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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 723 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Head bug ; Calocoris angustatus ; sorghum ; resistance mechanisms ; preference ; antibiosis ; consumption and utilization of food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mécanismes de la résistance du sorgho à la punaise C. angustatus ont été examinés au champ et au laboratoire. Les préférences des adultes ont été examinées avec choix multiples au champ et au laboratoire sur les 5 cultivars relativement moins sensibles (IS 2761, IS 9692, IS 17610, IS 17618, IS 17645) comparés aux hybrides commerciaux très sensibles (CSH 1, CSH 5, CSH 9). Les différences ont été confirmées avec des choix binaires au laboratoire. L'absence de préférence pour un cultivar est une des composantes de la résistance du sorgho à la punaise. Mais l'absence de préférence n'est cependant pas prouvée en cage au champ au par des expériences en olfactomètre sans choix au laboratoire. La ponte a été étudié sur 8 ‘génotypes’ pendant la saison des pluies de 1983 et sur 6 génotypes pendant la saison des pluies et après celle-ci en 1983–84. Les résultats montrent que la réduction de la ponte est une composante importante de la résistance sur IS 17645, IS 17610 et IS 17618. Pour définir le niveau d'antibiose, l'étude du cycle a été menée au laboratoire sur 5 cultivars relativement peu sensibles (IS 2761, IS 9692, IS 17610, IS 176618, IS 17645) et 3 sensibles (CSH 1, CSH 5, CSH 9). Le développement post-embryonnaire est prolongé d'un jour au deux quand les larves sont élevées sur grains laiteux de IS 17610 ou IS 17645. Les larves de 5e stade et les adultes ont des poids plus faibles sur IS 17610 et IS 9692. Les indices de consommation et d'utilisation des aliments ont été calculés pour IS 2761, IS 6984, CSH 5 et Swarna; l'utilisation de grains de IS 2761 et IS 69884, comparée aux grains des cultivars CSH 5 et Swarna, est relativement moins efficace. C1 et GR sont plus faibles sur grains d'IS 2761 de 20 jours que de 12 jours.
    Notes: Abstract Cultivar preference/nonpreference for feeding is one of the components of resistance to the sorghum head bug, Calocoris angustatus Lethiery (Hemiptera: Miridae). IS 2761, IS 9692, IS 17610, IS 17618 and IS 17645 were not preferred by the adults of c. angustatus under multi- or two-choice conditions. However, cultivar preference was not evident under no-choice tests or headcage conditions. Reduced oviposition is an important component of resistance to head bugs in IS 17645, IS 17610 and IS 17618. Post-embryonic development was extended by 1–2 days when nymphs were fed on these genotypes. Fifth instar nymphs and adults had lower weights when reared on IS 17610 and IS 9692. Nymphal survival was relatively lower on IS 9692, IS 17610 and IS 17645. Fourth instar nymphs were relatively less efficient in food utilization when fed on grain of IS 2761 and IS 6984 as compared with the susceptible cultivars CSH 5 and Swarna. Stage of grain development influenced the indices of consumption and utilization of food by head bugs. Consumption index (CI) and growth rate was lower on 20-day-old grain of IS 2761 as compared with 12-day-old grain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sorghum ; sorghum bicolor ; head bug ; Calocoris angustatus ; Mirid ; insect density ; plant resistance ; food availability ; seasonal effects ; genotypic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were undertaken on interactions between panicle size, insect density, host plant, and the environment for sorghum head bug,Calocoris angustatus Lethiery on five sorghum genotypes in terms of bug population increase, grain damage and loss in grain mass across four panicle sizes (5, 10 or 20 branches/panicle and whole panicle), and three infestation levels (5, 10 and 15 pairs of bugs/panicle). Head bug numbers increased and grain damage decreased with an increase in panicle size in the head bug susceptible cultivars, CSH 1 and CSH 5. However, the increase in bug numbers or decrease in grain damage was not significant in head bug resistant genotypes, IS 17610 and IS 17645. Head bug numbers increased with an increase in infestation level in CSH 1 and CSH 5, however, such an increase was not substantial in IS 17610 and IS 17645. Grain damage was significantly lower in IS 17610 and IS 17645 compared with CSH 1 and CSH 5 across infestation levels. Head bug population increased at a greater rate during the rainy season compared with the dry season. Panicle size and infestation levels accounted for greater variation in grain damage and percentage loss in grain mass during the rainy season than in the dry season. To identify reliable sources of resistance to insects, it is important to study insect host plant-interactions across panicle sizes (levels of food availability), infestation levels and seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 23-29 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Contarinia sorghicola ; sorghum midge ; sex pheromones ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The orientation of males of the sorghum midge,Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) towards virgin female baited sticky traps was studied in the field. Male response increased linearly with an increase in the number of virgin females in the sticky traps. Five females per vial were optimum for monitoring midge populations in the field. Numbers of males trapped were significantly greater in traps placed at 0.5 and 1.5 m above ground level compared with those placed at 2.5 m. Peak trap catches occurred at 0900 h. The number of males trapped decreased significantly after 1400 h; male catches continued till sunset. Trap catches followed the same pattern as the number of ovipositing females on sorghum panicles at the half-anthesis stage. Midge activity decreased with an increase in temperature and a decrease in relative humidity. Peak midge density was observed during the second fortnight of October in the rainy season and during February-March in the post-rainy season. Sex pheromones can be used to monitor midge population dynamics for integrated pest management and to screen for host plant resistance to this insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 208-211 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Brain development ; DNA ; RNA ; protein ; vitamin A ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The biochemical development of the fetal brain in relation to maternal vitamin A restriction was studied in rats. The vitamin A status of pregnant rats was varied by supplying low, medium and adequate amounts (6, 40, and 100 μg retinol/day/kg body weight, respectively) of vitamin A during pregnancy and suckling. The maternal vitamin A restriction caused an altered brain development in terms of tissue weight, DNA, RNA and protein levels, and biosynthesis of DNA and protein from [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-leucine, respectively. A dose-dependent effect of maternal vitamin A restriction on the metabolism of DNA, RNA and protein was noticed in the developing fetal brain of rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1990), S. 595-603 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Trauma ; Spinal cord injury ; Microvascular permeability ; Serotonin ; p-Chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that serotonin can take part in the initiation of the increased microvascular permeability occurring in a spinal cord trauma was investigated in a rat model with 131I-sodium and lanthanum as tracers. We influenced the serotonin content in the tissue pharmacologically by treating animals with a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), before the production of the injury and compared the results with injured, untreated controls. A small incision was made in the dorsal horn of the lower thoracic cord. It caused a progressive extravasation of 131I-sodium in the damaged segment, measured after 1,2 and 5 h. Rostral and caudal segments also showed a significant but lower accumulation of 131I-sodium. Lanthanum added to the fixative was used as an ionic tracer detectable by electron microscopy. The endothelial cells of microvessels removed from the perifocal region after 5 h showed a marked increase in the number of lanthanum-filled vesicles. Many endothelial cells had a diffuse penetration of the tracer into the cytoplasm and the basement membrane. However, the tight junctions usually remained closed to lanthanum. Pretreatment with p-CPA markedly reduced the extravasation of 131I-sodium measured at 5 h in the traumatized cord. At the cellular level, the endothelial vesicles filled with lanthanum approached the condition of uninjured animals. The diffuse infiltration of lanthanum into endothelial cells and its spread into the basement membrane of the vascular wall were usually absent. Our results indicate that serotonin plays a role in the initiation of the increased microvascular permeability which occurs in spinal cord injuries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Trauma ; Spinal cord injury ; Edema ; Serotonin ; p-CPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that serotonin can modify the early pathological sequences occurring in spinal cord trauma was investigated in a rat model. To that end we took advantage of the possibility of influencing serotonin pharmacologically by treating animals with a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) before the production of the injury and compared the results with injured, untreated controls. A unilateral incision was made into the dorsal horn of the lower thoracic cord (about 2.5 mm deep, 4.5 mm long) and the trauma. The injured region from untreated animals showed macroscopically at that time a pronounced swelling and the water content had increased by 3.5% as compared to intact controls. The segments rostral and caudal to the lesion also exhibited a profound increase in water content. Light microscopy revealed a significant expansion of the spinal cord as compared to controls. The swelling was most pronounced in the gray matter on the injured side. Electron microscopy showed distorted neurons, swollen astrocytes and extracellular edema in the gray matter in and around the primary lesion. There was also a sponginess in the surrounding white matter with disruption of myelin, collapsed axons and widened periaxonal spaces. Pretreatment of the rats with p-CPA significantly reduced the swelling of the injured spinal cord and there was no visible expansion. The ipsilateral edema in the central gray matter was considerable less pronounced as compared to that in untreated animals. The increase in water content was less than 1% in these animals. The neuronal and glial cell changes were also markedly reduced in the drugtreated rats. The disruption of myelin and the vacuolation of the gray matter were much less severe. Our results show that p-CPA can markedly modify the edema and the cellular changes occurring in the traumatic spinal injury and indicate that serotonin is somehow involved in the production of the early, and thus important, pathological events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) ; Spinal cord trauma ; Ventral horn ; p-Chlorophenyl alanine ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is involved in the early tissue reactions occurring in spinal cord trauma was examined in a rat model using an immunocytochemical technique. The injury was made in the form of a 5-mm long and 2.5-mm wide lesion of the right dorsal horn at the level of T10–11. Injured rats, pretreated with the 5-HT synthesis blocking agent, p-chlorophenyl alanine (p-CPA) were compared with untreated injured controls and the animals were allowed to survive for 5 h. The distribution of 5-HT was examined in proximal and distal cross-sections of the cord, located 2 and 5 mm away from the injury. Normal rats showed immunoreactive material in nerve cell processes and in a few nerve cell bodies of the ventral horns. The trauma to the spinal cord caused a marked increase in 5-HT immunoreactivity in the segments located 2 mm proximal and distal to the injury, particularly in the ipsilateral ventral horn. The segment located 5 mm distal to the lesion showed a similar increase in immunoreactivity but it was apparently less pronounced in the corresponding proximal segment. Treatment with p-CPA markedly reduced the trauma-induced increase in 5-HT immunoreactivity in all the segments. These immunohistochemical findings were in line with the changes in the contents of 5-HT measured biochemically in corresponding spinal cord segments. At the onset of the trauma to the spinal cord 5-HT is thus present in the tissue, mainly in the form of 5-HT-containing nerve cell processes. Biochemical determinations also revealed that there is an increased amount of 5-HT in the traumatized spinal cord. The present study indicates that this is at least partly due to an increased amount of 5-HT in neurons and nerve cell processes of the perifocal region. The pathophysiollogical significance of the observed 5-HT-reaction in spinal cord injury is not known in all its details. However, 5-HT might be implicated in such tissue reaction, such as increased microvascular permea bility and edema formation occurring in the early period after trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal cord trauma ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Serotonin ; p-Chlorophenylalanine ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that serotonin may influence the early response of astrocytes around a spinal cord trauma was investigated in a rat model by making a unilateral incision into the right dorsal horn of the T10-11 segments. One group of rats received a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) before injury in doses which cause a depletion of serotonin in the cord. Another group of traumatised rats did not receive p-CPA. All animals were allowed to survive for 5 h. Samples for immunohistochemistry were taken from the T9, T10-11 and T12 segments of the cord. Paraffin sections were immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using monoclonal antibodies and avidin-biotin complex technique. Trauma to the cord resulted in a marked increase of GFAP immunoreactivity in all the investigated segments, particularly in the ipsilateral side. Pretreatment with p-CPA markedly reduced the GFAP response. This drug did not by itself influence the GFAP immunoreactivity of the cord of untraumatised rats. Our results show that trauma to the spinal cord induces a rapid enhancement of GFAP immunoreactivity in the cord which is present even far away from the primary lesion. This response can be prevented by pretreatment with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-CPA. The results indicate that serotonin influences the increase of GFAP immunoreactivity following spinal cord injury either directly or indirectly, for instance by its microvascular reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1990), S. 148-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal nerve roots ; Blood vessels ; Vascular permeability ; Lanthanum ; Evans blue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The permeability of blood vessels in rat spinal nerve roots was investigated with Evans blue-albumin as an in vivo macromolecular tracer and lanthanum as tracers as an electron microscopic ionic marker added to a fixative. Rats injected intravenously with Evans blue, showed macroscopic distinct staining of dorsal root ganglia, whereas spinal nerve roots remained unstained. Fluorescence microscopy, however, revealed clear extravascular fluorescence both in ventral and dorsal roots 2 or 18 h after tracer administration. Two different types of blood vessels exists in spinal nerve root; large extrinsic (radicular) in the root sheath and minute intrinsic vessels in the parenchyma. Lanthanum added to a fixative, perfused through the vessels was detected in the lumen of both types of vessels, usually adhering to the luminal plasma membrane and in many invaginations from that membrane. Lanthanum also entered the clefts between endothelial cells but was always stopped at the junctions which are, thus, of the tight type. Diffuse penetration of the compound into the cytoplasm was seen in one endothelial cell, but no fenestrations were detected. Junctions between the endothelial cells of vessel in rat spinal nerve roots are impermeable to lanthanum and most likely also to other large molecular substances like albumin. Thus, probable routes for serum albumin to enter the nerve rools, where it normally is present, must be either by centripetal extracellular diffusion from the ganglia and the peripheral nerve or by vascular leakage in the roots, caused by for instance pinocytosis across endothelial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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