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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinctive, rapid, and easy labeling of diffuse plaques in the Alzheimer brains by a new methenamine silver stain (1990)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1990), S. 569-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Senile plaques ; Methenamine silver stain ; Alzheimer-type dementia ; Down's syndrome ; Amyloid β protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have developed a new methenamine silver (MS) stain for detecting diffuse plaques distinctively on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of Alzheimer-type dementia, Down'n syndrome, and mentally normal aged brains. This rapid and easy method selectively labels amyloid-related component of senile plaques, but not of kuru plaques found in Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome. Our MS stain shows almost the same staining pattern as that of the β protein immunostaining with formic acid pretreatment. Therefore, new MS stain is appropriate to routine or screening studies for senile plaques including diffuse plaques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296119
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffuse type of senile plaques in the cerebellum of Alzheimer-type dementia demonstrated byβ protein immunostain (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 314-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer-type dementia ; Senile plaques ; β Protein ; Formic acid treatment ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied senile plaques (SP) in the cerebella of six autopsied subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) and ten non-ATD autopsied subjects between the ages of 78 and 90. Neither SP nor amyloid angiopathy (AA) was observed in any of the non-ATD subjects. In the four of the six ATD subjects, diffuse plaques in the molecular layer were seen as ill-defined areas of fine fibrillar materials by β protein immunostaining with formic acid pretreatment, the modified Bielschowsky stain, and periodic acid-methenamine silver (PAM) stain. The plaques were not visible with Bodian, Congo red, or periodic acid-Schiff stains. Compact plaques in the Purkinje cell or in the granular cell layers were found in three of the six subjects. Their amyloid core was often surrounded by areolar amyloid deposits. AA was observed in three of the six subjects. The argyrophilia of the diffuse and compact plaques, demonstrated by the modified Bielschowsky and PAM stains, became undetectable when the sections were first treated with formic acid. Such treatment made the plaques immunoreactive with β protein antiserum. The findings suggested that cerebellar diffuse plaques and compact plaques consist mainly of an amyloid component, and are characteristic of ATD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687584
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A variety of cerebral amyloid deposits in the brains of the Alzheimer-type dementia demonstrated byβ protein immunostaining (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 76 (1988), S. 541-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: β Protein ; Senile plaques ; Amyloid ; Alzheimer ; Dementia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied cerebral amyloid deposits in the hippocampal area immunohistochemically, using antiserum to syntheticβ peptide (1–28) in 66 patients with or without dementia and aged 17 to 91 years old. Senile plaques (SP) and amyloid angiopathy (AA) were detected in 36 (55%) and 19 (29%) patients, respectively. Also, cerebral amyloid deposits from the brains of seven patients with dementia and five patients without were studied in serial sections stained with Bodian, modified Bielschowsky, Congo red, andβ protein immunostain. In the patients with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) diffuse plaques, typical of this group, were stained withβ protein antiserum but not with Bodian stain, because the plaques were devoid of abnormally swollen neuritic processes. The diffuse plaques often contained one or more neuronal cell bodies. As well as primitive and classic plaques and AA, theβ protein immunostain demonstrated small deposits among the SP, small stellate deposits of layer 1, subpial fibrillar deposits, and focal cribriform deposits of parasubiculum, which may be new types of amyloid deposits. Amyloid plaques within the subcortical white matter were only found in ATD brains. In the non-demented patients various kinds of SP, including diffuse and compact ones, were immunostained. They tended to be small and few.β protein immunostain with formic acid pretreatment is a useful method for the identification of a variety of senile cerebral amyloid deposits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689591
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the neuropil threads in the Alzheimer brain: their dendritic origin and accumulation in the senile plaques (1990)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 368-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropil threads ; Alzheimer-type dementia ; tau protein ; Palred helical filaments ; Senile plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thread-like structures immunoreactive with paired helical filaments and tau antisera were demonstrated as mesh-works in the neocortices of five brains with Alzheimer-type dementia, but not in those of five normal aged control brains. The ultrastructure of the threads was examined using paired routine electron microscopic ultrathin sections and adjacent 0.4-μm-thick semithin sections, immunostained for β protein. Outside the β protein-positive senile plaques, neuropil threads appeared sporadically as small slender neurites, containing either regularly constricted or straight filaments. These neurites often showed dendritic profiles. Similar threads were also seen within the senile plaques. The threads were accumulated in amyloid fibril-rich primitive plaques, but not in amyloid fibril-poor diffuse plaques. The presence of these threads was closely associated with neurofibrillary tangle formation. Our findings suggest that wide-spread change of the neuropil neurites, neuropil threads or curly fibers, both outside and inside of the senile plaques are dendritic in origin and play an important role in the clinical manifestation of dementia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307689
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffuse type of senile plaques in the brains of Alzheimer-type dementia (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1988), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Senile plaques ; β protein ; Alzheimer-type dementia ; Bodian stain ; Senile cerebral amyloid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the nature of diffuse type of senile plaques (SP) in the brains of six autopsied subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD). The densities of SP in the entorhinal cortex were evaluated using serial sections stained by four different methods. Compared with β protein immunostaining (100% as a reference), the modified Bielschowsky stain (103%) and the periodic acid-methenamine silver (PAM) stain (109%) labeled similar numbers of SP, whereas the Bodian stain labeled only a minor proportion (42%) of these. The vast majority of Bodian-negative plaques were diffuse plaques, which were seen as ill-defined areas of fine fibrillar material after β protein immunostain with formic acid pretreatment, modified Bielschowsky stain, and PAM stain. They were not stained by Congo red or periodic acid-Schiff stains. Double staining using Bodian and β protein methods demonstrated that diffuse plaques were free of swollen neurites. Argyrophilia of the diffuse plaques shown by the modified Bielschowsky and PAM stains, became undetectable when sections were pretreated with formic acid. Such treatment made the diffuse plaques immunoreactive to β protein antiserum, suggesting that diffuse plaques consisted mainly of amyloid, but not neuritic components. The diffuse plaques were distributed in various cortical areas and in the amygdala, and comprised a considerable population of the SP in the ATD brains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687420
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of diffuse plaques in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: comparison with primitive plaques (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer-type dementia ; Senile plaques ; Amyloid β/A4 protein ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We compared the ultrastructure between diffuse and primitive plaques in the brains of senile dementia, using pairs of routine electron microscopic ultrathin sections and adjacent semithin sections, which were immunolabeled for β protein. In the frontal cortex, amyloid fibrils were rarely seen in a minority of diffuse plaques, suggesting an initial stage of the diffuse plaques. A majority of the diffuse plaques had electrondense material and/or amyloid fibrils between cell processes in part of but not the entire β/A4-immunoreactive areas. Small degenerating neurites were often seen with apparent amyloid fibrils in the diffuse plaques, and these were considered to be in an advanced stage. The size and number of degenerating neurites were proportional to the amount of amyloid. Bundles of amyloid fibrils were occasionally surrounded by astroglial processes forming gap junctions. Neurons were found within some diffuse plaques, but capillaries were rarely seen. In contrast, in the temporal cortex, the diffuse plaques were smaller, and even these small ones had apparent amyloid fibrils. The amount of amyloid correlated significantly with plaque size in the temporal cortices, but not in the frontal cortices. Most of the diffuse plaques of the frontal lobe remained as advanced diffuse plaques (apparent amyloid with occasional astroglia and some degenerating neurites) for a long time, and did not transformed into primitive plaques, whereas the temporal diffuse plaques tended to transform into primitive plaques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310918
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related plaque morphology and C-terminal heterogeneity of amyloid β in Dutch-type hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid β ; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type ; Senile plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The evolvement of amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the frontal cerebral cortex of 24 patients of increasing age with Dutch-type hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (HCHWA-D) was studied using end-specific monoclonal antibodies to Aβx-42 (Aβ42) or Aβx-40 (Aβ40) and markers for degenerating neurites. Aβ42 immunostaining revealed parenchymal Aβ deposits with a heterogeneous morphology and distribution, i.e., clouds, fine/dense diffuse, coarse, and homogeneous plaques. Clouds and diffuse plaques were associated with glial Aβ granules. Aβ40 labeling was absent in clouds/fine diffuse plaques, inconsistent and variably intense in dense diffuse/¶coarse plaques and consistent in homogeneous plaques. In a subset of Aβ40-positive plaques, degenerating neurites – without tauopathy – and/or amyloid cores were observed. Electron microscopy revealed no apparent amyloid fibrils in fine diffuse plaques, small bundles of fibrils in dense diffuse/homogeneous plaques, and amyloid masses in coarse plaques. The parenchymal Aβ pathology was age-related: the ratio of fine to dense diffuse plaques decreased with age, clouds were limited to younger patients; coarse plaques to the oldest old. Homogeneous/cored plaques were present most consistently in older patients. Plaque density did not increase with age. Vascular Aβ deposits stained for both Aβ species, but exclusively Aβ42-positive, presumably recent deposits were also observed. This study suggests that HCHWA-D is a model of plaque evolution in which clouds leave fine diffuse plaques, which may become dense diffuse and ultimately coarse or homogeneous plaques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010051143
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffuse plaques associated with astroglial amyloid β protein, possibly showing a disappearing stage of senile plaques (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid β protein ; Alzheimer’s disease ; Dementia ; Astrocytes ; Senile plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify whether senile plaques disappear, we examined amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposits in non-demented subjects, and found novel diffuse plaques associated with astroglial Aβ. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from cortical areas were immunolabeled with a panel of Aβ antibodies, and astroglial and microglial markers. Cerebral Aβ deposition was primarily found as diffuse plaques (DP) in these subjects. A subset of DP was associated with clusters of intensely Aβ-positive small granules. The clusters, which were located just adjacent to astroglial nucleus, had the characteristics of lipofuscin granules and, therefore, were quite different from “small stellate deposits”. Substantial amounts of Aβ-positive granules were found inside astrocytes by dual labeling of Aβ and glial fibrillary acid protein, and the majority of astroglial Aβ immunoreactivity was located on lipofuscin granules. Aβ-positive granules lacked immunoreactivity with antisera for the N-terminal region of Aβ. These peculiar DP showed a much weaker staining than ordinary DP. The DP associated with astroglial Aβ were found in about one third of the subjects, although the density varied widely among individuals. From these findings, we propose that DP, which are associated with the N-terminal truncated Aβ in astrocytes, represent the disappearing stage of senile plaques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050790
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