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  • Electronic Resource  (1,059)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979  (1,059)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1978  (1,059)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (625)
  • Engineering  (257)
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  • Electronic Resource  (1,059)
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979  (1,059)
  • 1890-1899
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1491-1491 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1492-1492 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1493-1506 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An iterative algorithm is presented: it builds a continuous stress and displacement solution starting from the solution of a classical displacement finite element analysis. The modified solution satisfies the virtual work principle, and is much better than the starting solution. The algorithm is very easily included in existing programs. A number of examples shows the efficiency of the method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1507-1541 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the stressed-skin analysis of metal structures it is vital to have a simple yet accurate treatment of the shear deformation of profiled metal sheeting. A suitable theory is developed in this paper for the two important cases of sheeting fastened to the supporting structure through every and alternate troughs of the corrugations. Various practical factors are taken into account. The results of an extensive series of numerical investigations are presented as a simple equation and a set of tables.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1677-1696 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a classification of mathematical commonly encountered in connection with solution of non-linear finite element problems. The principal methods for numerical solution of the non-linear equations are surveyed and discussed. Special emphasis is placed upon the description of an automatic load incrementation procedure with equilibrium iterations. It is shown how this algorithm can be adapted for solving problems involving instabilities, snap-through and snap-back. A simple scalar quantity denoted the current stiffness parameter is suggested; this parameter is used to characterize the overall behaviour of non-linear problems. It can also be used as a steering parameter in the solution process. The use of the present technique is illustrated by several examples.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1705-1715 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new and efficient method of dynamic condensation is presented. It reduces the order of dynamic matrices without intoroducing further approximation by representing the passive co-ordinates in terms of the active ones exactly. The resulting frequency dependent eigenvalue problem is solved by a combined technique of Sturm sequence and subspace iteration. Examples are given for a space frame and a substructure problem. Results are compared to the complete solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1841-1851 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A common method for numerically approximating two-point parabolic boundary value problems of the form ut = L[u]+f(u) defined of the semi-infinite strip S = [0, 1]×[0, ∞] is to first discretize the spatial operator in the differential equation and then solve for the time evolution. Such an approach typically involves solving a system of algebriaic equations at a sequence of time steps. In this paper we take a different approach and subdivide S into a collection of semi-infinite substrips Si = [xi, xi+1]×[0, ∞], and use blending function techniques to derive finite parameter functions ei(x, t) defined on Si. Spectral matching methods are used in deriving ei to ensure that (u - ei) can be made small on Si. Galerkin's method, with associated integration sover the entire space-time domain S, is then used to generate approximations to u(x, t) based upon the so defined infinite element (ei, Si). Approximations are hence found for all (x, t) in S by solving one well structed system of algebraic equations. We apply the method to several linear and non-linear problms.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1873-1878 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new and a simple algorithm for approximate calculation of optimal output-constrained feedback regulators is presented. computational simplicity is achieved by using properties of weakly coupled linear systems. The algorithm has been shown to be very effective in solving high dimensional control problems.
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  • 110
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1879-1882 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1853-1871 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a technique previously developed for the analysis of rigid-plastic structural frames is adapted to provide a formal procedure for finding the limit load of any structure formed from rigid blocks. In this procedure the load factor is maximized subject to the euilibrium equations of the structure and linear constraints imposed by criteria of failure at the block interfaces.In part I of the paper it is assumed that the limiting shear force associated with sliding at a block interface is independent of the normal component of force across the interface. This assumption means that the normality rule is satisfied, so that the upper- and lower-bound theorems of classical limit analysis apply. This part includes a description of computer program for the collapse analysis of masonry arches with joints incapable of carrying tension.In part II the limit on the Shear force at a block interface is assumed to be that associated with Coulomb friction. It is not difficult to extend the computational algorithm described in part I to deal with this situation. However, the failure mechanism computed by the algorithm will not necessarily satisfy the normality rule. The corresponding limit load may therefore be an over-estimate of the true failure load, even though it is computed by a lower-bound (equilibrium) approach. A criterion is established for testing the validity of a failure load computed in these circumstances.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1897-1897 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 113
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents an introduction to two general approaches used in the soluation of coupled structures and fluid systems in which effects of large scale flow are excluded. In the first approach, the Lagrangian, the fluid is simply treated as a ‘solid’ with a negligible shear modulus. In the second method, Eulerian, a single pressure variable is used in the fluid.The numerical problems posed, discretization methods used and possible simplifications are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 17-33 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The fluid forces acting on a uniform cylinder with an infinitely long axis, heaving in the free surface or an infinite ideal fluid, are described in terms of its ‘added mass’ and ‘damping coefficient’. The techniques of multipole expansion and multiparameter conformal transformation are adopted for such calculations and applied to shapes which cannot be adequately represented by the conventional, and more rudimentary, ‘Lewis form fit’. The shapes referred to are both relevant to ship bows, one being a ‘fine section’ and the other a ‘bulbous section’. The parameters which influence the accuracy of the solution are examined. Results for these two sections are computed and compared with results based on (a) the ‘Lewis form approximation’ and (b) the ‘Frank's close fit method’ which employs a singularity representation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 35-48 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic mass matrix for a vibrating ship is evaluated using a three-dimensional finite element discretization of the surrounding water. For the important case of vertical vibrations of the ship, values of the added masses obtained in this way are compared with those given by the conventional semi-empirical formulas currently in use in the shipbuilding industry. A numerical example is presented. It is concluded that conventional two-dimensional methods, the usefulness of which is confirmed when the first few modes of the hull girder only are sought, do not apply to higher modes, for which significant deformation of the cross-section may occur. On the other hand, a finite element approach has the advantage of its generality as well as flexibility. Suggestions for future research are given.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 49-72 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer program, originally developed to predict wave loads on large-diameter fixed offshore structures, has been modified to compute added masses, damping coefficients and response motions of free-floating and moored rigid systems. It is now being extended to predict multi-degree-of-freedom responses of articulated structures, particularly wave energy absorbing devices. The structure is modelled by surface singularities (point sources) in potential flow. The boundary conditions, fluid and structure equations of motion are linearized. Engineering applications here include the predictions, fluid and structure equations of motion are linearized. Engineering applications here include the prediction of wave loads on a gravity platform, response motions of a moored barge, and comparisons with laboratory data on the mooring loads and response of a tethered buoyant platform, and on the wave loading, response and efficiency of two wave energy absorbing devices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 73-92 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of transfer functions for the dynamic response of multidegree-of-freedom offshore structures, excited by sinusoidal waves. The problem is formulated in terms of the principal modes of the structure vibrating freely in vacuo. The hydrodynamic analysis is performed through use of a distribution of wave sources on the submerged surface of the structure, which leads to an approximate solution satisfying the boundary condition on the fluid-structure interface at a discrete set of points. Generalized forces are obtained corresponding both to excitation by waves and to the hydrodynamic reactions induced by motions of the structure: the latter are expressed in terms of added mass and damping matrices. Results are given for simple geometries to illustrate the approach.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 93-107 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method of fluid-structure connection is presented for solutions which mainly involve the calculation of the dynamic response of structures by using the method of modal analysis. This connection method is based upon finite element structural and fluid representation and is efficiently employed when used with the inverse iteration procedure for eigenvalue, eigenvector evaluation. The inverse iteration procedure is described in conjunction with the connection method. Also a method of non-linear structural analysis and a method of frequency domain analysis are discussed with reference to the presented fluid-structure connection procedure.Applications are considered for both model and prototype situations. Efficient use of the mini computer for solving dynamic problems by the proposed method is also considered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a numerical technique for the linear dynamic analysis of a finite elastic structure immersed in an infinite homogeneous acoustic medium. It is required to determine the vibrational motion of the structure and also the associated acoustic field in the fluid, when the structure is either subjected to internal applied forces or is acting as a scatterer of an incident acoustic wave. A finite element analysis of the structure is matched at the structure-fluid interface with an integral equation representation of the exterior acoustic field, leading to a coupled system of equations which may be cast in either acoustic or structural from. The former approach is preferred here for which numerical results are presented when the method is applied to plane wave scattering by thick and thin elastic spherical shells.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 109-122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element method is presented for predicting the coupled structural-acoustic response of a flexible cylinder, which contains an acoustic medium and is excited by mechanical forces. The cylinder is represented by an existing axisymmetric, cylindrical shell element. The acoustic space inside the cylinder is modelled using a new axisymmetric, acoustic ring element. The cross-secton of the ring takes the form of an eight node, isoparametric element. The coupled equations of motion for the cylinder and acoustic field are solved using modal analysis techniques. The numerical results obtained are compared with results from an experimental investigation which is also described.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 122
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A variational principle in terms of displacements in the fluid and the structure with a penalty for irrotationality of displacement in the fluid is developed for the analysis of harmonic vibrations of ideal compressible fluid and elastic structure systems. Its Discretization by the finite element method leads to an algebraic eigenvalue problem with a positive definite symmetric banded matrix. Numerical examples obtained for pure acoustic cases and coupled cases show the efficiency of the method.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 151-164 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A theory is developed whereby acoustic and structural modes are coupled by means of geometrical distortions in a circular cylindrical shell filled with liqued.The prediction is that a circularly symmetric discrete frequency acoustic wave in the liquid will excite in the shell not only a circular symmetric ‘breathing mode’ (which would be the only one present in an undistorted shell) but also short wavelength flexural waves at the excitation frequency. It is possible, even for quite small distortions, for the displacement amplitude of some of these flexural waves to exceed that of the ‘breathing mode’.The results of calculations for a particular shell are shown to be consistent with experimental results.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The motion of a terthered buoyant platform (TBP) in a regular train is investigated numerically using the Zienkiewicz four-time-level scheme.5 Wave forces are calculated using Morison's equation7 and linear wave theory. Results are presented for the theoretical response to the periodic forcing function for an optimized method,6 Wood, A.,6 Wilson θ =1.412 and Houbolt13 and compared with the actual computed behaviour of the TBP.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 181-196 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The seismic behaviour of an offshore pipeline, which may be totally or partially in contact with the sea-bed, is characterized by the confluence of structural dynamics, hydrodynamics and soil mechanics and also the possible dynamic interactions between these aspects. This paper contains a study dealing with the seismic response analysis of such a pipeline including pressure drag effects. A numerical analysis basesd on the assumption that the pipe behaves linearly elastically and that pipe deffection is elastoplastically related, without loss, to sea-bed resistance shows that pipe response in significantly attenuated by contact, as aspected, the amount of attenuation depending upon contact length and the parameters defining idealized sea-bed behaviour.
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  • 127
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 229-246 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Prestressed concrete members, because of the use of high strength materials and the efficient disposition of tensile forces, need considerably less material. This and other advantages, however, are offset by the high unit costs of materials and the associated specialized labour. Thus, it is important to make the most of the savings in materials through the application of optimum design procedure. Among the available optimization techniques, generalized geometric progamming (GGP) is ideally suited because the design equations of prestressed concrete members are expressible in the form of polynomials. Using the GGP, in this study, a set of minimum prestress force designs are obtained for various depths of one-way slab. From the data thus obtained a minimum cost design procedure is explained. Moreover, the need for supplementary non-prestressed reinforcement to obtain economical designs for depths of slab beyond a certain depth is also shown.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 311-336 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper treats shape optimal design of two-dimensional structures. Sensitivity of cost and constraint functions to changes in the shape of the structure are obtained by applying theorems from the calculus of variations and by using consistent first-order approximations of functions arising in an optimal design problem. A generalized steepest descent algorithm is presented for determination of the optimum shape. The method is applied to a load carrying shear plate that models a component of the high pressure seal in a gun launched high velocity projectile.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 130
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 373-384 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Derivation of an optimality criterion for finite element structural representations using constant-moment plate-bending triangular elements ispresented. Numerical examples of minimum-mass design of both simply-supported and clamped elastic plates for concentrated and distributed loading conditions under a single displacement constraint serve to illustrate the suggested procedure. Interpretation of the solution obtained and difficulties involved are discussed in the light of recent application of optimal control theory to structural optimization.
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 195-201 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Finite Element formulation for the axisymmetrical analysis of rotational shells with geometric non-linearity is developed, using a mixed finite element model of a curved rotational shell type, the two global components of displacement (ur, uz) and the two stress couples (Mr, MtH) being the free and independent unknowns of the problem. The prescribed geometry at every nodal circle comprises the co-ordinates and meridional slope angle and curvature. Newton-Raphson Iteration is used in solving the non-linear system of equations. Circular plates and a spherical cap are used as examples to test the formulation; good results were achieved which are presented graphically in comparison to the analytical solution.
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Shape functions are given for a six node triangular element in which the √r displacement filed varies quadratically in the circumferential direction. Using a convenient co-ordinate system the stiffness development is sketched and the integrations re done exactly in the radial co-ordinate direction. Brief numerical results are presented. Shape functions for a 15 node three-dimensional element are given explicitly. The shape functions provide both constant strain capability and conformability with quadratic isoparametric elements.
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 331-351 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical analysis of tsunamis applying the finite element method is presented based on the shallow water wave equation. To discretize time, a two step explicit method is used. The scheme is the extension of the Lax-Wendroff finite difference method. The present finite element method is used for the analysis of the Tokachi-oki Earthquake tsunami problem and compared with the tide gauge records. The conclusion of this paper is that the present method is suitable for the prediction of the tsunami wave propagation problem.
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 141-158 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The convergence properties of the conjugate gradient method are discussed in relation to relaxation methods and Chebyshev accelerated Jacobi iteration when applied to the solution of large sets of linear equations which have a sparse, symmetric and positive definite coefficient matrix. The conclusion is reached that its convergence rate is unlikely to be much worse than these methods, and may be considerably better. The conjugate gradient method may either be applied to the basic unscaled or scaled equations or alternatively to various transformed equations. Preconditioning, block elimination and partial elimination methods of transforming equations are considered, and some comparative tests given for six problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 187-190 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 136
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 35-45 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Formulation of a transition element is presented. Such an element makes it possible to match one element with two elements side-by-side. A modified quadrature formula is used to numerically integrate discontinuous functions in the expression of the stiffness matrix. Numerical examples show the applicability of the element.
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  • 137
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 77-83 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Blending function interpolants on rectangular elements are used to construct an overall interpolant which exactly matches function and normal derivative on the perimeter of a rectangular region. This overall interpolant is incorporated into the Ritz-Galerkin version of the finite element method and a test problem involving the biharmonic equation is solved. The numerical results obtained demonstrate the considerable increase in accuracy of the exact boundary methods as compared with the usual method using interpolated boundary conditions. A similar investigation of second order elliptic problems with Dirichlet boundary conditions where the rectangular region is divided up into triangular elements yields the perhaps surprising result that blended interpolants on triangular elements do not necessarily improve the accuracy of the Ritz-Galekin version of the Finite Element Method.
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  • 138
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 129-139 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a method of identification of material behaviour parameters. The method is applied to a simple example: the identification of orthotropic parameters using a plate bending test. A number of results are presented concerning the choice of numerical algorithm, the experimental protocole (number and locations of test points, loading) and the sensitivity of the method on experimental errors.
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 159-167 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The flexural stiffness for a horizontally curved beam element is developed for nodal parameters wi, (∂w/∂s)i, βi, (∂β/∂s)i, (∂2β/∂s2)i, (∂3β/∂s3)i by assuming a cubic displacement function for vertical deflection w, and a seventh order polynomical function for the angle of twist β, along the length of the curved beam. The element gives good accuracy with even coarse mesh for the analysis of horizontally-curved steel beam with open thin-walled bisymmetrical cross-section.Warping restraint is considered in the derivation of the stiffness matrix, which has considerable influence on the behavior and design of steel bridges curved in-plan. The results obtained from such a new element are compared with those given by a lower order finite element, developed previously by the first author, and with theoretical solutions for the particular problem.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 191-191 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 141
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 203-227 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Shell-like assumptions introduced in a three-dimensional isoparametric finite element provide a kinematic description of smooth thick shell structures. Elastoplastic solutions are obtained via the stationary response of an elastic/viscoplastic model. Special attention is devoted to the probem of numerical integration across the depth of the shell, as well as the applicability of the method to thin shell analysis.
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 245-266 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid element method developed recently for two-dimensional problems of water waves in an infinite fluid is extended to three dimensions. In this method only a limited fluid domain close to irregular bodies is discretized into conventional finite elements, while the remaining infinite domain is treated as one element with analytical representations of high accuracy. Continuity at the junction surface is treated as natural boundary conditions in a variational principle. Computation experience and numerical results for several ocean structures are presented.
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 299-317 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computational algorithm is developed and applied for optimization of beam and plate structures, subject to constraints on transient dynamic response. A continuous design formulation is retained, with dynamic response governed by partial differential operator equations. Adjoint equations are employed for sensitivity analysis and a function space gradient projection optimization approach is presented. Finite element analysis methods are applied for solution of the system dynamic and adjoint differential equations. Displacement constrained beam and plate minimum weight examples are solved, with a variety of boundary conditions.
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 429-435 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of cold rolling of a composite sheet which consists of alternate layers of viscoelastic and elastic materials is studied by the finite element method. Results computed and presented graphically include the pressure distribution at the contact surface, the normal stress distribution at the middle surface and the asymmetric deformation of the surface of the sheet in contact with the roller.
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 487-504 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper present a numerical method to obtain optimal quadrature formulas of Gauss type and Radau type in the sense of Sard. Using the relation between optimal quadrature formulas and nonospline functions, the optimal quadrature formula can be obtained by solving a set of no-linear simultaneous algebraic equations induced from the interpolatory conditions of the monospline. In attempting to solve this set of non-linear algebraic equations for numbers of knots and degrees of interpolution required in estimation problem applications insurmountable numerical errors were encountered. This paper solves the numerical problem by first reducing the number of unknowns and equations to approximately one half the original number. This is accomplished by showing and then using a symmetry property of the monospline. Second an iteration scheme which partitions the reduced order set of non-linear algebraic equations into a linear subsystem and a non-linear subsystem is developed to numerically solve the equations. This iteration algorithm provides the advantages of reducing the computational complexity, dynamically checking the convergence and explicitly evluating the resulting accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 551-560 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The strain energy release rate (G) converges rapidly in finite element approximations in which the finite element mesh is fixed and the order of polynomial displacement interpolations (p) is increased. Numerical experiments indicate that the error inG is very closely estimated, even for small pand very coarse finite element meshes, by an expression of the form k (NDF)-1 in which k is a mesh dependent constant and NDF is the number of degrees-of-freedom. The method provides for very efficient and accurate computation of G without the use of special techniques.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 531-550 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Computational techniques for the treatment of fluid-structure interaction effects by discrete boundary integral methods are examinde. Attention is focused on the computation of the added mass matrix by finite element methods for a structure submerged in an infinite, inviscid, incompressible fluid. A general computational procedure is presented that is based upon a variational approach involving the assumption of constant source strength over each surface element. This is followed by an analysis of the discretization error for a spherical body that is then used to develop a hierarchy of computational schemes. These schemes are than evaluated numerically in terms of ‘fluid boundary modes’ for a submerged spherical surface. One scheme has been found to be surprisingly accurate in relation to its computational demands.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 505-529 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Considerable effort has been invested lately in the application of isoparametric finite elements for numerical solution of a wide range of applied mechanics problems. In fact, several general purpose computer programs are now available which are based upon such finite elements. In the present paper, a new application of the isoparametric finite element concept is introduced which significantly extends its usefulness for many practical structural configurations. In this application, final working or architectural drawings of the structure are made from the same (or similar) finite element model as was utilized in a structural integrity analysis. The hardware necessary to produce such drawing, a computer driven plotter or automated drafting machine, is available commercially or through most data centres, and the software concepts required are described herein.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 561-566 
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    Notes: A non-compatible rectangular element with 12 degrees-of-freedom (DF) has been developed by Wilson et at.5 for analyzing 2-dimensional problems. The superior convergence properties of this element as compared with the 8 DF element for linear elasticity problems with important bending have been demonstrated in References 2, 5. The purpose of this study is to assess the compartive efficiency of these two rectangular elements for an estimation of collapse loads in plasticity problems. For convenience, the 12 DF and 8 DF element will be represented by Q6 and Q4 respectively.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 573-576 
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  • 152
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
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  • 153
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 567-572 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Variational formulations are given for the stationary heat conduction and thermodelasticity problems of an orthotropic, non-homogeneous, finite length, cylinder. It is demonstrated that a single-element approach based upon Ritz approximations and the method of Lagrange multipliers offers and efficient means for computing the temperature and thermal stress distributions.
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  • 154
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 579-580 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 155
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 589-595 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 581-588 
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    Notes: We consider finite elements that have internal degrees-of-freedom. These d.o.f. are condensed before elements are assembled into the structure, and must be recovered later for use in element stress computation. References 1 and 2 describe two different ways to do the calculations. This paper compares the computational costs of the two methods. Test runs were made to assess costs. Relative costs depend on several factors. The factors are discussed, and suggestions are made as to the better method in various circumstances.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 613-624 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The general inverse problem is one for which measurements are made on some of the state variables and it is desired to find the forcing functions. This problem is a natural one for the method of dynamic programming. The formulation and solution of the problem are presented in matrix form, together with two illustrative examples of an inverse heat conduction problem and an inverse structural dynamics problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 597-612 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A general-purpose technique has been developed for solving non-linear partial differential equations. A set of approximating functions with undetermined parameters is used to evaluate the differential equation and boundary conditions at discrete points, forming a set of residuals to be minimized. The parameters which minimize the sum of squared residuals are determined by a non-linear least-squares minimization technique. Initial value problems are solved by integrating the equations with respect to time at the fitting points by a predictor-corrector algorithm. The resulting formulation is independent of the form of the problem and the approximating functions, so that a broad class of problems may be solved with a single computer program. The technique is applied to several boundary and initial value problems in one and two spatial dimensions. The tecnique is applied to several boundary and initial value problems in one and two spatial dimensions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 625-634 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In a previous paper1 a method was described for computing the current distribution and inductance of systems of infinitely-long, perfectly-conducting, straight conductors. The method relied on the solution of a Fredholm Integal equation of the first kind, and in the present paper the method is extended to equations of the second kind in order to study the inductance and a.c. resistance factor of resistive for which approximate formulas and experimental results exist, with which the method is in good agreement over a range of grequencies of particular practical practical interest. Results have also been obtained for rectangular conductors connected in parallel.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 635-642 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A correlation is geven between two notations currently used in the formulation of geometrically non-linear analysis in a Lagrangian co-ordinate system. The first referred to as the B-notation results in the linear elastic, initial displacement and initial stress matrices, whilst the second, here called the N-notation features matrices that repeat in the total potential energy, equilibrium and incremental equilibrium equations. An explicit example of the correlation is presented for a pin-jointed bar element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 643-663 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A long established approximation, normally invoked in the development of classical rolling theory, is that the work roll-strip interface assumes a circular profile. Although valid for a wide range of practical rolling conditions, the approximation is definitely suspect for instance in the last and penultimate stand of a thin sheet tandem mill, and algorithms based on classical theory may fail to converge. This paper computing solutions. In deriving the algorithm it is convenient to employ the formalism of functional One notable feature is that the gradients have to be carefully defined with respect to the correct ‘space’, in order that physically inadmissible discontinuties are not introduced during the hill-climbing. Computed roll gap solutions sometimes display elastic deformation regions embedded within the normal plastic deformation zone. It is thought that this is the first time this possibility has been allowed for in the formulation, or solutions obtained exhibiting this feature.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 665-676 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A Reissner type variational principle is utilized to formulate a mixed finite element model for a finite-strain analysis of Mooney-Rivlin rubber-like materials. An incremental and stationary Lagrangian formulation is adopted. The functional consists of incremental displacements and incremental hydrostatic and distortional stresses as variables. In the finite element formulation the displacements are interpolated in terms of nodal displacements while the two different strss components are approximated independently. The stress parameters for the distortional stresses are eliminated at the element level and the resulting matrix equations for each incremental solution involve the incremental nodal displacements and the average hydrostatic pressure in each element as unknowns. Four-node quadrilateral plane stain elements were used to analyze the inflation of an infinitely long thick-walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure. Both resulting displacements and stresses are found to converge to exact values as the magnitude of the loading increments is decreasing.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 677-694 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An adaptive procedure for selecting the step size when incremental or continuation methods are used to solve sets of non-linear equations is presented. The increment size is limited by requiring the corrective iteration procedure employed to reduce the drifting error to be within a contractive boundary at each level. The usefulness of the procedure is extended by the development of a set of conditions for detecting impending divergence of the corrective iteration process. These conditions, used in conjunction with the step size selection procedure permit the continuation of the solution through highly non-linear regions and also provide a simple means of isolating a limit point, if one exists. Two additional benefits of the procedure are an effective convergence criterion for terminating the iteration process and a simple means for switching between the Newton-Rephson and modified Newton-Raphson iteration procedures. The paper concludes with a number of example problems, three are hyperelastic bodies at finite strain and the final example is the large displacement analysis of an elastic beam. The results illustrate that the procedure is computationally inexpensive, using only information normally obtained in a non-linear analysis, flexible in the sense that a dense or sparse distribution of points along the total solution curve may be obtained, and effective, normally requiring less total computational effort than a constant step size procedure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 695-702 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A study is presented of the symmetrical steady-state motion of a rigid shaft supported by two ‘short’ (Ocvirk) journal bearings. The equations of motion for a balanced or unbalanced shaft were solved using numerical ‘initial value problem’ techniques. Frequency analysis, which was used to determine the components of the steady-state motion, confirmed that, for most conditions, the motion was asymptotically periodic comprising a small number of components - principally at synchronous and half synchronous frequency. However, a region of the operating space was found, in which the motion was complex and did not settle to a limit cycle. An estimate of the extent of this region is given and the suspected cause investigated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 703-710 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An efficient strategy is outlined for out-of-core solution of the large systems of equations which specify nodal point time derivatives in finite element models of transient flow problems. The positive definiteness, symmetry, and band structure of the finite element mass matrices, as well as the nature of the equation assemblage process, is exploited by the method. Computational results are indicated for systems on the order of several thousand unknowns in size.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 721-725 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 726-728 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 711-719 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite difference-Galerkinfinite element method is presented for the solution of the two-dimensional compressible laminar boundary-layer flow problem. The streamwise derivatives in the momentum and energy equations are approximated by finite differences. An iterative scheme, due to the non-linearity of the problem, in conjunction with the Galerkin finite element method is then proposed for the solution of the problem through the boundary-layer thickness. Numerical results are presented and these are compared with other numerical and analytical solutions in order to show the applicability and the effectiveness of the proposed formulation. In all the cases here examined, the results obtained attained the same accuracy of other numerical methods for a much smaller number of points in the boundary-layer.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 728-730 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 731-732 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 733-735 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 172
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 732-732 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 173
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 765-777 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 174
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 751-764 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on direct-access programming, algorithms have been developed for the generation, and solution by Gaussian elimination of the structural stiffness matrix equation resulted from application of the finite element method in engineering analyses. A large disk storage is used to store the rows of the stiffness matrix as directly accessible records. The developed algorithm BAND2R requires only 2Nb in-core words in implementing the Gaussian elimination where Nb is the semi-band width of the stiffness matrix. Algorithms BANDSQ and BDSQMX are presented which require N2b in-core words but minimize the number of retrieving and restoring the direct-access records during the Gaussian elimination. BANDSQ has the direct-access feature in both the elimination and backward-substitution steps whereas BDSQMX has the direct-access feature only in the backward-substitution step of the Gaussian elimination. Illustrative applications of the developed algorithms are given and the computer core and time requirements for BAND2R, BANDSQ and BDSQMX are compared to those for the conventional Gaussian elimination of using sequential, in-core storages. Methods for reducing the semi-band width Nb of the structural stiffness matrix are also discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 779-785 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The difficulties associated with the solution of the skew plate buckling problem are described, and the work of other writers is summarized.By solving a numerical example, the relative advantages of two proposed refinements to the finite element displacement method are demonstrated: A technique of boundary condition relaxation appears justified and gives favourable results compared with conventional boundary condition specification. A mesh grading technique, which is simple to apply, results in a marked improvement in convergence to a solution.
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  • 176
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 739-750 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mixed finite element technique is used to study the influence of yielding on buckled plates. Orthogonal anisotropic hardening is determined solely by a yield condition, which is introduced into a mixed functional for the elastic plate by Lagrange Multipliers. The Euler equations of the constrained functional include Prager's normality rule.Numerical results are given for rectangular plates of different size calculated for various material properties.
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  • 177
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 787-793 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes two finite elements of C1-class defined on a tetrahedron. In order to define these elements we give the corresponding function spaces in explicit form.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 809-820 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents an accelerated version of an automatic root searching technique developed by the authors for application to residual function iterative methods in vibration analysis.The power and generality of the accelerated method is demonstrated by application to (i) an 8 rotor torsional vibration system, and (ii) a 15 rotor torsional vibration system specially synthesized so as to have an uneven root distribution including clusters of close frequencies.
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 795-808 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of modal analysis is a method widely used in structural analysis of linear systems. After a short introduction two step by step formulations for modal calculations are discussed. One of them is of more theoretical interest, the other is recommended for practical calculations for multi-degree-of-freedom systems because it is efficient in computing time. The first is formulated for the whole system the latter for each mode. Likewise a combination of the method of modal analysis and the LAPLACE transformation is established. The numerical calculation of the LAPLACE transformation is done by using the algorithm of the Fast FOURIER transformation. The advantages of the different formulations for numerical calculations are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 837-851 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Varied problems in the fields of operation, scheduling, allocation and design in power systems analysis can be formulated as fixed cost trans-shipment problems. This paper indicates possible areas of application of such formulations, and by exploiting specific characteristics of certain power systems problems presents an efficient branch and bound method for solving them.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 873-880 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general method is presented for the analysis of soil-structure interaction problems using the initial stress finite element approach. The soil and structure will be treated as separate bodies related only by nodal forces at the soil-structure interface. Provision is made for plastic failure of both soil and structure, shear failure at the interface, and breakaway of the structure from the soil.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 881-884 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element analyses sometimes involve elements that are simple rescalings of each other. A useful relation is derived between the stiffness matrices of elements which differ by the same scaling factor in all co-ordinate axes and an application is illustrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 853-871 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A spectral method for modelling of tides is proposed and applied to the calculation of the M2 component of the tide in the English Channel. The classical non-linear hyperbolic problem of long wave propagation in shallow waters is transformed into a sequence of elliptic problems by looking at a multiperiodic solution the frequencies of which are previously known. The method is based upon a perturbation technique, but the principal difficulties arise from the non-analytical form of the quadratic friction term: the main conclusions of the corresponding study only are given here, because the purpose of this paper is to present a practical application of the method to the calculation of a tidal component by the finite element method. The variational formulation of the problem is presented, and the finite element package used is described. Some results are given for the M2 tide in the English Channel: cotidal maps and current fields.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 885-890 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical scheme based on polynomial approximation is presented for the caluclation of upper and lower bounds for the flexibility coefficient of end-loaded orthotropic cantilever beams in a state of plane stress, through use of the principles of minimum potential energy and of minimum complementary energy. The degree-of-freedom of the two-dimensional polynomials employed along with the elastic constants and the depth-to-span ratio of the beam are external parameters of the problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 891-892 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 893-896 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 187
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 898-898 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 821-836 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The standard implementation of the penalty function approach for the treatment of general constraint conditions in discrete systems of equations often leads to computational difficulties as the penalty weights are increased to meet constraint satisfaction tolerances. A family of iterative procedures that converges to the constrained solution for fixed weights is presented. For a discrete mechanical system, these procedures can be physically interpreted as an equilibrium iteration resulting from the appearance of corrective force patterns at the nodes of ‘constraint members’ of constant stiffness. Three forms of the iteration algorithm are studied in detail. Convergence conditions are established and the computational error propagation behaviour of the three forms is analysed. The conclusions are verified by numerical experiments on a model problem. Finally, practical guidelines concerning the implementation of the corrective process in large-scale finite element codes are offered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 899-916 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We consider the numerical solution of a model one-dimensional diffusion-convection equation by a variety of explicit finite difference methods including conventional central and upwind replacements of the convection terms. We discuss commonly observed phenomena such as instability, unwanted oscillations in the numerical solution, and numerical diffusion and we present an analysis of these effects by simple mathematical techniques.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 917-930 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A sequential linear programming method is developed for contour design of elastic bodies to minimize contact stresses when two bodies are pressed together by extrenally applied loads. Constraints on the amount of acceptable contour modification are imposed, based on kinematic functions to be performed by the two mating bodies. The teachique is illustrated through solution of a simple example and a more practical bearing contact design problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 931-940 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method for numerically solving the convection equation is presented. The reduction of numerical errors is achieved by introducing an auxiliary variable and solving an auxiliary equation for the latter. The method is based on a Hermite interpolation of the convected quantity. Three explicit numerical versions of the method are investigated and compared with some of the most widely used schemes, and it is shown that the new method gives better physical results. Arguments are given that the usual mathematical series expansions do not work sufficiently well in that context. Instead of using linear stability analyses the quality of the method is investigated by numerical experiments.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 949-961 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 963-975 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For calculating stress concentration factors at plane notches and stress intensity factors at plane cracks a system of finite elements is proposed which uses specially developed triangular hybrid stress elements at the notches and cracks and combines them with triangular elements acording to the displacement method. In formulating the stresses at the notches the Fade-away Law formulated by Neuber has been taken into consideration; for the cracks, formulations are used which exactly contain the stress distribution of Irwin's equations. The quick convergence and high degree of accuracy of this approach are demonstrated by way of test examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 977-999 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two-dimensional C° finite elements of arbitrary polynomial order are developed for a general functional which includes a least squares or potential energy functional as special cases. The elements are ‘hierarchal’ in the sense that the nodal variables for polynomial order p constitute a subset of the nodal variables for order p+1. It is shown that the elemental arrays for high polynomial order may be efficiently computed by using hierarchal elements together with precomputed arrays - i.e., arrays which are computed once, stored on permanent file, and then re-used in all subsequent applications of the program. A number of example problems are solved. Comparisons are made of the relative efficiency of finite element convergergence with mesh refinement (polynomial order held fixed) and with increasing polynomial order (mesh held fixed). The latter approach is found superior.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1001-1024 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper describes a simplified finite element method for high temperature creep problems involving cyclic load and temperature. The principal assumptions, that the cycle time is small compared with characteristic material time scales, is appropriate for the moderate load levels which occur when structures are designed for life times measured in years and decades. Because of the simplicity of the method, thermal loading problems may be studied in some detail. A parametric study of a plane stress problem is presented. Characteristic deformation rates are related to reference stress and timperature quantities, thereby reducing the main features of the solution to a few important structural and material parameters.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 941-947 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An automated digital computer procedure is presented for the accurate and efficient solution of the plastic buckling problem of structures. This is achieved by a Sturm sequence method employing a bisection strategy, which eliminates the need for having to solve the buckling eigenvalue problem at each incremental (decremental) loading stage that is associated with the usual solution techniques. The plastic bucking mode shape is determined by a simple inverse iteration process, once the buckling load has been established.Numerical results are presented for plate problems with various edge conditions. The resulting computer program written in FORTRAN for the JPL UNIVAC 1108 machine proves to be most economical in comparison with other existing methods of such analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1025-1030 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper proposes a procedure for the extension of a widely used numerical method1-4 for the solution of systems of singular integral equations, from mixed boundary value problems with two or three parts to those having many parts. The procedure is applied to three previously solved mixed boundary value problems and the result are presented in graphical form. The effectiveness of the given procedure is observed through the results for some limiting and special cases found in the literature.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1031-1036 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A generalization of the (r-1/2) strain or stress singularity capability of the quadratic isoparametric element is presented. It is shown that, by variable placement of the side-nobe between quarter- and mid-point, the point of singularity sensed by the element can be controlled. By using eight-noded quadrilateral isoparametric elements with appropriately placed side-nodes as transition elements between the quarter-point crack-tip trinagular and remaining non-singular elements, stress intensity factors may be computed with higher accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1037-1041 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Fields exhibiting skew symmetry occur frequently in structural problems. There are many situations where non-skew-symmetric functions are conveniently used to analyse these skew fields. Specification of force and displacement conditions on the skew axis reduces the analysis to a half of the domain. The difficulty in using such conditions in an FEM analysis is their non-explicit nature. A method of overcoming this difficulty is developed using concept of generalized forces and displacements.
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