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  • Electronic Resource  (67)
  • 1995-1999  (58)
  • 1960-1964  (9)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1890-1899
  • 1820-1829
  • Alkaloids
  • Alkenes
  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; mass spectrometry ; infrared spectroscopy ; amphibians ; ants ; decahydroquinolines ; quinolizidines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three alkaloids—two minor decahydroquinolines (DHQs) and a major quinolizidine—were detected in an extract of a Brazilian myrmicine ant (Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) sp. picea group). One DHQ (3) was identical to a known frog-skin alkaloid, cis-195A (cis-5-methyl-2-propyldecahydroquinoline), while the second DHQ, an isomer of 3, designated 195J, was assigned a tentative cis-2-methyl-5-propyldecahydroquinoline structure (2) based on mass and infrared spectra. The third alkaloid proved identical to the frog-skin alkaloid 195C, for which a structure had not been previously proposed. Mass and infrared spectral analysis, including chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry, indicated a 4-methyl-6-propylquinolizidine structure (1) for 195C. The four possible diastereomers were synthesized and the (6Z,10E)-4-methyl-6-propylquinolizidine diastereomer (1b) was identical to the natural alkaloid. Skin extracts of a population of a Madagascan mantelline frog contained, among other alkaloids, minor amounts of the same alkaloid triad 1–3 with 1 again predominating. The common occurrence of alkaloids 1–3 in both ant and frog supports the hypothesis that ants are a likely dietary source for sequestered frog-skin alkaloids and brings to six, the alkaloid classes common to ant and frog.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Cross-coupling ; N-Heterocycles ; Palladium ; Synthesis design ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Thermal or acetyl chloride induced cyclization of bromoenamide 10 affords the pentacyclic derivative 12 with high yield and regioselectivity. From this common synthetic intermediate, palladium-catalyzed reactions allow the total synthesis of indolopyridine alkaloids 1-6.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under -http://www.wileY-Vch.de/contents/jc_2046/1999/98332_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1173-1183 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Marine alkaloids ; Pyrroloquinoline ; Total synthesis ; Heterocycles ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Batzellines A and B (1a, b) and isobatzellines A and B (2a, b) are 1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinoline-containing marine alkaloids characterized by the presence of a methylthio substituent at C-2 of the tricyclic system. We describe here the total synthesis of these natural compounds following the synthetic strategy that we have used previously for the synthesis of damirones A and B, batzelline C, isobatzelline C, discorhabdin C, and makaluvamines A, B, C, and D. The introduction of the methylthio group by electrophilic substitution of a pyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinoline, appropriately substituted and in a suitable oxidation state, is the key step in the success of these syntheses.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Cyclizations ; Iodine ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Oxidations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The addition of iodine (or related species) to β-acyl-N-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines 1, which possess an N-substituent with an appropriate nucleophile moiety, leads to the corresponding 3-iododihydropyridinium ions, which undergo an internal nucleophilic attack to give, regio- and stereoselectively, the iodobi(poly)heterocyclic ring systems 2a-f in good yields. Reactivity studies on the iodoindoloquinolizidines 2e,f lead to the pentacyclic cyclopropane systems 4a,b, azides 5 and 6, norderivative 9 and, by a base-induced elimination, dihydropyridine 10, a precursor of the zwitterionic alkaloids flavopereirine and 6,7-dihydroflavopereirine.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Electrophilic additions ; β-Sultones ; sec-Alkyl chlorosulfate ; 2-Chloro-1-alkanesulfonic acid ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -An exploratory study has been made on the reaction of a number of non-branched alkenes in [D]chloroform as an aprotic solvent, using chlorosulfuric acid as reagent both in the presence and the absence of [D8]1,4-dioxane as complexing agent. Reaction of cyclopentene (1a) with 1.1 mol-equiv. of chlorosulfuric acid in [D]chloroform in the presence of 2.2 mol-equiv. of [D8]1,4-dioxane at 0 °C yielded quantitatively 1,2-cyclopentanesultone (2a). Under similar reaction conditions, the linear alkenes 1b-g afforded the corresponding β-sultones 2b-g. The ClSO3H-dioxane complex acted as a sulfonating reagent with the alkenes to yield the corresponding β-sultones in a syn cycloaddition of SO3 to the Carbon-Carbon double bond. In the absence of [D8]1,4-dioxane the reaction of the linear alkenes 1a-1k in [D]chloroform with chlorosulfuric acid at -40 °C led to the formation of the sec-alkyl chlorosulfates 5a-i, which were formed after initial protonation of the alkene by the strongly acidic ClSO3H. Cyclopentyl chlorosulfate (5a) in [D]chloroform at 0 °C was quantitatively converted into 1,2-cyclopentanesultone (2a). The sec-alkyl chlorosulfates 5b-i at 0 °C gave rise to a mixture of the internal trans- and cis-β-sultones 2b-m. Reaction of 1-octene (1g) with both acetyl sulfate (6a) and trifluoroacetyl sulfate (6b) as reagent in [D]chloroform at -20 °C directly afforded the products 1,2-octanesultone (2g), and the (E) and (Z) isomer of 2-octene-1-sulfonic acid (4g).
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Palladium ; Bidentate nitrogen ligands ; Carbohydrates ; Alkenes ; Enantioselectivity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiral N,N-chelates of formula 6-Me-pyridine-2-CH=N-R (1) and R-N=CH-CH=N-R (2) (R = 6-deoxy-α-D-glucoside or 6-deoxy-α-D-mannoside residue) and their palladium(0) complexes [Pd(N,N-chelate)(olefin)] (I) were prepared. Symmetrical type 2 ligands induced higher enantioselectivity in the coordination of prochiral olefins. The ability of a type 1 chelate to promote a stereoselective process was also assessed, i.e. dimethylfumarate inserted into the Pd-Me bond formed upon methylation of a type I complex with 50% ee. Finally, a water-soluble Pd0 complex was also prepared by deprotecting the alcoholic functions on the sugar residue, and its molecular structure determined through X-ray diffractometry.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Vinylogous Mannich reaction ; Vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction ; Glycosylation inhibitors ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The hydroxymethyl-substituted indolizidines 6 and 7, representative members of a ring-B-expanded alexine-australine subclass, are readily accessible by starting with furan-based silyloxydiene 12 and hydroxymethyl hemiaminal 11, through a synthesis sequence involving a scantily exploited vinylogous version of the Mannich reaction. The key iminium electrophilic acceptor 11 is, in turn, available through a vinylogous intermolecular Mukaiyama aldolization process between pyrrole-based silyloxydiene 8 and (S)-glyceraldehyde 9.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fluorine ; vic-Difluorination ; Fluoroalkenes ; Xenon difluoride ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vic-Difluorination proceeds by the reaction of fluoroalkenes with xenon difluoride to afford the corresponding fluorinated compounds. From the reaction with polyfluoroalkenes, the products are obtained in high to excellent yields. In this reaction, the fluorine atom substituent of alkene stabilizes the cation intermediate and suppresses side-reactions such as rearrangement.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Palladium ; Amino alcohols ; Natural products ; Monomorine I ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A versatile method for the preparation of indolizidine alkaloids from 1-benzyloxy-5-(p-toluenesulfonamido)-3-alken-2-ols as stereodefined key intermediates has been developed. The utility of this approach was demonstrated by the synthesis of (+)-monomorine I.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2249-2255 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Eliminations ; Halogens ; Laser chemistry ; Photolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dehydrochlorination of 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP) was conducted by thermal elimination and CO2 laser-induced dielectric breakdown, which was induced by focusing the 10.6 μm lines of a CO2 TEA laser. Thermal dehydrochlorination proceeded by a four-centered mechanism at 〉 425 °C and by a surface-catalyzed radical process at 〈 400 °C. The product distribution of the breakdown-induced reaction at 〈 400 °C resembled that of high temperature thermal elimination and the corresponding temperature was estimated to be 〉 2000 °C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2345-2352 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Horner reaction ; Enamides ; Reductions ; Cyclizations ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new methodology for the synthesis of (hetero)arylated benzoindolizidine and benzoquinolizidine derivatives through sequential reduction of pyrrolidine- and piperidine-based aromatic enamides, and ultimate cyclization, is reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Methylthiomethyl sulfone ; Carbenoids ; Hetero-substituted carbanions ; Vinyl sulfides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The reaction of methylthiomethyl p-tolyl sulfone with alkyl sulfones when lithiated gives regioselectively vinyl sulfides in high yields in the presence of Ni(acac)2 or Fe(acac)3.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Corticium sp. ; Steroids ; Alkaloids ; Secondary metabolites ; Cytotoxic activity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Five new steroidal alkaloids, plakinamines C (1) and D (2), and the related compounds 3-5 have been isolated from the Vanuatu sponge Corticium sp. Their structures have been elucidated by a detailed spectroscopic analysis, including 2D-HMBC and ROESY correlation experiments. The new compounds show significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human bronchopulmonary non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells (NSCLC-N6) with IC50 values of 〈 3.3-5.7 μg/mL. When tested against T leukemia virus type one (HTLV-I), compounds 1, 4 and 5 were found to exhibit slight anti-HIV activity.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Heterocycles ; Alkaloids ; Castanospermine ; Metathesis ; Azasugars ; Manzamine A ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The application of the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction to the construction of a wide variety of nitrogen-containing ring systems is described. The examples include pyrrolizidine, indolizidine, and quinolizidine derivatives related to azasugars. A formal total synthesis of castanospermine (5) is presented. The utilisation of two RCM steps in the synthetic sequence leading to the multicyclic ABCDE nucleus 7 of the complex alkaloid manzamine A (6) is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Hydrogen transfer ; Zirconium ; Alkenes ; Isobutylzirconocene chloride ; Lewis acid catalysis ; Lewis acid catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The hydrozirconation reaction of monosubstituted alkenes with iBuZrCp2Cl can be significantly accelerated by catalytic amounts of various Lewis acidic metal compounds, most notably AlCl3, Me3SiI, and Pd complexes, such as Li2PdCl4 and Cl2Pd(PPh3)2.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under -http://www.wileY-Vch.de/contents/jc_2046/1999/99042_s.pdf or from the author.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Chirality ; Longicorn beetle ; Pheromones ; Psacotheahilaris ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Both the enantiomers of (Z)-21-methyl-8-pentatriacontene (1), the major component of the female-produced contact sex pheromone of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle (Psacotheahilaris), were synthesized by starting from the enantiomers of citronellol (2)
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1407-1414 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: L-Ascorbic acid ; (+)-Desoxoprosophylline ; Lactones ; Alkaloids ; Domino reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -L-Ascorbic acid serves as chiral starting material for the synthesis of (+)-desoxoprosophylline. The synthetic pathway includes the formation of an O-protected 5-azido-2,3-dideoxysugar which is subjected to a tandem Wittig [2+3]-cycloaddition reaction, leading to the heterocyclic core unit of (+)-prosophylline. Stereoselective hydrogenation and chain elongation yields the desired alkaloid.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Natural products ; Piperidines ; Alkaloids ; Coccinellidae ; Calvia14-guttata ; Calviaguttata ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The alkaloids of two coccinellid beetles, Calvia14-guttata and C.10-guttata have been studied. The major alkaloid of these two species is the new piperidinic cis-lactone 1a, for which the name calvine has been coined. The corresponding trans-lactone 1b (2-epicalvine) is also present as a minor constituent (±10%) in both species. We report here the structure determination and the total synthesis of these compounds. Kept in methanolic solution, these lactones undergo epimerisation as well as opening of the lactone ring leading to a complex mixture of nine main components.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Epoxidation ; Manganese ; Porphyrins ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of MnIII porphyrins progressively halogenated in the β-pyrrolic positions was employed to catalyse the epoxidation of cis-stilbene by iodosylbenzene, and to study the role of the electronic effects on the stereoselectivity of this process. A gradual improvement in the stereoselectivity on increasing the number of β-halogen atoms was observed. The role of steric effects upon the epoxidation was also investigated by placing ortho-substituents in the meso-phenyl rings, and it was found that steric effects are more important than electronic effects toward the stereoselectivity of this process. These results can be rationalised by proposing a competition between a nonstereoselective electrophilic pathway of addition and a stereospecific pathway of oxygen insertion, the former being disfavoured by electron-withdrawing substituents. Alternatively, the formation of an open intermediate between the MnV oxene and the substrate could be suggested, where the stereoselectivity ought to be determined by the competition between closure of the epoxide ring and rotation around the C-C bond. In this case, the enhanced stereoselectivity given by our polyhalogenated porphyrins might be attributed to an acceleration of the epoxide ring closure caused by the electron-withdrawing effect of the halogen substituents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Anaerobic alkane oxidation ; Sulfate-reducing bacteria ; Cyclodextrin ; Alkenes ; Fatty acids ; Alkane activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural relationships, improvement of anaerobic growth on hydrocarbons, and properties that may provide clues to an understanding of oxygen-independent alkane metabolism were studied with two mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria, strains Hxd3 and Pnd3. Strain Hxd3 had been formerly isolated from an oil tank; strain Pnd3 was isolated from marine sediment. Strains Hxd3 and Pnd3 grew under strictly anoxic conditions on n-alkanes in the range of C12–C20 and C14–C17, respectively, reducing sulfate to sulfide. Both strains shared 90% 16 S rRNA sequence similarity and clustered with classified species of completely oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacteria within the δ-subclass of Proteobacteria. Anaerobic growth on alkanes was stimulated by α-cyclodextrin, which served as a non-degradable carrier for the hydrophobic substrate. Cells of strain Hxd3 grown on hydrocarbons and α-cyclodextrin were used to study the composition of cellular fatty acids and in vivo activities. When strain Hxd3 was grown on hexadecane (C16H34), cellular fatty acids with C-odd chains were dominant. Vice versa, cultures grown on heptadecane (C17H36) contained mainly fatty acids with C-even chains. In contrast, during growth on 1-alkenes or fatty acids, a C-even substrate yielded C-even fatty acids, and a C-odd substrate yielded C-odd fatty acids. These results suggest that anaerobic degradation of alkanes by strain Hxd3 does not occur via a desaturation to the corresponding 1-alkenes, a hypothetical reaction formerly discussed in the literature. Rather an alteration of the carbon chain by a C-odd carbon unit is likely to occur during activation; one hypothetical reaction is a terminal addition of a C1 unit. In contrast, fatty acid analyses of strain Pnd3 after growth on alkanes did not indicate an alteration of the carbon chain by a C-odd carbon unit, suggesting that the initial reaction differed from that in strain Hxd3. When hexadecane-grown cells of strain Hxd3 were resuspended in medium with 1-hexadecene, an adaptation period of 2 days was observed. Also this result is not in favor of an anaerobic alkane degradation via the corresponding 1-alkene.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Sponges ; Alkaloids ; Nematocysts ; Percoll density gradient fractionation ; Secondary metabolites ; Dinoflagellates ; Symbiodinium microadriaticum ; Sponge ; Haliclona sp. (Porifera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Light-microscopic and electron-microscopic studies of the tropical marine sponge Haliclona sp. (Order: Haplosclerida; Family: Haliclonidae) from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, have revealed that this sponge is characterized by the presence of dinoflagellates and by nematocysts. The dinoflagellates are 7–10 μm in size, intracellular, and contain a pyrenoid with a single stalk, whereas the single chloroplast is branched, curved, and lacks grana. Mitochondria are present, and the nucleus is oval and has distinct chromosomal structure. The dinoflagellates are morphologically similar to Symbiodinium microadriaticum, the common intracellular symbiont of corals, although more detailed biochemical and molecular studies are required to provide a precise taxonomic assignment. The major sponge cell types found in Haliclona sp. are spongocytes, choanocytes, and archaeocytes; groups of dinoflagellates are enclosed within large vacuoles in the archaeocytes. The occurrence of dinoflagellates in marine sponges has previously been thought to be restricted to a small group of sponges including the excavating hadromerid sponges; the dinoflagellates in these sponges are usually referred to as symbionts. The role of the dinoflagellates present in Haliclona sp. as a genuine symbiotic partner requires experimental investigation. The sponge grows on coral substrates, from which it may acquire the nematocysts, and shows features, such as mucus production, which are typical of some excavating sponges. The cytotoxic alkaloids, haliclonacyclamines A and B, associated with Haliclona sp. are shown by Percoll density gradient fractionation to be localized within the sponge cells rather than the dinoflagellates. The ability to synthesize bioactive compounds such as the haliclonacyclamines may help Haliclona sp. to preserve its remarkable ecological niche.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1881-1937 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; molecular targets ; neuroreceptors ; DNA intercalation ; DNA polymerase ; reverse transcriptase ; protein biosynthesis ; membrane stability ; nicotine receptor ; muscarinic receptor ; serotonin receptor ; adrenergic receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several alkaloids are toxic to insects and vertebrates and, in addition, can inhibit the growth of bacteria and plant seedlings. In vitro assays were established to elucidate their modes of action and to understand their allelochemical properties. Basic molecular targets studied, present in all cells, included DNA intercalation, protein biosynthesis, and membrane stability. The degree of DNA intercalation was positively correlated with inhibition of DNA polymerase I, reverse transcriptase, and translation at the molecular level and with toxicity against insects and vertebrates at an organismic level. Inhibition of protein biosynthesis was positively correlated with animal toxicity. Molecular targets studied, present only in animals, included neuroreceptors (alpha1, alpha2, serotonin, muscarinic, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) and enzymes related to acetylcholine (acetylcholine esterase and choline acetyltransferase). The degree of binding of alkaloids to adrenergic, serotonin, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors was positively correlated in G-protein-coupled receptors. Receptor binding and toxicity was correlated in insects. The biochemical properties of alkaloids are discussed. It is postulated that their structures were shaped in a process termed “evolutionary molecular modeling” to interact with a single and, more often, with several molecular targets at the same time. Many alkaloids are compounds with a broad activity spectrum that apparently have evolved as “multipurpose” defense compounds. The evolution of allelochemicals affecting more than one target could be a strategy to counteract adaptations by specialists and to help fight off different groups of enemies.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Alkenes ; Epoxides ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention indices or five 1-alkenes, seven branched alkenes and five cycloalkenes and the corresponding epoxides were determined at two temperatures on a fused-silica capillary column coated with cyanopropyl methyl siloxane to interpret their chromatographic behaviour. The standard deviation was 0.2 index units.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Total synthesis/Pumiliotoxin ; PTX-C ; PTX isomers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the synthesis of pumiliotoxin C (1a) and related stereoisomeric compounds 1c-1f. Starting from (+)- or (-)-3-methylcyclohexanone (6a,b), the oxo esters 7a and 7b were prepared. Condensation with (+)- or (-)-3-aminohexanol (8a,b) gave the stereoisomeric 3-aminoacrylates 9a, 9b and 9c. The hydroxy group of the amino-acrylates was transformed into bromide using the tosylate method. Cyclization of the bromides led to unsaturated quinoline ring systems. Finally, decarboxylation and catalytic hydrogenation gave the different cis- and trans-fused stereoisomeric alkaloids of the pumiliotoxin C type. The structures were verified by X-ray analysis.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Palladium ; Platinum ; Bidentate nitrogen ligands ; p-Quinone ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Compounds of the type M(N∩N-κN)(nq)2 and M2(μ2-N∩N)(μ2-pbq)2, in which nq = 1,4-naphthoquinone, pbq = 1,4-benzoquinone, and N∩N is a monodentate or bridging ligand of the α-diimine type, were obtained from reactions of Pd(dba)2 in toluene with the 3,3′-annelated-2,2′-bipyridines: 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dafo) and 4,5-diazafluorene (dafe) in the presence of the appropriate p-quinone. In the corresponding reactions with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpym), N,N′-dicyclohexyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene (chex-dab), bis[N-(o,o′-diisopropyl)phenylimino]acenaphthene (o,o′-iPr2-bian) and 5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline (dh-phen) only complexes of the type M(N∩N-κ2N)(Q) were formed (Q = nq, pbq). The structures of the complexes have been established by NMR in solution and by X-ray diffraction in the solid state; crystal structures of Pd(bpy-κ2N)(η2-pbq) (1) Pd(dafo-κN)(η2-nq)2 (14) and Pd2(μ2-dafo)(μ2,η2:η2-pbq)2 (16) have been determined. Of the ligands, dafo and dafe are the only ones apt to form complexes containing a monodentate or bridging N∩N ligand. This behaviour is ascribed to the geometrical constraints of dafo and dafe; the annelation by one carbon atom at the 3,3′-positions in these ligands causes an increase in bite angle from approximately 77° to 82°.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1759-1762 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Cycloadditions ; Cage compounds ; Ab initio calculations ; Double-bond pyramidalization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The twofold bridged sesquinorbornenes 2 and 6 were prepared using sequential [4 + 2] cycloadditions of benzoquinone with 1,5-dihydropentalenes 1 and 5. These syntheses were improved using dilution conditions or a more reactive substituted benzoquinone. Results from semiempirical and ab initio DFT calculations indicated remarkably high pyramidalization angles (φ = 46-47°) for the central C-C double-bond atoms. The chemical reactivity with triplet and singlet oxygen, dimethyldioxirane and N-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione supports these structural assignments.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Ketones ; O-O activation ; Palladium ; Zeolites ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simple ammonia complexes {cis-[PdCl2(NH3)2], [Pd(NH3)4]Cl2 or [Pd(NO2)2(NH3)2]} with copper(II) chloride and LiCl or PdII (or Pd0) inserted into zeolite (faujasite Y or mordenite Z)/CuII-LiI-Cl- precursors in anhydrous ethanol catalyse the oxidation of terminal olefins to methyl ketones by dioxygen. One oxygen atom is incorporated into the olefinic substrate, while the other is involved in a cooxidation process of the solvent leading to the formation of water. With 1-octene and ethanol, octan-2-one can be obtained selectively (up to 99 %), acetaldehyde and diethyl acetal being the main cooxidation products. Chorohydridopalladium species are key intermediates in the isomerization of 1-alkenes; it appears that the introduction of NH3, NO2- or zeolite ligands reduces the extent of isomerization and subsequently the formation of isomeric ketones (octan-3-one and octan-4-one). Although homogeneous catalysis cannot be ruled out, the improved selectivities and variations of selectivity and conversion with different zeolites suggest that a “ship-in-a-bottle” catalysis may be important.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Hydrogenations ; Parahydrogen ; Platinum ; Alkynes ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of hydrogenation of alkynes catalyzed by the [(PR3)2PtHX]/SnX2 system (PR3 = PPh3, PMePh2; × = Cl, Br) has been studied by means of parahydrogen-induced polarization of 1H spectra (PHIP). Dihydride intermediates confirming the stepwise hydrogenation at room temperature were observed when the reaction was run in acetone. The obtained 1H-PHIP spectra, together with NMR data for related species, are consistent with the formulation of these intermediates as cis-[H2Pt(PR3)(SnX3)(σ-alkenyl)(acetone)], where the σ-alkenyl ligand originates from an insertion reaction of the alkyne (1-phenyl-1-propyne, 1-phenyl-1-butyne, diphenylacetylene, 3,3-dimethylbutyne). At elevated temperatures, the hydrogenation in acetone proceeds as a cis-synchronous transfer of the two hydrogen atoms of parahydrogen to the substrate molecule. A mechanism for this synchronous hydrogenation is suggested.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1997-2001 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Acetylcholine receptor ; Palladium ; C-C coupling ; Heterocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Epibatidine (1) is a recently discovered trace alkaloid found in the skin of a Latin-American poisonous frog. Its remarkably high analgetic activity is accompanied by high toxicity. Therefore, in order to tune its biological activity, a convergent and efficient synthetic pathway was sought to synthesize epibatidine derivatives with different (het)aryl substituents. The hydro(het)arylation of the key intermediate 7-azabicycloheptene (10) represents such an approach. The synthesis of 10 by a Diels-Alder reaction of an N-activated pyrrole (7) with ethynyl p-tolyl sulfone (6) and subsequent steps has been optimized. The crucial last step, the reductive cleavage of the vinyl sulfone 9, has been replaced by a high-yield fluoride-induced degradation of the β-silylated sulfone 12 to give 10. A number of structurally different racemic epibatidine analogs (16b-e) can be prepared by palladium-catalyzed hydro(het)arylation of 10 with iodo(het)arenes 15b-e in good yields.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 865-870 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Enaminones ; Indolizidines ; Sulfide contraction ; Total synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the racemic title alkaloid 1 has been accomplished in eight steps and 7.2% overall yield from pyrrolidine-2-thione (5) and ethyl hex-2-enoate (6). Key steps include a ring closure that takes advantage of the nucleophilicity of a vinylogous urethane 8, and stereoselective reduction of the C=C double bond of a bicyclic vinylogous amide 12.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1155-1159 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Alkaloids ; Chelates ; Rearrangements ; Glycosidases ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyhydroxylated piperidines are an interesting class of glycosidase inhibitors. Chelate enolate Claisen rearrangement of N-protected chiral amino acid esters gives rise to γ,δ-unsaturated amino acids, which can be converted to this type of alkaloids. The potential glycosidase inhibitor 5-epi-isofagomine (5) was synthesized by this approach in a highly stereoselective fashion.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2775-2784 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Heterocycles ; Cycloadditions ; Diatomic carbon ; Sulfones ; Alkenes ; Polycycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Chloro-1,4-benzodithiin 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 11 is a reactive dienophile that forms Diels-Alder adducts with a number of dienes. Adducts 17a-j undergo facile dehydrochlorination to give 2,3-substituted 1,4-benzodithiin tetraoxides 18a-j, which react further with another molecule of diene (the same or a different one) affording the “double” adducts 19-23. Upon reductive desulfonylation with sodium amalgam, the latter are transformed to tetrasubstituted polycyclic olefins 24-27. These olefins correspond to the cycloadducts that would theoretically have been formed by the cycloaddition of diatomic carbon with two molecules of diene, reacting in a Diels-Alder fashion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: β-Iminosulfoxides ; Quaternary stereocentre ; Pictet-Spengler reaction ; Alkaloids ; Fluorine ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantiomerically pure 1-trifluoromethyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid analogues, in which C-1 is a quaternary stereogenic centre, have been synthesized by stereoselective intramolecular Pictet-Spengler reaction of the N-arylethyl γ-trifluoro-β-iminosulfoxide (R)-3, and subsequent elaborations of the sulfinyl auxiliary. The absolute stereochemistry of the stereogenic centre was determined by X-ray diffraction on the α-phenylpropionic ester (1R,2′S)-10.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2885-2896 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Alkynes ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Tetrazines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Full details on the reactivity of the title compound as 4π component in inverse-type Diels-Alder reactions, including kinetic data, are reported. Donor-substituted alkynes, alkenes, donor-substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkenes, ketene acetals and aminals, as well as several cyclic enol ethers were used as dienophiles in these investigations. A number of 4-mono- and 4,5-disubstituted pyridazines can easily be obtained by this method.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Catharanthus roseus ; Acetylsalicylic acid ; Aspirin ; Alkaloids ; suspension cultures ; tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Addition of various concentrations (0.5–20 mM) of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to tumor lines ofCatharanthus roseus cultivatedin vitro and requiring corn starch as carbon source, produced remarkable effects on secondary metabolite production. An increase of 505% total alkaloids per culture (cells plus liquid medium), 1587% total phenolics (liquid medium), 612% total furanocoumarins (liquid medium) and 1476% total anthocyanins (liquid medium) was detected. 1 mM ASA in combination with other elicitors, such as homogenates ofAspergillus fumigatus or trans-cinnamic acid, did not further increase the metabolite content substantially. The results suggest that ASA could act as a new biotic elicitor of metabolite production inC. roseus cell suspension culture.
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1557-1565 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbonylations ; Alkenes ; Palladium ; Asymmetric catalysis ; P and N ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Palladium complexes L2PdX2 containing various group Va ligands and weakly coordinating anions are active catalysts for the carbonylation of olefin substrates. These catalytic systems, though gaining significance in industry for the synthesis of polyketones, are normally characterised by a low chemoselectivity. This derives from the numerous possibilities for initiation and termination reactions which lead to different catalytic cycles and from facile multiple alternating insertion reactions of olefins and carbon monoxide. Based on experiments carried out under conditions of low selectivity and on previously published data, the factors involved in the control of the regio-, chemo- and stereoselectivity for those reactions are discussed, taking current ideas and model studies involving the above palladium complexes into consideration.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 37
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diasteroselective cyclopropanation ; Copper compounds ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Molecular recognition ; Bimacrocycles ; Alkenes ; Macrocyclic ligands ; Heterocycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Concave 1,10-phenanthrolines 1a-c have been used as ligands in the copper(I)-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes 2 with ethyl diazoacetate. The complexes proved to be efficient cyclopropanation catalysts and exhibited an enhanced diastereoselectivity, particularly in the reactions of cyclic alkenes 2b-d. The preferred formation of exo-cyclopropanes 3b-d can be explained by the concave shape of these catalysts.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: [3 + 2] Cycloadditions ; Organylseleno group transfer ; 2,3-Dihydroselenophenes ; Polysubstituted butadienes ; Selenium ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (2-tert-Butylseleno)propenenitrile (12a) has been prepared and treated with dimethyl ethynedicarboxylate (3) and methyl propiolate (18) to give the 2,3-dihydroselenophenes 16 and 21, respectively. In contrast, 2-(ethylseleno)-, 2-(methylseleno)- and 2-(phenylseleno)propenenitrile (12b-d) tend to form polysubstituted butadienes 17b-d with 3 by net organoylseleno group transfer from 12b-d to C-2 of 3 following attachment of C-3 of 17 to C-3 of 3. Five-membered selenonium ylides are proposed as intermediates.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Azo couplings ; Alkenes ; Allylsilanes ; Enthalpy relationships, linear-free ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reactions of arenediazonium ions with arenes, alkenes, allylsilanes, allylstannanes, and silyl ketene acetals have been studied in acetonitrile solution. The reactions follow second-order kinetics, and in several cases rate-determining attack of the diazonium ion has been proven by kinetic isotope effect studies (1a + 2b), by the independence of the allylsilane reactivities of the rate of desilylation (1a + 10a, d) and by the independence of the rate constants of the diazonium counterion. A decrease of the rate constant with increasing solvent donor ability (correlation with Gutmann's donor number) was found. The reactions of diazonium ions with π-nucleophiles roughly follow the correlation lgk (20°C) = s (E + N), previously derived for the reactions of carbocations with nucleophiles. With the E parameters derived for diazonium ions, rate constants for azo couplings with aromatic and nonaromatic π-nucleophiles can be predicted with an accuracy of ≈102. On the basis of E, the electrophilic reactivities of diazonium ions can be compared with those of carbocations (Figure 9), and the combination with the nucleophilicity parameters N (Figure 10) gives a first clue on possible azo coupling reactions. Literature reports are discussed within this scheme.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 447-457 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Isoquino[1,2-b][3]benzazepines ; Iso-C-homoberbines ; Conformation analysis ; Bischler-Napieralski reaction ; Methyl ∊-hydroxycarboxylates ; Heterocycles ; Alkaloids ; Drug research ; Medicinal chemistry ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Conformation of Hexahydro-isoquino[1.2.-b][3]benzazepinesThe synthesis of the six hexahydro-isoquino[1,2-b][3]benzazepines 13a-f is described; their conformation is investigated by NMR spectroscopic methods, X-ray analysis and dehydrogenation with mercury(II) acetate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 1267-1272 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Enantiospecific synthesis ; Chiral building blocks ; 2,5-Disubstituted piperidines ; (+)-Pseudoconhydrine ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel methodology for the synthesis of any one of the four stereoisomers of a 2,5-disubstituted piperidine in optically pure form is described, starting from readily available chiral building blocks 10 and 11 (or their antipodes). The utility of this approach is demonstrated in the total synthesis of (+)-pseudoconhydrine hydrochloride, the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray analysis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Semisynthetic colchicine analogues ; Endoperoxide transformations ; Colchicine-allocolchicine rearrangement ; Axial chirality ; Biaryls ; Alkaloids ; Colchicum autumnale ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optically pure dihydrocolchicine-8,12-endoperoxide 2 is used as the starting material for the synthesis of some bioactive allocolchicinoids. Depending on the reaction conditions and reagents employed, different modifications of the C ring of colchicine (1) are achieved. Triphenylphosphane deoxygenation of 2 leads to the well known N-acetylcolchinol O-methyl ether (NCME, 6, 40% yield from 1). Treatment of the endoperoxide 2 with CH3OH/CH2Cl2/silica gel provides the plant alkaloid androbiphenyline (11) in a yield of 60% from 1. Triethylamine-catalysed transformation of 2 yields (-)-colchicine-8,12-dione (12) (17% yield), together with a mixture of interconverting tetracyclic hemiketals 8a and 8b. For the formation of the allo colchicinoids 6 and 11 plausible reaction pathways are suggested. In contrast to what is found in the literature, the assignment of the absolute configuration of natural (-)-colchicine (1), and the allo-congeners 6 and 11, should be (M,7S) or (aR,7S) instead of (aS,7S).
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Enzyme catalysis ; Oxidases ; Peroxides ; Acylations ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Agroclavine (1) was oxidized, by haloperoxidase from Streptomyces aureofaciens, to 2,3-dihydro-6,8-dimethyl-3β-acetoxy-8-ergolen-2-one (2) in the presence of sodium acetate and bromine ions. Acetate was incorporated into the above product during oxidation. In a propionate buffer, incorporation of propionate into the product was observed, yielding 2,3-dihydro-6,8-dimethyl-3β-propionoxy-8-ergolen-2-one (4). The biotransformation proceeded faster in the propionate buffer, affording also the higher oxidation product (4aS),(10bS)-7-amino-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2,4-dimethyl-6-oxobenzo[f]quinoline (3).
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: 6-Demethoxythebaine ; Ethenoisomorphinans ; Ethenomorphinans ; Calculations, semiempirical ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Geometrically fully-optimized transition structures are calculated for the Diels-Alder adducts of methyl propenoate and the 3-demethoxy derivatives of the dienes thebaine, 6-demethoxythebaine, 5β-methylthebaine, and 5β-methyl-6-demethoxythebaine using the semiempirical PM3 method. The number of calculated forms is limited according to a search of the conformational space of methyl propenoate and of the dienes. The lengths of the incipient bonds in the transition structures vary from 2.0 to 2.4 Å, but the average value of the lengths of these two bonds in the same structure is much more constant: 2.18 ± 0.02 Å. The effects of the methoxycarbonyl group and of the 6-methoxy group on the lengths of the incipient bonds are in agreement with the relative magnitudes of the frontier orbital coefficients. Comparison of the energetic data with experimental results shows that the prediction of the stereo- and regioselectivities from the Gibbs energy of activation differences is good as far as it concerns the main products. The absence of minor products and the formation of the remarkably large amount of 8β-ethoxycarbonyl-6β,14β-ethenomorphinan from 5β-methyl-6-demethoxythebaine does not follow from the calculations.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 1589-1592 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Photolysis ; N-Chlorospirosolanes, photolysis of ; 23-Chloro- and 23,23-dichlorospirosolanes ; Steroids ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: UV irradiation of N-chlorosoladulcidine (2) in trifluoroacetic acid, followed by separation and hydrolysis of the obtained 3-O-trifluoroacetates affords (23R)-23-chlorosoladulcidine (5) and 23,23-dichlorosoladulcidine (7). Similar treatment of N-chlorotomatidine (9) affords 23,23-dichloro-22-isotomatidine (12).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 1525-1528 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Biomimetic synthesis ; spiro-Cyclization ; Marine sponges ; Natural products ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The alkylidene hydantoin 8 was synthesized as an analogue of the marine natural product oroidin (1) by employing a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. Treatment of 8 with bromine in acetic acid induced a biomimetic spiro-cyclization forming the ACD ring system of dibromophakellin (2) in one step. rac-Midpacamide (10) was obtained from the same precursor through a chemoselective, ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogenation leaving the brominated pyrrole moiety intact.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Mannich bases ; Quaternization ; Grob fragmentation ; Alkenes ; Nucleophilic attack ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quaternary β-amino aldehydes and β-amino ketones are cleaved in a Grob-type fragmentation induced by nucleophilic attack of NH2- on the carbonyl group of 3, to yield new carbonyl derivatives 4 and alkenes 5, and unsaturated amides 6, respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Electron transfer reactions ; Radical additions ; 1,3-Asymmetric induction ; Alkenes ; γ-Lactones ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkyl 2-iodoalkanoates 2, and 2-iodoalkanenitriles 15 were added, with copper powder, to the 1-alkenes 1a, e, f, and h, and to the alkenes 1b, c, d, and g with a 1,2-dialkyl substituted double bond, to give, respectively, γ-lactones and 4-iodoalkanenitriles in very good yields. No solvent was used. The reaction is a free radical addition initiated by electron transfer from copper to the activated iodoalkane. Yields were lower using the respective bromo compounds. In situ formation of the iodo compounds, by addition of stoichiometric amounts of sodium iodide to the reaction mixture, gave improved yields. In the case of the methyl bromomalonates 6, the addition of sodium iodide proved to be unnecessary. The diastereoselectivity of the addition reaction by relative 1,3-asymmetric induction was rationalized by consideration of the steric interactions of the substituents in the transition state which is formed in the process of iodine transfer to the chiral adduct radical.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 2438-2452 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Natural products ; Capillary electrophoresis ; Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography ; Chinese herbal preparations ; Alkaloids ; Toxins ; Illicit drugs ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography were used for the separation of widely different compounds from natural materials including antibiotics, humic substances, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, illicit drugs, coumarins, alkaloids, steroids, Chinese herbal preparations, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, toxins such as aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, mycotoxins, heptapeptide aflatoxins and others, ephedrine compounds, mineral elements, and natural compounds in biological samples. A discussion of sample extraction and clean-up and the advantages of using CE is also presented.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 50
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1996 (1996), S. 2083-2086 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Cycloaddition, 1,3-dipolar ; Piperidine ; Alkaloids ; Lobelia ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The piperidine alkaloid (+)-8-ethylnorlobelo-I is assigned the revised 2S,8,S absolute configuration as depicted in 7. LiAl(O-tBu)3H reduction of the ketone rac-5 proceeded with a high stereoselectivity to give, after hydrolysis of the carbamate function, the syn amino alcohol rac-6. Inversion of the C-8 configuration of ent-6 yielded (-)-8-ethylnorlobelol-I ent-7. A short nitrone-alkene-based synthesis of rac-7 has been developed.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Morphinans ; Dihydronepenthone ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrogenation of nepenthone (3a) leads to a mixture of dihydronepenthone (3c) and the secondary alcohol (20S)-4b. The enantiomeric secondary alcohol (20S)-4b is prepared from the 7α-formyl-6,14-ethenomorphinan derivative 3b by reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide to afford a mixture of the diastereoisomeric alcohols 4a. Hydrogenation of 4a leads to (20S)-4b and (20R)-4b, which are separated by fractional crystallization. The conformations of (20S)-4b and (20R)-4b are determined by NOE difference experiments.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35 (1996), S. 241-270 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: alkenes ; asymmetric syntheses ; Horner-Wittig reactions ; phosphane oxides ; synthetic methods ; Alkenes ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Horner-Wittig reaction ; Phosphane oxides ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 1959, Horner showed that metalated alkyldiphenylphosphane oxides react with aldehydes or ketones to give alkenes. With this reaction, the diphenylphosphoryl (Ph2PO) group made its entrance into synthetic organic chemistry. In the thirty-six years since that date, extensive research has shown that this olefination, the Horner-Wittig reaction, has unique properties that make it much more than simply the phosphane oxide cousin of the more famous phosphorus-based olefinations - the Wittig reaction (based on phosphonium salts) and the Wadsworth-Emmons reaction (based on phosphonate esters). Early work on the Horner-Wittig reaction concentrated on the reactivity of phosphane oxides and the regioselectivity of their reactions, but more recently the power of the Ph2PO group to control the stereochemistry of alkenes, and to produce “on demand” either stereoisomer in high stereochemical purity, has emerged. From the study of these stereocontrolled Horner-Wittig reactions arose the realization that the Ph2PO group is useful not only for the control of the two-dimensional stereochemistry of alkenes, but also of three-dimensional stereochemistry in general.After a brief introduction to phosphane oxide chemistry, this review will examine the Horner-Wittig reaction, in both its original and “stereocontrolled” varieties. From there, we will move on to an account of the stereoselective construction of molecules containing the Ph2PO group, concentrating on the stereochemical directing effects of the Ph2PO group and on the role of its unique combination of attributes - steric bulk, electronegativity, and Lewis basicity - in controlling these reactions. Finally, we will present what is intended as a practical guide to this chemistry, covering the type of functionalized alkenes that have been made with the help of the Ph2PO group and giving guidelines that we hope will help the organic chemist to make the most of the chemistry the Ph2PO group has to offer.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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  • 53
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35 (1996), S. 2442-2469 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: alkenes ; carbonyl compounds ; heterocycles ; McMurry reactions ; titanium compounds ; Alkenes ; Carbonyl compounds ; Heterocycles ; McMurry reaction ; Titanium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Among the applications of low-valent titanium in organic synthesis, the reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds to produce alkenes (the McMurry reaction) is particularly prominent. Discovered at the beginning of the 1970s, it has been developed and tested repeatedly, for example in numerous syntheses of natural products. This alkene synthesis has become a standard reaction in the repertoire of preparative chemists. However, the possibilities of low-valent titanium are by no means limited to this process: the last few years have brought some spectacular applications of the conventional McMurry reaction (for example the synthesis of taxol) along with a considerable extension of the scope of reductive carbonyl couplings. Thus, diverse heterocycles are now accessible following novel and efficient pathways based on intramolecular cross-coupling of functional groups - some of which were hitherto considered to be inert to titanium. The use of this method for the synthesis of indole and pyrrole alkaloids illustrates the new possibilities. At the same time, considerably simplified methods for conducting McMurrytype reactions have been developed. Examples include the particularly convenient “instant” method, the first ketone-amide coupling reactions requiring only catalytic amounts of titanium salts, and the first application of commercially available titanium powder as a coupling agent. Last but not least, the detailed investigation of diverse classical McMurry reagents has afforded a deeper understanding of the nature and mode of action of low-valent titanium. Revision of some of the current conceptions of the process of reductive carbonyl coupling is thus indispensable.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 43 (1995), S. 97-109 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; enzymes ; natural products ; plant cell cultures ; Rauwolfia serpentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants represent an unlimited source of natural products. Many of the recently detected phytochemicals exhibit remarkable bioactivities, ranging from anticancer activity, phosphodiesterase inhibition to cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells. Cultivated plant cells produce at their unorganized, dedifferentiated stage secondary metabolites, but in very different amounts in so far as new compounds are concerned. In fact, more than 140 novel natural products are presently known from plant cell cultures, which also include new metabolites formed by biotransformation. The biotransformation capacity of suspended cells is described and recent high yielding transformations, like the formation of arbutin by hydroquinone-transformation withRauwolfia cells are discussed. As an example of alkaloid production by cell suspensions, the pattern of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids of the Indian medicinal plantRauwolfia serpentina Benth. is described and the so far 30 identified compounds are divided into eight groups which are biosynthetically closely related. Some of the key biosynthetic reactions leading to theRauwolfia alkaloids are discussed and an overview of the enzymes involved in the formation of the alkaloid ajmaline and proteins catalyzing side reactions of the ajmaline pathway are given.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Ants ; Alkaloids ; Myrmicaria eumenoides ; 3-Butyl-5-(1-oxopropyl)indolizidine, (3R,5S,9R)-,(3R,5R,9R)- ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The (3R,5S,9R) and (3R,5R,9R) stereoisomers of 3-butyl-5-(1-oxopropyl)indolizidine (9) were identified as major constituents of the poison gland secretion of the African ant, Myrmicaria eumenoides. Racemates of the four diastereomers of 9 were synthesized via the corresponding ethyl 5-(5-butylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pentanoates (6). Enantiomerically pure samples of the (3R)-stereoisomers of 9 were obtained by starting from (2R)-2,3-O-isopropylideneglyceric aldehyde (21) and 6-methylpyridine-2-carboxaldehyde (20). In addition, the enantiomeric separation by chiral gas chromatography and unambiguous structure assignment of the target compounds are described.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Deethylvincadifformine ; Deethyltabersonine ; Deethyl-3-oxotabersonine ; Deethylapovincamine ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the key compound 14 with methyl 4-formyl-butanoate (9) or with 5-benzoyloxypentanal (13) gave the D-seco-aspidospermane derivatives 17 and 18, respectively. Compound 17 was indirectly and 18 was directly converted to (±)-20-deethylvincadifformine (7) and (±)-20-deethyl-20-epivincadifformine (8). Epimerization occurred in both cases. The thioxo compound 23 was used for the synthesis of (±)-20-deethyltabersonine (28) and (±)-20-deethyl-3-oxotabersonine (27). Oxidative ring transformation of the (±)-20-deethylvincadifformine (7) gave (±)-16-deethylapovincamine (29).
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  • 57
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1995 (1995), S. 1561-1562 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Carbazoles ; Azocino[4,3-b]indole ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of 2 with 2-methoxyethylamine in the presence of ZnCl2 afforded imine 3, which was reduced with NaBH4 to amine 4 without isolation. After deprotection of the carbonyl function by treatment with benzeneseleninic anhydride, ketone 5 was converted to compound 6 with 2-oxobutyric acid and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The isodasycarpidone derivative 7, formed by aldol reaction of 6, represents a tetracyclic substructure of strychnos-type alkaloids.
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  • 58
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1995 (1995), S. 1393-1395 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Morphinans ; Oxadiazolines ; Thiadiazolines ; (Thio)Semicarbazones, acetylation of ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of dihydrocodeinone (thio)semicarbazones 1a-d with Ac2O/ZnCl2 afforded (6S)-spiro[morphinan-6,2′(3′H)-[1,3,4]oxadiazolines] (2a, b) and (6R)-spiro[morphinan-6,2′-(3′H)-[1,3,4]thiadiazolines] (3a, b), respectively. The structure of the products including the configuration of the spiro carbons was determined by 1H- and 13C-NMR measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Phenolic bases ; Alkaloids ; Condensation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Provided they contain quaternary nitrogen, simple phenolic bases can undergo oxidative condensation under conditions similar to those of biogenesis to form alkaloids of the isoquinoline series with good yields. By means of such oxidative condensations, more than sixty alkaloids of various structural types have become more easily obtainable. Of the numerous possible condensations of the intermediate mesomeric radicals only those which lead to naturally occurring alkaloids give good yields and few by-products. The results suggest that oxidative condensations of quaternary bases are also involved in the biosynthesis of alkaloids in the plant cell.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Addition ; Alkenes ; Electrophilic reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various structures have been proposed for the intermediates of electrophilic additions onto olefins; these include halonium ions, classical carbonium ions, π-complexes (i.e. nonclassical carbonium ions), and π-complexes with back-coordination. It is shown here that it is impossible to use any one of these entities alone to explain all such electrophilic additions; the electrophile itself determines the nature of the transition state formed. Polar addition of hydrogen halides onto olefins appears to proceed via a classical carbonium ion which does not occur as the free ion but as an undissociated ion pair. Various other mechanisms have been excluded by studies reported here of the stereochemical course of such additions.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 61
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    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2 (1963), S. 441-458 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Biosynthesis ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Koch carboxylic acid synthesis ; Carboxylic acids ; Alkenes ; Isomerization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When straight-chain mono-olefins, from pentene to decene, are subjected to the Koch carboxylic acid synthesis by the addition of CO and H2O or CH3OH in the presence of strongly acidic catalysts, not only the expected secondary acids, but also mixtures of a specific type of tertiary acids or their methyl esters are formed. When the catalysts contain boron trifluoride, the secondary acids are formed in ratios of isomers which are, within the scope of this investigation, independent of the experimental conditions and which agree well with the values calculated from the isomer equilibria of the corresponding n-olefins. Using concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst, a larger proportion of tertiary acids is obtained than with BF3-catalysis, and amongst the secondary acids, those isomers predominate in which the COOH group is situated near the centre of the molecule.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2 (1963), S. 243-247 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Ergot alkaloids ; Alkaloids ; Biosynthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this article the biogenesis of the ergoline ring in lysergic acid derivatives and the clavines is discussed. T·yptophan and mevalonic acid are the precursors. The N-methyl group is supplied by formate or methionine. Concepts and results dealing with the manner in which the compounds are formed are discussed. Finally, the known biogenetic relationships among the ergot alkaloids are discussed in connection with their biogenesis.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 64
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2 (1963), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Emulsion polymerization ; Polymerization ; Polymerization ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ionizing radiation induces the polymerization of some vinyl monomers in aqueous emulsion with high radiation yields. With identical emulsion compositions, the kinetics of this reaction and the kinetics of emulsion polymerization induced by water-soluble initiators are very similar. The rate of reaction in emulsion polymerization is about one hundred times greater than in bulk polymerization. The initiation of emulsion polymerization by means of ionizing radiation permits uniform “illumination” of the reacting volume, as well as almost any desired variation in the frequency of initiation during the reaction. The sharp decrease in the overall rate of reaction when initiation is interrupted during emulsion polymerization of styrene induced by γ-rays contradicts the earlier concept of sharply separated reaction zones.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2 (1963), S. 341-357 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Biosynthesis ; Alkaloids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 66
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2 (1963), S. 704-714 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Titanium ; Alkenes ; Polymerization ; Titanium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: At low temperatures, ethylene and α-olefins (Δ1-olefins or 1-alkenes) are rapidly converted into oligomrs by the two-component organometallic catalyst CH3TiCl3·CH3AlCl2. To achieve smooth oligomerizations, aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons must be used as solvents. Although the activity of the titanium-carbon bond is enhanced by the aluminum component of the catalyst, the aluminum and its methyl group do not participate in the reaction proper; the latter proceeds exclusively at the titanium-carbon bond. The reaction will olefins can be used as an analytical method for the quantitative determination of the titanium-carbon bond in admixture with the organoaluminum component. It is thus possible to follow the reaction leading to formation of the catalyst from titanium tertrachloride, as well as the processes occurring at the titanium-carbon bond during the oligomerization of olefins. All the observations indicate that the catalyst possesses an ionic structure which is determined by the solvent. It is shown that the initial reaction step probably involves formation of a complex between the olefin and the alkyltitanium cation. The reaction scheme proposed is based on organometallic reactions which are characterized by carbanion and hydride transfers within the olefin-cation complex. This mechanism, which is unusual for Ziegler catalysts, is due to the predominance of hydride transfers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 80-88 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oxidation ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of olefins to carbonyl compounds with palladium compounds, especially the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde, is at present carried out on a technical scale. The reaction takes place via a palladium-olefin complex, the formation of which is inhibited by halide ions. Hydrolysis to the carbonyl compound is inhibited by hydrogen ions. The knowledge gained by studying the reaction of olefins with pure solutions of palladium salts allows important conclusions to be drawn concerning the action of technical catalyst solutions containing copper and palladium chloride.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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