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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 86 (1964), S. 2660-2663 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 557-564 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Allgemeinanästhesie ; Regionalanästhesie ; Lokalanästhetikum ; Kaiserschnittentbindung ; Fragebogen ; Key words General anaesthesia ; Regional anaesthesia ; Local anaesthesia ; Caesarean section ; Questionnaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Aim of study: Goal of this survey is to give an overview of anaesthesia for caesarean section in Germany. Method: In 1994 and 1995, we sent a questionnaire to the chief-anaesthetists of all German hospitals with departments of gynaecology/obstetrics to find out the routine anaesthetic procedures for caesarean section. Results: We obtained data from 409 hospitals (response rate 46.4%) with 321,816 births – 50,123 of which were sections (mean caesarean section rate 16.6%). The mean general anaesthesia rate for elective caesarean sections was 66,5%, for non-elective sections 90,8%. The mean epidural anaesthesia rate for caesarean section was 22,6% and the mean spinal anaesthesia rate was 9,8%. For general anaesthesia most hospitals used antacids and/or histamine2-receptor antagonists (64,6% of responding hospitals). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous barbiturates (82%), succinylcholine for intubation (98,2%) and no opioids before clamping of the cord (94,8%). For regional anaesthesia bupivacaine was the most common local anaesthetic (spinal 84,0%, epidural 96,8%). Opioids were added to local anaesthetics for epidural anaesthesia at 21,4% of the hospitals. Conclusions: General anaesthesia is the commonest practice for caesarean sections at German hospitals. Nowadays regional anaesthesia gains more importance compared to previous German surveys and in agreement with foreign data.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die gängige Methodik der Anästhesie und Analgesie zur Kaiserschnittentbindung an deutschen Krankenhäusern zu erfragen. Methodik: In den Jahren 1994 bis 1995 befragten wir die leitenden Anästhesiologen aller Krankenhäuser Deutschlands mit geburtshilflicher Abteilung zu den in ihrer Klinik üblichen Anästhesieverfahren bei Kaiserschnittentbindungen. Ergebnisse: Wir erhielten Angaben von 409 Krankenhäusern (Rücklaufquote 46,4%) mit insgesamt 321816 Geburten, davon 50123 Sectiones (mittlere Sectiorate 16,6%). Die mittlere Allgemeinanästhesierate bei elektiven Sectiones betrug 66,5%, bei nicht-elektiven Sectiones 90,8%. Die mittlere Epiduralanästhesie (EDA)-Rate zur Sectio caesarea lag bei 22,6%, die mittlere Spinalanästhesie(SpA)-Rate zur Sectio lag bei 9,8%. Zur Allgemeinanästhesie wurde an den meisten Krankenhäusern eine medikamentöse Aspirationsprophylaxe (64,6% der antwortenden Kliniken) durchgeführt. Die Narkoseeinleitung erfolgte mit intravenösen Barbituraten (82%) und Succinylcholin zur Intubation (98,2%) und unter Verzicht auf Opioide vor Abklemmen der Nabelschnur (94,8%). Bei den Regionalanästhesien war Bupivacain das häufigste Lokalanästhetikum (SpA 84,0%, EDA 96,8%). Opioide wurden an 21,4% der Kliniken dem Lokalanästhetikum zur EDA beigemischt. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Allgemeinanästhesie ist das häufigste anästhesiologische Verfahren zur Sectio caesarea an deutschen Krankenhäusern. Regionalanästhesien gewinnen allerdings im Vergleich zu älteren Daten aus Deutschland und in Übereinstimmung mit Erhebungen aus dem Ausland zunehmend an Bedeutung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 46 (1968), S. 1149-1155 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Urinary excretion of free 17-OHCS and unconjugated cortisol, cortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone and of 20- and 6β-hydroxymetabolites were measured in 9 patients with biopsyproven cirrhosis of the liver. The results are compared with data from normal subjects. To evaluate the circadian variations the urinary excretion of the above mentioned steroids was determined in six consecutive 4-hr. periods starting at 8 o'clock in the morning. Mean urinary excretion of free 17-OHCS and the summation of the 8 individual steroids in 9 patients with liver disease was significantly greater than the mean excretion in the group of 10 control subjects. Patients with cirrhosis of the liver excreted more cortisone than cortisol. The ratio of C6 and C20 hydroxylated metabolites to cortisol and cortisone was higher than the correlated value of tertrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone to the free biological active hormones. The results demonstrate a qualitative and quantitative change in metabolic transformation of cortisol. The circadian variations in urinary unconjugated cortisol, cortisone and their main metabolites were absent in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. These findings support the concept of hepatic regulation of pituitary ACTH secretion by the feedback mechanism in so far as progressive impairment in hepatic degradation of cortisol may lead to a lessened diurnal variation of the free cortisol and its metabolites, pituitary suppression and, in turn, reduced adrenocortisol cortisol production.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ausscheidung der freien 17-OHCS und der biologisch aktiven freien Einzelsteroide Cortisol und Cortison, deren Tetrahydroverbindungen sowie die 20- und 6β-Hydroxymetaboliten wurde bei 9 Patienten mit Lebercirrhose im Vergleich mit einem Normalkollektiv untersucht. Zur Erfassung von Veränderungen des tageszeitlichen Ausscheidungsrhythmus wurden die Steroide in 6 vierstündigen auf einanderfolgenden Ausscheidungsperioden gemessen. Die mittlere Ausscheidung der freien 17-Hydroxycorticosteroide sowie die Summe der 8 bestimmten Einzelsteroide war im Cirrhosekollektiv höher als bei den Normalpersonen. Patienten mit Lebercirrhose schieden im Unterschied zu Gesunden mehr Cortison als Cortisol aus. Das Verhältnis der an C6 und C20 hydroxylierten Verbindungen zu Cortisol und Cortison war bei den Patienten mit Lebercirrhose höher als das entsprechende Verhältnis der Tetrahydroverbindungen zu den nicht-metabolisierten Hormonen jeweils im Vergleich zum Normalkollektiv. Aus den Befunden wird auf eine qualitative und quantitative Störung der Cortisolsekretion und seines Metabolismus geschlossen. Der bei Gesunden zu beobachtende tageszeitliche Ausscheidungsrhythmus war bei den Cirrhosepatienten als Folge der metabolischen Veränderungen weitgehend aufgehoben. Die Befunde stützen die auf Grund früherer Ergebnisse anderer Autoren angenommene Hypothese, daß die Leber eine wesentliche Funktion bei den physiologischen Regelvorgängen zur Aufrechterhaltung einer normalen Nebennierenrindensekretion hat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 723 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Domestic Animal Endocrinology 3 (1986), S. 117-125 
    ISSN: 0739-7240
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Theriogenology 39 (1993), S. 203 
    ISSN: 0093-691X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Several studies have demonstrated that mucosal administration of soluble antigens can prevent the onset or reduce the severity of certain autoimmune diseases or allergies. Few studies exist showing the efficacy of mucosal tolerance for therapy of such diseases.Objective The aim of the present study was to modulate an allergic immune response by intranasal antigen administration in an already sensitized organism.Methods A murine model of allergic asthma to birch pollen (BP) and its major allergen Bet v 1 was utilized. Sensitized mice were intranasally treated with recombinant (r)Bet v 1 in different concentrations and at different intervals. On the day the mice were killed, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were taken and immediate type I skin tests were performed. T cell proliferation and cytokine production (interleukin (IL)-5, interferon (IFN)-γ) were measured in spleen and lung cell cultures.Results Mucosal treatment with rBet v 1 (3 × 50 µg in 4 day intervals) led to a reduction of type I skin reactions, suppressed immunoglobulin (Ig)G1/IgE antibody levels and markedly decreased IL-5 and IFN-γ production in vitro in spleen and lung cell cultures. Moreover, lung inflammation (i.e. eosinophilia and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids) was significantly suppressed by the treatment.Conclusion Our results demonstrate that intranasal treatment with rBet v 1 reduced systemic allergic immune responses as well as airway inflammation in BP-sensitized mice. We therefore suggest that mucosal tolerance induction with recombinant allergens could be a promising concept for the therapy of allergic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 19 (1987), S. S10 
    ISSN: 0022-2828
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Ionics 70-71 (1994), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 0167-2738
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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