtete Befunde bei Diabetikern bezüglich der Aktivität der Komponenten des Renin-Angiotensin Systems (RAS), der Organansprechbarkeit auf Angiotensin II (ANG II), des ANG II-Rezeptorbestandes und der Auswirkungen einer Hemmung des RAS durch Angiotensin I Konversionsenzym (ACE)-Hemmer. Die Literaturübersicht zeigt, in Übereinstimmung mit eigenen Befunden, daß die Aktivität des RAS bei Diabetikern mit ausreichender Stoffwechselkontrolle normal oder eher gesteigert ist. Auch beim nephropathischen Diabetiker wird eine erhöhte, aber auch eine verringerte Aktivität des RAS angegeben. Dies widerspricht der häufig vorgetragenen Vermutung, daß das RAS bei Diabetes mellitus generell supprimiert und funktionell inaktiv ist. Letzteres wurde vor allem aus Befunden eines erniedrigten ANG II-Rezeptorbestandes bei anorektischen, schwerst hyperglykämischen Ratten geschlossen. Diese Befunde lassen sich beim Menschen nicht bestätigen, wo eher ein erhöhter ANG II-Rezeptorbestand beobachtet wurde. Dies steht im Einklang mit den häufigen Berichten, daß die Pressorantwort auf infundiertes ANG II beim Diabetiker deutlich gesteigert ist. Die gesteigerte Ansprechbarkeit hat wahrscheinlich funktionelle Bedeutung, da beim Diabetiker trotz eines erhöhten Körper-Natriumbestandes das RAS dennoch nicht, wie erwartet, supprimiert ist. Eine Reihe von Befunden sprechen auch dafür, daß die Widerstandsgefäße der Niere beim Diabetiker auf AN-G II vermehrt ansprechen. Hier könnte möglicherweise eine Ursache für die Hyperfiltration liegen. Jedenfalls wird übereinstimmend eine Verminderung der Mikroalbuminurie nach Hemmung des RAS mit ACE-Hemmern gefunden, ein möglicher indirekter Hinweis auf eine Verminderung des glomerulären kapillären Drucks.
    Notes: Summary We review available data on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), responsiveness to angiotensin II (ANG II), ANG II receptor number, and effects of inhibition of the RAS by angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. Most authors, including ourselves, observed a normal or enhanced activity of the RAS in metabolically stable diabetics. Increased but also reduced activity of the RAS was described in nephropathic diabetes. This is in contrast to the common suggestion that the RAS of diabetics is generally suppressed and functionally inactive. The last assumption was mainly based on the finding of reduced ANG II receptor numbers in anorectic, severely hyperglycemic rats. These findings could not be reproduced in man, and a higher ANG II receptor concentration on platelets of diabetics goes in parallel with the frequent finding of an enhanced pressor response to infused ANG II in diabetes. This increased responsiveness is most probably of functional importance since the RAS is not suppressed — as one would expect — in the face of a supranormal body sodium content. A number of data also indicate that renal resistance vessels display increased responsiveness to ANG II in diabetics. This may be a reason for hyperfiltration. This notion is further supported by the reduction of albuminuria which is usually observed following inhibition of the RAS with ACE inhibitors, and which may be an index of reduction of glomerular capillary pressure in human diabetes.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 165 (1975), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Myopathy ; uremia ; polyneuropathy ; histochemistry ; planimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary M. quadriceps and diaphragm were studied in Wistar rats 2, 3, und 4 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy. Control animals were sham operated and pair fed. In 10 µ transverse cryostat sections, the following histochemical reactions were performed: NADH-dehydrogenase, myofibrillar ATP-ase, modified trichrom stain, hematoxylin-eosin. Three fibre types (I, II, intermediate) were analysed quantitatively by planimetry. Sarcolemnal nuclei per unit area and fibre cross section area were determined. In muscle specimens from uremic animals, a uniform atrophy of all three fibre types could be demonstrated. In contrast to findings in man, preferential atrophy of one of the three fibre types, increase of sarcolemnal nuclei per fibre cross section area or structural abnormalities within single muscle fibres could not be detected. Neurogenic damage could be excluded (electrophysiology, sciatic nerve planimetry). The fibre changes point to a primary disturbance of muscle metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 1113-1117 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; uraemia ; haemodialysis ; cardiovascular death ; myocardial infarction ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study was to examine diabetic patients at the time of admission to maintenance haemodialysis and to follow them for 36 months in order to define predictors of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death. This prospective study comprised all consecutive diabetic patients admitted to 28 German dialysis centres between January 1985 and October 1987; 196 patients were examined, 67 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic (43 male, 24 female; median age 49 years, range 22–73) and 129 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (54 male, 75 female; 64 years, range 37–82). Outcome measures were death, i.e. myocardial infarction, sudden death, cardiac death of other causes, stroke and noncardiovascular death. Actuarial survival 36 months after the beginning of dialysis was similar in Type 1 (40%) and Type 2 diabetic patients (43%) despite the age difference. Causes of death were myocardial infarction (18%), sudden death (18%), other cardiac causes (18%); stroke (6%); septicaemia (17%) mostly originating from diabetic foot problems; and interruption of therapy. Survival rates and the proportion dying from cardiac causes were similar in patients with diabetic nephropathy or with other primary chronic renal disease and coincidental diabetes. On dialysis, de novo amaurosis or de novo amputation was not observed in any patient. The strongest predictor of myocardial infarction or sudden death was serum lipids on admission. Duration of hypertension, blood pressure at the time of admission to dialysis, left ventricular hypertrophy or end-diastolic diameter by echocardiography, Sokolow index and average predialysis blood pressure, smoking, interdialytic weight gain and type of dialysis were not predictive of cardiovascular death or death by all causes. Patients with myocardial infarction were more frequently male (70% of myocardial infarction), tended to be younger, more frequently had a history of myocardial infarction (relative risk 3.0) and more frequently had angina pectoris, proliferative retinopathy (relative risk 2.8) or somatosensory polyneuropathy (relative risk 3.0). Patients dying from myocardial infarction or other cardiac causes had more frequent episodes of intradialytic hypotension and tended to be less frequently on beta blocker treatment. We conclude that cardiac death accounts for most fatalities of diabetic patients on dialysis. Some, but not all, classic risk factors are predictive of cardiac death.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; renal sodium transport ; Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein ; furosemide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study, 8 Type 1 diabetic patients with normal creatinine clearance and 8 matched controls were examined. Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein was isolated with the NaCl precipitation procedure. Its purity was checked by gelelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion and isoelectric focussing. Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein of diabetic patients had higher glucose (p〈0.05) and lower N-acetylneuraminic acid content (p〈0.01) than controls. 14C-furosemide binding by Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein was examined using an Amicon ultrafiltration system at 0 °C. In nominally sodium-free medium, furosemide binding by Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein was significantly (p〈0.01) higher in diabetic patients than in matched controls. The increment of binding capacity with sodium was similar in controls and diabetic patients so that maximal binding capacity in a NaCl system was 1.7±0.3 in controls and 3.64±0.5 in diabetic patients (p〈0.025). Half maximal furosemide binding by Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein occured at 1.4±0.2mmol Na/l in controls and 0.52±0.12 in diabetic patients (p〈0.01). Abnormal radiofurosemide binding of Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein of diabetic patients may be the consequence of abnormal postribosomal modification of the glycoprotein which is synthesized in an insulin- and glucose-sensitive nephron segment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 833-837 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Phosphat-Depletion ; Sarkoplasmisches Retikulum ; Calcium-Transport ; Vitamin D-Stoffwechsel ; Myopathie ; Phosphat ; Phosphate depletion ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Calcium transport ; Vitamin D metabolism ; Myopathy ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Acute and chronic hypophosphatemia are known to cause metabolic myopathy. It has been proposed that impaired Ca transport in subcellular membranes is involved in its genesis. In the present study, calcium transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), concentrations of ions or nucleotides and transmembrane potential were investigated in muscles of acutely hypophosphatemic rats, i.e. animals with chronic dietary phosphorous deprivation (PD) and superimposed acute hypophosphatemia resulting from the administration of insulin and glucose. Despite hypophosphatemia and low muscle phosphorous concentration, no significant change of the initial rate of Ca uptake or Ca concentrating ability was observed in the SR of PD rats. Storing capacity was decreased; this may result from altered vesicle geometry. Water content, Na concentration, the concentration of several nucleotides and transmembrane potential of muscle were unchanged in PD rats. The findings document that no intrinsic abnormality of vectorial Ca transport is present in the SR of acutely hypophosphatemic PD animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei akuter und chronischer Hypophosphatämie tritt eine Myopathie auf, für deren Entstehung Störungen des subzellulären Calcium-Transports postuliert wurden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Calcium-Transport-Kinetik im sarkoplasmischen Retikulum (SR), Ionen- und Nukleotid-Konzentrationen sowie Ruhemembran-Potential der quergestreiften Muskulatur akut hypophosphatämischer Ratten untersucht. Bei diesem Modell wurde bei Ratten mit chronischer diätetischer Phosphat-Verarmung eine akute Hypophosphatämie durch Gabe von Insulin und Glukose erzeugt. Trotz Hypophosphatämie und erniedrigter Muskel-Phosphor-Konzentration wurde keine Abweichung der Geschwindigkeit der initialen Calcium-Aufnahme oder der Calcium-Konzentrationsfähigkeit im sarkoplasmischen Retikulum beobachtet. Die Speicherfähigkeit war vermindert; dies mag Ausdruck veränderter Vesikel-Geometrie sein. Wassergehalt, Natrium-Konzentration, Konzentration energiereicher Nukleotide sowie Ruhemembran-Potential waren in der Muskulatur hypophosphatämischer Ratten unverändert. Die Befunde zeigen, daß keine primäre Störung des vektoriellen Calcium-Transports im SR phosphatdepletierter Ratten mit akuter Hypophosphatämie besteht.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 57 (1979), S. 1053-1059 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Niereninsuffizienz ; Vitamin D-Stoffwechsel ; Osteomalazie ; Parathormon ; Myopathie ; Uremia ; Vitamin D ; Osteomalacia ; Parathyroid hormone ; Myopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The vitamin metabolite 25(OH)D is transformed into the active secosterole 1.25(OH)2D3 in the proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney. This transformation is disturbed in patients with renal insufficiency. However, this review shows that presumably not all vitamin D dependent disturbances in patients with renal insufficiency are explicable merely as the consequence of reduced renal synthesis of 1.25(OH)2D3 secondary to nephronal loss. In incipient renal failure, vitamin D dependent functions (calcemic action of PTH, intestinal absorption of Ca) are disturbed. Yet, circulating 1.25(OH)2D3 levels are slightly elevated. This finding is compatible with an inadequate response of the renal 1-alpha-hydroxylase system to activating stimuli (hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, fasting hypophosphatemia) and/or end-organ resistance to the action of 1.25(OH)2D3. Osteomalacia in renal insufficiency cannot entirely be explained as the consequence of a reduction of the serum-concentration of any of the known vitamin D metabolites [25(OH)D3; 1.25(OH)2D3; 24.25(OH)2D3]. The relatively poor response of osteomalacia of uremic patients to the administration of 1.25(OH)2D3 leads to the question of whether other vitamin D metabolites or non-vitamin D related factors are important in its genesis. Critical information is lacking with respect to 1.25(OH)2D3 receptors, post receptor events and interaction between vitamin D metabolites and PTH in bone cells of such patients. A specific action of 1.25(OH)2D3 on longitudinal growth of uremic children has been described. However, several clinical and experimental studies failed to provide evidence of normalization of growth by 1.25(OH)2D3 and failed to show differences in this respect between vitamin D and 1.25(OH)2D3. Currently, it remains undecided whether vitamin D metabolites affect PTH secretion, and if so which vitamin D metabolite is involved. Clarification of this problem is of paramount importance for therapeutic suppression of the parathyroids of uremic patients. Vitamin D metabolites play an important role in some organ functions unrelated to homeostasis of Ca-Pi-metabolism (e.g. muscle, testis, pancreas, etc). The loss of such function is of potential importance in the genesis of the uremic syndrome and its imcomplete reversal by hemodialysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den proximalen Tubulusepithelien der Niere wird der Vitamin D-Metabolit 25(OH)D in das aktive Secosterol 1,25(OH)2D3 umgewandelt. Diese Umwandlung ist bei niereninsuffizienten Patienten beeinträchtigt, jedoch sind möglicherweise nicht alle Vitamin D-abhängigen Störungen bei Niereninsuffizienz allein durch den Ausfall der Synthese von 1,25(OH)2D3 zu erklären. Bei initialer Niereninsuffizienz, bei der bereits Vitamin D-abhängige Funktionen (calzämische Wirkung von PTH, Calziumabsorption) gestört sind, liegen die 1,25(OH)2D3-Spiegel im Serum geringfügig oberhalb des Normalbereichs. Dieser Befund ist mit einer inadäquaten Antwort der 1-alpha-Hydroxylase auf aktivierende Stimuli (Hyperparathyreoidismus, Hypocalzämie, Hypophosphatämie) und/oder einer möglichen Endorganresistenz gegenüber 1,25(OH)2D3 vereinbar. Die Osteomalazie bei niereninsuffizienten Patienten ist nicht ausschließlich als Folge der Erniedrigung der Serum-Konzentration eines der bekannten Vitamin D-Metabolite [25(OH)D3; 24,25(OH)2D3; 1,25(OH)2D3] zu erklären. Das schlechte Ansprechen der Osteomalazie urämischer Patienten auf 1,25(OH)2D3 legt die Frage nach der möglichen Wirkung zusätzlicher Vitamin D-Metabolite oder dem Vorhandensein nicht Vitamin D-abhängiger Zusatzfaktoren nahe. Bislang fehlen Informationen zum Verhalten der 1,25(OH)2D3 Rezeptoren und nachgeschalteter Ereignisse an Knochenzellen und Einzelheiten einer möglichen Wechselwirkung zwischen 1,25(OH)2D3 und PTH bleiben noch unklar. Obwohl ein spezifischer wachstumsfördernder Effekt von 1,25(OH)2D3 auf das Längenwachstum urämischer Kinder beschrieben wurde, zeigten mehrere klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen keine Normalisierung durch 1,25(OH)2D3 resp. keinen Wirkunterschied zwischen Vitamin D und 1,25(OH)2D3. Gegenwärtig ist noch unklar, ob Vitamin D-Metabolite, und gegebenenfalls welcher Vitamin D-Metabolit, die PTH-Sekretion der Parathyreoidea hemmen. Die Klärung dieser Frage erscheint dringend für eine optimale medikamentöse Suppression der Parathyreoidea niereninsuffizienter Patienten. Auch außerhalb der Homöostase des Ca-Pi-Stoff-wechsels spielen Vitamin D-Metabolite eine wichtige Rolle in der Funktion einiger Organe, z.B. Muskel, Hoden, Pankreas etc. Der Ausfall dieser Funktionen ist möglicherweise bedeutsam zum Verständnis des urämischen Syndroms und seiner mangelnden Rückbildung unter Hämodialysebehandlung.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 56 (1978), S. 843-853 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Lactic acidosis ; Biguanides ; Buformin ; Diabetes mellitus ; Hemodialysis ; Lactat-Azidose ; Biguanide ; Buformin ; Diabetes mellitus ; Hämodialyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Lactat-Azidose ist definiert als metabolische Azidose, d.h. Erniedrigung des arteriellen pH unter 7,36 bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg des Blutlactatspiegels auf über 2 mmol/l. Von klinischer Relevanz ist dieser Zustand, wenn die Lactatspiegel über 7 mmol/l liegen. Lactat-Azidosen können unter den verschiedensten Bedingungen auftreten; die Biguanidinduzierte Lactat-Azidose (nach Buformin, Metformin und Phenformin) ist auf eine toxische Wirkung dieser Substanzen zurückzuführen. Das klinische Bild ist charakterisiert durch Bewußtseinsstörungen, extreme Azidose mit Kußmaulscher Atmung, Schock, Hypothermie, sowie in rd. 30% der Fälle Hypoglykämie. Neben den üblichen intensivmedizinischen Maßnahmen besteht die Therapie in der Korrektur des Säuren- und Basenhaushaltes und der Eliminierung des Biguanids. Der Stellenwert der Hämodialyse-Behandlung ist zur Zeit noch umstritten. Bei strenger Beachtung der Kontraindikationen sollte die Lactat-Azidose eine sehr seltene Komplikation der Biguanid-Therapie des Diabetes mellitus sein.
    Notes: Summary Lactic acidosis is defined as a state of metabolic acidosis (arterial pH below 7.36) due to an increase in the blood concentration of lactate above 2 mEq/l. Lactic acidosis may occur under a variety of conditions; the biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is due to the toxic effects of biguanides (buformin, metformin, phenformin). The clinical picture is characterized by the occurrence of disturbances of consciousness, severe acidosis with Kußmaul's respiration, shock, hypothermia and in about 30% of all cases hypoglycemia. Apart from the general principles of intensive medical care, therapy should comprise correction of the acid-base-disturbances and elimination of the offending biguanide. The efficacy of hemodialysis in the treatment of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is difficult to evaluate. By a more sensible use of biguanides, lactic acidosis secondary to drug administration should become a rare event.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 153 (1970), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Glucuronic acid cycle ; aMPS ; Diabetes mellitus ; Diabetic vascular disease ; Arterial wall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of all enzymatic steps of the glucuronic acid pathway could be demonstrated in arteries of various species.14C-D-glucose was converted into14C-D-glucuronic acid; 6-14C-D-glucuronic acid was decarboxylated to14CO2 and U-14C-D-glucuronic acid was transformed into14C-xylitol. NADP-L-xylulose oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.1.1.10) could be shown in tissue homogenate. Myoinositol was not converted into glucuronic acid in arteries. The rate of decarboxylation of glucuronic acid in various species was identical irrespective of the presence of ascorbic acid synthesis. The rate of decarboxylation of 6-14C-D-glucuronic acid and the rate of transformation of U-14C-D-glucose into14C-D-glucuronic acid was not elevated in alloxandiabetic animals and the activity of L-xylulose-oxidoreductase was unchanged in animals with experimental diabetes.
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