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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (809)
  • 1995-1999  (50)
  • 1985-1989  (759)
  • 1998  (50)
  • 1989  (759)
  • Chemical Engineering  (809)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (809)
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  • 1995-1999  (50)
  • 1985-1989  (759)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transportation of hazardous wastes (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk assessments have been performed to determine the risk associated with the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city. In the course of these assessments, a number of modeling issues arose relating to transportation accident rates, the characterization of incidents, the effect of thermal radiation, the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals, and the threshold for acceptable risk. This paper discusses these issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170112
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Burst resistant ribbon wound pressure vessels for ammonia plants (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the design of ribbon wound pressure vessels useful for Ammonia, Urea and Methanol plants. The design is to create a thin shell of 1/5 the total wall thickness required, weld it to the end pieces, and wind 4 to 8 mm thick ribbons of 80 mm width at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees on the inner shell, using a prestress. The ribbons are welded at the ends and an even number of layers are wound cross-helically on to the shell. With more than 7000 vessels over the pressure range of 50 to 350 atmospheres in use in the various chemical industries in China over the past 30 years, their safety record has been excellent. Of particular interest has been the application of this technology in the Ammonia and Urea plants, where the design allows fabrication of these vessels at substantial reduction in cost, and early delivery, when compared to the mono wall technology.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170205
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety surveys - looking at key activities in depth (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 20-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most audits try to look at a representative selection of the plant procedures and equipment. An alternative is a survey, a look in depth at selected procedures (such as those for testing alarms and trips, issuing permits-to-work, controlling modifications, taking samples or testing relief devices) or selected equipment (such as level glasses or equipment for handling LPG). If the procedure or equipment is well-chosen, surveys may make a bigger contribution to safety, per person-hour, than a conventional audit.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170106
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure relief system documentation: Equipment based relational database is key to OSHA 1910.119 compliance (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under OSHA 1910.119, all Process Safety Management (PSM) facilities are required to keep their pressure relief system design information current. This article demonstrates why a pressure relief system design verification effort must be based on an equipment list, rather than a relief device list, in order to ensure that every piece of equipment is adequately protected. The formerly common practice of simply checking the design bases of all existing relief devices is deficient is deficient since this technique does not systematically ensure that every piece of equipment is protected.The “Berwanger Method” is a step by step process for designing or analyzing a pressure relief system to meet OSHA 1910.119 Process Safety Information (PSI) and Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) mandates. The method uses a relational database which tracks the relationships between protected equipment, potential overpressure scenarios, and protective devices.The challenge facing an operating company does not end once the design basis has been “verified” - the design basis information must also be maintained and be readily accessible to avoid costly reinvention of the wheel down the road. The “Berwanger Method” also addresses these maintenance issues.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170109
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A detailed reaction study of phosphorus trichloride and water (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on a comprehensive literature search and small scale experimental work on the reaction characteristics of phosphorous trichloride and water. More than 30 tests were conducted, including both closed and open test cells. The water to phosphorus trichloride molar ratio was varied from 1 to 25. When in contact, water and phosphorus trichloride will form two liquid layers with a reaction starting at the interface. The impact of variables on reaction rates including the interface surface area, layer depth, and stirring were investigated experimentally. A reaction rate model that fits all the measured data is presented. Case studies illustrating the use of this data for emergency relief systems and vent containment design are presented in reference. [1].
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170111
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of the geometry of the hot surfaces on the autoignition of vapor/air mixture: Some experimental and theoretical results (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 68-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two major accidents in the 80's: the summit Tunnel Fire, England and Piper Alpha disaster, an offshore platform in the North Sea; and very recently, possible explosion of the Boeing, TWA flight 800 at New York, makes it imperative that further research into the mechonisms of the ignition of flammable vapor/air mixture in contact with hot surfaces needs to be done. There have been a number of studies of ignition by hot surfaces, but in all these studies the ignition sources were wire, sphere or strip, i.e., most of them were flat surfaces. But to the authors' knowledge, other variables which affect the ignition mechanism such as irregular geometrical shapes have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the degree of confinement (or, configuration), size and orientation, of the heated surface affects the ignition temperature of the flammable vapors. The results were obtained by experimentnal and by computational fluid dynamics.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170113
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170102
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    KG: New data and analysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and deflagration pressure relief vents is based on correlations developed for various types of combustible materials and for enclosures of different strengths. The primary guideline for deflagration vent design in the US is NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations [5]. That document gives guidance for the design of vents for enclosures containing flammable gases, specifically hydrogen, coke oven gas, propane, and methane. Application of the guide to other gases is achieved using the KG value. Values of KG are published for a relatively small number of gases, as seen in Table D-1 of NFPA 68. This work present KG data on several additional gases obtained in a laboratory scale test vessel along with analysis of the results with respect to published values of fundamental burning velocity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NFPA 30: An update and a look into the future (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In May 1996, the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Committee of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed for adoption by the Association a new edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. This new edition was the culmination of two and one-half years' work by the Committee and included one of the most significant changes to that document in some twenty years: the incorporation of mandatory fire protection criteria for warehouses and other inside areas that store flammable and combustible liquids in containers and portable tanks.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170107
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk based prioritization of maintenance repair work (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a risk ranked Inspection Recommendation procedure that is used by one of Exxon's chemical plants to prioritize repairs that have been identified during equipment inspection.As part of the Company's Safety Management Practices initiative in the late 1980's a procedure was put into place to ensure that an Inspector's repair recommendations were properly addressed by the organization. The initial procedures were successful at “systematizing” the documentation and stewardship-to-completion of the Inspector's recommendation, however, there were complications with the original process: (1)The Inspector made a simple High, Medium or Low assessment of the priority/criticality of the recommendation. Frequently, this resulted in disagreements with Operations about the true priority of the recommendation.(2)If there was agreement on the priority of the recommendation, there was still disagreement on the relative rank within the priority-which high priority was the highest priority?(3)With limited funds to spend on repairs, it was (and is) important to make sure that the money was being spent on the highest risk items that had the greatest risk reduction/cost benefit ratio.To address these concerns, the procedure was modified to incorporate a risk assessment of the recommendation by both the Inspector and Operations. In the new procedure, the Inspector describes the deficiency that he/she finds and assesses the probability of failure within a certain time-frame. Operations must assess the consequences, from an environmental, safety and economics standpoint, were the failure to occur. These assessments are combined in the typical risk equation (risk = probability × consequences) to arrive at a severity index which serves to rank the recommendation relative to the other recommendations. Because Operations participates in the assessment there is very little disagreement about the priority of the recommendation. The severity index puts the recommendations in order so it is quite clear which are the highest priority recommendations. This process has helped to focus the entire organization on those deficiencies that represent the greatest risk with the result that less time and money is spent correcting items that have a low risk/cost benefit ratio, allowing these savings to be used to reduce the higher risks in the plant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170108
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short communication: Estimating the minimum ignition energy of hybrid mixtures (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple analytical method is presented for estimating the hybrid minimum ignition energy (HMIE) of dust-gas mixtures, based on the assumed generality of Bartknecht's well-known test data for mixtures of propane with a series of dusts in air. Since the HMIE equation requires input data which might be unavailable, the use of conservative default methods is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170208
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flammability hazards of lower aliphatic aldehydes at elevated pressure and temperature (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 138-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A large and potentially hazardous decrease in aldehyde autoignition temperature (AIT) occurs with increased pressure. The AIT-pressure curve determined in a 5 L stainless steel sphere was similar for propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde in air, falling from about 185°C at atmospheric pressure to 90°C at 140 psia. Reduction of oxygen concentration had little effect on propionaldehyde AIT. At 100°C and 140 psia, autoignitions accompanied by at least a doubling of pressure were observed above 4% oxygen. In the presence of a few grams of free liquid, propionaldehyde vapor ignited in air at initial conditions significantly below the AIT. The mechanism appears to involve rapid Fe-catalyzed exothermic liquid-phase oxidation leading to autoignition of the adjacent heated gas layer. An acetaldehyde vapor-air mixture in the presence of free liquid and rust exploded at room temperature when air pressure was increased to 95 psia; this result is discussed with reference to a cylinder overpressurization that occurred while making up an ostensibly sub-LFL calibration mixture with compressed air. Propionaldehyde's limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated in the near-autoignition region using the same 5L apparatus; the findings are discussed with reference to an overpressurization incident in an air-liquid partial oxidation reactor. The general results are used to illustrate the application of LOC in partial oxidation processes subject to autoignition and to discuss elements of the current ASTM draft test method for LOC, which does not address test difficulties associated with condensable and/or reactive gas systems.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170211
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. F3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170302
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multivariate hazard identification and ranking system (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 157-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk analysis in chemical process industries is an elaborate exercise involving several steps from preliminary hazard identification to development of credible accident scenarios, to preparation of strategies for prevention or control of damage.All this requires substantial inputs of time and money. In order to get an approximate yet workable assessment of risk at much lesser costs, indices have been developed which link typical findings of elaborate risk analysis to scales of risk. The scales, in turn, provide workable measures of hazards/risks/safety.In the past, indices have been reported for swift risk assessment - the noteworthy among them include Dow fire and explosion index, Mond fire, explosion and toxicity index, IFAL index, and mortality index. A few rapid ranking techniques have also been proposed.This paper presents a new system of methodologies for Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA). The system consists of two indices: one for fire and explosion hazards and another for the hazard due to likely release of toxic chemical. The magnitudes of these indices indicate the severity of the likely accident; in terms of the size of the impacted area.HIRA has been applied to a typical chemical process industry - a sulfolane plant - and its performance has been compared with that of the Dow's and the Mond's indices. The study reveals that HIRA is more sensitive and accurate than the other indices.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170303
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experiences with non-destructive testing of static equipment in ammonia plants at DSM (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 200-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170309
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of hydrogen fluoride release at Texas city (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On October 31, 1987 a crane lifting a heat exchanger convection section failed and severed a 4″ loading line and a 2″ pressure relief line to an HF alkylation reactor settler drum at a petroleum refinery in Texas City, Texas. Vapors were emitted under pressure for about two hours and the vessel was plugged and drained aproximately 44 hours later. A plume from this accidental release passed through residential areas, damaging some vegetation (brown lawns), and spawning a class action law suit. An extensive analysis was conducted to determine the total inventory loss and to model the blowdown process and the concentrations of HF in the plume. Since the discharge rate was decreasing with time, a peak concentration of HF in the emitted vapors occurred just before the water spray mitigation system became fully operative. Consequently, the mitigation efforts were more effective late in the response when concentrations were already low. The predicted plume concentrations are consistent with observed vegetation damage effects, with concentrations below Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 3 past 3/4 mile from the source. These results support a policy of sheltering in place during such an event.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170311
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxide drum explosion and fire (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fifty-five gallon steel drum of a liquid organic peroxide pressurized and ruptured in the mix room of a manufacturing plant. The head of the drum blew off and the ejected material ignited. The resulting fire was extinguished by the building sprinkler system and operating personnel. Although there were no injuries, the fire caused significant damage in the mix room. The investigation of this incident, its likely cause, and the corrective actions will be discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170313
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Making RMP hazard assessment meaningful (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 238-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Brazoria County Petrochemical Council, 13 companies that are working together to enhance relations between industry and the community, united in a joint effort at complying with the EPA's Risk Management Program. One of the significant issues the group had to address was the need to develop meaningful hazard assessment for presentation to the public. The EPA's “Table Look-Up Approach” found in the Offsite Consequence Analysis Guidance document is certainly a good tool; however, the built-in conservatism results in over-estimates of potential hazard areas. Much more meaningful results are shown to be obtained using one of the hazard release models.The value of using a credible scenario with realistic meteorological data is demonstrated through the consistently smaller areas predicted by the PHAST Model for planning purposes. Realistic scenarios/failure modes and realistic model parameters are important so that the risk to the public is not overstated. Proprietary models such as PHAST are invaluable in providing more meaningful consequences for planning purposes.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170404
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of valve wheel size, operation position and in-line pressures on required torque for gate valves (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the hazards encountered by process plant operators involve the operation of in-line valves to control, start, and to stop flow. Torque required to operate valves may vary according to valve wheel size, in-line pressure, and valve flange position (open/closed). This study determined how valve wheel size, in-line pressure and valve position (open/closed) affect torque required to actuate a valve. Data were gathered with each combination of size, pressure and position for 336 valves in an operating petrochemical process facility. The results indicate that the main effects of valve wheel size, the in-line pressure, and open/closed valve position significantly affect operational torque requirements. In addition, the interaction between position and pressure was significant for operational torque. The implication of these results is that operators are exposed to operational torque requirements that exceed maximum acceptable capabilities that have been determined in previous studies.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170407
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measures taken to ensure safe operation of an ammonia storage tank (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 288-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ammonia storage tank was built at the BASF Antwerp site in 1969 on land reclaimed from the sea. After several years of operation uneven foundation settlement, of up 2, occurred. In order to assure stability of this area for the next operation period (at least 10 years) measures were taken to ensure continued safe operation. One key measure was strain gauge monitoring at the location of maximum stress.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170410
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow VCE analysis methodology (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Baker-Strehlow methodology was developed to provide an objective approach to prediction of blast pressures from vapor cloud explosions. The complete methodology was first published in 1994 [1]. Since then, it has evolved through ongoing research and use in VCE hazard analyses, facility siting studies and accident investigations. This article gives a brief overview of a paper on recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow methodology presented at the 31st Loss Prevention Symposium in Houston on March 9-13, 1997. Because the entire paper is too lengthy to be presented here, the following discussions may be lacking in some details. A copy of the complete paper can be obtained from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Since the Baker-Strehlow method was first published, it has been used extensively in VCE hazard assessments in refineries and chemical plants. As expected, many practical lessons have been learned during the course of the hazard assessments, and the Baker-Strehlow method has evolved as a result. The changes have been evolutionary, not revolutionary. In keeping with the goals of the original study in which the methodology was developed, all changes have been incorporated with the intent of achieving an objective methodology to provide consistent prediction of VCE blast effects.The revisions to the Baker-Strehlow method resulting from experience gained during plant walk-downs and hazard assessments include: Systematic identification of “potential explosion sites” or “PESs,”Selection of the level of confinement for mixed zones of 2D and 3D confinement,Deciding on flame expansion when confinement is elevated above the vapor cloud,Selecting the reactivity for a fuel that is a mixture of fuels with differing reactivities,Predicting blast loads when there are multiple PES's within a vapor cloud considering different ignition source locations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170411
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety, health and loss prevention in AIChE (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 83-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Safety, health and loss prevention are major areas of interst for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). There has been an evolution of these concerns over the years in the Institute just as it has in industry. This article chronicles this evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170203
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170101
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Improving the effect of atmospheric stability class for dispersion modeling (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent guidelines released by the U.S. EPA define a worst-case scenario as a release under stable atmospheric conditions defined as Pasquil-Gifford stability class F. Unfortunately, very few tests at F stability have been available heretofore to provide a basis for models. Recent test data with propane releases by the German research organization TUV provide a set of 60 experiments conducted specifically to define the effects of atmospheric stability class on dispersion. Of these, 25 tests were at F stability. A comparable number were at each other stability class A through E. In addition 23 tests were at wind speeds under 1.5 m/s in stable atmospheres. This paper reports on adjustments made to our models based on these new data by reducing the originally-postulated sensitivity to stability class. In spite of considerable scatter in the TUV data, particularly between two different types of propane analyzers, the model allows us to extract information by averaging over the tests.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170103
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vent access restriction for solids handling systems (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 16-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-disciplinary team developed a guideline for determining access restriction zones around vented solids handling equipment. The guideline provides a method for ensuring the discharge from a vented explosion will not cause injury to personnel. The steps in this method include: calculating the extent of external hazards from vented explosions; identifying potential areas where personnel could be exposed to a hazard; identifying ways to eliminate or reduce the hazard area; and establishing and documenting any access restrictions needed. Hazard zone calculations use the latest knowledge from research into fireball size, flame length and external pressure equations in VDI 3673. The guideline provides guidance for using this information. Options for mitigating or reducing external hazards from vented explosions are also described. As part of the project, the team audited several solids handling systems to look for potential oversights in existing restricted access areas. Some of the team's learnings from these audits are reviewed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170105
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Team situation awareness for process control safety and performance (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper defines situation awareness (SA) and discusses its importance to operator-machine system safety and functioning in the context of process control activities. Specifically, identified are relationships of human detection of critical process cues converying the status of automated control systems and operator interpretation of the meaning and relevance of such information to the potential for negative incidents in chemical processing. Beyond individual operator SA in interacting with control systems, intra- and inter- work team SA are discussed for supporting individual attainment of process control responsibilities. Factors critical to team SA are discussed. “Road blocks” to team SA are also analytically examined. Lastly, methods for assessing individual and team SA are reviewed and vehicles for relating outcomes of these methods to changes in process control operator and team behavior to improve human-machine system safety and performance are relayed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170110
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170201
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  • 29
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    Determination, prevention and mitigation of potential hazards due to the handling of powders during transportation, charging, discharging and storage (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 74-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the ingition behavior of dust-air mixtures due to electrical sparks (MIE, Minimum Ignition Energy) and hot surfaces (MIT, Minimum Ignition Temperature) is important for risk assessments in chemical production plants. The ignition behavior determines the extent and hence the cost of preventive protection measures.This paper describes the use of the minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature as very important safety indexes in practice.Based on the latest results from large scale experiments on pneumatic filling of silos with polymeric materials and new results of full scale filling tests using Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) manufactured from a variety of materials, guidance can be given to ensure safe operation in different situations such as filling, emptying operations, type of powder handled.The aim of this paper is to assist people dealing with product. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and measures associated with powder handling.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170114
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    Integrating hazard analysis into the implementation of advanced process control (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 104-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In mid-1997, an Advanced Process Control (APC) scheme was implemented at a resins manufacturing complex with the goal of minimizing flare fuel gas usage while maintaining sufficient energy (BTU/SCF flare gas) to be in environmental regulatory compliance. Prior to APC implementation, the flare system was manually controlled by plant operators with minor attention paid to the minimization of fuel gas usage. Since implementation, APC has saved the plant thousands of dollars in fuel gas costs and reduced unnecessary combusted fuel gas emissions.Hazard analysis techniques were used in the development of the control scheme. An overview of the APC used, the economic evaluation, and the hazard analysis techniques used in the project are presented here.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170206
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    Models for domino effect analysis in chemical process industries (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 107-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the risk assessment parlance, especially with reference to chemical process industries, the term “domino effect” is used to denote “chain of accidents,” or situations when a fire/explosion/missile/toxic load generated by an accident in one unit in an industry causes secondary and higher order accidents in other units. The multi-accident catastrophe which occurred in a refinery at Vishakhapatnam, India, on September 14, 1997, claiming 60 lives and causing damages to property worth over Rs 600 million, is the most recent example of the damage potential of domino effect.But, even as the domino effect has been documented since 1947, very little attention has been paid towards modeling this phenomena. In this paper we have provided a conceptual framework based on sets of appropriate models to forecast domino effects, and assess their likely magnitudes and adverse impacts, while conducting risk assessment in a chemical process industry. The utilizability of the framework has been illustrated with a case study.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170207
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170301
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  • 33
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    Fire tests of rack storage of water miscible liquids in plastic containers (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with fire protection for water miscible flammable liquids stored in plastic containers packaged in boxes located on pallets. A series of fire tests was conducted with palletized rack storage arrangements using in-rack sprinkler protection at various levels. The intent of the paper is to present data from this test series for these types of commodities. The paper will identify various existing water miscible flammable liquid products stored in this fashion and provide background information for protecting this type of storage as it relates to NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. The test data indicates that further research work is needed in the area of plastic containers for use with the storage of combustible and flammable liquids. Included in the paper are discussions concerning possible protection strategies and suggestions for future research which would benefit those involved in risk management of this type of commodity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170212
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  • 34
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    Application of the flammability diagram for evaluation of fire and explosion hazards of flammable vapors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 176-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable mixtures in the first place. This method requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations.This paper describes how to draw and use a flammability diagram. A procedure to estimate the flammability region using the available and sometimes limited data is discussed. The paper also shows how to use the flammability diagram with plant operations involving inerting and purging, and from bringing vessels into and out of service. A compilation of flammability diagrams for 30 materials, based on previously published data is provided.An automated apparatus for acquiring data for a flammability diagram is described. The apparatus consists of a 20-L sphere with an automated gas mixing system, a fuse-wire ignition system, and a high speed pressure measurement and data acquisition system. Data derived from the apparatus includes flammability limits, maximum pressure during combustion, and the maximum pressure rate. The effect of fuse-wire ignitor dynamics on the results is studied. A flammability diagram for methane drawn from data obtained from the apparatus, is presented.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170305
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    Electronic Resource
    A model for the calculation and the verification of closed cup flash points for multicomponent mixtures (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 86-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regulatory issues related to material safety have made the accurate measurement and/or prediction of flash points essential. The flash point is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of a liquid. Flash points are used by virtually all governmental entities worldwide to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials for shipping and safety regulations.A model is described here for the calculation of closed cup flash points for multicomponent, single liquid phase, mixtures. The model is based upon rigorous vapor/liquid equilibrium calculations supplemented with information about the lower flammable limits (LFL's) and heats of combustion (ΔHc's) for the mixture's constituent components. The closed cup flash points predicted with this model are typically within ± 5°C of the experimentally reported values. Such a model is useful as a means of verifying experimental data and as a tool for screening product formulations prior to experimental flash point determination. The model should considerably enhance the safety evaluation portion of the product development cycle, thus leading to shortened product time-to-market cycles. While flash points calculated with this model are in excellent agreement with experiment, experimental determination is still encouraged for critìcal safety applications.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170204
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  • 36
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    Emergency planning: Critical evaluation of proposed AEGLs for ammonia (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 134-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: National Advisory Committee's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for ammonia are critically evaluated. The technical bases for concern about AEGL-2 and AEGL-3 values derived by the committee are summarized recommendations made.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170210
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    Investigation of an explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor occurred at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Two employees were injured in the accident. The accident occurred in an ozone treatment building where ozone was used to treat odors from the offgas of the sludge concentration units. Excess ozone manually was routed to the fixed bed reactor (ozone destruct unit) where the ozone is catalytically transformed into oxygen before being discharged to the atmosphere.An investigation of the accident was conducted to determine the root cause of the explosion and flash fire and identify corrective actions which the WWTP management could undertake to prevent a recurrence. This investigation included site inspections, interview with the injured employees, sampling and analysis of various materials, an explosion dynamics analysis, and a root cause analysis.It was concluded that cooling oil from one of the ozone generation units entered the main ozone gas line due to a crack in one of the reactor's dielectric tubes. The cooling oil was vented into the ozone destruct unit when an employee opened a ball valve on the main ozone gas line. The cooling oil, essentially a saturated hydrocarbon mixture, reacted exothermically when it contacted the manganese dioxide catalyst. The exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion which propelled the access panel outwards and dispersed the catalyst pellets. A flash fire followed the explosion. The flash fire burned two employees and caused thermal damage to a nearby control panel.Although this accident was the first of its kind at this facility, this was not the first time that the ozone generator had experienced a failure of a dielectric tube. Thus, there was a significant probability that a dielectric tube failure could leak cooling oil into the main ozone gas line. This failure event could, in turn, result in another explosion and flash fire. The WWTP staff neither designed nor fabricated the ozone generator-destructor system. Therefore, it did not seem appropriate for the WWTP staff to modify the ozone system. Instead, it was recommended that the ozone destruct unit be taken out of service. The WWTP management acted on this recommendation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170209
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    Investigation of a steam explosion in a petroleum product storage tank (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion occurred in a petroleum product storage tank at a refinery. The liquid petroleum product was a heavy oil used as an asphalt extender. There were no injuries, but the cleanup was costly. The storage tank was one of several which received the product stream from a dehydration unit. The accident occurred shortly after the refinery was brought back on-line following a shutdown for schduled maintenance.This was the first incident of this kind to occur at this facility. Analysis of the process data and eyewitness observations indicated that the dehydration tower, which was supposed to be maintained at a minimum of 100°C during the shutdown, was allowed to drift below 100°C for an unknown period of time. This deviation enabled liquid water to enter the storage tank. Three operational factors contributed to the accident. Corrective actions were recommended to prevent a recurrence of a similar incident.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170304
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    Dust explosion mitigation using Q-Rohr and exkop (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 184-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dust explosions have been with us for a long time. The first record of a dust explosion occurred in Turin, Italy, on December 14, 1785 [1]. The detailed record of this event is left to us by Count Morozzo. The event took place in Mr. Giacomelli's bakery. We know from his account that the weather was unseasonably dry, that a boy who worked in the bakery was using a shovel to stir and transfer the flour to a chute from a store room to the bakery and he had a lighted lamp to work by. The rest, as the saying goes, is history. No one was killed, and the building was saved by the sagacious fact of having plenty of windows. Since that first record, of course, there have been many explosions with much loss of life and significant economic consequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170306
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    The reactive system screening tool (RSST): An easy, inexpensive approach to the DIERS procedure (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 190-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The RSST DIERS vent sizing methodology is revised to provide realistic design equations for reactive systems consistent with available large-scale experience. Using easy to obtain RSST data such as rate of temperature rise and rate of pressure rise excellent agreement is illustrated for hybrid, vapor and gassy reactive systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170307
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    Making safety second nature (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 196-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the 1960s onwards, the chemical and oil industries developed and used a number of new safety techniques which, in time, became second nature to those who applied them. They included the use of QRA for deciding priorities, Hazop and audits for identifying problems, inherently safer design for avoiding hazards, and more thorough investigation of incidents for identifying underlying causes. However, it has not yet become second nature to remember the accidents of the past and the actions needed to prevent them happening again.I joined industry in 1944 and moved to production in 1952. Then, and for at least 15 years afterwards, safety was a non-technical subject that could be left to arts graduates and elderly foremen. There was concern that people should not be hurt - great attention was paid to the lost-time accident rate - but there was no realization, that it was a subject worthy of systematic study by experienced technologists.This view changed at the end of the 1960s. A new generation of plants had been built, operating at higher temperatures and pressures and containing larger inventories of hazardous chemicals; the result was a series of fires and explosions and a worsening fatal accident rate. Figure 1 shows the situation in ICI, at the time the UK, s largest chemical company. Other companies experienced a similar state of affairs.As a result in 1968, I was appointed one of the company's first technical safety advisers, an unusual appointment at the time for someone with my experience, and if the reason for my appointment had not been so obvious I would have wondered what I had done wrong. I and my colleagues tried to apply the same sort of systematic thinking to safety that we applied in our other professional work. We developed some new concepts and techniques and adopted others. A common feature of our ides, realized only in restrospect, was that they consisted of more than mere problem-solving techniques. Once people had got used to these new concepts and used them a few times, they began to look at a whole range of problems in a different way.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170308
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    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. W3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170402
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    Case studies of incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Case histories of 65 incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief in Taiwan were analyzed and classified into several categories according to their causes, materials involved, equipment types, reaction types, and ignition sources. The cases in reactors and storage tanks were examined in more detail owing to the higher probability or larger potential hazard in these two types of equipments. The most common consequence of the incidents are explosions, fires, and atmospheric release of toxic chemicals. The most severe case was a thermal explosion from an organic peroxide storage area which caused the death of 33 persons. Popping and direct releasing of process chemicals to the atmosphere from relieving devices cause the greatest environmental concerns to the community close to the plants. Runaway reactions in batch type reactors occur frequently due to various operational mistakes. Heat of reaction is the most frequent ignition source of runaway reactions and emergency relief.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170406
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    RMP hazard assessment for compliance with EPA's risk management program regulation: OxyChem's experience (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 272-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: EPA's Risk Management Program regulation, promulgated in June 1996 as 40 CFR Part 68 requires subject industries to submit Risk Management Plans by June 1999. This plan requires hazard assessment of the operations of a facility using worst case scenarios and alternative releases. EPA has provided an Off-site Consequence Analysis (OCA) guidance to help facilities in their hazard assessment.OxyChem will be significantly impacted by the RMP rule. This paper outlines OxyChem's general experience and its strategy in planning to comply with this rule. OxyChem's approach in the development of the scenarios required by the rule is described in this paper. Limitations involved in the use of EPA's look-up tables or a single modeling solution for conducting all of the OCA are discussed. A three tiered OCA approach is presented as a possible alternative.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170408
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    Suppression of class a fires with HFC-227ea (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3;1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoropropane) is an effective replacement for Halon 1301 in fire suppression systems, providing rapid extinguishment of flames through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The vast majority of applications for HFC-227ea involve the protection of Class A hazards, which are characterized by low fuel loadings and low energy output, with fire sizes often in the range of 5-10 kW. Mid- and large-scale testing has demonstrated that HFC-227ea, at its minimum design concentration of 7.0% v/v, is effective at extinguishing fires typical of those expected to occur in electronic data processing (EDP) facilities, telecommunication facilities and anechoic chambers. The levels of HF produced following extinguishment of typical Class a fires with HFC-227ea were well below the estimated mammalian LC50 and the human Dangerous Toxic Load (DTL), and do not appear to present a threat to electronic equipment.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170310
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    A thematic approach to system safety (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) has refined a process for developing inherently safer system designs based on methods used by Sandia to design detonation safety into nuclear weapons. The process was created when Sandia realized that standard engineering practices did not provide the level of safety assurance necessary for nuclear weapon operations, with their potential for catastrophic accidents. A systematic approach, which relies on mutually supportive design principles integrated through fundamental physical principles, was developed to ensure a predictably safe system response under a variety of operational and accident-based stesses. Robust, safe system designs result from this thematic approach to safety, minimizing the number of safety critical features. This safety assurance process has two profound benefits: the process avoids the need to understand or limit the ultimate intensity of off-normal environments and it avoids the requirement to analyze and test a large array of accident environment scenarios (e.g., directional threats, sequencing of environments, time races, etc) to demonstrate conformance to all safety requirements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170312
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170401
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  • 48
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    The assignment of safety systems addressing workplace hazards (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is described to enhance the management of process safety risks such that the number and type of safety systems protecting against any hazard are consistently predicated upon risk. Further, that such an assignment of safety systems can be made consistent throughout an organization. This consistency is gained through standardization of qualitative risk ranking and by setting company guidelines.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170403
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  • 49
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    Reactivity and ignition characteristics of silane/air mixtures (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Research was carried out to develop improved protection guidelines for silane handling systems through enhanced understanding of the behavior of releases of this pyrophoric gas. The approach involved addressing three aspects of the problem: the prompt ignition behavior of silane; the reactivity characteristics of quiescent silane/air mixtures; and the rates of reaction of silane leaked into enclosures with and without explosion venting, in the presence of ventilation air flow. A first conclusion, reached from tests in a ventilated cabinet, was that, contrary to prevailing belief, the ventilation flow has no measurable effect on the prompt ignition of the release. From experiments in a 5.1-liter (311-in.3) sphere it was found that silane/air mixtures of concentrations between 1.4 and 4.1% (by volume) are explosive but stable. In this case, piloted ignition tests yielded laminar burning velocities up to 5 m/s (1000 ft/min). Mixtures between 4.5 and 38% (the maximum reached in the tests) were found to be metastable, and would undergo spontaneous ignition after a delay ranging from 15 to 120 seconds, with the shorter values corresponding to higher silane concentrations. Experiments were also performed in a 0.645-m3 (22.8-ft3) vessel both with and without explosion venting, to measure the rates of energy release associated with impulsively-started silane leaks from 1/8 and 1/4-in. (3.2 and 6.4-mm) lines. A method for the prediction of the venting requirements of partial-volume deflagrations (PVD) was evolved into a tool to quantify the pressure rise from ignition of silane leaks in enclosures. These results represent a significant step toward updating existing design recommendations which prescribe ventilation requirements that are based on outdated and, in some instances, misinterpreted data.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170405
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  • 50
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    Properties of simulated gas explosions of interest to the structural design process (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 278-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas explosion simulators are often used as tools in process plant design. This article presents some properties of gas explosions found using the EXSIM simulation software on three offshore modules with a total of nearly 10,000 simulations. The selected results are chosen for their supposed applicability to structural design in the process industries.Generalized data are presented for the effect of gas cloud size, explosion impulse vs. explosion pressure, pressure and impulse vs. duration, the probability of a “short” explosion, loading rate, pressure-time “shape” function, and the effect of introducing louvers.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170409
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  • 51
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    Masthead (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290101
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  • 52
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    Introduction (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290102
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  • 53
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    Polymer aging insights available from modulus profiling data (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recently developed analytical technique, modulus profiling, conveniently allows the mechanical properties of elastomers to be mapped with spatial resclutions approaching 0.05 mm. Thus, spatial heterogeneities in modulus caused by processing and aging phenomena can be easily monitored. This paper describes some typical results from polymer aging studies, which Indicate the insights available from this technique. These include application of modulus profiling to understanding (1) mechanical property deterioration of Viton in an elevated temperature, gamma-radiation environment, (2) recent continuous stress-relaxation results, and (3) the role of ozone for non mechanically-stressed materials in high energy radiation environments.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290107
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  • 54
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    Polyesters II: A review of phase behavior in binary blends: Amorphous, crystalline, liquid crystalline, and on transreaction (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal and mechanical studies on many linear polyesters have revealed their behavior in crystalline, liquid crystalline, and amorphous phases. Their phase behavior in binary compositions has also been studied by a range of additional techniques and in combinations including the polycarbonate of bisphenol-A. Regions of amorphous compatibility and incompatibility have been identified and measures made of transition temperature changes with composition. The conditions for transreaction have also been determined and the properties measured for the resultant new copolymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290110
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  • 55
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    Masthead (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290201
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  • 56
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    Evaluation of residual thermally induced stresses in the cooling of polymer melt via transfinite element computations (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 100-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The present paper describes the evaluation of nonlinear thermally induced residual stresses in the cooling of polymer melt during injection molding of plastic components. The computational methodology adopted is based on the transfinite element approach, which is a hybrid scheme as it combines transform methods and classical Galerkin schemes with finite element formulations to preserve the modeling versatility. The applicability of the proposed formulations for understanding the physics and the nature of the nonlinear thermally induced stresses in the solidifying process of a sample amorphous polystyrene specimen demonstrates the basic capabilities and potential of the methodology. Results obtained agree qualitatively well with earlier research studies and experimental findings relevant to thermally induced residual stresses in the injection molding of plastic components.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290204
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  • 57
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    Polyvinyl alcohol-copper II complex: Characterization and practical applications (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method to obtain microscopic and macroscopic coatings with improved resistance to debonding is described. The procedure, based on polymer-metal complexes, involved the adsorption on inorganic substrates of a poly(vinyl alcohol)-copper II chelate that is also able to catalyze the polymerization of monomers or prepolymers with grafting. The molecular structure of the complex, its adsorption on inorganic surfaces, and the mechanism of the polymerization induced by the supported catalyst are summarized. Much emphasis is placed on application of this technology to the realization of encapsulated filler and pigment and of coatings with improved adherence and solvent resistance. In the field of composite materials, it is demonstrated from several examples that the encapsulation of the filler can be a way to block chemical interactions between filler and matrix, to promote filler dispersion, and to improve mechanical properties.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290208
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  • 58
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    Dielectric determination of cure state during non-isothermal cure (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 334-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As a result of increased interest from industry in using dielectric cure monitoring, a need has arisen for simplifying frequency, cure, and temperature dependent data so that control decisions can be readily made. Techniques utilizing data covering several decades of frequency now exist for separating ionic conduction levels from dipole and electrode polarization responses. Ionic conduction levels are particularly useful since they can be correlated to both viscosity and extent of cure. In addition to being a function of extent of cure, dielectric properties are also influenced by temperature. This dependence often makes the dielectric response more difficult to interpret. This paper investigates two methods for overcoming the temperature dependence of the dielectric response during nonisothermal cure. The first method utilizes recent WLF modeling techniques and extends them with the end result of extracting Tg in real time during cure. The second technique involves measuring the temperature dependence of uncured and cured material. Utilizing the correlation between log ionic conductivity and extent of cure, which has been noted by previous researchers, the normalized conductivity can be converted to a cure index. Several examples including epoxy, polyurethane, and a UV cured photoresist are presented, showing data before normalization and after both Tg and cure index determination.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290512
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  • 59
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    Chemistry of the ternary blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate), bisphenol-a-polycarbonate, and polypropylene (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and bisphenol-a-polycarbonate (PC) are known to form a miscible blend whereas ternary blends of PET, PC, and polypropylene (PP) form two phases. This is based on the considerations of various chemical events which may occur in these systems. The role of ester-carbonate interchange reactions during melt mixing and fabricating is found to be unimportant. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of the ternary blends shows that there appears to occur an exothermic transition in the heating mode of the instrument. This exothermic event was found to be suppressed considerably by incorporating suitable additives into the system. Degradation reactions studied by thermogravimetric analysis and a dilute solution viscometric technique reveal that there exists some kind of interaction among the components even with the immiscible PP component.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290603
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  • 60
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    Structure-Property-Processing relationships of polyurethane-polyester interpenetrating polymer networks (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 397-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane and unsaturated polyester were prepared by reaction injection molding (RIM) and transfer molding. The structures of the molded samples were analyzed by electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. It was found that polymer morphology and dynamic mechanical properties depend strongly on the molding temperature, reaction rate and reaction sequence. Simplified structure models based on Takayanagi's model and sample morphology can predict the storage modulus reasonably well but not the tanδ.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290608
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  • 61
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    Analysis of interfacial stresses for elastomeric disks in compression (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 432-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290613
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  • 62
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    Analytical melting model for polymer pellets (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 448-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plasticating or melting behavior of polymer pellets sliding on a hot metal surface was investigated. An analytical model was developed for predicting the melting rate and the shear stress of an incompletely compacted solid bed of pellets in terms of the rheological and thermodynamic properties of the polymer, the pellet size, the degree of compaction, and the operating conditions. This investigation extends the results of the previous investigators obtained for a fully compacted solid bed of polymers to an incompletely compacted solid bed of polymers, closely representing the initial stage of the plasticating mechanism inside a screw extruder. Experimental verification of the analytical model developed here was made by testing six different commercial polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290704
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  • 63
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    Vitrification effect during the reaction injection molding (RIM) process of epoxy resin (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 456-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vitrification occurs during the reaction injection molding (RIM) of epoxy resin, and the curing reaction rate is reduced as the Tg of the reacting mixture exceeds or approaches the local reaction temperature inside the mold cavity. The effect will be manifested in the distribution of the glass transition temperature across the thickness direction of the molded product. The reaction kinetic equation which includes the vitrification term in the form of the WLF equation is used in the computer simulation of the epoxy RIM process and the effect of the vitrification is shown by comparing with models with no vitrification considerations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290705
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  • 64
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    Screw design in injection molding (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 479-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The performance of screws of advanced design in injection molding has been investigated with respect to four different objectives: (1) improvement of distributive mixing; (2) improvement of dispersive mixing; (3) increase of plasticating capacity; and (4) reduction of inhomogeneity of melt temperature.The screws used are three zone screws with different compression ratios, screws with pineapple or Maddock/Egan mixing elements, with one or two channel barrier sections, with static mixers mounted in the valve or in the nozzle, or with combinations of these different elements. The best mixing quality is obtained with multi-channel Maddock sections. The highest plasticating capacity and, consequently, the shortest cycle times are achieved with the barrier screws. Temperature measurements show that these screws improve melt homogeneity considerably with a relatively small loss of plasticating time. In all cases, increasing the back pressure gives inferior results compared with improvement of the screw design.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290708
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  • 65
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    Impact fracture energy of mineral-filled polypropylene (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The impact fracture energy (Gc) for a polypropylene homopolymer and a copolymer with and without calcium carbonate fillers was measured over a range of temperatures between -40°C and 40°C using fracture mechanics principles. The fillers studied were Omyacarb (∼2.7 μm) and Winnofil (∼75 nm) and 10% by weight was added to the matrix material. These fillers did not have any appreciable effect on Gc of the copolymer-based composites. However, the Omyacarb fillers improved Gc of the homopolymer at low temperatures (≤20°C) due to enhanced microplastic flow as observed on the fracture surfaces. The fillers increased the stiffness of both the homopolymer and copolymer. It would appear that up to 10% of cheap calcium carbonate fillers could be added to the more expensive polypropylene to reduce the production cost without any significant loss of impact fracture energy.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290804
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  • 66
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    A novel sliding plate rheometer for molten plastics (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel sliding plate rheometer has been developed that is suitable for use with molten plastics, concentrated polymer solutions, raw elastomers, and other viscoelastic or thixotropic materials. It can generate steady shear rates from 0.05 to 500 s-1 and can also be used to measure linear viscoelastic properties. In addition, it can be used to measure a broad spectrum of nonlinear viscoelastic properties such as the nonlinear relaxation modulus and the shear stress growth coefficient. In order to measure these nonlinear properties it is necessary to generate large, uniform, transient deformations Involving high strain rates. Rotational and capillary melt rheometers are not capable of generating this type of deformation, and until now it was not convenient to use sliding plate rheometers for this type of application. However, the recent development of a reliable and robust shear stress transducer makes it very convenient to use the sliding plate geometry to carry out all of these tests. The new rheometer is described, and examples of the types of data it can generate are shown.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290803
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    Monitoring cure in sheet molding compound processing (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 308-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During the sheet molding compound (SMC) compression molding process, a premeasured polymer charge is placed between the heated halves of a mold which are then brought together to squeeze the polymer and fill the mold, after which pressure is maintained while the part cures. The cure stage constitutes the larger part of the molding cycle and thus affords the largest potential for cycle time reduction. In general, cure times in SMC processing are set longer than necessary, since the inherent material and process variation make it difficult to predict cure times with more than 10 to 20% accuracy. Accurate methods to detect the end of cure would be very beneficial and would permit opening the mold as soon as the material has cured, avoiding unnecessary waste of time. In this paper, several techniques that show promise for monitoring the state of cure are reviewed and experimental results given. Their relative advantages and accuracies are compared. In particular, the use of linear variable displacement transducers, pressure transducers, and thermocouples is discussed. We also show how the measurements compare to theoretical predictions of the state of cure.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290508
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    Evaluation of dielectric cure models for an epoxy-amine resin system (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The parallel-plate test fixture on a Rheometrics viscometer was electrically isolated so that the rheological and dielectric properties of a thermoset polymer system could be simultaneously measured. This enabled the relationship between the dielectric properties and the rheological properties to be directly examined. A close relationship was established between the dielectric properties (dipole relaxation time and specific conductivity) and the pre-gelation bulk viscosity. This relationship suggested that models similar in form to those used to describe the change in viscosity might be used to describe the changing dielectric properties. The limitations and advantages of two such models, which attempt to describe the time-temperature behavior of the dielectric properties, were then tested for use with a typical aerospace epoxy resin system.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290513
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    Masthead (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290601
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  • 70
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    A study of the miscibility of blends of polybutadiene and styrene-butadiene copolymers (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 586-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We investigated the miscibility of polybutadienes with butadiene-styrene copolymers of varying styrene content. The methods of optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small angle light scattering (SALS) were used. All polymers/copolymers used in this study have equivalent butadiene microstructures. Copolymers with high styrene levels are immiscible with polybutadiene. The tendency to miscibility increases with decreasing styrene content. An upper critical solution temperature is observed with the 23 percent styrene copolymer.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290904
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  • 71
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    Fracture behavior of oriented poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) is a newly developed engineering thermoplastic with potentially vast application in advanced composites due to its exceptional performance. It is thus desired to understand the relationship between physical processing, microstructure and fracture in this semicrystalline polymer. Both oriented and unoriented PEEK were mechanically characterized using static test of three-point bend specimens. The molecular chain orientation was imposed using a rolltrusion technique. The effects of thickness, strain rate, Initial crack length ratio, and orientation on fracture toughness (Kc) are investigated. The crystallinity is also examined by density measurement. The degree of orientation is determined qualitatively by wide-angle X-ray scattering diffraction patterns and quantitatively by further measurement using an image analysis system. Fractographic analysis, using scanning electron microscopy, provides precise information about the mode of fracture, Results indicate that both the modulus and the fracture toughness are remarkedly increased in the direction of drawing (T-type) as opposed to the transverse direction (L-type).
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290609
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  • 72
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    Alternate derivation of the effective medium conductance above and below the critical fill in a metal-filled polymer (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 420-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Herein is more detail to microscopic aspects of electron transport through a conductor-filled polymer than has yet been considered in the literature (irrespective of quantum mechanical tunneling and thermal expansion). Some of these details only clarify earlier theories, but others lead to new discoveries such as the cubic conduction path coordination number z = 18 (contrasted with the classical geometric coordination number of z = 6). New also are simplified derivations of the high and low fill asymptotes of the master equation for conductance as a function of fill fraction in the effective medium theory of conductor-filled polymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290611
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  • 73
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    On the accuracy of the calculated stress field around a crazeThis work performed at Sandia National Laboratories and supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract #de-aac04-76dp00789. (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 426-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several recent calculations of the stress field around crazes in glassy polymers have been based on experimentally obtained craze opening displacements. Although various techniques for performing these calculations have been presented (i.e., Fourier transform, boundary integral, and finite element methods), all are based on the solution of the same ill-conditioned boundary value problem. Specific boundary conditions required to calculate the stresses around a craze lead to a large change in the stress field with small changes in the craze profile which are within the reported experimental tolerance.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290612
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  • 74
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    Pumping characteristics of self-wiping twin-screw extruders - A theoretical and experimental study on biopolymer extrusion (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids which obeys a power law relationship between shear stress and shear rate has been modeled in the melt conveying section of a self-wiping co-rotating twin-screw extruder using a finite element analysis of an unwound channel section. Predictions of throughput against pressure gradient are compared with experimentally obtained results for maize grits which is represented as a power law material. Rheological data applicable to extrusion simulation were obtained from capillary rheometry. Comparisons are reasonable with predicted characteristic showing similar behavior.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290702
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  • 75
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    Molecular design of multicomponent polymer systems. XV. Morphology and mechanical behavior of blends of low density polyethylene with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), emulsified by a poly(hydrogenated butadiene-b-methyl methacrylate) copolymer (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 538-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The emulsifying activity of a poly(hydrogenated butadiene-b-methyl methacrylate) (HPB-b-PMMA) copolymer is investigated in incompatible blends of a low density polyethylene and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) resins (mainly ABS) prepared in the melt state on a two-roll mill. Optical and scanning electron microscopy observations clearly demonstrate that a moderate amount of copolymer (5 wt %) very significantly decreases the particle size and enhances interfacial adhesion. The block copolymer is also responsible for a strong improvement in both the ductility and Charpy impact resistance of PE/ABS blends.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290808
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  • 76
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    Cold compaction and sintering of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene containing a segregated iron network (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 564-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To improve the powder processing behavior of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, a conductive iron filler was distributed within the polymer in a segregated network. The filler level was kept at a minimum of 10 volume percent, which was sufficient to coat completely all the polymer particle surfaces. This filler level was low enough to avoid modifying the resin properties to a significant extent. Compaction of these filled samples showed a slower densification, under pressure, similar level of final densification at 80% densification parameter, and a doubling of plateau pressure value to 200 MPa in comparison with the unfilled polymer. The filler was found to reduce drastically the postcompaction relaxation time from 24 h to 6 h. The magnitude of the axial (compaction direction) relaxation was unchanged, but the radial relaxation was one quarter of that for the unfilled polymer. Sintering behavior showed improved densification because of lower dimensional changes during sintering resulting in 80% relative sintered density, higher than the 75% percent value for the unfilled polymer, but yielded a 20% lower sintered strength, An alternative process of rapid sintering by induction heating was explored, its feasibility demonstrated, and a recommendation is made to make powder processing of this polymer commercially attractive.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290811
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  • 77
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    Highly sensitive novolak-based X-ray positive resist (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 874-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The application of X-Ray lithography in mass production of devices is only economically viable if resist materials of highest sensitivity can be provided. Chemical amplification is the key concept to achieve such performance. It is outlined for a highly sensitive three component positive tone X-Ray resist, consisting of a Novolak binder matrix, a starter compound, which - on X-Ray exposure - yields an acid, which catalytically decomposes a dissolution inhibitor. Resist performance is discussed in terms of reaction kinetics and their implications on resist response, simulation, and handling procedures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291309
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  • 78
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    Masthead (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291401
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  • 79
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    Water-Soluble contrast enhancing materials - new photobleachable dyes (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 898-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many styrylpyridinium compounds (SPC), which are very stable in the dark, were prepared and evaluated as photobleachable dyes for contrast enhanced lithography (CEL). The photobleaching characteristics of water-soluble contrast enhancing materials composed of SPC and water-soluble polymer depend on the structure of the SPC and the kind of polymers used. The technique using SPC-based CEL proved to be very effective for the resist pattern profiles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291403
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  • 80
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    Dissolution inhibition mechanisms of naphthoquinone diazides (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 916-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dissolution inhibition mechanisms of naphthoquinone diazides in novolak based positive photoresists were investigated from three different aspects: • Dipolar interaction.• Interfacial chemical reactions.• Chemical structures of naphthoquinone diazides.The results suggest that there exists a hydrogen bonding interaction between the compounds with the matrix novolak resin and that naphthoquinone diazides would crosslink the resin in contact with an alkaline developer, both of which contribute to dissolution inhibition mechanisms. However, there seems to exist another dissolution inhibition mechanism; namely, 1,2-naphthoquinone diazide does not inhibit dissolution of the matrix novolak resin at all while a clear dissolution inhibition effect Is observed for its derivatives containing sulfonyl groups. In the present paper, three dissolution inhibition mechanisms of naphthoquinone diazides will be proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291407
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  • 81
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    Shear and nonisothermal elongational characterization of a liquid crystalline polymer (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 625-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A commercial liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) sample was characterized both in shear and in nonisothermal elongational flow over a wide range of temperatures (240-350°C). The LCP sample employed was a copolyesteramide of 2,6 hydroxynaphthoic acid, terephthalic acid, and aminophenol manufactured by Celanese and commercially known as Vectra B950. The viscosity decreases dramatically at temperatures above the crystal-nematic transition of the polymer. At lower temperatures, the extrusion of the sample is mainly due to plastic flow. Die-swell values are very small and contraction of the extrudate is also revealed, but the sample shows high elasticity. The polymer is not spinnable at very low temperatures, and the melt strength rapidly decreases with increasing temperature.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291003
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  • 82
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    Gas transport in multilayer packaging structures (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 639-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Calculation of gas permeation in food packaging structures can be done using a steady-state analysis employing the permeability coefficient. While this approach is adequate for some applications, for many others a time-dependent transport analysis must be considered to make quantitative predictions of shelf life. The limitation of the simple permeability analysis for multilayer structures is illustrated for Saran-coated polycarbonate and poly(ethylene terephthalate) soda cans. These more detailed calculations on package structures can be done using standard computer library routines to include both the effect of gas sorption and diffusion.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291005
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  • 83
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    A nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry study of the curing kinetics of an unsaturated polyester system (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1097-1102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were used to estimate the kinetic parameters for the curing reaction of a commercial unsaturated polyester resin. The reaction rate expression was derived from a mechanistic kinetic model based on the concept of free radical polymerization, accounting also for the diffusion controlled reaction. The total heat of reaction was evaluated in experiments run at very low scan speeds and using high amount of initiator. The kinetic parameters were found to show no dependency on the heating rate nor on the initiator concentration. Dynamic DSC measurements provide reliable kinetic data over a broad range of temperatures that is mostly significant for process simulations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291604
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  • 84
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    Hydrolysis of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol-based copolyester (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1103-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid state hydrolysis of a copolyester based on a mixture of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and ethylene glycol condensed with terephthalic acid was studied at 100°C and 57 to 96 kPa water vapor partial pressure (55% to 95% relative humidity). The equilibrium water sorption in weight percent (C∞) was found to be \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ C_\infty = 1.45 \times \,10^{ - 5} (P_{H_2 O} )^{1.2} $$\end{document} where PH2O is the water vapor partial pressure in kPa. For specimens 0.32-cm thick, it took about 24 h to reach 0.9C∞. The intrinsic viscosity (IV) was measured and used to calculate the relative change in molecular weight (M̄w) from the relationship IV ∝ (M̄w)0.7. The decrease in molecular weight was linear with time, and the rate of decrease was found to be proportional to C∞; the empirical correlation is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k = 0.026 \times C_\infty $$\end{document} where the rate constant, k, is in day-1. A decrease of 50% in M̄w was observed after 22 days at 95% relative humidity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291605
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  • 85
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    Masthead (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291701
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  • 86
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    Application of silicon polymer as positive photosensitive material (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 887-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new positive-working photosensitive system of silicon polymer, containing silylether groups in the main chain and a photo-induced acid precursor was investigated. The silicon polymer is hydrolized by a photogenerated acid and degraded to low molecular weight compounds. Thus the effect of solubility inhibition of the polymer is diminished. The higher photosensitivity of this system as compared with 1,2-quinone diazide compounds is due to the catalytic reaction of the acid on the hydrolysis of the silicon polymer. The chemical structure around silylether groups in the polymer, in particular more hydrophilic and less steric structures, affects the rate of hydrolysis and thus the photosensitivity. Among various types of photo-induced acid precursors examined, e.g., s-triazine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds substituted by trihalomethyl groups were effective.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291312
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    Reaction and thermal analysis for SMC (sheet molding compound) molding in complicated geometriesPresented at polymer processing society north american meeting, september 27-30, 1987, Buffalo, New York. (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1051-1058 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A finite element technique has been developed for coupled reaction and heat transfer analysis in which mass diffusion is negligible. The temperature unknowns are located at nodal points, while the reaction variables (species concentrations, reaction rates) are at the Gauss points in each element. With a mechanistic kinetic model, the SMC (sheet molding compound) cure in 2-D and 3-D geometries was analyzed. The results for plate-and-rib configurations show the progression of cure and heat transfer and the influence of geometry on the progression. The analysis for a flat sheet of SMC in a mold with localized heating using bubblers indicates the thermal interaction between the mold and the curing SMC. Temperature and reaction profiles are given for each case.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291511
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    Preface (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1309-1309 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291902
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  • 89
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    Welding of polymer interfaces (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1340-1367 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of strength development at polymer-polymer interfaces are examined and applications to welding of similar and dissimilar polymers are considered. The fracture properties of the weld, namely, fracture stress, σ, fracture energy, GIc, fatigue crack propagation rate da/dN, and microscopic aspects of the deformation process are determined using compact tension, wedge cleavage, and double cantilever beam healing experiments. The mechanical properties are related to the structure of the interface via microscopic deformation mechanisms involving disentanglement and bond rupture. The time dependent structure of the welding interface is determined in terms of the molecular dynamics of the polymer chains, the chemical compatibility, and the fractal nature of diffuse interfaces. Several experimental methods are used to probe the weld structure and compare with theoretical scaling laws, Results are given for symmetric amorphous welds, incompatible and compatible asymmetric amorphous welds, incompatible semicrystalline and polymer-metal welds. The relevance of interface healing studies to thermal, friction, solvent and ultrasonic welds is discussed.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291906
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    The dependence of butt fusion bond strength on joining conditions for polyethylene pipe (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1387-1395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The integrity of a pipeline system is determined by its weakest links. Joints may be such places. Heat fusion is the most common joining method for distribution gas piping. There are procedural, thermal, and mechanical aspects of making fusion joints. Procedural aspects, such as heater calibration and cleanliness, can be assured only by rigorous training and certification of the operators. Thermal and mechanical aspects consist of specifying joining conditions such as the heater temperature, heating time, and joining pressure. In the absence of procedural errors, the strength of a fusion joint should depend on the pipe material, pipe dimensions, and the thermal and mechanical joining conditions.The measured parameters that are measures of strength are impact energy and location of failure in the tensile impact test. A parameter, termed the joining parameter, was found to characterize the joining conditions. This parameter is a function of bead volume, melt volume at the end of the heating phase, and pipe wall thickness. Of the mechanical test parameters, the impact energy was found to correlate best with the joining parameter.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291910
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and physical behavior of siloxane modified polyimides (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1413-1418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A variety of thermoplastic fully imidized poly(imide siloxane) segmented copolymers with useful thermal and mechanical properties have been prepared. Other interesting properties described are the materials' hydrophobic character, surface domination, UV stability, and atomic oxygen plasma resistance.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292002
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold compaction of polyether-etherketone and nickel powder blends (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1446-1455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study deals with the cold compaction of polyether-etherketone (PEEK) and nickel powder blends. Four different types of PEEK powders which are commercially available from Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were utilized for this investigation. These PEEK powders included fine and coarse size powders of a low viscosity grade (150PF and 150P) and similar powders of a high viscosity grade (450PF and 450P). Each of the four different PEEK powders were blended with about 10 vol-% nickel powder (Novamet) using a dry mixing technique. These PEEK/nickel powder blends were then successfully compacted at room temperature. Green strengths as high as 39.5 MPa and 26.3 MPa were measured on nickel filled 150 grade and 450 grade compacts, respectively. The higher strength values of the nickel filled compacts compared to their respective unfilled ones were attributed to a higher degree of mechanical interlocking and plastic deformation, which was induced in the polymer particles during compaction by the hard nickel filler. These composites also exhibited lower viscoelastic recoveries than their respective unfilled compacts. Electrical resistivities as low as 0.06 ohm-cm were achieved by compacting 150P/nickel powder blends. This resistivity value agreed well with the calculated value predicted from the literature.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292006
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization and cold compaction of polyether-etherketone powders (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1456-1465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study deals with the characterization and cold compaction of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) powders. Four different types of PEEK powders which are commercially available from Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were characterized for density, crystallinity, particle size, particle size distribution, and particle morphology. Fine and coarse size powders of a low viscosity grade (150PF and 150P) and similar powders of a high viscosity grade (450PF and 450P) were processed. Compaction was successful at room temperature using the 150 grade powders but not with the 450 grade powders. Compressibility curves were obtained at room temperature for the 150 grade powders and their post-compaction viscoelastic recoveries were measured. The coarse and fine size 150 grade powders reached relative plateau densities of 95.8% and 95.1%, respectively, when compacted at pressures exceeding 300 MPa. These high densification values at room temperature were associated with minimal post-compaction viscoelastic recoveries and as-compacted strengths as high as 8.9 MPa. A modified densification parameter (DP*) was developed based on the plastic deformation of the crystalline regions alone. This new dimensionless parameter, DP*, demonstrated a better fit of all the compaction data. The transverse rupture strength and the green density data are presented and explained in terms of this DP*.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292007
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290301
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biaxially oriented films prepared from poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(methyl methacrylate co imide) blends (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1528-1533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was conducted of blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with a poly(methyl methacrylate co imide). The latter polymer was found to be miscible in PVC and to raise the glass transition temperature of the blend. Blends of all compositions could be oriented, but the processing temperature increased in proportion with Tg. For a given blend composition, orientation increased with increasing stretch ratio and strain rate and with decreasing stretch temperature. Increasing copolyimide content and increasing orientation generally lead to improved mechanical properties, though the blends containing high levels of copolyimide exhibited low ductilities.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292107
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The optical properties of a polyetherimide (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1574-1578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The optical properties of polyetherimide resin as described by the complex index of refraction, N = n - ik, are derived by Kramers-Kronig analysis of experimental absorption and reflectance data obtained in the range 40 μm ≥ λ ≥105 nm. Potential uses of this polymer as a printed circuit board material and as a packaging medium for microelectronic circuitry and the relevance of optical data in laser-assisted processing schemes used in these and other applications are briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292205
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of shear modification on the rheological behavior of two low-density polyethylene (LDPE) grades (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 214-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Shear modification treatment represents a special shearing history affecting mainly the elastic behavior of polymer melts. This process has been attributed to reversible physical changes in the entanglement structure of the polymer chain network. Shear modification studies were performed for two well-characterized low-density polyethylene (LDPE) grades differing in molecular weight distribution and degree of long chain branching. The shear working of the material was carried out using a specially designed shearing unit producing definable amounts of pure shear in a continuous process. Measurements of the dynamic storage modulus, G′, steady-state shear compliance; Je, extrudate swell, melt flow index, and the extensional behavior (Rheotens test) indicate that primarily properties associated with the elasticity of the melt are reduced in value. The observed reduction is found to correlate with the mean specific energy dissipated during sample preparation. Comparing the two LDPE grades showed that higher degrees of modification can be obtained at lower energy input levels for the more highly branched grade. Reversibility tests were performed and complete recovery of the initial material behavior was observed. Comparison of measurement results for samples prepared using the shearing unit presented here and a Brabender Plasticorder indicates that the degree of modification depends not only on the molecular structure of the polymer but also on the manner in which the shearing history is imposed upon the material.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290403
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290501
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1637-1637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292302
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curing and constitutive relationships for polyester mortar (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1628-1635 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compressive and tensile properties of polyester mortar were studied under various curing conditions, temperature, and strain rate. The curing temperature was varied from room temperature to 80°C. The behavior of polyester mortar was studied using a uniform sand with strain rate and temperature varied between 0.01 to 6 percent strain per minute and 22°C and 120°C, respectively. The strength, failure strain, modulus and stress-strain relationships of polyester mortar are influenced by the curing method, testing temperature, and strain rate to varying degrees. The influence of test variables on the mechanical properties of polyester mortar are quantified. Pretreating the aggregates with a silane coupling agent further enhances the compressive and tensile strength of the mortar. The compressive modulus and splitting tensile strength of polyester mortar are related to the compressive strength. A constitutive model is used to predict the compressive stress-strain behavior of polyester mortar.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292214
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