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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (128)
  • Electronic Resource  (128)
  • 1995-1999  (128)
  • 1997  (128)
  • Engineering General
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  • Rat
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (128)
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  • Electronic Resource  (128)
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  • 1995-1999  (128)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracerebral penetration of carteolol hydrochloride in rats (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 131 (1997), S. 388-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Carteolol hydrochloride ; β-Blocker ; Penetrability ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the penetrability of carteolol, a β-adrenoceptor antagonist (β-blocker) into the brain of rats, intracerebral and serum concentrations of the compound were determined in male rats receiving single or repetitive oral administration of carteolol hydrochloride at 30 mg/kg. The time-course of the intracerebral concentration of carteolol following single IV administration of the compound at 10 and 30 mg/kg was also studied in male rats. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine the intracerebral and serum concentrations. Following single oral dosing, the intracerebral concentration of carteolol reached a maximum of 0.074 μg/g at 2 h postdosing and declined with a half-life of 3.7 h, and the Cmax and AUC of carteolol in the brain were 12.5% and 19.8% of those in serum. The intracerebral and serum concentrations of carteolol were determined in male rats receiving repetitive oral dosing of the compound once daily for 7 days. The concentration of carteolol in the brain and serum at 1 h postdosing varied within a range of 0.059–0.091 μg/g and 0.321–0.443 μg/ml, respectively, throughout the dosing period, showing no changes in the penetrability of the compound into the brain due to repeated dosing. The concentration of carteolol in the brain and serum increased in a dose-dependent manner in rats receiving a single IV administration of the compound. The elimination half-life of carteolol in the serum and brain was 0.6–0.8 h and 1.3–1.7 h, respectively, in rats following single IV dosing of the compound. The half-life in the brain was about twice as long as that in the serum. The brain to serum concentration ratio was 0.306:0.499. From the above results, it was concluded that carteolol is distributed from the circulation to the brain with low penetrability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050307
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of imipramine on raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex extracellular serotonin levels in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 401-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Imipramine ; Serotonin ; Raphe nuclei ; Prefrontal cortex ; Microdialysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of acute administrations of three doses of imipramine (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg SC), a widely used tricyclic antidepressant, on extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) has been studied by intracerebral microdialysis in raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex of conscious rats. Imipramine 1 mg/kg SC did not change extracellular 5-HT in either raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex. However, with the dose of 5 mg/kg SC imipramine induced in raphe nuclei, a brief increase of extracellular 5-HT followed by a lowering (55–65% basal release) of the neurotransmitter. The same dose of imipramine decreased (60–70% of basal value) extracellular 5-HT in prefrontal cortex. Imipramine 10 mg/kg SC significantly increased 5-HT levels in both raphe nuclei (190 ± 20% above basal value) and prefrontal cortex (280 ± 15% above basal value). Pretreatment with (-)pindolol (5 mg/kg SC), a non-selective 5-HT1A subtype receptor antagonist, 30 min before imipramine 5 mg/kg, modified the effect of the antidepressant: an increase, instead of a decrease, on prefrontal cortex dialysate 5-HT was observed. (-)Pindolol (10 mg/kg SC) increased extracellular 5-HT in both raphe nuclei (155 ± 20% above basal value) and prefrontal cortex (160 ± 8% above basal value). These data show that acute administration of imipramine modifies extracellular 5-HT at the level of the raphe nuclei and prefrontal cortex. 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the raphe nuclei, which this study suggests to be tonically active, may be stimulated after systemic administration of high doses of imipramine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050477
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in baroreceptor vagal reflex performance in the developing rat (1997)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 434 (1997), S. 438-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Baroreceptor reflex ; Nucleus tractus solitarii ; Neonatal ; Maturation ; Cardiac vagal tone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Ontogenesis of both vagal control of heart rate and the baroreceptor vagal reflex were evaluated in rats at postnatal ages (P) of 5/6, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 〉42 days anaesthetised with urethane (1.5 g/kg). Between P5/6 and P25 heart rate rose from 372 ± 12 to 448 ± 20 beats per minute and mean arterial pressure increased from 33.9 ± 3.1 to 74.59 ± 3.25 mm Hg (mean ± SEM, n = 7 and 11 respectively). Cardiac vagal tone was absent at P10 but significant at P20 (P 〈 0.05) as revealed with atropine (0.5–1 mg/kg i.v.). Baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity, tested with phenylephrine (10–50 μg/kg i.v.), was attenuated significantly in P10–20 rats compared with P5/6, P25 and mature animals. In P14–17 rats stimulation of neurones in either the solitary tract or ambiguual nuclei, by microinjection of L-glutamate (100–200 pmol), evoked an atropine-sensitive bradycardia indicating a functional integrity of central and peripheral efferent pathways mediating the baroreceptor reflex. Thus, the baroreceptor vagal reflex is functional in P5/6 rats but becomes attenuated between P10–P20, which is coincident with the maturational rise in arterial pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050418
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of evidence for a powerful tonic baroreflex-mediated inhibition on catechol activity in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla: in vivo voltammetric evidence during sino-aortic deafferentation (1997)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 434 (1997), S. 599-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Baroreceptor reflex ; Rostral ventrolateral medulla ; C1 cell group ; In vivo voltammetry ; Sino-aortic deafferentation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To test in a catechol-specific and dynamic manner for the existence of a powerful long-lasting inhibition arising from barosensitive afferents that depresses the activity of adrenergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), in vivo voltammetry was used before and after acute sino-aortic deafferentation. Rats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital or halothane and ventilated with a mixture of air and oxygen. Snares were inserted around the vagus, the glossopharyngeal and the superior laryngeal nerves. After placing the animal prone in the stereotaxic frame and stabilization at a high mean arterial pressure (MAP ≈ 120 mmHg), the snares were rapidly closed to produce complete barodeafferentation, assessed by loss of heart rate responses and changes in renal nerve sympathetic activity in response to vasoactive agents. Recording of a catechol signal was maintained in the RVLM during deafferentation. Under pentobarbital-induced anaesthesia (n = 5), deafferentation did not lead to a significant change in the catechol signal within the deafferented group. Under halothane-induced anaesthesia and phenylephrine-induced high baseline pressure (n = 5), no changes in the catechol signal were observed upon deafferentation (not significant vs sham animals: n = 5). This failure to demonstrate a major increase in catechol activity upon deafferentation does not fit with the hypothesis that a powerful tonic baroreflex-mediated inhibition depresses the activity of adrenergic RVLM barosensitive bulbospinal neurons, even when the baseline MAP is high. Rather, these data are compatible with weak or no inhibition of catechol activity by the baroreceptors and a nonessential role of adrenergic neurons within the baroreceptor reflex arc itself: the adrenergic neurons may not be in series within this arc but in parallel with the arc. This interpretation is in keeping with newer schemas of autonomic core circuitry that are devoid of adrenergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050442
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A single administration of d-amphetamine prior to stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning attenuates latent inhibition (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Latent inhibition ; Conditioned emotional response ; Amphetamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a single administration of d-amphetamine (0.32 mg/kg, SC) upon latent inhibition (LI) in a one-session pre-exposure and conditioning procedure was investigated in rats in a conditioned emotional response paradigm. It was found that amphetamine attenuated LI. The effects could not be attributed to differences in unconditioned suppression nor to differences in response rates between the experimental groups. These results support the observations of Dunn and suggest that the disruption of LI may not depend upon a complex interaction between changes in neuronal processes consequent upon repetitive amphetamine administration and the schedule with which the drug is administered during the experimental procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050213
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Additive deficits in the choice accuracy of rats in the delayed non-matching to position task after cholinolytics and serotonergic lesions are non-mnemonic in nature (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Working memory ; Motor activity ; Serotonergic ; Muscarinic ; Nicotinic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of serotonin (5-HT) and its interaction with the muscarinic or nicotinic receptor-mediated mechanisms in the modulation of working memory and motor activity was investigated by assessing the effects of 5-HT lesion and cholinergic receptor blockade on the performance of rats in a working memory (delayed non-matching to position, DNMTP) task. A global serotonergic lesion was induced by the intracerebroventricular adminstration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). Post-mortem neurochemical analysis revealed that serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were reduced in frontal and parieto-occipital cortices and in hippocampi of 5,7-DHT lesioned rats. 5-HIAA levels were also reduced in striatum. 5,7-DHT lesion slightly impaired choice accuracy of rats in the DNMTP task and also transiently reduced motor activity in rats. Even the lower dose of scopolamine (0.075 mg/kg), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, impaired the choice accuracy already at the shortest delay (i.e. not indicative of a working memory impairment per se), and caused a marked disruption of motor activity (lengthened response latencies, increased probability of omissions and decreased trials completed). Furthermore, the quaternary analogue, N-methylscopolamine (0.150 mg/kg), affected the motor activity of rats to the same extent as scopolamine. Mecamylamine (1.0; 3.0 mg/kg) also interfered with motor activity and it slightly decreased the choice accuracy, which was not dependent on the delay. Although mecamylamine disrupted the performance of rats in the DNMTP task, the disruption was not as severe as that seen with scopolamine. Moreover, both scopolamine and mecamylamine augmented the slight impairment on the choice accuracy of 5,7-DHT lesioned rats, but this was non-mnemonic in character. We conclude that there is no evidence for any major interaction between the serotonergic system and muscarinic or nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms in working memory per se, but muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists may act additively with the 5,7-DHT lesion to disrupt the choice accuracy of rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050244
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    (−)Alprenolol potentiates the disrupting effects of dizocilpine on sensorimotor function in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acoustic startle response ; Prepulse inhibition ; Schizophrenia ; Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The β-adrenoceptor antagonist as well as serotonin 5-HT1 receptor antagonist, (−)alprenolol, was found to potentiate the disrupting effect of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocilpine, on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) in the rat. The facilitating effect of dizocilpine on ASR amplitude was also potentiated by (−)alprenolol. (−)Alprenolol by itself did not affect either of these measures. These effects did not seem to be related to the unselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist property of (−)alprenolol, since combined pretreatment with the β1- and β2-adrenoceptor antagonists, metoprolol and ICI 118551, did not alter the effects of dizocilpine on startle behaviour. However, a serotonergic influence was suggested by the fact that a facilitating effect of dizocilpine on ASR amplitude was also obtained by pretreatment with the 5-HT precursor, L-5-HTP, in benserazide-pretreated rats. Furthermore, pretreatment with the 5-HT2 selective receptor antagonist, MDL 100907, significantly reduced the (−)alprenolol-induced potentiation of the effects of dizocilpine on startle behaviour, while the 5-HT3 selective receptor antagonist, ondansetron, failed to do that. Finally, the (−)alprenolol-induced potentiation of the effects of dizocilpine was significantly reduced by pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, and by the potential antipsychotic and selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, raclopride. This study suggests that altered 5-HT activity may influence the effects of psychotomimetic drugs such as dizocilpine on sensorimotor function, and this observation may have implications for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050346
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neonatal lesions of the rat ventral hippocampus result in hyperlocomotion and deficits in social behaviour in adulthood (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Hyperactivity ; Hippocampus ; Neonate ; Negative symptoms ; Positive symptoms ; Rat ; Schizophrenia ; Social behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neonatal ibotenic acid lesion of the ventral hippocampus in the rat is an animal model of several aspects of schizophrenia. This lesion produces a number of behavioural abnormalities, such as hyperlocomotion and deficits in prepulse inhibition of startle, that present themselves relatively late in development, i.e. after puberty. Some of these abnormalities, which are thought to model the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, can be normalized by chronic treatment with neuroleptics. In the present study, we examined the effects of the neonatal hippocampal lesion on social behaviour. Social withdrawal and isolation are key components of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia that have not been previously addressed in this model. Rats were lesioned on postnatal day 7 (PD7) and tested for social interaction on PD35 and PD65. They were then treated with clozapine (1.9 and 7.4 μmol/kg or 0.63 and 2.5 mg/kg) for 21 days and retested. The results show that although, as previously reported, spontaneous hyperlocomotion emerged in the lesioned rats only after puberty (PD65), social interaction deficits and behaviors that may reflect anxiety were present at both PD35 and PD65. Clozapine normalized locomotion, but did not ameliorate putative anxiety or social interaction deficits in the neonatally lesioned rats. Our results indicate that the neonatal hippocampal lesion in the rat models some aspects of both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The effects of clozapine appear inconsistent with its putative benefit for negative symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050349
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX on the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine and amphetamine (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 266-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words AMPA ; NBQX ; Behavioral sensitization ; Cocaine ; Amphetamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the effect of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), an antagonist of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptor, on the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and cocaine in rats. A single injection of NBQX (12.5 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to cocaine during the induction phase (days 1–5) prevented the development of cocaine sensitization, assessed by responsiveness to cocaine challenge on day 8. This NBQX regimen did not affect development of amphetamine sensitization. Two pretreatment injections of NBQX, one 20 min before and one 70 min after amphetamine on each day of the induction phase (days 1–6), did not affect sensitization of stereotypy but prevented sensitization of post-stereotypy ambulatory hyperactivity (both assessed by responsiveness to amphetamine challenge on day 8). The effect of NBQX on ambulatory sensitization was dose-dependent (attenuation with 12.5 mg/kg, complete prevention with 25 mg/kg). In contrast to its effects on development, NBQX (25 mg/kg) did not prevent expression of sensitization to cocaine or amphetamine. NBQX itself exerted no significant effects on locomotor activity in either drug-naive rats or rats that had received either NBQX or amphetamine repeatedly. These findings support a requirement for AMPA receptor stimulation in the development of locomotor sensitization to cocaine and amphetamine, but suggest a different mechanism for sensitization of amphetamine stereotypy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050449
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma-vinyl GABA attenuates cocaine-induced lowering of brain stimulation reward thresholds (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 133 (1997), S. 383-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) ; Dopamine ; Rat ; GABA transaminase inhibitor ; Vigabatrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG, also referred to as vigabatrin), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase (GABA-T), raises levels of GABA in nerve terminals, inhibits striatal dopamine release, and attenuates cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. In order to determine the action of GVG on dopamine-mediated reward, we examined its effects on the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation in male F-344 rats. GVG dose-dependently raised brain stimulation reward (BSR) thresholds at doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg without significant effects on motor performance as measured by response latencies. In order to determine if GVG had similar modulatory effects on cocaine-induced lowering of BSR thresholds, the effective doses of GVG were co-administered with 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg cocaine, doses that significantly lower BSR thresholds. The 400 mg/kg dose of GVG significantly blocked the lowering of thresholds seen at each dose of cocaine. Cocaine in combination with 200 or 300 mg/kg GVG, doses of GVG that significantly raise BSR thresholds, resulted in thresholds not significantly different from those obtained with cocaine alone. These data demonstrate that, at the doses tested, GVG is more effective at modulating basal reward thresholds than at modulating thresholds lowered by cocaine, implying that as dopaminergic activity increases, GABAergic activity must also increase in order to exert its inhibitory influence on dopaminergic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050418
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral sensitization and extracellular dopamine responses to amphetamine after various treatments (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral sensitization ; Dopamine ; Amphetamine ; Rat ; Microdialysis ; Caudate putamen ; Nucleus accumbens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The repeated administration of amphetamine (AMPH) results in a pattern of behavioral changes which includes an augmentation of some behaviors, generally referred to as behavioral sensitization. Some investigators have suggested that an increased dopamine (DA) response to AMPH challenge may underlie behavioral sensitization, while others have reported behavioral sensitization in the absence of an enhanced DA response. Because temporal and dosage parameters of the AMPH pretreatment regimen have been suggested to play a role in the appearance of an enhanced DA response, we utilized a variety of AMPH pretreatment regimens to assess the relationship between pretreatment dose of AMPH, duration of withdrawal and the DA response in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens to a subsequent AMPH challenge. Under our experimental conditions, behavioral sensitization was observed after each of these treatments in the absence of an enhanced DA response in either brain region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050445
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Animal model of depression Chronic mild stress ; Predictive validity ; Face validity Construct validity ; Reliability ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. In the CMS model, rats or mice are exposed sequentially, over a period of weeks, to a variety of mild stressors, and the measure most commonly used to track the effects is a decrease in consumption of a palatable sweet solution. The model has good predictive validity (behavioural changes are reversed by chronic treatment with a wide variety of antidepressants), face validity (almost all demonstrable symptoms of depression have been demonstrated), and construct validity (CMS causes a generalized decrease in responsiveness to rewards, comparable to anhedonia, the core symptom of the melancholic subtype of major depressive disorder). Overall, the CMS procedure appears to be at least as valid as any other animal model of depression. The procedure does, however, have two major drawbacks. One is the practical difficulty of carrying out CMS experiments, which are labour intensive, demanding of space, and of long duration. The other is that, while the procedure operates reliably in many laboratories, it can be difficult to establish, for reasons which remain unclear. However, once established, the CMS model can be used to study problems that are extremely difficult to address by other means.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050456
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rat model of monitoring liver allograft rejection (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; rat model ; Rat ; liver transplantation ; fine needle aspiration ; Fine needle aspiration ; liver ; rat ; Rejection ; liver ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rat models are often used to study liver allograft rejection. We have established a model for rat liver allograft rejection, monitored by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), in the strain combination PVG-to-BN with a mean survival time of 37 ± 20 days. In this model, we observed acute rejection with an intense peak of lymphoid blasts and lymphocyte-dominated inflammation in the FNAB [9.1 ± 3.0 corrected increment units (CIU)], and an eventual increase in macrophages (up to 4.2 ± 4.4 CIU), together with fibrosis and parenchymal necrosis in the graft. Markers of immune activation, such as an increase in IL-2-receptor (from 1 % ± 2 % to 21 % ± 13 %) and class II (from 20 % ± 9 % to 43 % ± 13 %) expressing lymphoid cells and induction of ICAM-1 in the graft, were consistent with the overall cellular response. The FNAB correlated well with parallel graft histology. In this rat model, the atraumatic monitoring makes a close follow-up possible without having to sacrifice the experimental animals. This saves work, animals, and costs in the study of liver rejection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050020
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The characterization of reconstituted passenger leukocytes on the induction of tolerance in rat liver transplantation (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 350-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; passenger leukocytes ; rat ; Passenger leukocytes ; liver transplantation ; rat ; Rat ; liver transplantation ; passenger leukocytes ; Tolerance ; liver transplantation ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tolerance induced by orthotopic liver transplantation [DA (RT1a) rats to PVG (RT1c) rats] can be prevented by total body irradiation of the donor rat. Reconstitution of the irradiated donor with DA splenic leukocytes reintroduces this tolerance. To investigate the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) specificity of passenger leukocytes, irradiated DA donors were reconstituted by third-party BN (RT1n) splenic leukocytes. The reconstitution with BN splenocytes re-established DA-specific tolerance in PVG recipients, as confirmed by subsequent DA cardiac allografting, while BN hearts were rejected with second-set tempo. To determine which cell components play an important role in re-establishing liver graft tolerance, DA splenic leukocytes were further purified into three types: T, B, and adherent cells. Only “T-cell-enriched” preparations restored liver graft tolerance in three out of five PVG recipients. These results suggest that passenger leukocytes of differing MHC types can help to induce liver-specific tolerance and that T cells in the liver graft may be essential to regulate tolerance induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050069
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated intestinal capacity and nutritional status following small bowel transplantation (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 386-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Intestinal transplantation ; function ; rat ; Small bowel function ; intestinal transplantation ; rat ; Rat ; small bowel function ; intestinal transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Successful small bowel transplantation requires normal functional capacity of the graft and unaltered metabolism of the host. Weight gain and wet weight of muscle groups and intra-abdominal fat pads were compared between transplanted, sham-operated, short bowel-operated, and normal rats that were fed either standard chow or fat-enriched (15 %) pellets. Weight gain and wet weight of muscle groups and fat pads for the control, transplanted, and sham-operated rats were identical, while short bowel animals showed reduced weight. Transplanted rats receiving fat-enriched food had lower wet weight of fat pads than control animals on the high-fat diet. We conclude that small bowel transplantation makes it possible to overcome the intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome, leading to overall normal weight gain and development of the recipient. However, altered fat metabolism, reflected in changed body composition, was observed in transplanted animals on the high-fat diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050075
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevention of graft rejection and graft-versus-host reaction by a novel immunosuppressant, FTY 720, in rat small bowel transplantation (1997)
    Springer
    Transplant international 10 (1997), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Immunosuppression ; FTY 720 ; rat ; small bowel transplantation ; FTY 720 ; immunosuppression ; rat ; small bowel transplantation ; Rat ; small bowel transplantation ; FTY 720 ; Small bowel transplantation ; rat ; FTY 720
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study, we examined the immunosuppressive effect of a new drug, FTY 720, on small bowel transplantation (SBT) in rats. Grafts from (LEW × BN) F 1-to-LEW rats treated with FTY 720 at 0.5 mg/kg from day 0 to 14 post-SBT survived significantly longer than untreated grafts. In addition, the administration of FTY 720 combined with cyclosporin (CyA; 5 mg/kg per day) had a synergistic effect on allograft survival. The graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) that occurred in the LEW-to-F 1 rats was markedly reduced after the administration of FTY 720. FTY 720 combined with a low dose of CyA completely abrogated GVHR without any adverse reaction. FTY 720 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the spleen, but the number of peripheral neutrophils was unchanged. Thus, FTY 720 would appear to be an ideal drug to combine with CyA in order to control the immune reaction after SBT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050068
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    Oxytocin innervation of spinal preganglionic neurons projecting to the superior cervical ganglion in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 481-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Oxytocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Spinal cord ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Retrograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a major integrative nucleus for relaying information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the autonomic system. The precise pathway by which this information can influence autonomic functions, such as melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland, is not clear. In the present study, we used a retrograde tracer injected in the superior cervical ganglion to identify spinal preganglionic neurons. One of the main neurotransmitters present in descending projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, oxytocin, was detected with immunocytochemistry to visualise possible contacts with the neurons located in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and projecting to the superior cervical ganglion. Although many appositions could be seen at the light-microscopic level, this abundance could not be confirmed at the electron-microscopic level. The implications of these observations for the overall timing message received by the spinal preganglionic neurons are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050772
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  • 118
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    HSP72 induction of systemic organs of rats after severe burn injury (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plastic surgery 20 (1997), S. 136-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0130
    Keywords: Burn injury ; Stress protein ; HSP72 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the stress response of systemic organs to severe burn injury, the induction of 72-kD heat shock protein (HSP72) in various organs (brain, hypophysis, lung, heart, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, and skeletal muscle) was investigated in rats with severe burns. A full-thickness burn was induced on the rats' skin by immersing the rats in hot water (90° C) for 3 s. At 0, 24, and 48 h after the burn injury, the HSP72 expression of various organs was examined using the Western blot analysis. At 24 h after the burn injury, the level of HSP72 had increased in the hypophysis, lung, heart, and kidney. In all organs examined, the expression of HSP72 had increased at 48 h after the burn injury. The level of HSP72 was highest in the hypophysis (3.3-fold compared to the control), and lowest in the brain and adrenal gland (1.7-fold of the control) at 48 h after the burn injury. These results confirm that severe burn injury causes a stress response in systemic organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01002047
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    Specific [3H] Glutamate Binding in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus of Rats During Development: Effect of Homocysteine-Induced Seizures (1997)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 22 (1997), S. 637-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Rat ; early development ; cerebral cortex ; hippocampus ; homocysteine seizures ; glutamate binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Specific [3H]glutamate binding to synaptic membranes from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of 7-, 12- and 18-day-old rats was examined, both in control animals and during seizures induced by homocysteine. In the cerebral cortex a transient peak of glutamate binding was observed in 7-day-old group, whereas in the hippocampus it occurred in 12-day-old animals. Total specific [3H]glutamate binding was not influenced by preceding seizure activity in either of the age groups and both the studied regions. NMDA- and QA-sensitive glutamate bindings represent the highest portion of the total binding. Moreover, NMDA-sensitive binding in the cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats is significantly higher as compared to the two more mature groups. The proportion of individual receptor subtypes on total binding in each age group was not influenced by preceding seizure activity. However, NMDA-sensitive binding in the hippocampus of 12-day-old rats, sacrificed during homocysteine-induced seizures, was significantly increased as compared to corresponding controls. In contrast to the effect of NMDA, AMPA, kainate and quisqualate which displaced to a different extent [3H]glutamate binding, homocysteine had no effect when added to membrane preparations. Similarly, [3H]CPP and [3H]AMPA bindings were not affected in the presence of homocysteine. It thus seems unlikely that homocysteine is an effective agonist for conventional ionotropic glutamate receptors. Its potential activity at some of the modulatory sites at the NMDA receptor channel complex or at metabotropic receptors has to be clarified in further experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022434406400
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  • 120
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    Verhalten postoperativer Adhäsionen nach intraperitonealer Applikation von Fibrinolytika in einem Rattenmodell (1997)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 382 (1997), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Fibrin ; Fibrinolysis ; Peritoneum ; Adhesions ; Rat ; Schlüsselwörter Fibrin ; Fibrinolyse ; Peritoneum ; Adhäsionen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Rattenmodell wurde die Beeinflussung der Adhäsionsentstehung nach Laparotomien durch intraperitoneale Applikation verschiedener Fibrinolytika untersucht. Streptokinase und TPA verminderten die sero-serosale Haftung signifikant, nicht aber Urokinase. Die intravasale Gerinnung blieb unbeeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract In a rat model, the effect of the intraperitoneal application of fibrinolytic agents on the development of adhesions was examined. Streptokinase and TPA reduced sero-serosal adhesions significantly, whereas urokinase did not reduce them. Intravascural coagulation was not affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008008
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    Rate-dependent prolongation of action potential duration in isolated rat ventricular myocytes (1997)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 92 (1997), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Rat ; ventricular myocyte ; action potential duration ; transient outward current ; 4-aminopyridine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rate-dependent alterations of action potential duration (APD) in rat ventricular myocytes were investigated. Action potentials of the isolated myocytes were recorded with patch electrodes containing EGTA (11 mM), and showed a marked rate-dependent prolongation in the APD (0.2–5 Hz). This prolongation was significantly inhibited in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a blocker of the transient outward K+ current (Ito). Thus, the rate-dependent decrease in Ito may underlie the change in APD. In contrast, the action potentials recorded from rat ventricular papillary muscles with conventional microelectrodes did not show rate-dependent alterations in the APD, i.e., the APD remained practically unaltered at the frequency range of 0.2–5 Hz. These results suggest that the rate-dependent prolongation of APD (due to rate-dependent blockade of Ito) becomes evident when the intracellular Ca2+ was chelated by the internal application of EGTA via patch pipette. We speculate that the rate-dependent prolongation of APD (via decreases in Ito) is masked in the ventricular papillary muscles, probably due to rate-dependent decreases in the inward current (e.g., electrogenic Na+−Ca2+ exchange current) that is regulated by the intracellular calcium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00788629
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    Ca transport during contraction and relaxation in mammalian ventricular muscle (1997)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 92 (1997), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Rat ; rabbit ; ferret ; shortening ; fluorescence ; cardiac myocyte ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; cardiac hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During relaxation of cardiac muscle four Ca transport systems can compete to remove Ca from the myoplasm. These are 1) the SR Ca-ATPase, 2) the sarcolemmal Na/Ca exchange, 3) the sarcolemmal Ca-ATPase, and 4) the mitochondrial Ca uniporter. Isolated ventricular myocytes loaded with the intracellular fluorescent Ca indicator indo-1 were used to study [Ca]i decline during relaxation. By selective inhibition of the various Ca transporters above the dynamic interaction of these systems during relaxation was evaluated. Quantitatively the SR Ca-ATPase and Na/Ca exchange are clearly the most important (accounting for 〉95% of Ca removal). However, the balance of Ca fluxes between these systems vary in a species dependent manner. For example, the SR is much more strongly dominant in rat ventricular myocytes, where ∼92% of Ca removal is via SR Ca-ATPase and only 7% via Na/Ca exchange during a twitch. In other species (rabbit, ferret, cat, and guinea-pig) the balance is more in the range of 70–75% SR Ca-ATPase and 25–30% Na/Ca exchange. Ferret ventricular myocytes also exhibit a unusually strong sarcolemmal Ca-ATPase. During the normal steady state cardiac contraction-relaxation cycle the same amount of Ca must leave the cell as enters over a cardiac cycle. This implies that 25–30% of the Ca required to activate contraction must enter the cell at each cardiac cycle. Experiments using voltage clamp to measure both Ca current and Na/Ca exchange current demonstrate that this amount of Ca may be supplied by the L-type Ca current. The ability of the SR Ca-ATPase to reduce [Ca]i may also be modified both acutely (e.g. by catecholamines) as well as chronically (e.g. during cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure). Using tissue cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, we studied the effect of chronic arrest or stimulation with phorbol esters (to stimulate protein kinase C). Verapamil-induced arrest increased the SR Ca-ATPase at the level of mRNA, protein expression and functional ability to lower [Ca]i in intact cells. Conversely, stimulation or protein kinase C reduced SR Ca-ATPase at all three of these levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00794062
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    An animal model for external otitis (1997)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: External auditory canal ; External otitis ; Pathogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract External otitis was produced in 12 Sprague-Dawley rats by mechanical stimulation through a plastic micropipette inserted into the right external auditory canal (EAC). The EAC was later evaluated regarding the color of the skin, swelling and the presence of fluid. Within 1 day all rats developed an external otitis that was characterized by a red, swollen ear canal containing an opalescent fluid. The tympanic membrane and middle ear cavity appeared to be normal. No healed EACs were seen within the initial 10 days of follow-up and 4 of 6 rats still exhibited external otitis at day 21. Light microscopy of biopsy specimens revealed pronounced edema of the dermis of the ear canal. Mast cells were more numerous in the early phase of the otitis present, although very few inflammatory cells were found in tissues despite the marked inflammatory reaction produced. Findings show that this animal model for external otitis can be used to investigate pathogenesis as well as to test various treatment strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471273
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    Dose-dependent protective effect of BPC 157 on capsaicin-induced rhinitis in rats (1997)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. S9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Capsaicin ; Rhinitis ; BPC 157 ; Mastocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protection of BPC 157 on capsaicin-induced rhinitis was studied in Wistar rats for its effect on mastocyte infiltration, degranulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Animals were pretreated with 10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg or 2 ml saline i.p. and capsaicin (0.05 ml/nostril of 1750 nmol/l sol.) was applied intranasally. They were then euthanized at 1, 3 and 12 h after capsaicin provocation. Nasal mucosa was analyzed and scored for mastocyte infiltration, degranulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. BPC 157 pretreatment significantly prevented mastocyte infiltration at 1 h. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with 10 μg/kg BPC 157. A dose-dependent effect of BPC 157 pretreatment was demonstrated only for polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration at 12 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439711
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    Inhibition of the development of myringosclerosis by local administration of fenspiride, an anti-inflammatory drug (1997)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 425-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Tympanic membrane ; Myringotomy ; Myringosclerosis ; Fenspiride ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have revealed a relationship between the development of myringosclerosis and oxygen-derived free radicals. The latter can be blocked by the anti-inflammatory drug fenspiride. The present study was undertaken to test the ability of fenspiride to prevent myringosclerosis from developing during healing of the tympanic membrane. Myringotomized rats were treated with either topical applications or intraperitoneal injections of fenspiride for 12 days, after which the tympanic membranes were examined by otomicroscopy and studied histologically by light microscopy. Topically applied fenspiride was found to inhibit the development of sclerotic lesions, whereas intraperitoneal injections were ineffective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439973
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    Effect of focal cerebral ischemia on nitric oxide synthase expression in rats (1997)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 30 (1997), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Cerebral ischemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Time- and cell-type-dependent immunohistochemical activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was investigated in rat cerebral cortex following focal ischemia and the local concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was measured. NO concentration increased 2 min after the ischemia. Brain NOS-immunoreactive neurons increased in number 5 min after the ischemia. Endothelial cell NOS immunoreactivity was first detected in vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes 5 min after the ischemia, and it increased again during 60 min to 4 days after the ischemia in reactive astrocytes. Inducible NOS immunoreactivity was detected in astrocytes, vascular endothelium, and microglia/macrophages at the periphery of the ischemic core during 2–4 days after the ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545082
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  • 127
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    Ultrastructural localization of calcium in rat retina with oxalate pyroantimonate and energy-dispersive X-ray detector (1997)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 30 (1997), S. 76-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Retina ; Rat ; Oxalate ; Potassium pyroantimonate ; X-ray analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular calcium plays an important role in the intracellular signal transduction as one of the second messengers. In this study, we examined the ultrastructural distribution of calcium in rat retina, using the oxalate pyroantimonate technique and X-ray microanalysis. Large amounts of precipitates were observed inside the disc of outer segments of photoreceptor cells (OS) and the synaptic vesicles of the inner (IPL) and outer plexiform layer (OPL). Precipitates also were observed in the ribosome-rich regions in the cytoplasm and the euchromatinic part in the cell nuclei of the ganglion, amacrine, and bipolar and horizontal cells. However, few precipitates were found in the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). X-ray microanalysis with an energydispersive X-ray detector revealed that these precipitates had a peak of antimony and calcium. Therefore, it was suggested that these precipitates were Ca[Sb(OH)6]2, the reaction products of the oxalate-pyroantimonate technique. Our findings showed that calcium precipitates are abundant in retinal regions that are related to visual transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545085
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    Thermoxidized Palm Oil Induces reproductive Toxicity in Healthy and Malnourished Rats (1997)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 51 (1997), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Thermoxidized palm oil ; Rat ; Kwashiorkor ; Fertility ; Fetotoxicity ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Repeatedly thermoxidized palm oil (TPO), simulating local culinary practice, was fed for eight weeks at 15% of a balanced basal diet to two sets of male and female weanling albino rats of Wistar strain. The first set of animals were normal and healthy while the second set were kwashiorkoric. Primary controls (PC) of all rats were fed a balanced basal diet of commercial rat pellets while secondary controls (SC) were fed the balanced basal diet supplemented with 15% untreated palm oil. The findings indicate that fertility, as expressed by the pregnancy rate of healthy test rats, was 78% when compared with 80% in PC (p 〈 0.05). Fetotoxicity was additionally observed in that neonatal birth weights and litter size in test rats (4.92 g and 6.70, respectively) were inferior (p 〈 0.05) to both SC and PC (4.96 g and 8.40; 5.38 g and 9.25, respectively). Protein energy malnutrition worsened the observed TPO-induced reproductive toxicities in that reproductive capacities of the rehabilitated animals were inferior to that of the healthy animals. Pregnancy rates in test animals were reduced by as much as 55% (p 〈 0.01) while fetotoxicities were also more pronounced (p 〈 0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007985529125
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