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  • Physics  (5)
  • Choline acetyltransferase  (4)
  • Gene expression  (3)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plasma-membrane H+-ATPase gene expression is regulated by NaCl in cells of the halophyte Atriplex nummularia L. (1993)
    Springer
    Planta 190 (1993), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Atriplex ; Gene expression ; NaCl regulation ; Halophyte ; Plasma-membrane H+-ATPase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An Atriplex nummularia L. cDNA probe encoding the partial sequence of an isoform of the plasma-membrane H+ -ATPase was isolated, and used to characterize the NaCl regulation of mRNA accumulation in cultured cells of this halophyte. The peptide (447 amino acids) translated from the open reading frame has the highest sequence homology to the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plasma-membrane H+-ATPase isoform pma4 (greater than 80% identity) and detected a transcript of approximately 3.7 kb on Northern blots of both total and poly(A)+ RNA. The mRNA levels were comparable in unadapted cells, adapted cells (cells adapted to and growing in 342 mM NaCl) and deadapted cells (cells previously adapted to 342 mM NaCl that are now growing without salt). Increased mRNA abundance was detected in deadapted cells within 24 h after exposure to NaCl but not in unadapted cells with similar salt treatments. The NaCl up-regulation of message abundance in deadapted cells was subject to developmental control. Analogous to those reported for glycophytes, the plasma-membrane H+-ATPase are encoded by a multigene family in the halophyte.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224780
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Developmental regulatory elements in the 5′ flanking DNA of the Drosophila choline acetyltransferase gene (1993)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 202 (1993), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Choline acetyltransferase ; cis-Regulatory element ; lacZ reporter gene ; Colinergic neuron
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) catalyzes the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is an essential factor for neurons to be cholinergic. We have analyzed regulation of the Drosophila ChAT gene during development by examining the β-galactosidase expression pattern in transformed lines carrying different lengths of 5′ flanking DNA fused to a lacZ reporter gene. The largest fragment tested, 7.4 kb, resulted in the most extensive expression pattern in embryonic and larval nervous system and likely reflects all the cis-regulatory elements necessary for ChAT expression. We also found that 5′ flanking DNA located between 3.3 kb and 1.2 kb is essential for the reporter gene expression in most of the segmentally arranged embryonic sensory neurons as well as other distinct cells in the CNS. The existence of negative regulatory elements was suggested by the observation that differentiating photoreceptor cells in eye imaginal discs showed the reporter gene expression in several 1.2 kb and 3.3 kb transformants but not in 7.4 kb transformants. Furthermore, we have fused the 5′ flanking DNA fragments to a wild type ChAT cDNA and used these constructs to transform Drosophila with a Cha mutant background. Surprisingly, even though different amounts of 5′ flanking DNA resulted in different spatial expression patterns, all of the positively expressing cDNA transformed lines were rescued from lethality. Our results suggest that developmental expression of the ChAT gene is regulated both positively and negatively by the combined action of several elements located in the 7.4 kb upstream region, and that the more distal 5′ flanking DNA is not necessary for embryonic survival and development to adult flies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365306
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Induction of cardiac angiotensin I-converting enzyme with dietary NaCl-loading in genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Angiotensin I-converting enzyme ; Gene expression ; Sodium chloride ; Heart ; Inbred rats
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We have recently shown that the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene is linked to NaCl-loaded blood pressure in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), and that high-NaCl loading selectively stimulates ACE in the aorta of SHRSP but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We therefore investigated the relationship between cardiac ACE and the development of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in response to normal- and high-NaCl diet in these rats. ACE mRNA and ACE activity were measured in left ventricular tissue after completion of hemodynamic characterization of the animals. While SHRSP rats increased blood pressure (P〈0.0001) and heart rate (P〈0.005) in response to high NaCl, blood pressure remained unchanged in WKY. Similarly, relative left ventricular weight increased only in SHRSP after high NaCl (P〈0.002). A significant two- to threefold increase of cardiac ACE mRNA and fourfold stimulation of ACE enzyme activity in response to high NaCl was found in both WKY and SHRSP rats (P〈0.005). The induction of ACE gene expression was significantly more pronounced in SHRSP compared to WKY (P〈0.02), whereas no significant strain differences in left ventricular ACE activity were found after either normal- or high-NaCl diet. Thus, arterial blood pressure and left ventricular weight remained unchanged in the WKY rats despite the activation of left ventricular ACE activity after high-NaCl exposure. These results demonstrate that left ventricular ACE activity is equally upregulated in response to high-NaCl in the normotensive and hypertensive strain, independently from the development of hypertension. We conclude that the pretranslational induction of left ventricular ACE with high-NaCl loading may be important both for the regulation of cardiac angiotensins and kinins and for local therapeutic ACE inhibition in the heart during high-salt status.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189924
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Developmental expression of choline acetyltransferase mRNA inDrosophila (1990)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 15 (1990), S. 1089-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Schlagwort(e): Choline acetyltransferase ; development ; mRNA ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We have measured the steady state levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) mRNA during different developmental stages ofDrosophila melanogaster using a ChAT specific cRNA probe. ChAT mRNA was first detected approximately 6–7 h after oviposition, increased until the 1st–2nd larval instar, decreased into early pupal stages and increased again during late pupation, reaching a maximum in adults. Northern analysis showed a major RNA band with a Mr of 4.7 kilobases and Western analysis also showed a single major 75 kD protein band at all developmental stages. Our results support the hypothesis that a major point of regulation of ChAT expression may be at the transcriptional level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01101709
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cold stress response in Archaea (2000)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 4 (2000), S. 321-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cold shock ; Low-temperature adaptation ; Psychrophile ; Adaptive mechanisms ; Antarctic Archaea ; Gene expression ; Protein structure ; Review
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We live on a cold planet where more than 80% of the biosphere is permanently below 5°C, and yet comparatively little is known about the genetics and physiology of the microorganisms inhabiting these environments. Based on molecular probe and sequencing studies, it is clear that Archaea are numerically abundant in diverse low-temperature environments throughout the globe. In addition, non-low-temperature-adapted Archaea are commonly exposed to sudden decreases in temperature, as are other microorganisms, animals, and plants. Considering their ubiquity in nature, it is perhaps surprising to find that there is such a lack of knowledge regarding low-temperature adaptation mechanisms in Archaea, particularly in comparison to what is known about archaeal thermophiles and hyperthermophiles and responses to heat shock. This review covers what is presently known about adaptation to cold shock and growth at low temperature, with a particular focus on Antarctic Archaea. The review highlights the similarities and differences that exist between Archaea and Bacteria and eukaryotes, and addresses the potentially important role that protein synthesis plays in adaptation to the cold. By reviewing the present state of the field, a number of important areas for future research are identified.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920070001
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Drosophila Choline Acetyltransferase Temperature-Sensitive Mutants (1999)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 24 (1999), S. 1081-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Schlagwort(e): Choline acetyltransferase ; Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive mutants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA fragments from two temperature-sensitive alleles of Drosophila melanogaster, Cha ts1 and Cha ts2. Single base substitutions in the mutants (T1614A in Cha ts1 and G1596A in Cha ts2) would result in amino acid changes for ChAT protein (Met403Lys in Cha ts1 and Arg397His in Cha ts2). These base substitutions were confirmed in mRNA extracted from homozygous mutants using a Single Nucleotide Primer Extension assay (SNuPE) and are sufficient to produce thermolabile enzyme. Our results indicate that these temperature-sensitive mutants are point mutations in the structural gene for ChAT. Using a quantitative SNuPE assay we also show that similar levels of Cha ts and wild type transcripts are present in heterozygous flies (Cha ts1/+ and Cha ts2 /+) at both restrictive and permissive temperatures. This contrasts with RNase protection assays of ChAT mRNA in homozygous mutant animals where the levels of mutant mRNA decrease at restrictive temperature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021021213625
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Localization of choline acetyltransferase-expresing neurons in the larval vissual system of Drosophila melanogaster (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Choline acetyltransferase ; Cholinergic neuron ; Visual system ; Bolwig's organ ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Choline acetyltransferease (ChAT) is the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of acetylcholine and is considered to be a phenotypically specific marker for cholinergic neurons. We have examined the distribution of ChAT-expressing neurons in the larval nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster by three different but complementary techniques: in situ hybridization with a cRNA probe to ChAT messenger RNA, immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal anti-ChAT antibody, and X-gal staining of transformed animals carrying a reporter gene composed of 7.4 kb of 5′ flanking DNA from the ChAT gene fused to a lacZ reporter gene. All three techniques demonstrated ChAT-expressing neurons in the larval visual system. In embryos, the photoreceptor organ (Bolwig's organ) exhibited strong cRNA hybridization signals. The optic lobe of late third-instar larvae displayed ChAT immunoreactivity in Bolwig's nerve and a neuron close to the insertion site of the optic stalk. This neuron's axon ran in parallel with Bolwig's nerve to the larval optic neuropil. This neuron is likely to be a first-order interneuron of the larval visual system. Expression of the lacZ reporter gene was also detected in Bolwig's organ and the neuron stained by anti-ChAT antibody. Our observations indicate that acetylcholine may be a neurotransmitter in the larval photoreceptor cells as well as in a first-order interneuron in the larval visual system of Drosophila melanogaster.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319111
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aliphatic polyphenylquinoxalines (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 6 (1968), S. 3170-3173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.150061121
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phenyl-substituted polyquinoxalines (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 5 (1967), S. 1453-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Four phenyl-substituted polyquinoxalines have been prepared by the reaction of combinations of two tetraamines, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and 3,3,′4,4′-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, with two bisbenzils, 4,4′-dibenzil and 4,4′-oxydibenzil. The polymers were prepared by melt and solution polymerizations. Melt condensations were performed at 180, 220, and 280°C. and samples were periodically removed and characterized. The solution polymerizations consisted of two stages, initially forming an intermediate molecular weight polymer (ηinh 0.6-1.0) which was advanced at 400°C. to final polymer (ηinh 1.5 to 2.2). Clear yellow films, cast from m-cresol solution, exhibited good toughness and flexibility. The phenyl-substituted polyquinoxalines exhibited excellent oxidative and thermal stability. Polymer decomposition temperatures in air were generally about 550°C. Isothermal aging at 371°C. (700°F.) in air showed weight retentions as high as 93 and 50% after 100 and 200 hr., respectively. Weight-average molecular weight determination by light-scattering technique on a polymer with an ηinh of 2.16 suggested a value of 247,000. Certain physical properties of the phenyl-substituted polyquinoxalines are compared with those of the corresponding ordinary polyquinoxalines to illustrate the advantageous effect of introducing a phenyl group on the quinoxaline ring.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.150050626
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polybenzothiazoles. II. A new synthetic approach and preliminary stability evaluation (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 4 (1966), S. 2341-2347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.150040932
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