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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 8-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulin ; Bone ; Calcium ; Resorption ; Orthophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration d'insuline cristallisée à des rats thyroparathyroidectomisés provoque une augmentation de la calcémie et de la phosphorémie. Le calcium plasmatique s'élève de façon linéaire entre 31 et 250 m Unités d'insuline/100 g de poids corporel. La courbe obtenue n'est guère différente de celle obtenue par extrait parathyroidien. L'administration simultanée d'insuline et d'extrait parathyroidien à des rats thyro-parathyroidectomisés agit sur la calcémie et la phosphorémie par un effet additif. Lorsque des os frontaux d'embryons de poulet sont cultivésin vitro en présence d'insuline cristallisée, le taux de résorption augmente. L'insuline augmente le taux de consommation en glucose des explants et induit une accumulation de citrate dans le milieu de culture. L'insuline stimule donc la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Plasmagehalt an Calcium und Phosphor bei thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurde durch die Verabreichung von kristallinem Insulin erhöht. Das Plasmacalcium verhielt sich zwischen 31 und 250 m Einheiten Insulin pro 100 g Körpergewicht linear. Die Steigung der erhaltenen Kurve ist nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen, die nach Parathyreoidea-Extrakt erhalten wird. Die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Insulin und Parathyreoidea-Extrakt von thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten hatte eine kumulative Wirkung auf den Gehalt von Calcium und Phosphor im Plasma. Wenn Stirnbeine von Kükenembryos mit kristallinem Insulinin vitro kultiviert wurden, erhöhte sich die Resorptionsrate. Das Insulin steigerte den Glucoseverbrauch der Explantate und verursachte eine Anreicherung von Citrat im Kulturmedium. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Insulin.
    Notes: Abstract the administration of crystalline insulin to thyroparathyroidectomized rats raised their calcium and phosphorus plasma levels. The plasma calcium gave a linear response between 31 and 250 mU of insulin/100 g body weight. The slope obtained is not significantly different from that obtained with parathyroid extract. The simultaneous administration of insulin and parathyroid extract to thyroparathyroidectomized rats affected the calcium and phosphorus plasma levels in an additive fashion. When chick embryo frontal bones were cultivatedin vitro with crystalline insulin the rate of resorption increased. Insulin increased the rate of glucose consumption by the explants and induced the accumulation of citrate in the culture medium. It is concluded that insulin stimulates bone resorption.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ageing ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Muscle ; Fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des mesures radiologiques de la masse minérale osseuse de la partie proximale du radius et l'épaisseur du muscle et du tissu graisseux sous-cutané de l'avant-bras ont été relevées chez l'homme et la femme adultes normaux. La masse minérale osseuse ne montre pas de modification significative jusqu'à 60 ans chez l'homme et 50 ans chez la femme, puis on observe une chute. L'épaisseur musculaire décroit, chez l'homme, à partir de 30 ans, alors que chez la femme on n'observe aucune modification significative avant 60 ans. Les corrélations entre ces variables diffèrent selon le sexe. Alors que la masse minérale et l'épaisseur musculaire varient positivement chez l'homme en fonction de l'âge, il n'y a pas de rapport significatif chez la femme, après 60 ans. Cependant, chez ces dernières, la masse osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané sont en corrélation nette après 60 ans, bien qu'aucun rapport significatif ne soit noté chez l'homme quel que soit le groupe d'âge. Chez des sujets ostéoporotiques, la masse minérale osseuse et l'épaisseur musculaire sont plus faibles chez les hommes par rapport à des sujets normaux du même âge. Chez des femmes ostéoporotiques, cependant, bien que la masse minérale osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané soient inférieures par rapport à des sujets normaux, l'épaisseur du muscle n'est pas modifiée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden bei gesunden erwachsenen Männern und Frauen radiologische Messungen der Knochenmineralmasse im proximalen Radius, der Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Fettes des Vorderarmes durch die ganze Altersspanne durchgeführt. Die Knochenmineralmasse zeigte keine signifikante Veränderung bis zum 60. Altersjahr bei den Männern und bis zum 50. Altersjahr bei den Frauen; dann jedoch sank sie ab. Die Muskeldicke nahm bei den Männern über 30 Jahren ab, bei den Frauen konnte jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme erst ab 60 Jahren festgestellt werden. Die Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Werten war bei Männern und Frauen ebenfalls verschieden. Während bei den Männern Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke in jedem Alter meistens eine positive Korrelation zeigte, konnte bei den Frauen nach dem 60. Altersjahr keine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden. Bei den Frauen zeigten hingegen Knochenmasse und subkutanes Fett eine deutliche Korrelation in der Gruppe nach dem 60. Altersjahr, während bei den Männern in keiner Altersgruppe eine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden konnte. In einer osteoporotischen Gruppe waren Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke niedriger bei Männern, verglichen mit Kontrollen bei Gesunden desselben Alters. Bei weiblichen osteoporotischen Patienten hingegen zeigte die Muskeldicke keinen Unterschied, während Knochenmineralmasse und subkutanes Fett niedriger waren als bei Gesunden.
    Notes: Abstract Radiologic measurements of bone mineral mass in the proximal radius, muscle width and thickness of the subcutaneous fat of the forearm were studied in normal men and women throughout the adult age range. Bone mineral mass showed no significant change to age 60 in men and age 50 in women, but fell thereafter. Muscle width declined from age 30 in the male population, though no significant reduction was found in women before age 60. The correlations between these variables also differed between males and females. While bone mineral mass and muscle width tended, in males, to be positively correlated at all ages, in females no significant correlation was found after age 60. In females, however, bone mass and subcutaneous fat were distinctly correlated in the over 60 age group, though no significant correlation was found in males in any age group. In an osteoporotic group, bone mineral mass and muscle width were lower in male patients than in normals of similar age. In female osteoporotic patients, however, while bone mineral mass and subcutaneous fat were less than in normals, muscle width showed no difference.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Surface ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse mathématique de résultats autoradiographiques de l'absorption et de l'élimination du45Ca à la surface des os de lapin, de chien et de l'homme montre qu'un modèle de diffusion à la surface osseuse n'est pas valable. Les résultatsin vivo, par contre, sont compatibles avec un compartiment superficiel unique. Les résultatsin vitro peuvent être représentés, d'un autre côté, par une série de trois compartiments: celiu du milieu est identique avec le compartiment superficiel de la situationin vivo. Le temps de séjour du calcium dans ce compartiment peut être mis en rapport avec l'énergie de liaison de l'ion clacium, au niveau du côté superficiel d'un cristal d'apatite. Il semble que l'environnement des cristaux d'apatite, 1–4 μ sous la surface osseuse, soit identique à celui d'une solution aqueuse, les rendant susceptibles d'un échange rapide de calcium, mais cette possibilité est tellement réduite dans le volume osseux que le modèle de percolation proposé par Arnold et coll, parait indéfendable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Analyse von autoradiographischen Daten betreffend Aufnahme und Abgabe von45Ca an Knochenoberflächen beim Kaninchen, beim Hund und beim Menschen zeigte, daß ein Diffusionsmodell die Knochenoberfläche nicht überzeugend beschreibt. Hingegen werdenin vivo-Daten durch ein einziges Oberflächenkompartiment gut erfaßt. Diein vitro. Daten können andererseits durch eine Serie von drei Kompartimenten dargestellt werden; das mittlere dieser Kompartimente ist identisch mit dem Oberflächenkompartiment der Versuchein vivo. Die Verweildauer des Calciums in diesem Kompartiment kann zur Bindungsenergie eines Calciumions an der Oberfläche eines Apatitkristalls in Beziehung gebracht werden. Es wird daraus abgeleitet, daß die Umgebung der Apatitkristalle, die 1–4 μ unter der Knochenoberfläche liegen, derjenigen in wässeriger Lösung gleicht und sie dadurch für einen raschen Calciumaustausch zugänglich macht, da\ jedoch diese Zugänglichkeit innerhalb des Knochenvolumens derart drastisch reduziert wird, daß das Perkolationsmodell von Arnoldet al. nicht brauchbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis of autoradiographic data for the uptake and release of45Ca at bone surfaces in rabbit, dog, and man showed that a diffusion model of bone surface is not tenable. Datain vivo are, instead, well represented by a single surface compartment. Thein vitro data, on the other hand, can be represented by a series of three compartments; the middle one of these compartment is identical with the surface compartment of thein vivo situation. The residence time of calcium in this compartment can be related to the binding energy of a calcium ion at a surface site on an apatite crystal. It is concluded that the environment of the apatite crystals 1–4 μ below bone surfaces is similar to that in aqueous solution, making them available for rapid exchange of calcium but that this availability is so drastically reduced within the volume of bone that the percolation model of Arnoldet al. is untenable.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Corticosteroids ; Hydrocortisone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'hydrocortisone, administrée sous deux formes physiques différentes (solubles et cristallines), à une dose identique de 5 mg/kg/jour ont été étudiés sur l'os en croissance chez 52 lapins pendant 6 semaines. Les animaux sont divisés en 1) un groupe témoin, 2) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble et 3) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Les lapins traités à l'hydrocortisone soluble présentent quelques différences avec ceux traités à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Par rapport aux témoins, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble a augmenté plus faiblement de poids, présente moins de croissance osseuse longitudinale, montre un arrêt de l'ostéogenèse des surfaces et présente une augmentation de la résorption osseuse au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste. Cependant, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline a perdu de poids, ne présente pas de croissance osseuse longitudinale, ni d'apposition osseuse au niveau de toutes les surfaces, avec cependant une résorption osseuse marquée au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste, provoquant un amincissement net des corticales. Il semble que le facteur déterminant de cette action différente est l'élévation prolongée du cortisol plasmatique après injection d'hydrocortisone crystalline. Alors que d'autres aufeurs ont montré un rapport étroit médicament-dose, cette étude indique que la durée de l'action du médicament ou la fréquence de son administration par jour peut également être importante.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Hydrocortison auf den wachsenden Knochen wurde bei 52 Kaninchen untersucht. Das Hydrocortison wurde in zwei Formen (löslich und kristallin), bei gleicher Dosierung von 5 mg/kg/Tag, während 6 Wochen verabreicht. Die Tiere wurden in folgende Gruppen unterteilt: 1. Kontrollen; 2. mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere; 3. mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere. Die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelten Kaninchen wiesen nicht dieselben Veränderungen auf wie die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten. Im Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe zeigte die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Gruppe folgende Veränderungen: weniger Gewichtszunahme, weniger Wachstum der longitudinalen Knochen, leichte Unterdrücklung der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und leicht erhöhte Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche. Die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten Tiere jedoch zeigten: Gewichtsverlust, Stillstand des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums, Stillstand der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und deutliche Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche, welche zu dramatischer corticaler Verdünnung führte. Es wird vermutet, daß der ausschlaggebende Faktor in dieser unterschiedlichen Wirkung die anhaltende Erhöhung der Cortisolkonzentration im Plasma ist, welche auf die Injektion von kristallinem Hydrocortisol folgt. Während andere Forscher eine starke Dosisabhängigkeit gezeigt haben, deutet diese Untersuchung an, daß die Wirkungsdauer der Substanz oder die Häufigkeit ihrer Verabreichung pro Tag ebenso wichtig sein können.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hydrocortisone on growing bone administered in two different physical forms (soluble and crystalline) in an identical dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for six weeks were studied in 52 growing rabbits. The animals were divided into (1) controls, (2) soluble hydrocortisone treated and (3) crystalline hydrocortisone treated. The rabbits treated with soluble hydrocortisone showed changes different from those given crystalline hydrocortisone. When compared with the control group, the soluble hydrocortisone treated group gained less weight, had less longitudinal bone growth, had some suppression of bone formation at all surfaces and had some increased bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface. However, the crystalline hydrocortisone treated group lost weight, ceased longitudinal bone growth, ceased bone formation at all surfaces and had marked bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface resulting in dramatic cortical thinning. It is believed that the determining factor in this differential effect is the prolonged elevation of plasma cortisol folloing injection of the crystalline hydrocortisone. While other investigators have shown a strong drug-dose relationship, this study indicates that the duration of action of the drug or the frequency of its administration per day may be equally important.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Analysis ; Osteon ; Bone ; Composition ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microscopique de la composition du tissu osseux, réalisée initialement au niveau des ostéones, a été étendue à l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et aux ≪Mittellinien≫. Le phosphore, calcium, l'azote total, les mucopolysaccharides (sous forme d'hexosamines) et le collagène (sous forme d'hydroxyle-proline) ont été déterminés dans ce tissu au point de vue pondéral et volumétrique. Le calcium a également été déterminé dans les ostéones aux stades initial et final de la calcification. Malgré des rapports Ca/P sensiblement identiques, l'os lamellaire interstitiel périosté et les Mittellinien diffèrent en composition organique. L'os interstitiel a un contenu plus élevé en azote (absolu et par rapport au phosphore) et en hydroxyle-proline et azote non-collagénique que les Mittellinien. En étudiant les résultats sur la composition du tissu ostéoide, les ostéones à divers degrés de calcification et les structures décrites ci-dessus, on se rend compte de la composition variable du tissu osseux d'une plage à l'autre. D'après les résultats analytiques, il semble que dans tout processus de calcification rapide, des protéines non-collagéniques (probablement des protéoglycanes) sont présentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes auf der Stufe mikroskopischer Strukturen, welche früher auf die Haversianischen Systeme begrenzt war, ist auf den interstitiellen Lamellenknochen des Periosts und auf die Mittellinien ausgedehnt worden. Phosphor, Calcium, Gesamtstickstoff, Mucopolysaccharide (als Hexosamine) und Kollagen (als Hydroxyprolin) wurden in diesen Materialien in bezug auf Gewicht und Volumen bestimmt. Calcium wurde auch in den Osteonen in der Anfangs- und Endphase der Verkalkung bestimmt. Trotz praktisch identischem Ca/P-Verhältnis unterscheiden sich interstitieller Lamellenknochen des Periosts und Mittellinien in ihrer organischen Zusammensetzung. Interstitieller Knochen hat einen höheren Gesamtstickstoffgehalt (absolut sowie auf Phosphorgehalt bezogen), ebenso mehr Hydroxyprolin und nicht-kollagenen Stockstoff als die Mittellinien. Eine Zusammenstellung von Daten über die Zusammensetzung des Osteoid-Gewebes, der Osteonen in verschiedenen Stadien der Verkalkung und der oben aufgeführten Strukturen zeigt, wie unterschiedlich die Zusammensetzung des Knochengewebes sogar von einer mikroskopischen Struktur zur angrenzenden sein kann. Es wurde versucht, aus den analytischen Daten eine allgemeine Regel betreffend den verkalkungsprozess zu erhalten, nämlich: Wo immer eine Verkalkung rasch stattfindet, sind nicht-kollagene Proteine (möglicherweise Proteoglycane) anwesend.
    Notes: Abstract A study of the composition of bone tissue at the level of microscopic structures, previously limited to the Haversian systems, has been extended to interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and to the “Mittellinien”. Phosphorus, calcium, total nitrogen, mucopolysaccharides (as hexosamines) and collagen (as hydroxyproline) were determined in these materials on both weight and volume basis. Calcium was also been determined in osteones at the initial and final stage of calcification. In spite of virtually identical Ca/P ratios, interstitial periosteal lamellar bone and Mittellinien differ in their organic composition. Interstitial bone has a higher total nitrogen content (both absolute and relative to phosphorus) as well as higher hydroxyproline and non-collagenous nitrogen than the Mittellinien. A compilation of data on the composition of osteoid tissue, osteones at different degrees of calcification and the above structures, shows how variable is the composition of bone tissue even from one microscopic structure to the one adjacent. Tentative indications of a general rule governing the process of calcification were obtained from the analytical data; namely that wherever calcification is taking place rapidly, non-collagenous proteins (possibly proteoglycans) are present.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Collagen ; Degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre osseuse est décalcifiée et extraite à l'aide de l'E.D.T.A.0.5 M, puis d'un tampon de McIlvaine à pH 7.4. Trois fractions contenant de l'hydroxyproline ont été obtenues à partir de l'extrait de l'E.D.T.A., purifié par filtration sur gel. Ces 3 fractions sont considérées comme des produits de dégradation du collagène, étant donné leur analogie en composition en acides aminés. Le tampon de McIlvaine est fractionné par le sulfate d'ammonium. A partir de la fraction de saturation 0.3 M, après reconstitution avec l'ATP, un fragment de 700 Å de long est observé au microscope électronique. Une comparaison avec du collagène à segment espacé long semble indiquer que ce fragment est un produit de dégradation partielle de collagène et comprend environ un quart de la molécule collagénique de l'extrémité aminée terminale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Knochenpulver wurde mit 0.5 M EDTA entkalkt und anschließen mit McIlvaine-Puffer bei pH 7,4 extrahiert. Aus dem durch Gel-Filtrations-Chromatographie gereinigten EDTA-Extrakt konnten 3 Hydroxyprolin enthaltende Fraktionen gewonnen werden. Diese wurden wegen ihrer kollagenähnlichen Aminosäurenstruktur für Abbauprodukte des Kollagens gehalten. Der McIlvaine-Puffer-Extrakt wurde mittels Ammoniumsulfat fraktioniert. Nach Rekonstitution mit ATP wurde aus der zu 0.3 gesättigten Fraktion ein Fragment in der Länge von 700 Å entnommen und unter dem Elektronenmikroskop geprüft. Vergleiche mit „segment-longspacing collagen” ließen vermuten, daß es sich bei diesem Fragment um teilweise abgebautes Kollagen handelte, das aus ungefähr einem Viertel des Kollagenmoleküls mit der endständigen Aminogruppe besteht.
    Notes: Abstract Bone powder was decalcified and extracted with 0.5 M EDTA and then with McIlvaine buffer at pH 7.4. From the EDTA extract, purified by gel filtration chromatography, three hydroxyproline-containing fractions were obtained which were considered to be degradation products of collagen because of their collagen-like amino-acid composition. The McIlvaine buffer extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate. From the 0.3 saturation fraction, after reconstitution with ATP, a fragment 700 Å in length was observed with the electron microscope. Comparison with segment-long-spacing collagen suggested that this fragment was a partially-degraded product of collagen and consisted of approximately one quarter of the collagen molecule from the terminal-amino end.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Resorption ; Deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des biopsies de côte, métacarpe et tibia sont prélevées chez des daims, cinq fois, pendant le cycle de croissance annuelle des andouillers. Les tissus sont étudiés par des méthodes histométriques ou densitométriques, suivies par l'analyse minérale à l'aide de la spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique. Peu de remaniement s'observe dans le tissu osseux pendant la période de repos, mais pendant la période de croissance maximale des andouillers en juin, le remaniement osseux interne atteint son maximum. La résorption la plus élevée de 22,99% s'observe dans les côtes: elles est de 13,10% dans le métacarpe et 10,37% dans le métatarse. A l'automne, à la fin de la croissance des andouillers, on note une diminution du remaniement qui atteint des valeurs voisines de celle de la période de repos. Au niveau des côtes, les valeurs les plus faibles de poids de cendre, par unité de volume, s'observent au milieu de la période de croissance des andouillers, mais aucune variation cyclique de ces valeurs n'est trouvée dans le métacarpe, le métatarse et le tibia. Le pourcentage de calcium, magnésium et phosphore dans la cendre d'os ne varie pas pendant le cycle de croissance de l'andouiller. Il ne semble donc pas y avoir de changement de composition osseuse pendant les periodes de remaniement élevé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden beim Wild in 5 Intervallen während des jährlichen Geweihwachstums-Cyclus folgende Biopsie-Proben entnommen: Rippe, Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia. Die Gewebe wurden entweder mit histometrischen Methoden oder mit densitometrischen Messungen untersucht, welche durch eine Mineralanalyse mittels Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie ergänzt wurden. Während der Ruheperiode des Geweihwachstums erfolgte wenig Knochenneubildung; während der Hauptgeweihwachstumszeit im Juni hingegen erreichte die Knochenneubildung einen Höhepunkt. Die höchste Resorption von 22,99% erfolgte in den Rippen, beim Metacarpus waren es 13,10% und beim Metatarsus 10,37%. Beim Stillstand des Geweihwachstums im Herbst sank auch die Knochenneubildung wieder auf das niedere Niveau ab, das vor dem Geweihwachstum festgestellt wurde. Bei den Rippen zeigten sich die niedrigsten Werte des Aschgewichts per Volumeneinheit in der Mitte des Geweihwachstums; aber bei Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia wurden für diese Werte keine cyclischen Veränderungen festgestellt. Der Prozentsatz von Calcium, Magnesium und Phosphor in der Knochenasche veränderte sich während des Geweihwaschstums-Cyclus nicht, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Zusammensetzung des Knochens während der Perioden erhöhter Neubildung gleich blieb.
    Notes: Abstract Biopsy samples of rib, metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia were obtained from deer at five intervals during the annual antler growth cycle. Tissues were examined by either histometric methods or by densitometric measurements followed by mineral analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Little remodelling occurred in bones during the period of antler quiescence, but during the peak of antler growth in June, internal bone remodelling reached a peak. The highest resorption of 22.99% occurred in ribs with lower levels of 13.10% for metacarpus and 10.37% for metatarsus. At the cessation of antler growth in the fall, remodelling again decreased to the low level found preceeding antler growth. In ribs lowest values of ash weight per unit volume occurred during the middle of antler growth but no cyclic variations were found for these values in metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia. Percentage of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in bone ash did not vary during the antler growth cycle indicating no change in bone composition during periods of high remodelling.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Extraction ; Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des glycosaminoglycanes de zones au repos, sériées, hypertrophiques et calcifiées de la métaphyse épiphysaire et du cartilage du septum nasal ont été extraits à l'aide d'un solvant, 3 M GuCl, selon Sajdera et Hascall (1969), pour séparer les glycosaminoglycanes en une partie que l'on peut extraire et une partie qui reste liée au tissu. Le cartilage épiphysaire nécessite des temps d'extraction plus prolongés que le cartilage du septum nasal pour extraire des quantités similaires de glycosaminoglycanes acides suggérant une liaison plus étroite de ces derniers dans le tissu. Vers le front de calcification, les glycosaminoglycanes sont extraits plus facilement alors que dans la zone calcifiée pas plus de 30% ne peut être extrait. Des résultats obtenus par le procédé de microfractionnement CPC d'Antonopoulos et coll. (1964) indiquent une distribution similaire selon le poids moléculaire et/ou la densité de charge pour le chondroitine sulfate qui se laisse extraire ou non du cartilage du septum nasal et le chondroitine sulfate que l'on ne peut extraire du cartilage du septum nasal et des zones au repos et sériées de la métaphyse. Les glycosaminoglycanes des zones hypertrophiques et calcifiées que l'on ne peut extraire sont surtout de faible poids moléculaire et/ou leur densité de charge se compare au pool que l'on peut extraire. L'acide hyaluronique ne peut être extrait du septum nasal et des zones au repos, sériées et hypertrophiques avec des concentrations croissantes vers le front de calcification. Dans la zone calcifiée, un changement avec augmentation de l'acide hyaluronique que l'on peut extraire est noté. Ces résultats sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die sauren Glycosaminoglycane von ruhenden, säulenförmigen, hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte und des Nasenseptum-Knorpels vom Kalb wurden mittels eines dissoziierenden Lösungsmittels, 3 M Guanidinchlorid, nach Sajdera und Hascall (1969) extrahiert, um die Glycosaminoglycane in einen extrahierbaren und einen unextrahierbaren Anteil — dieser bleibt ans Gewebe gebunden — zu trennen. Der Epiphysenknorpel beanspruchte längere Extraktionszeiten als der Nasenseptumknorpel, um vergleichbare Mengen saurer Glycosaminoglycane abzugeben. Dies deutet auf eine stärkere Bindung der Proteoglycane im Gewebe. Die Glycosaminoglycane ließen sich leichter aus dem Bereich der Verkalkungsfront extrahieren, während aus der verkalkten Zone nicht mehr als 30% extrahiert werden konnten. Die Resultate, die mit dem Cetylpyridinchlorid-Mikrofraktionierungsverfahren von Antonopouloset al. (1964) erhalten wurden, deuteten auf eine ähnliche Verteilung entsprechend dem Molekulargewicht und/oder der Ladungsdichte für extrahierbares und unextrahierbares Chondroitinsulfat im Nasenseptumknorpel und in ruhenden und säulenförmigen Zonen der Epiphysen-Wachstumsplatte. Die unextrahierbaren Glycosaminoglycane in hypertrophischen und verkalkten Zonen zeigten vorwiegend niederes Molekulargewicht und/oder niedere Ladungsdichte im Vergleich zum extrahierbaren Anteil. Die Hyaluronsäure ließ sich aus Nasenseptum und ruhenden, säulenförmigen und hypertrophischen Zonen nicht extrahieren und zeigte höhere Konzentrationen als in der Verkalkungsfront. In der verkalkten Zone erfolgte eine Verschiebung zu meist extrahierbarer Hyaluronsäure. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The acid glycosaminoglycans of resting, columnar, hypertrophic and calcified zones of calf epiphyseal growth plate and of nasal septum cartilage were extracted with a dissociative solvent, 3M GuCl, according to Sajdera and Hascall (1969), to separate the glycosaminoglycans into an extractable pool and an unextractable pool which remains bound within the tissue. Epiphyseal cartilage required longer extraction times than did nasal septum cartilage to extract comparable amounts of acid glycosaminoglycans suggesting a stronger binding of proteoglycans within the tissue. Towards the calcification front the glycosaminoglycans were extracted more easily while in calcified zone not more than 30% could be extracted. Data obtained by the CPC microfractionation procedure of Antonopouloset al. (1964) indicated similar distribution according to molecular weight and/or charge density for extractable and unextractable chondroitin sulphate in nasal septum cartilage and in resting and columnar zones of epiphyseal growth plate. Unextractable glycosaminoglycans in hypertrophic and calcified zones were of predominantly low molecular weight and/or charge density compared to the extractable pool. Hyaluronic acid was unextractable in nasal septum and in resting, columnar and hypertrophic zones with increasing concentrations towards the calcification front. In calcified zone a shift to mainly extractable hyaluronic acid occurred. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Sodium ; Rickets ; Vitamin D3 ; Exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les échanges du sodium au niveau d'os de poulet ont été étudiés chez des animaux témoins, rachitiques et reachitiques traités par vitamine D3. L'os reachitique présente une augmentation du contenu en eau, avec des échanges en sodium osseux identiques à ceux des témoins, de mêne âge. L'administration de vitamine D3 à des poulets rachitiques est suivie par une décroissance du contenu de l'os en eau et par une augmentation des échanges du sodium osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Natriumaustausch in Kükenknochen wurde bei Kontroll-und rachitischen Tieren sowie bei rachitischen, mit Vitamin D3 behandelten Tieren untersucht. Der rachitische Knochen, der einen erhöhten Wassergehalt aufweist, hat einen ähnlichen Natriumaustausch wie der Knochen gleichaltriger Kontrolltiere. Die Behandlung von rachitischen Küken mit Vitamin D3 bewirkte eine Abnahme des Wassergehaltes im Knochen und eine Zunahme des Natriumaustausches.
    Notes: Abstract Sodium exchange in chick bone has been studied on control, rachitic and rachitic treated with vitamin D3 animals. The rachitic bone, which shows increased water content, has similar bone exchange than that of their age control group. Vitamin D3 treatment of rachitic chicks was followed by a decrease in bone water content and increase in bone sodium exchange.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Age ; Pregnancy ; Lactation ; Bone ; Mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les fémora de rats jeunes et âgés sont comparés à l'aide de tests mécaniques en estimant leur capacité de résister à des stress physiologiques de grossesse et de lactation. Dans les deux groupes, on note une tendance de résistance plus élevée de l'os à la fin de la grossesse par rapport à des animaux vierges de même âge. Cet effet est plus net chez des animaux plus âgés. D'où les os des animaux plus âgés sont presque aussi résistals, à la fini de la lactation, que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âge, bien que les os soient résistants pendant la lactation. Les os d'animaux jeunes en lactation sont moins résistants que ceux d'animaux vierges du même âga. L'augmentation de la force d'animaux, après délivrance, est en rapport avec le poids plus élevé de ces animaux par rapport à des animaux vierges: la surface transversale des os d'animaux âgés, après délivrance, et le poids qu'ils supportent, sont en rapport direct avec le poids de l'animal à sa mort.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Femora von jüngeren und älteren Ratten wurden mittels mechanischer Tests miteinander in Bezug auf ihre Fähigkeit verglichen, der physiologischen Beanspruchung von Schwangerschaft und Lactation standzuhalten. In beiden Altersgruppen zeigte sich eine Tendenz der Knochen, am Ende der Schwangerschaft stärker zu sein als diejenigen von ungedeckten Tieren desselben Alters. Diese Wirkung war ausgeprägter in den älteren Tieren. Als Folge waren die Knochen der älteren Tiere am Ende der Lactation beinahe so stark wie diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere deselben Alters, obwohl die Knochen während der Lactation schwächer wurden. Bei den jüngeren Tieren waren die Knochen am Ende der Lactation schwächer als diejenigen der ungedeckten Tiere. Möglicherweise hat die Zunahme der Knochenstärke nach der Schwangerschaft einen Zusammenhang mit dem höheren Gewicht dieser Tiere im Vergleich mit den ungedeckten Tieren; die Querschnittfläche der Knochen älterer postpartaler Tiere und die Last, die sie aushielten, hatten einen engen Zusammenhang mit dem Gewicht des Tieres bei dessen Tod.
    Notes: Abstract The femora of younger and older rats were compared, by means of mechanical tests, for their ability to withstand the physiological stresses of pregnancy and lactation. In both age groups there was a tendency for the bones at the end of pregnancy to be stronger than those of virgins of the same age. This effect was much more clearly marked in the older than in the younger animals. As a result, the bones of older animals were almost as strong, at the end of lactation, as those of virgins of the same, age, even though the bones became weaker during lactation. The bones of younger lactators were weaker than those of virgins of the same age. It is possible that the increase in strength of the postpartum animals is related to the greater weight of such animals compared with virgins; the cross-sectional area of the bones of the older postpartums, and the load they bore, had a high correlation with the weight of the animal at death.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du fluor, de la parathormone et de la calcitonine sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux a été étudié en culture de tissu en utilisant des demi-calottes crâniennes de souris âgées de cinq jours. Les concentrations de fluor dans les cendres des calottes crâniennes de 0,007% (groupe peu fluoré), 0,041% (groupe moyennement fluoré) et 0,107% (groupe hautement fluoré) ont été obtenues en variant l'ingestion maternelle et post-natale en fluor. Le fluor inhibe la perte de calcium des os cultivés dans le milieu témoin et celui contenant la parathormone et favorise l'enrichissement en laccium des os cultivés dans un milieu contenant de la calcitonine. De l'os mort des groupes fortement et moyennement fluorés s'enrichit plus en calcium à partir du milieu de culture que les os du groupe pauvre en fluor. Le fluor semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux essentiellement par diminution de la solubilité minérale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Fluorid, Parathormon und Calcitonin auf den Calciumstoffwechsel im Knochen wurde in einem Knochenkultur-System untersucht, wobei Halbcalvarien von 5 Tage alten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Fluoridgehalte in der Asche der Halbcalvarien von 0,007% (Gruppe mit niedrigem Fluoridgehalt), 0,041% (Gruppe mit mittlerem Fluoridgehalt) und 0,1075 (Gruppe mit hohem Fluoridgehalt) wurden erhalten, indem die Fluorideinnahme der Mütter oder der Neugeborenen verändert wurde. Fluorid hemmte den Calciumverlust aus Knochen, welche im Kontrollmedium oder in Parathormon-enthaltenden Medien kultiviert worden waren, und es förderte die Calciumaufnahme von Knochen, welche in Calcitoninenthaltendem Medium kultiviert worden waren. Die toten Knochen der Gruppen mit mittlerem und hohem Fluoridgehalt nehmen mehr Calcium aus dem Kulturmedium auf als die Knochen der Gruppe mit niederem Fluorid. Fluorid scheint vor allem durch eine Herabsetzung der Mineral-Löslichkeit auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Knochen zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Organ Culture ; Inhibitor ; Mithramycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mithramycine, qui est un antibiotique bloquant le métabolisme de l'ARN, lié à l'ADN, possède des propriétés hypocalcémiquesin vivo. Cette action pourrait être en rapport avec une inhibition de la résorption osseuse. La résorption osseuse de cet antibiotique a été testéein vitro en utilisant des calottes craniennes de souris nouveau-nés. Il semble que la mithramycine, non seulement inhibe la résorption osseusein vitro, mais inhibe aussi la formation osseuse et se révèle cytotoxique à toutes le concentrati ons qui inhibent la résorption osseuse. L'efficacité de l'antibiotique comme inhibiteur de résorption parait liée au degré d'activité de résorption observée lorsqu'on l'introduit dans ce système. Des observations morphologiques posent le problème des anomalies provoquées par cet agent dans le processus normal de différenciation de cellules osseuses au cours de la formation du cartilage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mithramycin, ein Antibioticum, welches den DNS-abhängigen RNS-Stoffwechsel blockiert, wirktin vivo hypocalcämisch. Es wurde vermutet, daß diese Wirkung durch eine Hemmung der Knochenresorption erzielt wurde. Wir haben dieses Antibioticum auf seine Wirkungen auf die Knochenresorptionin vitro geprüft und verwendeten zu diesem Zwecke Schädeldächer von neugeborenen Mäusen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält den Beweis, daß Mithramycin nicht nur die Knochenresorptionin vitro, sondern auch die Knochenbildung hemmt und daß es in allen Konzentrationen, welche die Resorptionshemmung bewirken, cytotoxisch ist. Die Wirksamkeit dieses Antibioticums als Resorptionshemmer scheint im Zusammenhang zu stehen mit dem Ausmaß der Knochenresorptions-Aktivität zum Zeitpunkt, da das Antibioticum in das System eingeführt wird. Morphologische Beobachtungen ließen auch die Frage aufkommen, ob Mithramycin Abnormalitäten im normalen Ablauf der Knochenzell-Verwandlungen, welche zur Bildung von Knorpel führen, verursachen könne oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Mithramycin, an antibiotic which blocks DNA-dependent RNA metabolism, has been demonstrated to be hypocalcaemicin vivo. It has been suggested that this effect is obtained by an inhibition of bone resorption. We have tested this antibiotic for its effects on bone resorptionin vitro using new-born mouse calvaria and this report presents evidence that mithramycin not only inhibits bone resorptionin vitro but also inhibits the formation of bone and is cytotoxic at all concentrations which appear to be effective at inhibiting resorption. The effectiveness of this antibiotic at inhibiting resorption appears to be related to the degree of bone resorption activity present when it is introduced to the system. Morphological observations also raised the question as to whether or not this agent may cause abnormalities in the normal processes of bone cell modulation resulting in the formation of cartilage.
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  • 14
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    Research in experimental medicine 161 (1973), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Mineralisation ; 85Sr ; Graft ; Bone ; Mouse ; Mineralisation ; 85Sr ; Transplantat ; Knochen ; Maus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch wiederholte Messung der 48 Std-Retention von85Sr zu verschiedenen Zeiten nach der Transplantation wurde die Kapazität zur Aufnahme von Erdalkali bei Tibiatransplantaten junger Mäuse unter verschiedenen immunologischen Bedingungen über einen Zeitraum von 36 Tagen nach der Transplantation verfolgt. Bei syngenen Transplantaten war die85Sr-Aufnahme bis zum 10. Tag nach der Transplantation gleich derjenigen der allogenen Transplantate. Danach stieg sie steil an bis zum 17. Tag und blieb bis zum Ende des Versuchs (36 Tage nach Transplantation) auf dem Niveau der Empfängertibia. Sowohl syngen als auch allogen transplantierte Tibiae zeigten nach der Transplantation eine etwa gleichstarke Zunahme der Aschegewichte.
    Notes: Summary In growing tibia transplants of the mouse the 48-hour uptake of85Sr was determined. With allogeneic grafts the uptake was continuously low during 32 days after transplantation. With syngeneic grafts uptake was low up to the 10th day after grafting. After 17 days, however,85Sr uptake was higher than that of allogeneic ones. Ashweights of both groups of transplants were higher at the end of the experiment than at the time of grafting.
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  • 15
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    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Functional adaptation ; Hypergravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations in cross-sectional area and shape of the femur of female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed continuously for 810 days to either 2.76 or 4.15 G by centrifugation were studied. Compared with control animals, chronically centrifuged rats showed on the average a smaller body-weight (19.3 and 29.1%), a smaller length of the femur (6.6 and 9.0%), and a smaller cross-sectional area at the midshaft position of the femur (15.1 and 19.1%). It was shown by analysis of covariance that chronic centrifugation at 2.76 and 4.15 G inhibits the longitudinal growth of the femur by the same amount as the overall growth in linear dimensions of the rat. The cross-sectional area of the femur at the midshaft position was the same at earth gravity and at hypergravity, if the comparison was made between animals of the same age and the same overall body-size. However, the shape of the femoral cross-section was altered by centrifugation; the sagittal diameter was increased whereas the frontal diameter was decreased. It was shown that the experiments conducted to date have not given clear evidence of a direct relationship between cross-sectional area of the femur and the G load imposed on animals subjected to chronic centrifugation. The alterations in cross-sectional shape of the bones in the centrifuged animals are likely due to an immobilization effect caused by centrifugation.
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  • 16
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    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Corpora amylacea ; Glycogen ; Brain ; Histochemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By histochemical as well as by chemical evidence it has been shown that CA from human brain contain a glycogen-like substance, to which phosphate-and sulphate groups are bound. In this study the CA have been studiedin situ and after isolation. The CA were obtained from formaldehyde fixed tissue, which by histological reactions was shown to be rich in these bodies. First the tissue was defatted with chloroform-methanol. Then the defatted tissue was repeatedly digested with papain and the CA were isolated after each proteolytic treatment by centrifugation in 2 M sucrose. The purified CA contained up to 80% of a glycogen-like substance, 1.1% phosphate and 0.72% sulphate. The histochemical reactions such as PAS, PAS-dimedone, Best's carmine, toluidin blue and uranyl nitrate, as well as the effect of treatment with α-amylase, DNase and hyaluronidase on these colour reactions are in agreement with the results of the chemical analysis. All reactions on lipids, nucleic acids and sialic acid were negative. Protein, which by chemical analysis was found to amount to about 5%, was hardly detectable by histological reactions.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 16-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Culture ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Sephadex ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cultures de monocouches cellulaires d'épiphyses fémorales distales d'embryons de veaux sont étudiées immédiatement après la première sub-culture, réalisée après culture primaire. L'examen au microscope optique classique montre des dépôts disséminés de matériel métachromatique: en microscopie électronique, de fines fibrilles, considérées comme des fibres de collagène, en voie de développement, ont été observées. La nature des sécrétions cellulaires a été étudiée à l'aide de précurseurs radioactifs, fractionnés sur Sephadex G200, ainsi qu'à l'aide de chromatographie par échange d'ions. La digestion enzymatique par hyaluronidase et chondroitinase AC et ABC, bactérienne et testiculaire, démontre que les cellules synthétisent 70% de glycosaminoglycanes sulfatés et 30% de glycosaminoglycanes non sulfatés. Parmi les glycosaminoglycanes, 70% sont constitués par du chondroitine-4-sulfate, 20% par du chondroitine-6-sulfate et le reste probablement par du keratane-sulfate. Les études avec des acides aminés marqués indiquent que les cellules synthétisent une protéine de poids moléculaire élevé, contenant de l'hydroxyleproline, ainsi qu'une protéine non-collagénique, mise en évidence par incorporation de tryptophane.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einschichtige Zellkulturen von der distalen Femurepiphyse von Kalbsembryonen wurden nach der ersten Subkultur untersucht, welche nach der Verschmelzung der primären Kulturen angesetzt wurde. Die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte verstreute Ablagerungen von metachromatisch gefärbtem Material; bei der Elektronenmikroskopie wurden feine Fibrillen festgestellt, welche als Collagenvorstufe angesehen wurden. Nach einer Kultur von mehreren Tagen zeigte sich eine lacunäre Anordnung der Zellen. Die Beschaffenheit der Zellsekretionen wurde mittels radioaktiv markierten Verbindungen untersucht, welche auf Sephadex G200 und durch Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie fraktioniert wurden. Die enzymatische Verdauung mit bakterieller und testikulärer Hyaluronidase und Chondroitinase-AC und-ABC zeigte, daß die Zellen 70% sulfatierte und 30% nichtsulfatierte Glycosaminoglycane synthetisierten. Die sulfatierten Glycosaminoglycane enthielten 70% Chondroitin-4-Sulfat, 20% Chondroitin-6-Sulfat, und der Rest war wahrscheinlich Keratansulfat. Untersuchungen mit markierten Aminosäuren-Vorläufern deuteten darauf hin, daß die Zellen ein Hydroxyprolinhaltiges, hochmolekuläres Protein synthetisierten und dazu etwas Eiweiß, bei dem es sich auf Grund des Tryptophaneinbaues nicht um Collagen handeln kann.
    Notes: Abstract Monolayer cell cultures from the distal femoral epiphyses of embryo calves were studied following the first subculture, which was carried out after confluence in primary culture. Light microscopic examination revealed scattered deposits of metachromatic-staining material; on electron microscopy fine fibrils considered to be developmental collagen were seen. After several days in culture lacuna-like patterns of cells were seen. The nature of the cell secretions were studied by radioactive precursors, which were fractionated on Sephadex G200 and by ion exchange chromatography. Enzyme digestion with bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-AC and-ABC revealed that the cells synthesized 70% sulphated, and 30% non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans 70% was chondroitin-4-sulphate, 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate, and the remainder probably keratansulphate. Studies were labelled amino acid precursors suggested that the cells synthesized a high-molecular weight protein containing hydroxyproline, as well as some non-collagenous protein, shown by tryptophan incorporation
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagenase ; Heparin ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La quantité de collagénase d'os de souris, obtenue dans un milieu de culture d'os, cultivéin vitro, est augmentée pas l'addition d'héparine à une concentration optimale d'environ 50 unités/ml de milieu de culture. Le sulfate de dextrane et le Treburon (un ester polysaccharide-sulfurique synthétique), qui sont voisins au point de vue chimique et structural à l'héparine, sont aussi efficaces que l'héparine pour augmenter la quantité de collagénase de l'os de souris, récupérée dans le milieu de culture. L'héparine, outre son action de stimulation de synthèse et/ou de libération de callogénase d'os de souris, augmente aussi l'activeté spicifique des préparations globales et purifiées de l'enzyme, dont l'activité est testée sur du collagène à l'état solide comme substrat. Aucune augmentation d'activité enzymatique n'est notée lorsque du collagène en solution est utilisé comme substrat. Le sulfate de dextrane est aussi effectif que l'héparine pour obtenir une augmentation de l'activité enzymatique, en utilisant le collagène solide comme substrat. Ni l'héparine ou le sulfate de dextrane augmente l'activité de la collagénase deClostridium histolyticum. Pour la première fois, une collagénase tissulaire purifiée dégrade et solubilise du collagène tissulaire non dénaturé et insoluble à 37° C. De plus, étant donné que cette action est nettement augmentée par l'addition d'héparine, il semble que cette dernière et des substances similaires peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de la dégradation collagénique pendant le remaniement des tissus collagéniquesin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Menge von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase, die sich im Gewebezucht-Medium vonin vitro gezüchteten Knochen wiederfindet, konnte durch Zusatz von Heparinat in einer optimalen Konzentration von ungefähr 50 E/ml Medium erhöht werden. Dextransulfat und Treburon (ein synthetischer Polysaccharid-Sulfatester), welche strukturmäßig und chemisch dem Heparin nahestehen, wirkten sich auf die Erhöhung der im Gewebezucht-Medium zurückgewonnenen Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase im gleichen Maße aus wie Heparin. Nebst der stimulierenden Wirkung auf die Synthese und/oder die Freisetzung von Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase vermochte Heparin auch die spezifische Aktivität von ungereinigten und von gereinigten Enzympräparaten zu erhöhen, wenn für den Versuch Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat verwendet wurde. Mit gelöstem Kollagen als Substrat trat diese Wirkung dagegen nicht ein. Dextransulfat zeigte die gleiche Wirksamkeit wie Heparin, indem es die Enzymaktivität zu erhöhen vermochte, wenn Kollagen in fester Form als Substrat vorlag. Weder Heparin noch Dextransulfat erhöhten die Aktivität der Kollagenase ausClostridium histolyticum. Erstmals konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine gereinigte Gewebe-Kollagenase in der Lage ist, nicht-denaturiertes, unlösliches Gewebekollagen bei 37° sowohl abzubauen als auch aufzulösen. Da diese Wirkung durch Zusatz von Heparin noch deutlich erhöht werden konnte, läßt sich überdies vermuten, daß Heparin und heparinähnlichen Substanzen bei der Regulierung des Kollagen-Abbaues während der Umgestaltung von Kollagengewebein vivo eine wichtige Rolle zufällt.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium of bone culturedin vitro was increased by the addition of heparin at an optimal concentration of approximately 50 units/ml of tissue culture medium. Dextran sulfate and Treburon (a synthetic polysaccharide-sulfuric ester) which are structurally and chemically related to heparin were as effective as heparin in increasing the amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium. In addition to stimulating the synthesis and/or release of mouse bone collagenase, heparin was also found to increase the specific activity of both crude and purified preparations of the enzyme when assayed using collagen in the solid state as the substrate, but showed no enhancement of enzyme activity when assayed using collagen in solution as the substrate. Dextran sulfate was as effective as heparin in increasing the activity of the enzyme using collagen in the solid state as a substrate. Neither heparin or dextran sulfate enhanced the activity ofClostridium histolyticum collagenase. For the first time, a purified tissue collagenase has been shown to both degrade and solubilize undenatured, insoluble tissue collagen at 37°. Moreover, since this action was markedly enhanced by the addition of heparin, it suggests that heparin and similar substances may play an important role in the regulation of collagen degradation during the remodeling of collagenous tissuesin vivo.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux métabolites de la vitamine D3, le 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) et 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), stimulent la résorption osseuse dans deux systèmestests alors que la vitamine D3 est inactive. Ces substances sont testées a) en comparant directement leur action dans les explants osseux de calottes craniennes de sourisin vitro et b) en les injectant dans de jeunes souris et en mesurant le degré de résorptionin vitro, lorsque les explants sont réalisés 18 heures après l'injection. Dans les deux tests, le métabolite 1,25 est environ 100 fois plus puissant que 25-OHD3. La courbe dose-résponse de 1,25-(OH)2D3 indique que des doses au-dessus d'environ 0.2 ng/g de poids corporel sont capables d'induire une augmentation de la résorption osseuse chez de jeunes souris normales. Ces résultats montrent que 1,25-(OH)2D3 est une des substances connues les plus actives qui agit sur le métabolisme osseux. Le rôle possible de 1,25-(OH)2D3 sur la mobilisation normale du calcium osseux est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Anwendung zweier verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die beiden Vitamin D3-Metaboliten 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) und 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) als starke Stimulatoren der Knochenresorption wirken, während sich Vitamin D3 selbst inaktiv verhält. Diese Substanzen wurden folgendermaßen geprüft: a) durch direkten Vergleich ihrer Wirkung auf Knochenexplantate (Hälften von Mäusecalvarien)in vitro und b) indem die Metaboliten jungen Mäusen injiziert wurden und der Resorptionsgrad an Explantaten 18 Std nach Injektionin vitro gemessen wurde. Bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen war der 1,25-Metabolit etwa 100mal wirksamer als der 25-OHD3-Metabolit. Aus der Dosiswirkungskurve für 1,25-(OH)2D3 geht hervor, daß es möglich ist, mit Dosen über ca. 0,2 ng/g Körpergewicht bei normalen jungen Mäusen bereits eine erhöhte Knochenresorption auszulösen. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß 1,25-(OH)2D3 eine der wirksamsten bisher bekannten Substanzen ist, die auf den Knochenmetabolismus einwirken können. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle, die das 1,25-(OH)2D3 bei der normalen Freisetzung von Calcium aus dem Knochen spielt, besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Two metabolites of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) are potent stimulators of bone resorption in two test systems whereas vitamin D3 itself is inactive. These substances were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were made 18 hours atter the injection. In both tests the 1,25-metabolite was about 100 times more potent than 25-OHD3. The dose-response curve for 1,25-(OH)2D3 indicates that doses above about 0.2 ng/g body weight are capable of inducing an increase in bone resorption in normal young mice. These data show that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is one of the most potent substances known that affects bone metabolism. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal mobilization of calcium from bone.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bending ; Measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La courbure des tibias de chiens et de lapins a été étudiéein vivo. Une nouvelle méthode physique (avec une marge d'erreur inférieure à 1%) donne des valeurs de stabilité osseuse aisément reproductibles. Les résultats de rigidité de courbure, mesuréein vivo etin vitro, sont trés voisins lorsque les extrémités sont minces. Lorsqu'elles sont épaisses, des tissus mous sont présents dans la région à tester et différentes valeers de charges suivent la même courbure. Une formule pour compenser l'effet des tissus mous (peau, muscles et tendons) est proposée. La rigidité vraie de courbure est déterminée à l'aide des valeursin vivo sans devoir mesurer par la suite l'os mis à nu. La comparaison des mesures montrent que les valeurs obtenues à l'aide de la formule traduisent la rigidité vraie de courbure avec une marge d'erreurs de 0,3 à 10,5%. Une charge de 4700±719 g donne une rigidité vraie de courbure de 0,1 mm, d'une surface osseuse de 1,0 cm2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Beugung von Hunde- und Kaninchen-Tibias wurdein vivo untersucht. Eine neue einfache physikalische Methode (Fehlergrenze weniger als 1%), welche reproduzierbare Werte der Knochenstabilität vermittelt, wurde dabei angewandt. Die Resultate der Beugungs-Steifheit, welchein vivo undin vitro gemessen wurde, zeigten nur dann fast identische Werte, wenn die Extremitäten dünn waren. Sobald dicke, weiche Stellen im gemessenen Bereich vorhanden waren, erfolgten bei der gleichen Beugung unterschiedliche Belastungswerte. Es wird eine Formel vorgeschlagen, die den Einfluß der weichen Stellen (Haut, Muskeln und Sehnen) korrigieren soll. Die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit wurde mit Hilfe derin vivo-Werte bestimmt, ohne daß nachher der freigelegte Knochen gemessen werden mußte. Vergleichende Messungen zeigten, daß die mit dieser Formel gefundenen Werte die richtige Beugungs-Steifheit mit einer Fehlergrenze zwischen 0,3 und 10,5% wiedergaben. Eine Belastung von 4700±710 g ergab die korrekte Beugungs-Steifheit von 0,1 mm in einem Knochenbereich von 1,0 cm2.
    Notes: Abstract The bending of the tibiae of dogs and rabbitsin vivo was studied. A new physical method (margin of errors less than 1%) which gives readily reproducible values of bone stability is reported. The results of bending stiffness, measuredin vivo andin vitro, were nearly identical only if the extremities were slim. If thick, soft parts in the measuring area were present, different loading values followed the same bending. A formula to correct the influence of the soft parts (skin, muscles and tendons) was proposed. The true bending stiffness was determined with the aid of thein vivo values without having to measure the exposed bone afterwards. Comparisons of measurements showed that the values found with the formula reflected the true bending stiffness in a range of errors between 0.3 and 10.5%. A load of 4700±710 g gave a true bending stiffness of 0.1 mm and of a bone area of 1.0 cm2.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bioelectric potentials ; Bone ; Negativity ; Cells ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des potentiels électriques sont enregistrés au niveau du tibia, au repos, d'un lapin anesthésié, et cela à l'aide d'électrodes d'argent/chlorure d'argent, reliées à des ponts salins et un voltmètre à haute impédance. Les potentiels enregistrés à partir des surfaces antérieures, médianes et latérales du tibia indiquent que le voltage de surface est constant autour de l'axe transversale de l'os, mais varie en rapport avec l'axe longitudinal. Les voltages sont indépendants des limites osseuses et points d'attaches musculaires. Ces potentiels bioélectriques varient peu après résection du nerf sciatique ou ligature de l'artère fémorale. Les potentiels décroissent nettement trente minutes après administration intra-artérielle de dinitrophénol ou iodoacétamide. Les potentiels chutent nettement dans un segment localisé du tibia, endommagé par application d'ultra-sons. La mort de l'animal provoque une chute lente de potentiel en rapport avec la perte graduelle de viabilité des cellules osseuses. Il semble que les potentiels de repos, observés à la surface de l'os non stressé, ne sont pas directement liés à la circulation sanguine ou la transmission neurale. Ces potentiels semblent plutôt liés à l'existence d'une population cellulaire osseuse active et chaque potentiel mesuré constitue la somme des forces électromotrices de toutes les cellules d'une région localisée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Am anaesthesierten Kaninchen wurden die Biopotentiale der unbelasteten Tibia gemessen. Dazu wurden Silber/Silberchlorid-Elektroden benützt, welche über Salzbrücken an ein Voltmeter mit hohem Eingangswiderstand angeschlossen waren. Die an der vorderen, seitlichen und hinteren Tibia-Oberfläche gemessenen Potentiale zeigten, daß die Oberflächenspannung an der Querachse eines Knochens konstant ist, jedoch in bezug zur Längsachse variiert. Die Spannungen waren nicht beeinflußt durch knochentopographische und Muskelansatz-Punkte. Nach Sciaticus-Durchtrennung oder Ligatur der Arterie femoralis änderten sich die bioelektrischen Potentiale nur wenig. Ein eindrücklicher Abfall der Potentiale wurde jedoch 30 min nach intraarterieller Verabreichung von Dinitrophenol oder Jodacetamied beobachtet. Ebenso stark fielen die Potentiale in einem umgrenzten Tibia-Segment ab, das durch Ultraschallbehandlung lädiert worden war. Beim Tod der Tiere wurde ein langsamer Abfall der Potentiale, entsprechend dem allmählichen Verlust an lebenden Knochenzellen, beobachtet. Auf Grund der mit dieser Studie gewonnenen Resultate kann vermutet werden, daß die im Gleichgewicht bleibenden Potentiale der unbelasteten Knochenoberfläche nicht direkt von der Durchblutung oder der nervösen Reizleitung abhängig sind. Es scheint eher, daß dafür eine intakte Knochenzell-Population vorliegen muß, wobei jedes aufgezeichnete Potential eine Summierung der elektromotorischen Kräfte aller Zellen einer bestimmten Region darstellt.
    Notes: Abstract Bioelectric potentials were recorded from the unstressed tibia in the anesthetized rabbit by means of silver/silver chloride electrodes connected to saline bridges and a high impedence voltmeter. Potentials recorded from the anterior, medial, and lateral surfaces of the tibia indicated that the surface voltage was constant around the transverse axis of a bone but varied in relation to its long axis. Voltages were independent of bony landmarks and points of muscle attachment. The bioelectric potentials changed little after sciatic nerve denervation or ligation of the femoral artery. The potentials decreased dramatically thirty minutes following the intra-arterial administration of dinitrophenol or iodoacetamide. Also, the potentials fell sharply in a localized segment of tibia injured through the application of ultrasound energy. Animal death brought about a slow decay of potential commensurate with the gradual loss of bone cell viability. The experimental evidence from this study suggests that the steady state potentials observed from the surface of unstressed bone are not directly dependent on blood flow or nerve transmission. Rather, such potentials are dependent on a functioning bone cell population, and each recorded potential represents a summation of the electromotive forces from all cells in a localized area.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Hydroxide ; Carbonate ; Infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de spectres infra-rouges montre que le minéral osseux de jeune rat et les apatites synthétiques, formés à des pH, force ionique et température physiologiques sont très déficients en ion OH; ces apatites biologiques et synthétiques présentent d'importants défauts internes de maille. En outre, une proportion significative des ions CO3 2- de mineral osseux de rat est structurée de façon lâche dans un environnement amorphe ou superficiel. Les ions carbonate dans l'os chauffé sous vide ou dans les apatites synthétiques formés à pH physiologique paraissent être situés dans des environnements locaux multiples. Le CO3 2- contenu dans ces structures peut se substituer dans des positions PO4 3- et (à un degré moindre) OH−, bien que des variations importantes de ou dans ces positions sont dues à des défauts de maille. Les carbonato-apatites, formés par transformation thermique (600o) de phosphates calciques amorphes et contenant 4–9% de CO3 2-, présentent surtout du CO3 2- dans des environnements OH−. Une recristallisation thermique des apatites biologiques et synthétiques, dans une atmosphère d'air, augmente le contenu en OH− et redispose les positions CO3 2-. Cependant, de telles formations bien cristallisées sont différentes des précurseurs apatitiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektroskopie ergab, daß sowohl natives Rattenknochenmineral als auch synthetische Apatite, welche bei physiologischem pH, Ionenstärke und Temperatur gebildet wurden, an Hydroxydionen stark defizient sind. Es ist ebenfalls ersichtlich, daß diese biologischen und synthetischen Apatitkristalle beträchtliche innere Verzerrungen aufweisen (Gitterdefekte). Weiterhin zeigt ein bedeutender Anteil der CO3 2--Ionen im Rattenknochenmineral eine lockere Struktur in amorpher Umgebung oder an der Oberfläche. In Vakuumerhitzem Knochen oder in synthetischen Apatit (mit physiologischem pH), welches in der Lösung gebildet wurde, scheinen sich die Carbonationen in verschiedenen Umgebungen zu finden. CO3 2- im Inneren dieser Stoffe kann in PO4 3--und (in viel kleineren Mengen) OH−-Positionen ausgetauscht werden, obwohl eine beträchtliche Abweichung von und innerhalb dieser Stellen wahrscheinlich auf Gitterdefekte zurückzuführen ist. Carbonat-Apatite, welche durch die thermische Umwandlung (600°C) von 4–9% CO3 2- enthaltendem amorphem Calciumphosphat gebildet wurden, zeigen in erster Linie in OH−-Umgebung CO3 2-. Die thermische Umkristallisierung von biologischen und synthetischen Apatiten in einer Luftatmosphäre erhöht den OH−-Gehalt und verteilt die CO3 2--Lokalisationen neu. Solche sehr schön kristallisierten Produkte spiegeln jedoch durchaus nicht ihre nativen Apatitvorbilder wider.
    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectral data indicate that both native rat bone mineral and synthetic apatites formed at physiological pH, ionic strength and temperature are extensively deficient in hydroxide ion content; the data also indicate that these biological and synthetic apatites contain considerable internal distortions (lattice defects). In addition, a significant portion of the CO3 2- ions in rat bone mineral is loosely-structured in either an amorphous or surface environment. Carbonate ions in vacuum-heated bone or solution-ripened synthetic (physiological pH) apatites appear to be in multiple local environments. Internal CO3 2- in these materials may be substituted in PO4 3- and (in much lesser amounts) OH− positions, although considerable deviation from or within these sites is probable due to lattice defects. Carbonateapatites produced by thermal conversion (600o) of amorphous calcium phosphates containing 4–9% CO3 2- exhibit CO3 2- mainly in OH− environments. Thermal recrystallization of biological and synthetic apatites in an air atmosphere increases OH− content and reorganizes CO3 2- locales. However, such extremely well-crystallized products are not at all representative of their native apatitic precursors.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 311-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Immunochemistry ; Serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du sérum non chauffé normal de lapin et de rat stimule la résorption osseuse en culture de tissu. Cet effet est augmenté, lorsque le sérum est incubé avec un précipité antigène-anticorps. Du sérum chauffé avant traitement par le précipité antigène-anticorps n'a pas d'effet sur la résorption osseuse. La stimulation de la résorption osseuse par le sérum est associée à une apparition d'ostéoclastes. Ces résultats semblent indiquer l'existence d'un facteur sensible à la chaleur dans certains sérums, qui stimule la résorption osseuse. Il n'a pas pu être établi si ce facteur est un constituent du complément.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unerhitztes, normales Serum von Kaninchen und Ratten regt die Knochenresorption in der Gewebekultur an. Diese Wirkung wird erhöht, wenn das Serum mit einem Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag inkubiert wurde. Serum, welches vor der Behandlung mit Antigen-Antikörper-Niederschlag erhitzt wurde, hatte keine Wirkung auf die Knochenresorption. Die Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Serum ging mit Osteoclastenbildung einher. Unsere Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Annahme überein, daß ein hitzelabiler Faktor in einigen Seren vorkommt, welcher die Knochenresorption anregt. Unsere Untersuchungen geben keinen Aufschluß darüber, ob dieser Faktor ein Bestandteil des Komplementes ist oder nicht.
    Notes: Abstract Unheated-normal rabbit and rat sera stimulate bone resorption in tissue culture. The magnitude of this effect is enhanced when the sera were incubated with an antigen-antibody precipitate. Sera heated prior to treatment with antigen-antibody precipitate had no effect on bone resorption. The stimulation of bone resorption by sera was associated with osteoclast formation. Our results are consistent with a heat labile factor in some sera which stimulates bone resorption. Whether this factor is a component of complement or not is not answered by our studies.
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  • 25
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Morphogenesis ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 73-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Properties ; Deproteination ; Hydrazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode, utilisant 95% d'hydrazine, permet de déprotéiniser et de déshydrater légèrement l'os dans des conditions presqu'anhydres, avec une élévation de température modérée. Cette méthode ne provoque que des modifications chimiques mineures, sans altération des propriétés structurales de la phase minérale. Les résultats physico-chimiques démontrent que bien que les cristaux d'os de rat sont viosins de cristaux synthétiques témoins constitués dans des milieux, riches en carbonate plutôt qu'en hydroxyde, l'apatite osseux de rat ne parait pas analogue à des modèles cristallins connus ou imaginés. Des déterminations de bande infra-rouge CO 3 2− , réalisées à partir de spectre d'os total, semblent faussées par la présence de bandes d'absorption protéique. L'absorption d'HPO 4 2− est étudiée à l'aide de spectres infra-rouges de minéral osseux de jeunes rats. Des comparaisons détaillées en diffraction par raysons X d'os déprotéinisé de rats, avant et après hydrolyse, démontrent nettement la présence de phosphate de calcium amorphe. La microscopie électronique indique que de petits cristaux d'apatite dans l'os de rat sont susceptibles de contribuer au pool minéral amorphe en diffraction en rayons X. La microscopie électronique montre des plages de minéral osseux de rat où des cristaux d'apatite en forme de plaque, présentent une maille cristalline avec axe C malgré l'élimination de leur matrice fibreuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, wobei durch Anwendung von 95% Hydrazin ohne Wasserzugabe und mit nur geringem Erhitzen dem Knochen das gesamte Protein und ein kleiner Teil des Wassers entzogen wird. Diese Methode führte nur zu geringen chemischen Veränderungen und veränderte die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Mineralphase in keiner Weise. Physikochemische Daten wurden erbracht, welche zeigen, daß — obwohl die Kristalle von Rattenknochen den synthetischen Kontrollen (in Karbonat- und nicht hydroxydreichen Medien hergestellt) eher gleichen — Apatit aus Rattenknochen nicht auf sinnvolle Weise mittels bekannten oder postulierten Kristallmodellen interpretiert werden kann. CO 3 2− -Infrarotbandenzuteilungen, welche von Spektren aus dem Gesamtknochen gemacht wurden, geben wegen der Anwesenheit von Proteinabsorptionsbändern falsche Resultate. Die Absorption von HPO 4 2− wurde in den Infrarotspektren von Knochenmineral aus jungen Ratten beobachtet. Ein Vergleich der detaillierten Röntgendiffraktion von deproteinisiertem Rattenknochen vor und nach der Hydrolyse wies deutlich auf die Anwesenheit von amorphem Calciumphosphat hin. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte kleine Apatitkristalle im Rattenknochen, welche zum Gesamtmineralpool beitragen könnten, der bei der Röntgendiffraktion amorph ist. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte auch Gebiete im Rattenknochenmineral, wo plättchenartige Apatitkristalle eine deutlichec-Achsenorientierung beibehielten, obwohl ihre fibröse Matrix entfernt worden war.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described employing 95% hydrazine which completely deproteinates and slightly dehydrates bone under nearly anhydrous conditions with only moderate heating. This method induced only minor chemical changes and no alterations in structural properties of the mineral phase. Physicochemical data are presented demonstrating that although rat bone crystals more closely resemble synthetic controls made in carbonate-rather than hydroxide-rich media, rat bone apatite cannot be interpreted in terms of known or postulated crystal models in any meaningful fashion. CO 3 2− infrared band assignments made from spectra of whole bone are shown to be in error due to the presence of protein absorption bands. Absorotion of HPO 4 2− was observed in infrared spectra of young rat bone mineral. Detailed X-ray diffraction comparisons of deproteinated rat bone before and after hydrolysis clearly demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Electron microscopy indicated that very small apatite crystals were present in rat bone which might also contribute to the overall mineral pool amorphous to X-ray diffraction. Electron microscopy also showed domains in rat bone mineral where plate-like apatite crystals maintained a netc-axis orientation despite the removal of their fibrous matrix.
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  • 27
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Molt ; Isopod ; Chemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours de la phase inhabituelle de mue d'un isopode d'eau courante,Lirceuts brachyrus, la moitié postérieure de l'exosquelette est éliminée 24 heures avant la moitié antérieure. A ce stade, une reminéralisation se développe dans la partie postérieure alors que la partie antérieure est dans un stade de pré-mue. Le pourcentage de différence en calcium dans les deux moitiés à mi-mue et mue complète est respectivement de 22% (p〈0.01) et 33% (p〈0.01), indiquant une complexation du calcium pendant la mue. La rapidité de la reminéralisation est illustrée par le fait que le contenu minéral total double dans la partie postérieure entre la mi-mue et la mue totale et dans la partie antérieure entre la fin de la mue et un jour après. Le carbonate de calcium, sous forme de calcite, a pu être identifié par diffraction électronique de coupes fines des téguments.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Während der ungewöhnlichen Häutungssequenz des Frischwasser-IsopodenLirceus brachyurus (Harger) wird die hintere Hälfte des äußeren Skeletts 24 Std vor der vorderen Hälfte abgestoßen. In der halbgehäuteten Phase erfolgt Remineralisation im hinteren Teil, während der vordere Teil in einem Vorhäutungszustand ist. Der prozentuale Unterschied des Calciums in den zwei Hälften bei Halb- und Vollhäutungszustand ist 22% (p〈0,01) bzw. 33% (p〈0,01), was andeutet, daß Calcium während der Häutung abgesondert wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Remineralisation erhellt aus der Tatsache, daß sich der Gesamtmineralgehalt im hinteren Teil zwischen Halt- und Vollhäutung, in der vorderen Hälfte jedoch zwischen Endhäutung und einem Tag nach der Häutung verdoppelt. Calciumcarbonat in kristalliner Calcitform wurde mittels Elektronendiffraktion von dünnen Hautschnitten nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract During the unusual molt sequence of the fresh-water isopod,Lirceus brachyrus (Harger), the posterior half of the exoskeleton is shed 24 hours before the anterior half. At the half-molt stage, occurs in the posterior part while the anterior portion is in a pre-molt condition. The percentage difference in calcium in the two halves at half-molt and full-molt is22 (p〈0.01) and33 (p〈0.01) respectively, an indication that calcium is sequestered during The rapidity of remineralization is illustrated by the fact that the total mineral content doubles in the posterior part between half and full molt and in the anterior half between the end of molt and one day after ecdysis. Calcium carbonate in the calcite cystalline form was demonstrated by electron diffraction of thin sections of the integument.
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  • 28
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 197-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Metabolism ; Bone ; Thyroidectomy ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lapins blancs néo-zélandais adultes sont répartis selon les groupes suivants: 1) témoin, sans traitement; 2) administration intramusculaire de 5 mg/kg de poids d'acétate de cortisone (CA); 3) thyroidectomie totale avec administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 25 μg de thyroxine; 4) thyroidectomie totale avec traitement à l'acétate de cortisone et de thyroxine, selon 2 et 3. Après 21, 28 et 35 jours de traitement, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux sont étudiés histologiquement, radiographiquement et par détermination du poids par unité devolume. Le calcium total, l'hydroxyproline et la rapport hexosamine-collagène sont déterminés dans les côtes, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux. La calcémie et la phosphorémie ont également été déterminées. Les animaux traités à la cortisone, non opérés ou thyroidectomisés, présentent une diminution de la masse osseuse: la diminution de tous les paramètres étudiés est surtout nette dans le groupe 4. Ces animaux étant surtout déficients en calcitonine, on peut penser que la décroissance de la masse osseuse est en rapport avec une telle déficience. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la calcitonine endogène contribue au maintien de la masse osseuse au cours des stades précoces d'hyperactivité surrénalienne, vraisemblablement induite par une hyperactivité de compensation de la parathyroide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Erwachsene männliche weiße neuseeland-Kaninchen wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: 1) Kontrolle, keine Behandlung; 2) Cortison-Acetat (CA) 5 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag intramuskulär; 3) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit täglicher Ersatzgabe von 25 μg Thyroxin, i.m. wie bei Gruppe 2; 4) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit Thyroxingabe wie in Gruppe 3 und Ca-Gabe wie in Gruppe 2. Nach 21, 28 und 35 Behandlungstagen wurden die Femora und Wirbel histologisch, röntgenographisch und durch die Bestimmung des Gewichtes pro Volumeneinheit untersucht. Rippen, Femora und Wirbel wurden auf Gesamtcalcium, Hydroxyprolin und Hexosamin-Collagen-Verhältnis analysiert. Es wurden auch Serienbestimmungen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphor im Serum gemacht. Cortisonbehandelte Tiere, mit oder ohne Thyreoidea, zeigten alle eine verminderte Knochenmasse, aber die Verminderung war in allen Parametern signifikanter in Gruppe 4. Da diese Tiere bekanntlich genügend Thyroxin aber einen Calcitoninmangel hatten, kann die verminderte Knochenmasse in der Gruppe 4 wahrscheinlich mit einer Calcitonin-Insuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß endogenes CT zur Erhaltung der Knochenmasse in den Frühstadien der Nebennierenrinden-Hyperfunktion beiträgt, vermutlich indem es der Hyperaktivität der Parathyreoidea entgegenwirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following groups: 1) control, no treatment; 2) cortisone acetate (CA) 5 mg/kg body weight/day intramuscularly; 3) total thyroidectomy with daily replacement of 25 μg thyroxine given intramuscularly as in Group 2; 4) total thyroidectomy with thyroxine replacement as above and CA treatment as in Group 2. After 21, 28, and 35 days of treatment, the femora and vertebral bodies were examined histologically, roentgenographically, and by determination of mass per unit volume. Ribs, femora and vertebral bodies were analyzed for total calcium, hydroxyproline, and hexosaminecollagen ratio. Serial determinations of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were also made. Cortisone-treated animals, intact or thyroidectomized, had decreased bone mass, but by all parameters the decrease was more significant in Group 4. Since these animals were known to be euthyroid but calcitonin-deficient, the decreased bone mass observed in Group 4 may be correlated with CT insufficiency. These observations suggest that endogenous CT contributes to the maintenance of bone mass in the early stages of hyperadrenocorticism, possibly by offsetting hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Thyrocalcitonin ; Vitamin D ; Bone ; Calcium Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration deSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) provoque une augmentation transitoire du phosphate sérique et une diminution précoce du calcium sérique chez des rats témoins et thyro-parathyroidectomisés (TPTX). Les doses quotidiennes de SM provoquent une plus grande augmentation du calcium sérique chez les TPTX que chez les rats témoins et augmentent aussi de façon significative la calcium sérique chez des rats déficients en vitamine D. SM semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium et du phosphate sans passer par l'intermédiaire de parathormone, de la calcitonine ou de la vitamine D.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Verabreichung vonSolanum Malacoxylon (SM) bewirkte eine vorübergehende Erhöhung des Serumphosphates und eine frühe Abnahme des Serumcalciums in Kontroll- und thyroparathyreoidektomierten (TPTX) Ratten. Tägliche Gaben von SM führten zu einem größeren Anstieg von Serumcalcium in TPTX- als in Kontrollratten und bewirkten auch in Vitamin-D-Mangelratten eine signifikante Erhöhung des Serumcalciums. SM scheint unabhängig von Parathormon, Calcitonin oder Vitamin D auf den Calcium- und Phosphat-Stoffwechsel zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The administration ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) produced a transient rise of serum phosphate and an early decrease of serum calcium in control and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. Daily doses of SM caused a greater increase of serum calcium in TPTX than in control rats and also raised serum calcium significantly in vitamin D deficient rats. SM appears to act on calcium and phosphate metabolism without mediation of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin or vitamin D.
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  • 30
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydrogen Bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est préparé en mélangeant du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP), contenant du Cl comme oligo-élément, dans de l'eau distillée tamponnée à pH 7,4 par du Tris-HCl à 25, 37, 60, 80 et 100°. Un tel Ha contient moins de 1% (25°) à11% (100°) de Cl initialement contenu dans le précurseur ACP. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme principal de conservion consiste en une série de processus contrôlés par des vitesses de solubilité, permettant aux ions de s'échapper des ACP en voie de disolution avant le début de la nucléation de l'HA.In situ, le réarrangement de l'ACP n'explique pas la fuite ionique et ne semble pas responsable de la conversion. Le spectre infra-rouge de surface hautement spécifique d'HA, préparé à 25° et 37°, ne montre pas d'élongation OH ou des bandes OH équilibrées, alors que la surface spécifique inférieure de l'HA (60°, 80°, 100°) présente des bandes nettes de ces modes vibrationnels. Cet effet est atrribué à une liaison hydrogène de groupement OH structural à la surface de cristaux d'HA, présentant une monocouche d'eau fortement adsorbée à la surface de l'HA. Comme dans les autres systèmes, la formation de liaison hydrogene élimine probablement les bandes d'absorption OH, de telle sorte que seuls les groupements OH, situés à l'intérieur des cristaux, donnent des bandes OH nettes, non perturbées. Au fur et à mesure que la surface spécifique de l'HA diminue, l'effet d'élimination s'atténue par suite d'une décroissance concomittante du pourcentage de groupements OH superficiels. Ainsi peut s'expliquer l'absence de modes vibrationnels OH dans le spectre infra-rouge du minéral osseux, étant donné que l'apatite osseux a une surface spécifique identique à celle de l'HA synthétisé à 25° et 37°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatit (HA) wurde hergestellt, indem amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP), welches eingeschlossenes Cl als ein Tracer-Ion enthielt, in destilliertem Wasser, mit Tris-HCl auf pH 7,4 gepuffert, bei 25, 37, 60, 80 und 100° gerührt wurde. So hergestelltes HA enthielt bei 25° weniger als 1%, bei 100° 11% der Cl-Menge, welche ursprünglich im ACP eingeschlossen war. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß der Hauptmechanismus der Umwandlung eine Reihe von durch die Lösung hervorgerufenen Veränderungen ist, welche es den Ionen ermöglichen, aus dem sich auflösenden ACP auszutreten, bevor die HA-Nukleation einsetzt. In situ ist der Ionenaustritt aus dem umgebildeten ACP nicht möglich und ist wahrscheinlich bei der Umwandlung nicht beteiligt. Die Infrarotspektren von hochspezifischem Oberflächen-HA, welches bei 25° und 37° hergestellt worden war, zeigten keine OH-Dehnungs- oder Schwankungsstreifen, während weniger spezifisches Oberflächen-HA (60°, 80°, 100°) Scharfe Streifen von diesen Vibrationsarten zeigt. Diese Wirkung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß strukturelle OH-Gruppen auf der Oberfläche der HA-Kristalle mit der dort vorhandenen stark adsorbierten Wassermonolayer eine Wassersotffbindung eingehen. Wie in anderen Systemen verwischt die Wasserstoffbindung wahrscheinlich die OH-Absorptionsstreifen, so daß nur die OH-Gruppen im Inneren der Kristalle scharfe, unveränderte OH-Streifen liefern. Je mehr die spezifische Oberfläche des HA abnimmt, desto kleiner wird die verwischende Wirkung, denn der Prozentsatz der an der Oberfläche liegenden OH-Gruppen nimmt ebenfalls ab. Dies erklärt eventuell die beobachtete Abwesenheit von OH-Vibrationsarten im Infrarotspektrum von Knochenmineral, da Knochenapatit eine spezifische Oberfläche hat, die mit derjenigen von HA verglichen werden kann, welches bei 25° und 37° synthetisiert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by stirring amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which contained occluded Cl− as a tracer ion, in distilled water buffered to pH 7.4 by tris-HCl at 25, 37, 60, 80 and 100°. HA made in this manner contained from less than 1% (25°) to 11% (100°) of the amount originally occluded in the precursor ACP. These results suggest that the principal mechanism of conversion is a series of solution- mediated rate processes that enable ions to move away from the dissolving ACP before the onset of HA nucleation.In situ ACP rearrangement does not provide for ion escape and is probably not involved in the conversion. The infrared spectra of high specific surface HA prepared at 25° and 37° showed no OH stretching or OH librational bands, while the lower specific surface HA (60°, 80°, 100°) displayed sharp bands of these vibrational modes. This effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding of structural OH groups on the surface on HA crystals with the strongly adsorbed water monolayer present on HA. As in other systems, hydrogen bond formation probably smears out the OH absorption bands so that only OH groups in the crystal interior yield sharp, unperturbed OH bands. As the HA specific surface decreases, the smearing effect becomes minimal due to a concomitant decrease in the percentage of surface-located OH groups. This may explain the observed absence of OH vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum of bone mineral, since bone apatite has a specific surface comparable to that of HA synthesized at 25° and 37°.
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  • 31
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorapatite ; Exchange ; Chemistry ; Crystallography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un échantillon minéral provenant de Burgess, Canada s'est révélé être un speciment exceptionnellement pur de fluoroapatite après analyse chimique et cristallographique. La composition globale de cet échantillon est la suivante: $$(Ca^2 )9.98(Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )0.02(PO_4^{3 - } )5.98(HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )0.02(F^ - )2$$ . L'axe cristallographique C est de 6.865 A et l'axe a de 9.374 A. Des expériences d'échanges réalisés à l'aide de45Ca,32P et18F indiquent la présence de gros cristallites de surface spécifique de l'ordre de 1 m2/g. Il apparait que l'interprétation physique des processus d'échange ne nécessite pas l'existence de compartiments séparés, avec chacun son propre facteur cinétique, les échanges semblent être simplement liés à un changement exponentiel dans l'énergie libre de la réaction. Pour la réaction suivante: $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH solide + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F solide + (OH^ - )$$ , la constante thermodynamique de 101.26 a été calculée, suggérant que le fluorapatite se forme toujours aux dépens de l'hydroxyapatite dans des conditions physiologiques. Cette transformation se continue en abaissant le pH.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Mineralprobe aus Burgess, Kanada, erwies sich nach chemischer und kristallographischer Analyse als außergewöhnlich reines Fluorapatit. Die Gesamtzusammensetzung entspricht: $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9,98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0,02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5,98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0,02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . Die kristallographische c-Achse wurde bestimmt und ergab 6,865 Å, und die a-Achse ergab 9,374 Å. Austauschwerte, welche durch Anwendung von45Ca,32P und18F erhalten wurden, deuteten auf große Kristalliten mit einer spezifischen Oberfläche von ca. 1 m2/g. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß für die physikalische Erklärung des Austauschvorganges keine separaten Kompartimente mit eigenen kinetischen Faktoren nötig sind, sondern daß der Austausch mit dem exponentiellen Wechsel in der freien Energie der Reaktion in einfacher Beziehung steht. Für die Reaktion $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{in fester Form} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{in fester Form} + (OH^ - )$$ wurde als thermodynamische Konstante 101,26 errechnet, was darauf deutet, daß unter physiologischen Bedingungen immer Fluorapatit auf Kosten von Hydroxyapatit entsteht. Diese Umwandlung wird erhöht, wenn das pH erniedrigt wird.
    Notes: Abstract A mineral specimen from Burgess, Canada, proved upon chemical and crystallographic analyses to be an exceptionally pure sample of fluorapatite. The over-all composition corresponds to $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9.98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0.02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5.98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0.02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . The crystallographic c-axis was determined to be 6.865 Å, and the a-axis 9.374 A. Exchange data obtained by employing45Ca,32P, and18F indicate the presence of large crystallites with a specific surface of the order of 1 m2/g. It is indicated that the physical interpretation of the exchange process does not require the existence of separate departments, each with its own kinetic factor, but that the exchange may be simply related to the exponential change in the free energy of the reaction. For the reaction $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{solid} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{solid} + (OH^ - )$$ the thermodynamic constant has been calculated to be 101.26, implying that fluorapatite always will form at the expense of hydroxyapatite under physiologic conditions. This transformation will be furthered by lowering the pH.
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  • 32
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Despite its being weaker base poly(2-vinylpyridine) polymerized DL-β-phenylalanine NCA at a much faster rate than pyridine and α-picoline. Poly(2-vinylpyridine) adsorbs NCA by hydrogen bonding with the cooperation of a few pyridine groups. This results in a high local concentration of NCA. The syndiotactic configuration of pyridine group seemed to be least suitable for the cooperative hydrogen bonding. Adsorbed NCA is activated to form an “activated” NCA which in turn reacts with an NCA adsorbed on the same polymer chain. Since the polymer chain is flexible, this intramolecular reaction takes place frequently, resulting in the acceleration of polymerization. The intramolecular reaction along the polymer chain is dependent on the degree of polymerization of polymer catalyst. A suitable model was proposed for the intramolecular reaction to explain the effect of degree of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5-Bromouracil-substituted DNA was isolated form B. Subtilis and phage PBSH. The three DNA fractions of Different densities (TT, TB, and BB) were irradiated with u.v. (313nm). The number of single-strand and double-strand breaks was determined. The breakage rates are given. It was found that in hybrid DNA (TB) double-strand breaks occur depending linearly on dose. In BB-DNA the observed double-Strand bresks can be divided into two fractions with a linear and quadratic dose dependence respectively. The results can be explained by assuming intramolecular energy transfer from the BU-containing strand to its complementary strand.
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  • 35
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Differential enthalpic analysis of a series of 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides indicates that homolytic cleavage of the six-membered phosphate ring occurs either immediately prior to or concurrent with decomposition of the crystal lattice. Homolysis is followed by a rapid polymerization to yield oligonucleotides. The enthalpies of these reactions have, with the exception of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate, almost identical values of 25 kcal/mole. The anomalous case is attributed to a more stabilized phosphate ring as a result of hydrogen bonding through the two position of the purine ring. The pair of overlapping exothermic peaks observed in each of the thermograms for cAMP and cIMP is related to the presence of two conformational arrangements within the unit cell of each compound.
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  • 36
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The total energy and the electronic properties of some syn purine nucleosides have been determined as a function of the rotation angle around the C-N glycosidic linkage. Invariably, the crystallographic coordinates provide a state lying at or very near the minimum on the potential energy curve according to the extended Hückel parametrization here employed. The ribose moiety always carries a net positive charge whereas the base is always negatively charged. Changes in dipole moment magnitudes for the overall structure as well as in net atomic charges are noted upon rotation around the glycosidic linkage indicating that potential functions for polynucleotides may be in error if such changes are ignored.
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  • 37
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measuring the equivalent noise resistance of Na-DNA solutions in NaCl provides in formation about the free ino atmosphere. In an Arrhenius type diagram, the helix → coil transition is clearly brought Out. A Calculation of the number of free ions in the solution as function of temperature, reveals once more the process of ejection of compensating Na+ ions form the macromolecules during the thermal transconformation.
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  • 38
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 423-433 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical properties in different solvents of gramicidin-bis (salicylaldimine) Cu(II) and (5-I-salicyladimine) Cu(II) chelates are intercepted in terms of their molecular structure. A molecular model for the inversion of Contton effects in two different classes of solvents is proposed. This explanation is supported by the study of optical properties of model compounds.
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  • 39
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses are described for two N-benzyloxycarbonylpeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazides which correspond to positions 24-34 and 35-44, respectively, of the primary structure of baker's yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. The two peptide derivatives were coupled via the azide procedure to form the N-benzyloxycarbonylheneicosapeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide (sequence 24-44).
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  • 41
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 647-654 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The primary amine initiated homopolymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA in dioxane at 25°C, 35°C, 50°C, and 65°C has been investigated. The reactions were virtually independent of temperature indicating an activation energy of less than 1 kcal/mole. The entropy of activation was estimated to be -65 entropy units at 300°K. The reaction proceeded in two stages. The first stage was zero-order with respect to monomer, whereas the second was first-order with respect to monomer. Both stages were first-order with respect to initiator. These results were interpreted by assuming that the rate constant for propagation was not independent of the degree of polymerization up to the point where a conformational transition to α-helix occurred.
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  • 42
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis is described of the N-benzyloxycarbonyldecapeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide, which corresponds to the sequence 57-66 of baker's yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. The peptide derivative was synthesized coupling two smaller subunits via the Rudinger modified azide procedure.
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  • 43
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 791-798 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of interaction between proflavine and poly I.poly C at 25°C, neutral pH, and moderate ionic strength have been studied by relaxation methods. The qualitative features of this system resemble those previously reported by Crothers and co-workers for proflavine-DNA and proflavine-poly A·poly U interactions-two relaxations are observed coresponding to a fast bimolecular step followed by a slower isomerization. These results can best be accommodated by a two-step mechanism leading from the free dye through an “outside-bound” complex to the intercalated complex. Quantitative comparison of the various rate constants for proflavine binding to different double-helical polynucleotides shows that the rates are slower for both ribohomopolymer pairs than for DNA. The rates for poly I·poly C are approximately three times faster than these for poly A·poly U.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infrared and Raman spectra of aqueous poly(rA-rU)·poly(rA-rU), the double-helical complex containing strands of alternating riboadenylate and ribouridylate residues, display significant differences from one another and from corresponding spectra of poly(rA)·poly(rU), the double-helical complex of riboadenylate and ribouridylate homopolymers. Parallel studies on the copolymer and homopolymer complexes by cesium sulfate density gradient centrifugation, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, hydrogenion titration, 1-N oxidation of adenine residues by monoperphthalic acid and X-ray diffraction reveal, however, that the geometry of base pairing between adenine and uracil is closely similar in each complex and apparently of the Watson-Crick type. Therefore the differences observed between vibrational spectra of poly (rA-rU)·poly (rA-rU) and poly(rA)·poly(rU) are not due to different base-pairing schemes but may be attributed to differences in vibrational coupling between vertically stacked bases. Vibrational coupling may also account for the differences between infrared and Raman spectra of the same complex. Thus, the present results indicate that infrared and Raman frequencies of RNA in the region 1750-1550 cm-1 should be dependent on the base sequence.
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  • 45
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 857-867 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple model is introduced to investigate the stability of a sedimenting entanglement. The sedimenting entanglement is represented by a sedimenting sieve. Solvent can pass through it, but single-chain molecules that flow into it become entangled and their flow decreases or, if permanent entanglements form, ceases entirely. With this model we are able to find the conditions under which the mass of a sedimenting entanglement remains constant, grows or decays to a stable value, grows beyond limit, or decays to the mass of a single chain. The theory is applied to the sedimentation of small concentrations of large chain molecules in solutions of small chain molecules in solutions of small chain molecules for the case in which the entanglements are long-lived. Equations are derived which, (1) give the stable entanglement mass as a function of rotor speed and concentration and, (2) for a given concentration predict the rotor speed at which the entanglement mass grows without limit. Numerical results for small concentrations of T2 DNA sedimenting in solutions of T7 DNA are presented.
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  • 46
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 931-936 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 48
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 993-1010 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solution bebavior of poly-L-proline Form II has been studied in water and aqueous salt solutions by both elastic and quasi-elastic light -scattering techniques. The results of this study suggest that polyproline Form II can exist in water at 24 °C as an associated polymer complex and that certain salts which do not appear to affect the helix integrity, e.g., guanidinium-HCl, resutl in dissociation of the aggregate. Other neutral salts, of the variety effective in mediating unfolding of the Form II helix (e.g., 4M NaClO4) also induce aggregate dissociation, but 4M CaCl2 results in enhanced aggregation of polyproline. Kinetic experiments indicate that a time of 20 hours is necessary for the completion of the “large” to “small” transformation (at 22°C) which is induced by the addition of 4M NaClO4. Thus it appears that neutral salts additives in aqueous solutions of polyproline influence both the state of aggregation and the conformation of this polymer.
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  • 49
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1047-1052 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric relaxation of namtive DNA and DNA-proflavine complexes at different DNA phosphate (P) to dye (D) ratios, were investigated in the frequency range 100 c/sec to 100 Kc/sec. The proflavine molecules were found to have a profound effect on the static dielectric constant and the relaxation time of the polymers. The static dielectric constant was oberserved to decrese with increasing level of added proflavine. At P/D = 1, the variation of dielectric constant with frequency was small. Relaxation time (τ) was greater for the DNA-proflavine complexes compared to that for free DNA, Maximum value of the relaxation time was obtained at P/D = 10. The increase in the relaxation time and decrease in the static dielectric constant were attributed to the increase in length and meutralization of surface charges of the DNA molecules, respectively, as aresult of proflavine binding.
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  • 50
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fluorescence depolarization experiments performed on labaled poly-L-proline Forme II suggest the occurrence of aggrgation in water while 6M guanidinium-HCl induces dissociation. The solvent 4M CaCl2 results in a reduction of polymer structural orgganization. These findings corroborate suggestion of polyproline aggregation and solution behavior in aqueous neutral salt solytion (see preceding article).
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  • 51
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1053-1062 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detailed study on the deuterium NMR of hydrated collagen in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth salt is reported. The effect of different salts in reducing the deuteron quadrupole splitting are similer at low molar content of salt. At higher salt contents, larger ions are more effective. The ressults are explained by the blocking of water binding sites to collagen by hydrated ions. When the temperature is reduced, only part of the adsorbed water iss frozen, and the amount of “unfreezable water” decreases with the increase in ionic sizes(LiCl 〈 MgCl2 〈 KCL 〈 KCNS). The freezing temperature is also lowered in the presence of salts. A description of the structure of hydrated collagen based upon the observed facts is given.
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  • 52
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-γ-L-glutamic acid has been synthesized by the activated pentachlorophenyl ester polymerization method and the molecule weight of the polymer was found to be 16,000. Comparative conformational studies on the synthetic and on the native polyglutamic acid mbtained from B. anthracis and B. subtilis were carried out using optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, peptide absorption spectrum, and titration data. These results show that poly-γ-glutamic acid does not exhibit any conformational order under the conditions of investigation. At low degrees of ionization, restriction of conformational freedom via random “hypercoiling” of the chain appears likely.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence excitation and emission, and fluorescence anisotropy demonstrate that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone 3,4-benzpyrene, Pyrene, anthracene, and 9-methylanthracene bind to histone IV after the sow conformational change in the presence of divalent phosphate anion. These hydrocarbons do not bind, within our limits of detection, to histone IV in the diosorderde form at low pH or to the form produced by the fast conformational change when the slow change is prevented. High anisotropy values for the bound hydrocarbon indicate a high degree of aggregation for the histone IV.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aggregation of native acid-soluble collagen (N-ASC) and of pronase-treated acid soluble collagen (P-ASC) was examined in solution under conditions which varied from those of minimum collagen-collagen interaction to those leading to incipient fiber formation. Molecular weights and weight distributions were determined in the analytical ultracentrifuge using the Yphantis high speed sedimentation equilibrium and Aarchiblad approach-to-equilibrim techniques. The aggregation was pH and ionic strength dependent in each case. Under conditions of minimum aggregation (low pH, low ionic strength), N-ASC showed the presence of permant aggregates. At higher pH and ionic strength, a higher fraction of aggregate was formed but these were of the same charcter and molecular weight as the permanent aggregates. The aggregates were of a single molecular size, with a weight of 1.5 × 106 daltons, compared with a monomer collagen weight of 3.1 × 105 daltons. The P-ASC formed aggregates also but to a much lower extent and the maximum aggregate size corresponded to dimers in molecular weight. These data show the major importance of molecular end-regions in collagen aggregation to form native type fibers and, by virtue of the discrete size of the N-ASC aggregates, support the microfibrillar hypothesis for the assembly of collagen fibrills.
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  • 55
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1387-1419 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sedimentation coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of nicked and closed circular PM2 bacteriophage DNA have been measured as a function of pH in the alkaline region. A gradual increase in the sidimentation coefficient, and a corresponding decrease in the intrinsic viscosity, are observed for the superhelical (closed) circle in the pH region from 10.5 to about 10.9. This has been tentatively interpreted in terms of the known dependence of sedimentation coefficient upon the number of superhelical turns. At slightly higher pH values, the curve passes through the minimum (sedimentation coefficient) and maximum (intrinsic viscosity) expected when the superhelical turns present at neutral pH are unwound by partial alkaline denaturation. Sedimentation studies of the relaxed (nicked) circular species have revealed the existence of DNA forms in the pH region from 11.27 to 11.37 which sediment considerably faster than the closed circle in the same pH region. These have been identified as partially denatured nicked circles, in which varying fractions of the duplex structure have undergone alkaline denaturation, but strand separation has not yet occurred. Varying fractions of a slower species, either undenatured or completely denatured nicked circles, are also observed in some of these experiments. A corresponding result is observed in the intrinsic viscosity vs. pH curve.When nicked circular PM2 DNA is exposed to various alkaline pH's, rapidly neutralized, and sedimented at neutral pH, the expected sharp transition from native to denatured (strand-separated) molecules is seen. However, a very narrow pH range is noted in which native and denatured forms coexist in a single experiment. The above experiments carried out upon the closed form also reveal a narrow pH range in which the bulk of the transition from native closed circles to the collapsed cyclic coil takes place, in acccord with an earlier study on a different DNA. This transition is shown never to be completely effected, however, as there is a fraction (7-8%)of the closed circles which renature to the native form, regardless of the alkaline pH employed. This same phenomenon was not observed in the case of artificially closed λb2b5c DNA circles. Possible explanations for some of the above results are discussed.
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  • 56
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1505-1513 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymerizations of DL-phenylalanine NCA by block copolymers of sarcosine and DL-phenylalanine, designated by (Phe)m(Sar)n and capable of reaction at the phenylalanyl terminal, were investigated in nitrobenzene solution at 25°C. With increasing n for constant m (m = 0, 1, 2, and 5), the polymerization rate greatly increased. Previously the acceleration of the initiation reaction in the polymerization of DL-phenylalanine NCA by polysarcosine (m = 0) was reported. The present results showing the acceleration by the copolymers of sarcosine and DL-phenylalanine indicate the presence of the polymer effect in the propagation reaction as well. However, the polymer effect was most marked with polysarcosine (m = 0), and decreased with increasing m.The same polymerizations by sequential copolymers composed of ten sarcosine units and two DL-phenylalanine units were also investigated. Again with these copolymer catalysts the polymerization rate was larger than that by monomeric amines. But the polymer effect decreased sharply when the phenylalanine units take positions near the terminal amine group of the copolymer catalyst.These two deteriorating effects of the phenylalanine unit have been interpreted in terms of the decrease of the flexibility of polymer chain, caused possibly by an intramolecular hydrogen bond of the phenylalanine unit.
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  • 57
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2057-2073 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Accurate equilibrium binding data for the oxygenation of hemoglobin are used (a) to show that various models for cooperativity are inconsistent with the best available experimental data, (b) to determine the equilibrium constants for binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to hemoglobin molecules in intermediate stages of oxygenation, and (c) to deduce a mechanism for allosteric effects in hemoglobin which is consistent with the best available experimental data. The total free energy of cooperativity is defined and discussed.
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  • 58
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2151-2159 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A conductivity dispersion has been measured at very low frequencies (VLF) on several concentrated DNA solutions. By measuring simultaneously their electric birefringence decay, it is shown that the dielectric relaxation (which is related to the conductivity dispersion) is due to the molecular orientation. Different polarization mechanisms are discussed. It is concluded that the DNA polarizability measured in the VLF range can only be explained by the orientation of a permanent ionic dipole. It is suggested that such permanent dipoles could be caused by small differences in the ionic composition between the two molecular “ends;” the difference could either be stable (asymmetrical localization of protein impurities for instance) or transient (fluctuating dipoles explained by the Kirkwood-Schumaker theory).
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 60
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2199-2209 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the present work, the synthesis of the three primary oligomers of α-L-glutamic acid is described; the general formula is the following: [I] The choice of protective groups at the both ends of the chain allows for the good solubility in the water and the liberation of free carboxyl groups on the side chain. Thus, models are obtained for the study of thermodynamic properties of solutions and especially of the interactions between polyanions and cations. The prepared products are characterized by different techniques such as mass spectrometry potentiometry, tonometry, and thin-layer chromatography. The results are in agreement and lead to the conclusions that the molecules have the general formula of [I] and are stereoregular.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In continuation of our studies on the effect of the base and the phosphate groups on the glycosyl and the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation, we have carried out semi-empirical potential energy calculations on the common 5′- and 3′5′-ribopyrimidine mono- and diphosphates by considering simultaneous rotations about the glycosyl (χ) and the C(4′)-C(5′) (ψ) bonds. This calculation provides an assessment of the nature and orientation of the base on the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation of nucleotides and polynucleotides. It is found that the attractive inetractions between the 5′-phosphate group and the base mutually stabilize the antiand the gauche-gauche (gg) conformations about χ and ψ, respectively, in 5′-ribopyrimidine nucleotides. The introduction of the 3′-phosphate group as in 3′,5′-ribopyrimidine diphosphates, still leaves the anti-gg as the most favored conformation with the important difference that the probability of occurrence of the anti, gauche-trans (gt) is how substantially increased. This is dependent to a large extent on the sugar conformation and to a lesser extent on the base. Uracil and thymine show a greater probability for the anti-gt than cytosine. The syn conformation is considerably less likely and its occurrence is also dependent on the base type, cytosine showing a lesser tendency than uracil and thymine. For the syn base, the most favourec conformation for ψ is gt, since gg is sterically disallowed and tg is destabilized by electrostatic repulsive interactions between the 3′ and 5′-phosphate groups. Thus, there is a striking correlation between the glycoysl and the backbone C(4′)-C(5′) bond conformations. The rest of the bonds of the backbone are considerable less dependent on the glycosyl conformation. These studies reveal that in poly-ribopyrimidine nucletides the majority of the nucleotide residues are expected to occur in the anti-gg conformation.
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  • 62
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2335-2349 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of poly dispersity on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of samples of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamateein the helix-random coil transition is studied. In the transitionregion the α-CH proton resonance shows two peaks whose behavior does not change appreciably upon fractionation by gel permeation chromatography. Theoretical spectra were computed with both a polydispersity model of the transition and a model for slow nucleationof helix from completely random coil molecules. The results suggest that the double peak behavior in the nmr spectra results from a slow rate of helix nucleation rather than polydispersity.
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  • 63
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2691-2712 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A conformational analysis has been carried out for the cyclic peptide antibiotic alamethicin. Unlikely structures were first eliminated by constructing van der Waals' energy maps for near-neighbor contacts and using these maps to generate forty complete alamethicin structures free of steric overlaps. The energies of the forty conformations were minimized; optimizing all dihedral angles first in sets and then simultaneously, to give a family of five low-energy structures. In the conformation of lowest energy three of the seven α-amino isobutyric acid residues occur in a six-residue α-helix and three at the two chain reversals. Judged by the change in conformational energy as a function of the change in dihedral angle, the flexibility of the chain is determined by both the type of peptide unit and its position in the molecule.The model has features consistent with reported circular dichorism and surface balance measurements and has two polar centers separated by a lipophilic region. It does not contain the large central pore required by some theories for the action of alamethicin on cell membrances. It therefore probably acts by altering membrance structres rather than by shuttling ions through a pore in the membrance.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation and packing scheme for guanosine-3′, 5′-cytidine monophosphate, GpC, were computed by minimizing the classical potential energy. The lowest energy conformation of the isolated molecule had dihedral angles in the range of helical RNA's and the sugar pucker was C3′ endo. This was used as the starting conformation in a packing search over orientation space, the dihedral angles being flexible in this step also. The packing search was restricted by constraints from our x-ray data, namely, (1) the dimensions of the monoclinic unit cell and its pseudo-C2 symmetry (the real space group is P21), (2) the location of the phosphorous atom, and (3) the orientation of the bases. In addition, a geometric function was devised to impose Watson-Crick base pairing. Thus, a trial structure could be sought without explicit inclusion of intermolecular potentials. An interactive computer graphics system was used for visualizing the calculated structures.The packing searches yielded two lowest energy schemes in which the molecules had the same conformation (similar to double-helical RNA) but different orientations within the unit cell. One of these was refined by standard x-ray methods to a discrepancy index of 14.4% in the C2 pseudocell. This served as the starting structure for the subsequent refinement in the real P21 cell.5
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  • 65
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2789-2802 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A model for the hydration behavior of human stratum corneum has been developed from measurements on in vitro samples isolated in a manner which minimized tissue treatment and trauma. Water sorption/desorption rate measurements as a function of water activity, temperature, and tissue integrity are reported. These data, together with thermodynamic data (infrared and nmr results reported earlier) are consistent with a model in which rapidly sorbed/desorbed water (ca. 0.5 mg water/mg stratum corneum) is associated with (“bound” by) the tissue, while slowly sorbed/desorbed “free” water (up to 12 mg water/mg stratum corneum) is kinetically restricted and probably intracellular in location. Both equilibrium water binding and desorption kinetic data suggest structural changes of this cellular water barrier upon hydration. Evidence for hysteresis in water sorption isotherms (reported by others) could not be reproduced.
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  • 66
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2831-2852 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(ortho-, meta-, and para-γ-nitrobenzyl-L-glutamates) were studied by circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) in two helicogenic solvents, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and dichloroethane (EDC), and two non-helicogenic solvents, dichloracetic acid (DCA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The corresponding glutamates were also studied in DCA and TFA. The symmetric nitrobenzylic chromophore is optically active when the polymers are in solution in DCA and TFA. The corresponding glutamates are also optically active under the same conditions. Thus, it was not possible to explain the origin of the optical activity of the side-chain chromophore when the polymer is in solution in a helicogenic solvent. Nevertheless, from a side-chain dichroic band, a helix-coil transition curve was determined and the stability of each poly(γ-nitrobenzyl-L-glutamate) given; this stability depends on the position of the nitro substituent on the aromatic ring.
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  • 67
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 7 (1973), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 7 (1973), S. 82-89 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 7 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sedimentation constant and intrinsic viscosity were measured on purified tropocollagens extracted from earthworm-cuticle and lathyritic ratskin. A cartesian diver viscometer was used to make viscosity measurements at small shear stress and to avoid the effects of surface forces. By comparing the experimental data with the hydrodynamic theories of wormlike-coil of Ullman a value of 1300 Å has been assigned for the persistence length of these tropocollagens. Other factors which may affect the estimate are discussed.
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  • 71
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The CD spectra of DNA from various sources (T2; T4; Cd; Escherichia coli; calf thymus; Streptomyces chrysomalis) were investigated. A new band Δε210 in the CD spectra of glucosylated DNA of the T even phages was found. The temperature dependence of the CD spectra of DNA was obtained over a wide range of temperatures, including those of the helix-coil transition.The band Δε275 for all DNAs does not appreciably change in the range of the helix-coil transition. The monotonic increase of this band before melting, and its decrease after melting is observed with an increase in temperature.The amplitude of the CD band Δε245 for all the DNAs studied and Δε210 (glucosylated DNA) parallels the change of E260 absorbance.
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  • 72
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 575-587 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By analyzing the effect of urea and guanidine hydrochloride on the circular dichroism of many polypeptides and proteins, it is concluded that under conditions of high concentration of the perturbant and at low temperatures the resultant state approached is that of a local extended helix structure instead of a completely random coil. Intensification by urea and guanidine hydrochloride of the circular dichroism bands of poly-L-proline II leads to the proof that the mechanism of interaction of urea and guanidine hydrochloride with proteins is through hydrogen bonding to the backbone carbonyl group.
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  • 73
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 541-558 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interactions between chondroitin-6-sulfate (chondroitin sulfate C) and poly-L-lysine have been studied as models for investigation of possible complex formation between fibrous proteins and mucopolysaccharides. Results obtained using circular dichroism spectroscopy show that poly-L-lysine adopts the α-helical conformation in dilute aqueous salt solution at pH 7 when mixed with chondroitin-6-sulfate, rather than the “charged-coil” observed in the absence of this mucopolysaccharide. This conformation-directing interaction is at a maximum when the ratio of lysine to disaccharide residues is 1 : 1. Changes in the CD spectrum of a 1 : 1 mixture following increase in the salt concentration, or addition of non-polar solvents, indicate that the interaction is ionic in nature. No such effects are observed for non-sulfated mucopolysaccharides mixed with poly-L-lysine, suggesting that, for chondroitin-6-sulfate, it is the sulfate groups rather than the carboxyls which interact with the amine groups of the polypeptide.Elevation of the temperature leads to disruption of the interactions between the polypeptide and polysaccharide species. A sharp melting transition occurs at 47.0 ± 1.0°C, when the poly-L-lysine reverts to the “charged-coil” conformation. The sharp transition suggests that regular ionic bonds are formed between the polypeptide and polysaccharide. These results suggest that a conformation-directing interaction may occur between sulfated mucopolysaccharides and the polar regions of collagen and other fibrous proteins.
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  • 74
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 627-636 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A coupling constant-dihedral angle correlation for the H—Cα—Cβ—H system of amino acid residues in peptides has been derived from a set of model compounds covering the full range of dihedral angles. The expression obtained, J = 11.0 cos2 θ -1.4 cos θ + 1.6 sin2θ, is close to those already used in pmr studies of peptide conformation, and provides a firmer foundation for them. A factor limiting the precision of this and other “Karplus relations” is illustrated.
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  • 75
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 655-674 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ultraviolet absorption, linear dichroism, circular dichroism, and oriented circular dichroism of collagen are reported and the spectra are resolved into a self-consistent set of bands in accord with exciton theory. The parallel band at 200 nm has 40% of the π → π* intensity; the perpendicular band is placed at 189 nm yielding a splitting of 2700 cm-1. The circular dichroism is resolved into two Gaussians at λ∥ and λτ (rotational strengths +14 × 10-40 and -32 × 10-40 esu2. cm2) plus a large non-Gaussian (“helix”) band with ampplitude -25,000° at 201 nm. These data appear to be in reasonably good accord with recent calculations.Measurements of the absorption, linear dichroism and circular dichroism of polyproline I and II are also reported and are resolved into their component bands. Polyproline I is in good accord with exciton theory, whereas polyproline II remains unsatisfactory.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis is described of the N-benzyloxycarbonylundecapeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide corresponding to the sequence 82-92 of baker's yeast iso-I-cytochrome c.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis is described of the protected hexadecapeptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 93-108 of baker's yeast iso-I-cytochrome c. The cysteine residue in position 107 of the natural sequence has been substituted by a threonine residue. The rationale of this substitution as well as the synthetic route to the preparation of the hexadecapeptide derivative is discussed.
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  • 78
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 825-834 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The geometrical properties of collagen molecules place certain restrictions on possible three-dimensional packing models. With certain reasonable assumptions involving the macromolecular structure of collagen, a model for the surface topography of the monomeric unit is developed and two possible models for molecular packing, one hexagonal and the other non-hexagonal, are inferred. The non-hexagonal packing model is identical to the pentagonal unit fibril first postulated by J. W. Smith on different grounds, while the hexagonal model is one of three previously suggested by us on more general assumptions. The two models are compared to available data on collagen packing, and the bulk of the evidence would seem to favor the pentagonal model.
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  • 79
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 869-876 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zones of T2 DNA were sedimented through uniform solutions of T7 DNA to determine if the smaller DNA molecules would become entangled in the larger. No entanglement could be demonstrated even at high DNA concentrations. It is suggested that molecular entanglement is not responsible for the sudden loss of DNA from solution which occurs in high centrifugal fields. This communication also includes observations on the effects of rotor speed on the sedimentation behavior of DNA in high centrifugal fields, distortion of zone shape at high concentrations, and hydrodynamic interactions between DNA and MS2 bacteriophage particles.
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  • 80
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1161-1169 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method is proposed for determining chemical rate contants in dimerization reactions of globular proteins. Light scattering from a solution of charged macromolecules in and applied electric field gives a series of bands whose widths can be used to deduce the reaction rate contants. This method should be applicable to other types of peactions. First order reactions are also considered.
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1197-1202 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1177-1195 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements of light scatting, sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation velocity, and viscosity were carried out on fractions of native amylose in dimethylsulfoxide at 25°C. The data for statistical radius as a function of weight-average molecular weight Mw suggested a stiff nature of this biopolymer in the solvent studied when interpreted in terms of Kirste's recent calculations with a stiff chain model. The data for sedimentation coefficient were consistent with this suggestion, and when analyzed in terms of the theory Hearst and Stockmayer for wormlike chain, a value of 233 Å2 was obtainedd for a/λ, where a is the length of a monomer unit projected on the chain axis and (2λ)-1is the persistence length of the wormlike chain. The intrinsic viscosity data gave a high a value as 0.91 for the exoponent in the Houwink-Mark-Sakuarada equation, in Substantial agreement with Cowie's prenious work.We attempted to interpret these data by use of the Eizner-Ptitsyn equation for wormlike chains, with omission of the free-drainage term and introduction of the a/λ value obtained from sedimentation data. It was found that, except in the region of Mw above one million, the observed values were fitted well by the E-P theory with a = 1.4 Å and (2λ)-1 = 87 Å. The disagreement in the high-molecular-weight region was tentatively attributed to excluded volume effect. The a value obtained suggests that the molecular conformation of amylose in dimethylsulfoxide is predominantly helical, in contrast to that of the same polymer in aqueous solutions of simple electrolyte. It was also found that a similar value of a was derived from our data for the second virial coefficient and partial specific volume if the molecule was assumed to be essentially rodlike.
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  • 83
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1247-1257 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Melting curves of tRNAfMet and two fragments derived from this molecule by limited ribonuclease T1 digestion (i.e., the anticodon arm and loop [K fragment] and the larger fragment representing three-fourths of the tRNA chain from the 3′ terminus including two potential limbs of the cloverleaf structure [L fragment]) are presented. The profiles observed are consistent with the presence of base paired structures in all those molecules. At low salt concentration (0.02M Na+) the stabilities of these molecules measured by the apparent midpoints of the denaturation profiles are in the order K 〉 L 〉 tRNA. The relative stabilities approach each other at 0.2M Na+ (the tRNA profile being biphasic), while at high salt (2M) the L fragment seems to be more stable than either K or t-RNA fMet. Estimation of the enthalpy of denaturing the K structure in 0.02M Na+ gives a value of 40 ± 3 kcal/mole corresponding to an enthalpy per effective G.C. base pair disrupted of 10 ± 1 kcal/mole.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The far ultraviolet absorptions of aliphatic amino acids such as glycine, alanine, aminobutyric acid, valine, and leucine were measured with their solid thin films down to 120 nm. Four absorption bands arising from the carboxyl group were observed in the 200-140 nm region. It was found that the band positions and intensities vary systematically according to the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic side chain. This result may be interpreted as a phenomenon similar to the hyper-and hypochromisms of aliphatic homopolypeptides in far ultraviolet region.
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1377-1385 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using Wilson's GF-matrix method as modified by Higgs for infinite helical polymers, dispersion curves and the frequency distribution function have been calculated for poly-L-proline II chain. Infrared spectrum is obtained and a Urey-Bradley force field, which provides best fit with the observed frequencies, is evaluated. The result are discussed from the viewpoint of the conformational characteristics of forms I and II.
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  • 86
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 87
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1493-1503 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the d. c. conductive behavior of solid gels of DNA under high vacuum have shown that a reproducible energy gap of 2.4 eV and a photoelectric effect may be obtained following extensive evacuation procedures. Admission of air for short periods has a reversible effect on this photoelectirc effect and semiconductive behavior. After prolonged illumination in air the sample becomes permanently affected and will not reproduce the photoelectric effect or give rise to a semiconduction energy gap of 2.4 eV but give rise to a permanently lower energy gap of 1.6 eV. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the thermal denaturation of DNA in the presence of six aromatic hydrocarbons has been examined in order to determine the extent to which the presence of the hydrocarbon protects the DNA against ultraviolet damage.
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1565-1574 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method of computing the geometry of a cyclic polymer from internal coordinates is discussed, which is particularly useful if the molecule has a center of inversion symmetry. When applied to the structure of valinomycin, the calculation is reduced to solving one transcendental equation in one variable.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The double-helical complex formed from m6m9A and poly U has been characterized by circular dichroism and u.v. spectrophotometry. The circular dichroism of the complex is similar to that of the double-helical poly A poly U complex both in shape and in magnitude and thus indicates a quite similar structure. The double Helix-coil transition has been studied at various nucleotide concentrations and at three different ionic strengths. As expected for the binding of a base to a polymer, the Helix-coil transition is shifted to higher temperatures by increasing nucleotide concentrations, but is not affected by changes of the ionic strength. The melting curves are analyzed according to a linear Ising model taking the stacking of the monomers into account. At 0°C the equilibrium constant for nucleation is found to be 2-5 M-1 and that for chain growth is 500 M-1. The enthalpy change associated with chain growth is -11.2 ± 1 kcal M-1.
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  • 90
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1479-1491 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A molecular field theory, taking into account long-range electrostatic forces is used to study helix-coil transitions of polynucleotides. The theory predicts the existence of hysteresis when the electrostatic interaction parameter is large compared to the thermal energy. The theory is applied to the acid-base titration of poly(A)·2 poly(U).
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Helix-coil transition of polypeptides in solution involves two elementary processes: unfolding of an α-helical polypeptide chain and interaction of the unfolded chain with solvent molecules which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Optical rotation data for poly(β-benzyl L-aspartate) in mixtures of dichloroacetic acid and carbon tetrachloride are analyzed according to the procedure developed by Sayama et al., who explicitly took these processes into theoretical account; and the enthalpy changes, ΔH0 = -650 ± 200 cal/mole and ΔHa = -5.2 ± 1.6 kcal/mole. The latter value is favorably compared with heats of association (per hydrogen bond) of various amides and lactams in CCl4. There is excellent agreement with -5.15 kcal/mole for δ-valerolactam in CCl4. In analogy with amides in non-polar solvents, the difference between ΔH0 and ΔHa may be attributed to the fact that the former is associated with intramolecular hydrogen bonding, whereas the latter is associated with intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
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  • 92
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1451-1458 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coil to helix conformational transitions undergone by poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate in solutions of haloacetic acids and various cosolvents were studied by means of proton magnetic resonance. The results indicate a very small solvent dependence of the α-CH Helix-coil chemical shift difference. The helical stabilities of PBLG in different solvent mixtures were interpreted in terms of modifications of the “solvent structure.”
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  • 93
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1781-1786 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By X-ray diffraction method, an originally almost dry oriented fiber of sodium poly-L-glutamate was shown to undergo transconformation from β-structure to α-helices when its water content was gradually increased by equilibrating with the helium gas of 64% relative humidity. The observation is correlated to the corresponding infrared spectroscopical study made by Blout et al.
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  • 94
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1837-1852 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An analytic cyclization procedure has allowed the complete specification of c-(Pro-Gly)3 conformation by three dihedral angles. Utilizing this simplification, the intramolecular potential energy of c-(Pro-Gly)3 has been computed over all of conformational space. Conformers with all peptide bonds trans have the lowest total potential energy. Circular dichroism spectra calculated for the low-energy regions provide the basis for the interpretation of experimental CD spectra.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1905-1915 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The storage and loss shear moduli, G, and G˝, have been measured for solutions of three samples of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate with molecular weights from 16 to 57 × 104, by use of the Birnboim-Schrag multiple-lumped resonator. The frequency range was 106 to 6060 Hz, the concentration range 0.0015-0.005 g/ml, and the temperature 25°C. Two helicogenic solvents with widely different viscosities, dimethylformamide and m-cresol, were used to provide a broader effective frequency range. The intrinsic moduli, extrapolated to infinite dilution, were compared with the predictions of the theory of Ullman for rigid rods; agreement was rather good at the lowest frequencies, but unsatisfactory at high frequencies. The data over the entire frequency range of three of logarithmic decades could be described closely by a relaxation spectrum consisting of one terminal relaxation time separated by a gap from a sequence of relaxtion times spaced as in the Zimm theory. The terminal time agrees approximately with that calculated for end-over-end rotation of a rigid rod. The additional relaxation mechanisms are tentatively attributed to modes of flexural deformation of the helix.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1931-1935 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The change in surface tension of solutions of poly-L-lysine in water has been studied as a function of temperature at various pH values. The changes at various temperatures have been correlated with changes in the circular dichroic spectra reflecting conformational change. In addition to the major transition at 50°C attributed to the conversion of the α-helical → β conformation, two other transitions have been observed at 30°C and 80°C.A minimum in the surface tension value was observed at pH 10, near the pK value for poly-L-lysine. It was concluded that at this pH the concentration of hydrophobic groups at the surface was a maximum.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2007-2021 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: MS2 RNA, which sediments at 27S in a neutral buffer, can be converted to a compact 57S conformation at pH 3.8. Requirements for this conversion, besides protonation, are small concentrations of Mg++ ions and a low ionic strength. On the other hand, after heating in the presence of EDTA and at low ionic strength, the RNA can be unfolded to an 11.7S form at pH 6.8 and to 10.5S at pH 3.8. The compact 57S form has lost at least 50% of its secondary structure, as determined by its hypochromicity. It corresponds to a monomer species, as will be shown in a following paper (XXIV). Comparative studies with the homopolymers poly A and poly C and with the heteropolymers poly A,U, poly A,C, and poly A,G indicate that the interactions involved in the acid RNA conformation are not simply explainable by the known interactions of the A-A+, C-C+, and/or A-C+ type.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2329-2334 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of two salts, MgCl2 and MgSO4 on the wide-line nmr spectrum of D2O in oriented, undernatured collagen fibers have been examined at four different D2O contents. MgCl2 was found to decrease the nmr doublet splitting, as compared with equal quantities of pure D2O while the major effect of MgSO4 was to inhibit the adsorption of D2O without significantly affecting its nmr spectrum. The results, together with a few observations of KCl and LiCl solutions, indicate that even fairly high concentrations of salt have only small effects on the nmr spectrum of D2O in fibrous collagen. It is considered unlikely that either “two-state” or “structured-water” models can satisfactorily account for the D2O-nmr doublet spectrum or the effects of salts on it, over the entire range of observed D2O content.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2359-2373 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligopeptides containing glycine and one or two L-alanyl or L-glutamyl residues have been studied by circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) in aqueous solution at pH 1.0, pH 6.0, and pH 10.0 and in aqueous ethanol. Two glycyl residues are required to remove effects of α-carboxyl or amino titration on the optical activity of the internal alanyl or glutamyl residues. The CD spectra of the alanyl and protonated glutamyl residues are similar, having two regions of negative ellipticity around 215 nm resulting in a spectrum reassembling that of poly-α-L-glutamic acid (PGA) at high pH. Another large positive band below 190 nm was observed for gly2-glu2-gly2 in water at pH 6 and 10 and for several peptides in aqueous ethanol. Residue ellipticities were approximately additive in every case except for peptides containing intrenal glutamyl residu at pH 6.0.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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