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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irreversible enzyme inhibitors. CXXV. Active site-directed irreversible inhibitors of xanthine oxidase derived from arylpurines and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines bearing a terminal sulfonyl fluoride (1968)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 11 (1968), S. 656-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00310a005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient nonthermal electron cyclotron emission phenomena in high β TFTR plasmas : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 830-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Intense bursts of nonthermal electron cyclotron emission (ECE), measured with a grating polychromator, have been observed to coincide with edge localized modes in TFTR H-mode plasmas. These bursts contain random 10–150 μs emission spikes. Similar nonthermal ECE bursts or spikes have been observed just before the thermal quench during major disruptions in high β TFTR plasmas. The recent installation of a second fast ECE grating polychromator system, at a different toroidal location, has provided additional data on this bursting phenomenon which suggests that the source of the nonthermal ECE may be highly anisotropic and/or poloidally localized on a helical flux surface. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146237
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of nuclear-radiation-induced noise in spectroscopic and x-ray diagnostics during high power deuterium–tritium experiments on the tokamak fusion test reactor : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 913-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Intense fluxes of 14-MeV neutrons from deuterium–tritium (DT) fusion reaction in TFTR resulted in significantly enhanced background noise levels and reduced quality of data from the shielded UV (SPRED) and visible (VIPS) grating spectrometers and the x-ray imaging system (XIS) camera. Both enhanced background levels, attributed to gamma rays and small angle neutron scattering, and large spikes, attributed to nuclear reactions in the silicon detectors, were observed. Both the enhanced background and the frequency of spikes were higher, on a per neutron basis, and the spike amplitudes were higher for DT than for DD operation. The VIPS shield reduced noise by 1/100 for DD radiation; the noise per DT neutron was 4 times higher than per DD neutron. The SPRED detector shield reduction factor was 1/12 in DD; extension of the shield around the vacuum chamber resulted in another factor of 1/5.5 reduction for DT plasmas. Spikes with amplitude up to 10 MeV were observed in the XIS detectors. The shielding effectiveness agrees with predictions. The spike heights are consistent with (n,p) and (n,α) reactions in the silicon detectors. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146203
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of limiter heating due to alpha particle losses during high fusion power deuterium-tritium operation of the TFTR tokamak : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 354-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measurements and preliminary analysis have been completed on limiter heating during high fusion power deuterium-tritium (D-T) operation of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) in an attempt to identify heating from first orbit and ripple losses of fast alpha particles. Recent operation of TFTR with a 50-50 mix of D-T has resulted in fusion power output (≈6.2 MW) orders of magnitude above what was previously achieved on TFTR. A significantly larger absolute number of particles and energy from fusion products, compared to D-D operation, are expected to be lost to the limiters. Power and energy estimates of total alpha losses were as high as 0.13 MW and 64 kJ. Measurements were made in the vicinity of the outer midplane, where most of the losses are expected, with thermocouples mounted on the tiles of a limiter. With an increasingly more reactive mixture of D and T at constant beam power, there was a measurable increase in the limiter tile temperature as the fusion power and alpha yield increased. The measured temperature increases due to heating from alpha losses corresponded to heat loads of ≤5.9 kJ/m2, which are within a factor of 2 of estimates for alpha heating based on simulations assuming a loss rate of fast alphas of 12%. Estimates are made of heating from the various heating sources using simulations from a number of codes. The observed level of alpha heating indicates that there was probably neither an unexpectedly large fraction of lost alphas nor unexpected localization of the losses. Limits on the stochastic ripple loss contribution from alphas can be deduced. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operation of two grating polychromators on TFTR and new observations of magnetohydrodynamic phenomena : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 668-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A second grating polychromator instrument has been installed recently on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor device. Both this new instrument and the original one, at a different toroidal location, measure electron cyclotron emission from which electron temperature fluctuations and profiles can be obtained. This combination of instruments is designed to provide crucial information on both the poloidal and toroidal structure of magnetohydrodynamic phenomena internal to the TFTR plasma. These instruments are designed to operate within the high neutron flux environment of deuterium-tritium operation in TFTR. Already, this combination of instruments has proven extremely valuable in identifying toroidally nonaxisymmetric phenomena. In addition to toroidal mode numbers, these instruments have yielded valuable new information on the evolution of the structure of the temperature profile during both high-density and high-beta disruptions, and the precursors to these disruptions. In the high-density case, the fast growing (m,n)=(1,1) structure of a cold bubble is verified conclusively. In the high-beta case, a ballooning type of precursor, toroidally and poloidally localized, appears to play an important role in the disruption. Also, this combination of instruments has provided positive verification of the existence of locked and stationary modes, and the temporal evolution of these modes. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146255
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostics for investigation of magnetic reconnection in sawtooth crash on TFTR : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4623-4626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Magnetic reconnection phenomena are documented by a set of noninvasive fast diagnostics during the crash phase of sawtooth oscillations. The electron cyclotron emission diagnostic system provides the highest resolution for measuring time evolution of electron temperature profile during a typical Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor fast sawtooth crash. The x-ray tomography also contains fast time scale information of the electron temperature profile and additionally the impurity concentration. Just before the crash, a shrinking circular hot peak and growing crescent-shaped flat island appear in the inside of the inversion radius on a bird's-eye view of the electron temperature profile. The electron temperature gradient inside the inversion radius diminishes to nearly zero after the crash. Concomitantly, q(r) profile [q(r)=local safety factor] is measured by the motional stark effect (MSE) diagnostics to verify a magnetic field line reconnection during the sawtooth oscillation. Initial MSE data indicate that central q values increases by 5%–10% during the sawtooth crash phase even when the pressure gradient diminishes inside the q=1 region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143637
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the nonaxisymmetric heat load distribution on the first wall of TFTR due to locked modes : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4720-4723 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The first wall of TFTR is covered in large part (23%) by an inner-wall bumper limiter which is the primary power handling structure in TFTR. The limiter is comprised of more than 2000 tiles, and is instrumented with a large number ((approximately-greater-than)100) of thermocouples in a two-dimensional (2D) array, primarily for protection of the wall. While only about 5% of the tiles are monitored, this thermocouple system is nevertheless capable of mapping details in the nonaxisymmetric, as well as symmetric, heat load patterns encountered under different conditions. In particular, helical heating patterns are observed in discharges which have locked modes. The helical patterns clearly match the expected trajectories based on the m/n mode numbers obtained from Mirnov coils (m/n=2/1 and 4/1), so that the thermocouple system can and was used to identify the existence and mode number of a locked mode. While TFTR discharges rarely suffer from locked modes, locked modes always alter the heating pattern. The locked modes are found to very significantly redistribute the heat load for both ohmic and NBI heated discharges. Locked modes can make what were the coldest areas into the hottest areas, and vice versa. Locked modes also can alter the heat pattern resulting from the frequent disruptions which occur as a result of a locked mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143618
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bursts of electron cyclotron emission during disruptions of high beta discharges in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor tokamak : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 505-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Disruptions are sudden terminations of tokamak plasma discharges. During disruptions at high beta β where β (Triple Bond) plasma pressure/magnetic pressure, short (order of μs) and intense bursts of electron cyclotron emission (ECE), an order magnitude above thermal levels, are observed in the second harmonic electron cyclotron frequency range, which corresponds to 100s of GHz in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor tokamak. A unique combination of two, fast, 500 kHz, 20-channel grating polychromator instruments, located at different toroidal positions, is used to measure the emission and characterize these bursts. New insights into the three-dimensional dynamics of these disruptions and the accompanying bursts of ECE have been obtained. Bursts of ECE occur at the beginning of the thermal quenches and exhibit strong toroidal asymmetries. Bursts are localized to the vicinity of the ballooning mode, a fast growing (few ms) medium toroidal mode number (n=10–20) precursor, localized toroidally, poloidally, and radially, which triggers the disruptions. Fast-particle losses occur with the explosive growth of the ballooning mode, followed by plasma/wall interaction. Bursts of ECE occur shortly afterwards, within 10s of μs of the fast particle losses. An explanation of the bursting is presented which is consistent both qualitatively and quantitatively, with observations predicting, for example, radiation enhancement factors of (approximate)10. Bursting can be explained not in terms of enhanced excitation of emission but rather in the reduction of absorption of thermal emission. Bursting is consistent with a modification to the electron distribution function fe due to a rapid energy or particle exchange between hot electrons and cold electrons from the edge, momentarily reducing the velocity gradient of fc in the thermal region. Large edge localized mode events also exhibit bursts of ECE due to a similar sequence of events. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147617
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tomography of (2, 1) and (3, 2) magnetic island structures on Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2631-2640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-resolution electron cyclotron emission (ECE) image reconstruction has been used to observe (m,n)=(2,1) and (3, 2) island structures on Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [Plasma Phys. Controlled. Fusion 33, 1509 (1991)], where m and n are the poloidal and the toroidal mode number, respectively. The observed island structure is compared with other diagnostics, such as soft x-ray tomography and magnetic measurements. A cold elliptic island is observed after lithium pellet injection. Evidence for the enhancement of the heat transfer due to the island is observed. A relaxation phenomenon due to the m=2 mode is newly observed in Ohmic plasmas. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871534
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confinement analysis in low-confinement mode of hydrogen isotope experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 4521-4535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of isotope on confinement in high-recycling, L-mode plasmas is studied on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [see D. M. Meade, J. Fusion Energy 7, 107 (1988)] by comparing hydrogen and deuterium plasmas with the same magnetic field and similar electron densities and heating power, with both Ohmic and deuterium-neutral-beam heating. Following a long operational period in deuterium, nominally hydrogen plasmas were created through hydrogen glow discharge and hydrogen gas puffing in Ohmic plasmas, which saturated the exposed limiter surface with hydrogen and raised the H/(H+D) ratio from 10±3% to 65±5%. Ohmic deuterium discharges obtained higher stored energy and lower loop voltage than hydrogen discharges with similar limiter conditions. Neutral-beam power scans were conducted in L-mode plasmas at minor radii of 50 and 80 cm, with plasma currents of 0.7 and 1.4 MA. To minimize transport differences from the beam deposition profile and beam heating, deuterium neutral beams were used to heat the plasmas of both isotopes. Total stored energy increased approximately 20% from nominally hydrogen plasmas to deuterium plasmas during auxiliary heating. Of this increase about half can be attributed to purely classical differences in the energy content of unthermalized beam ions. Kinetic measurements indicate a consistent but small increase in central electron temperature and total stored electron energy in deuterium relative to hydrogen plasmas, but no change in total ion stored energy. No significant differences in particle transport, momentum transport, and sawtooth behavior are observed. Overall, only a small improvement (∼10%) in global energy confinement time of the thermal plasma is seen between operation in hydrogen and deuterium. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872069
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