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  • 1977  (167)
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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (334)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rapid method for measuring specific growth rate of microorganisms (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190210
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen transfer and axial dispersion in an aeration tower containing static mixers (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 493-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer from gas to liquid under steady-state cocurrent flow conditions was modeled using the dispersion model, and the oxygen transfer coefficients were estimated from available data for a column with Koch motionless mixers. The dispersion in the column was estimated for several different gas and liquid flow rates using steady-state tracer experiments. The estimated oxygen transfer coefficients were compared with those estimated using complete mixing and plug flow models. The results indicate that the dispersion model is the most appropriate model for estimating the mass transfer coefficient from the available data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190405
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editor's note (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 555-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190409
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SCP production by Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a new thermotolerant cellulolytic fungus (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 527-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a newly isolated cellulolytic fungus, showed 50-100% faster growth rates and over 80% more final biomass-protein formation than Trichoderma viride, a well-known high cellulase-producing cellulolytic organism, when cultivated on Solka-floc (a purified, predominantly amorphorous form of cellulose) or partially delignified sawdust (consisting of a mixture of hardwoods) as the sole-carbon source in the fermentation media. However, in both cases, T. viride produced much higher quantities of free cellulases at faster rates and also degraded more substrate than C. cellulolyticum. It is concluded that the synthesis mechanisms and/or the nature of the cellulase complexes of the two types of organisms are quite different such that C. cellulolyticum is more optimal for single-cell protein (SCP) production, while T. viride is more optimal for the production of extracellular cellulases.It was also found that the amino acid composition of C. cellulolyticum is generally better than that of T. viride and compares favorably with those of the FAO reference protein, alfalfa, and soya meal. In addition, preliminary feeding trials on rats have shown no adverse effects of the SCP produced by C. cellulolyticum fermentations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190407
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The vacuferm process: A new approach to fermentation alcoholPaper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 9, 1974. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 583-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190414
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of a continuous anaerobic culture to variations in the feeding rate (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 595-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190416
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urate oxidase immobilization on elastin (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 599-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190417
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms. I. Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 701-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The uptake mechanism of liquid hydrocarbons of low solubility in water was investigated, using microorganisms with different affinities for liquid hydrocarbon. Microorganisms which could utilize hydrocarbon were much more adherent to hydrocarbon than those which could not. The adhesive force between Candida intermedia IFO 0761 and hydrocarbon was higher than that of Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336, though both could utilize hydrocarbon. The total hydrocarbon uptake from the drop and accommodation forms of hydrocarbons was much higher than that from dissolved hydrocarbon. The uptake rate of drop-form hydrocarbon was nearly equal to that of accommodation-form hydrocarbon for C. intermedia, but was lower for C. tropicalis which shows lower adhesion to hydrocarbon.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190507
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic measurement of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in agitated vessels: Effect of the start-up period on the response of an oxygen electrode (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 983-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of a polarographic oxygen electrode to a step change and to an exponential change in bulk oxygen concentration was studied theoretically and experimentally for the case where there is a significant liquid film resistance at the outerside of the membrane-covered electrode. The probe response has been described considering the start-up period of the concentration changes (the period of time that will elapse before the new concentration level is established and/or before the volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa regains its steady-state value after the gas supply is opened to the fermentor). A linear change of the pertinent characteristics is assumed during this start-up period. It is shown that a substantial error could be introduced by neglecting the start-up period for cases frequently occurring in practice. In addition, the dependences of the probe response on the direct contact of bubbles with an electrode and on the fluid flow field around it were discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190704
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of unbuffered gel-immobilized urease particles. I. Internal pH (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1037-1063 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The overall rate of reaction of a gel-immobilized urease particle necessarily depends upon the hydrogen ion concentrations within the particle. When the particle is unbuffered, the internal hydrogen ion concentrations are a consequence of the local rates of reaction and the rate of egress of the products of hydrolysis. A simple apparatus has been devised which allows a fairly rapid determination of the hydrogen ion concentration in the center of a particle for any given size, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and external pH. The products of urea hydrolysis are self-buffering in the region of pH 8.83 and for an external pH less than the self-buffering pH, the pH within the particle is increased because of the reaction. When the external pH is greater than the self-buffering pH, the converse occurs. The pH at the center of the particle approaches the self-buffering pH with an increase in particle size and enzyme concentration. The external pH necessarily differs in effect when above or below the self-buffering pH. An increase in the external substrate concentration has a limited effect, simply rendering the local rates of reaction to be of zero order. The center-line pH and therefore all internal hydrogen ion concentrations depend upon the parameter \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ L\sqrt {\rho _e} $\end{document} and the external pH. Differences between the external and center-line pH values of the order of units are unexceptional. The implications of the internal pH profiles on the local and overall rates of reaction are explored.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190707
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190801
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Considerations in predicting phenotypic modifications in amino acid profiles of total cell protein of microorganisms (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1145-1153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model is presented that describes the concentration of an amino acid in total cell protein as a function of its concentration in individual cell proteins or in sets of cell proteins. The resulting equation makes it possible to calculate how the makeup of cell proteins must change to obtain a specified alteration in the content of an amino acid in the total cell protein. It is recognized that protein species or sets of proteins that are distinguished by being richer or poorer in a key amino acid than the overall protein must undergo considerable variations in content. The necessary extent of these shifts suggests that the amino acid composition of total cell protein is not likely to be affected significantly by variations in the cultivation conditions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190805
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic modifications in amino acid profiles of cell residues of candida utilis and enterobacter aerogenes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1155-1169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Candida utilis were cultivated at various pH levels (3.0-7.5), temperatures (15-37.5°C), dilution rates (0.06-0.42 hr-1), and with one of two nitrogen sources (NH4+ or NO3-). Enterobacter aerogenes was also cultivated in the chemostat under nitrogen and phosphorus limitations. The amino acid profile of total cell protein is expressed as the content of each amino acid relative to the sum of all amino acids recovered after acid hydrolysis. Cell residues obtained after hot trichloroacetic acid extraction display small variations in amino acid profile. Some of these variations correlate with the growth rate at satisfactory levels of statistical significance. In C. utilis, the correlations cover increased levels of lysine, arginine, and leucine and decreased levels of serine and glutamic acid with increased “reduced dilution rate” (D/Dc). In E. aerogenes, increased levels of lysine and arginine and a decreased level of glutamic acid correlate with increased dilution rate. The directions of most of these correlations and the extents of those pertaining to lysine and arginine are consistent with the change predicted to occur simultaneously in the relative level of the ribosomal protein group.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190806
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition for mixed substrates by microbial populations (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1193-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model for the growth of an organism on multiple substrates was developed, assuming that each substrate has a competitive inhibition effect on the uptake of other substrates. The model was extended to examine mixed substrates, showing that the coexistence of several species at steady state in continuous cultures is possible, even when all the organisms all strongly prefer the one substrate. The diversity of nutrient sources in a real system may be a key factor in supporting a heterogeneous microbial population.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190809
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary investigations on the immobilization of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1211-1213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190810
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of strippable metabolic products in biological waste treatment (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1239-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190815
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190901
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties and biodegradation of a bioemulsifier from Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1303-1320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An extracellular polymer was produced by continuous fermentation of Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus on kerosene in a 24 liter reactor. This polymer was composed of protein, lipid, and carbohydrates. The polymer possesed surface active properties, and had two critical micelle concentrations. Its effectiveness was quite comparable to the effectiveness of synthetic surface active agents such as Tween 80 and Span 20; however, its efficiency was much lower. The polymer also had emulsifying properties. Maximum emulsification was obtained at pH 6. The emulsifying properties were unaffected by high salt concentration [up to 5% (w/v) in Na+], and tolerated a water hardness up to 5,000 ppm. A 2 hr treatment of the polymer at temperatures higher than 65°C resulted in a loss of its emulsifying properties. Two microorganisms, named SLYS and Y, isolated from soil, were able to grow on the polymer as sole carbon and energy source, thus proving its biodegradability. SLYS was tentatively identified as Flavobacterium breve and Y as Flavobacterium devorans.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190905
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocarbon uptake in hydrocarbon fermentations (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1331-1349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida lipolytica (strain ATCC 8662) was grown on a simple defined medium with n-hexadecane as the main carbon Source under batch fermentation conditions. The relative importance of the cells growing in the aqueous phase on the overall kinetics was studied. The effect of interfacial tension, unoccupied interfacial area, and pseudosolubility on the specific growth was also studied. Results are presented and discussed here.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190907
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to preparative enzymatic synthesis (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1351-1361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new approach to preparative organic synthesis in aqueous-organic systems is suggested. It is based on the idea that the enzymatic process is carried out in a biphasic system “water-water-immiscible organic solvent.” Thereby the enzyme is localized in the aqueous phase - this eliminates the traditional problem of stabilizing the enzyme against inactivation by a nonaqueous solvent. Hence, in contrast to the commonly used combinations “water-water-miscible organic solvent,” in the suggested system the content of water may be infinitely low. This allows one to dramatically shift the equilibrium of the reactions forming water as a reaction product (synthesis of esters and amides, polymerization of amino acids, sugars and nucleotides, dehydration reactions, etc.) toward the products. The fact that the system consists of two phases provides another very important source for an equilibrium shift, i.e., free energies of the transfer of a reagent from one phase to the other. Equations are derived describing the dependence of the equilibrium constant in a biphasic system on the ratio of the volumes of the aqueous and nonaqueous phases and the partition coefficients of the reagents between the phases. The approach has been experimentally verified with the synthesis of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester from the respective alcohol and acid. Porous glass was impregnated with aqueous buffer solution of chymotrypsin and suspended in chloroform containing N-acetyl-L-tryptophan and ethanol. In water (no organic phase) the yield of the ester is about 0.01%, whereas in this biphasic system it is practically 100%. The idea is applicable to a great number of preparative enzymatic reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190908
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1,4-α-Glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae covalently coupled on porous glass (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1387-1403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simplified procedure for the preparation of 1,4-α-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae is described. An 80-fold purification is achieved in two steps with an overall yield of about 50%. The specific activity of the homogeneous enzyme protein is 17.7 units/mg. Compared with glycogen phosphorylase from rabbit muscle the enzyme from K. pneumoniae shows a markedly higher stability against deforming and chaotropic agents. The 1,4-α-glucan phosphorylase was covalently bound to porous glass particles by three different methods. Coupling with glutaraldehyde gave the highest specific activity, i.e., 5.6 units/mg of bound protein or 133 units/g of glass with maltodextrin as substrate. This corresponds to about 30% of the specific activity of the soluble enzyme. With substrates of higher molecular weight, such as glycogen or amylopectin, lower relative activity was observed. The immobilized enzyme preparations showed pH activity profiles which were slightly displaced to higher values and exhibited an increased temperature stability.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190911
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191001
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical procedures for enzyme immobilization on porous cellulose beads (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1463-1473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous article, the method of preparation and the physical properties of porous (75 to 80% porosity) cellulose beads were described (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 18, 1057 (1976)). The present article reports that the chemical procedures employed for immobilizing enzymes on ordinary cellulose can be applied to the porous cellulose beads. The results showed more enzyme loading on the beads than ordinary cellulose. The choice of the procedures might also affect the mechanical strength of the cellulose beads.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191005
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  • 124
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric field control of lipase membrane activity (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1493-1501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3., from Pseudomonas sp.) was entrapped in collagen membrane containing liquid crystal (4-methoxybenzilidene-4′-n-butylaniline). The activity of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane at an applied voltage of 4 V was 3.4 compared to a membrane tested without imposition of an external electric field. A linear relationship was observed between the activity of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane and the current. The apparent Michaelis constant (K′m) of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane under electric field was identical to that of the membrane under ordinary condition. Activation of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane was observed repeatedly, i.e., activation in the presence of an electric field and reversion to a basal level upon removal of the field occurred cyclically. Activity control of immobilized enzymes is desirable for switching devices of a bioreactor. Possible mechanisms of the lipase activation by electric field are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191007
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  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disintegration of microorganisms in an industrial horizontal mill of novel design (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1523-1534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous high-speed horizontal colloid mill of novel design for use in the microbiological and food industries was tested for the disintegration of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis. The mill consists of a horizontal vessel with round or oval cross sections fitted with a high-speed longitudinal agitator shaft on which are mounted disk agitators, alternating radially and obliquely to the shaft. The mill is partly filled with freely moving grinding elements which, during a continuous operation, are maintained in the vessel by a vibrating annular slot separator. Highly efficient cooling is provided by circulation of cooling fluid through a jacket surrounding the vessel as well as through the agitator shaft and disks. The radial agitator disks impart a radial motion to the grinding elements, while the oblique disks give rise to the axial movement of a substantial part of the elements. The crossing of paths thus achieved gives the mill a very high efficiency. Using a mill of 20 liter nominal capacity, the effects of agitator design, agitator speed, flow rate, and concentration of the cell suspension on the disintegration efficiency and heat production were studied. Ninety per cent of S. cerevisiae cells in a 15% suspension could be broken at a residence time of 2.5 min. The temperature rise did not exceed 8° C. The corresponding figure for C. utilis was 84%. The maximal flow rate was 400 liter/hr. Extrapolation indicates that available industrial mills of 300 liter capacity based on the same design can handle flows of 2000 liter/hr.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191009
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  • 126
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    Primatone RL in mammalian cell culture media (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1557-1561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191013
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  • 127
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    Recent advances in industrial fermentation in JapanPresented at the Centennial Meeting of the American Chemical Society on April 6, 1976, New York, N.Y. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1563-1621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191102
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  • 128
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    Application of immobilized chymotrypsin in a multistage fluidized-bed reactor (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1667-1677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stereospecific hydrolysis of D,L-phenylalanine methylester with immobilized α-chymotrypsin was carried out as a model reaction for the racemate resolution of aromatic amino acids in a five staged fluidized-bed reactor (FBR). Owing to ester hydrolysis, a pH shift occurred along the reactor. Because of the pH-dependent enzyme activity a particular longitudinal pH profile had to be enforced by a proper entrance pH in order to gain an optimum conversion. In the FBR with optimum pH profile, higher conversions were achieved than in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at the pH optimum and at the same contact time. By the application of a proton balance and the results of kinetic measurements a model was developed for the prediction of the optimum longitudinal pH profile with regard to the maximum conversion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191106
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  • 129
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    Transfer function matrix of the continuous cultivation system of Morchella crassipes in ammonia base waste sulfite liquorPaper presented at the Fifth International Fermentation Symposium, West Berlin, June 28-July 3, 1976. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1653-1666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous stirred tank fermentor (CSTF) used for cultivation of the fungus Morchella crassipes in ammonia base waste sulfite liquor (NH3-WSL) was considered as a multivariable linear system around its operating point. Pulse testing on the inputs (inlet jacket temperature, inlet pH, inlet substrate concentration) and their responses at the outputs (biomass, outlet temperature, outlet jacket temperature, outlet pH, outlet substrate concentration) were used for numerical determination of the transfer function matrix:
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191105
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  • 130
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    Thirty liter tower-type pilot plant for the mass cultivation of light- and motion-sensitive planktonic algae (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1679-1687 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple, low-priced 30 liter tower-type algal pilot plant for the cultivation of light- and motion-sensitive species is described. Two hundred g wet weight of Microcystis aeruginosa were obtained per harvest. Since the self-shading of denser cultures could be compensated for only to a limited extent by increasing the light intensity without damaging the cells, the efficiency of various culture-vessel widths was determined for the growth of Microcystis : the best results were obtained with a width of 3.5 cm. Light requirements of Microcystis were studied in shadowless suspensions. The compensation point of photosynthesis varied between 200 and 300 lx, depending on the preillumination, whereas the light saturation point was found to be near 4000 Ix. The light optimum for photosynthesis was not identical with that for good growth.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191107
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  • 131
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    Preparation and properties of immobilized papain and lipasePublished as Paper No. 5212, Journal Series, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebraska. Research was conducted on Project 16-026. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Nebraska Water Resources Research Institute. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1703-1714 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Papain and lipase were immobilized on derivatized Sepharose 4-B. The activated agarose had a binding capacity of 1.2 μmol amino groups/ml packed agarose or 17 mg proteins/g dry agarose. The immobilized enzyme preparations were tested for the effects of pH of assay, temperature of assay, and substrate concentrations. The effect of 6M urea on the activity of papain was also determined. Soluble forms of the enzymes were used for comparison. Immobilization of the enzymes resulted in slightly different pH and temperature optima for activities. For immobilized papain Km (app) was similar to the one observed with soluble papain. Immobilization of lipase, however, caused a decrease in Km values. The immobilized enzyme preparations were stable when stored at 4°C and pH 7.5 for periods up to eight months. The soluble enzymes lost their activity within 96 hr under similar storage conditions. Immobilized papain did not lose any activity after treatment with 6M urea for 270 min, whereas soluble papain lost 81% of its activity after the urea treatment, indicating that the immobilization of papain imparted structural and conformational stability to this enzyme.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191109
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  • 132
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191201
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  • 133
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    Effect of mass transfer resistance on the lineweaver-burk plots for flocculating microorganisms (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1773-1784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the mass transfer resistance can significantly distort the linearity of the Lineweaver-Burk plot of the kinetic data for a microbial culture which forms aggregates. For small flocs, the linearity of the Lineweaver-Burk plot is largely retained, but a different slope and intercept will be obtained compared with flocs free from mass transfer resistance. For large flocs, the Lineweaver-Burk plot shows pronounced curvature at high limiting substrate concentrations. Hence, if the true intrinsic kinetic parameters are to be extracted from a highly flocculating microbial culture, sufficient agitation has to be provided to remove the effect of mass transfer resistance. If the behavior of the flocculating microbial culture is to be explored, additional values for some physical parameters, such as the effective diffusion coefficient of the substrate in floc, the floc density, and the mean floc radius, are needed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191204
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  • 134
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    Practical identifiability of growth and substrate consumption models (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1831-1850 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The estimation of parameters in several dynamic models, which describe growth and substrate consumption, has been carried out using a modified Gauss-Newton-type method. The four models considered are Monod, Contois, linear specific growth rate, and an enzyme kinetic model. The initial values of the differential equations are included in the parameter vector which will be estimated. The efficiency of the method and the confidence limits of the parameters were studied using simulated measurement noise. The experimental results describe Trichoderma viride growing on glucose as the main carbon source.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260191208
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  • 135
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190101
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  • 136
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    Computer-aided material balancing for prediction of fermentation parameters (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 55-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Despite the importance of biomass as a parameter in fermentation processes, there are no commercially available sensors suitable for its measurement. An indirect approach for the assessment of biomass concentration can be based on material balances and on the direct monitoring of fermentation parameters for which there are established sensors (e.g., gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide). As a consequence, this method requires no assumption of cellular yield coefficients or rate constants. This approach is also readily adaptable to general use since it requires only some knowledge of the compositions of the substrate, cells, and noncellular products.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190106
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  • 137
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    Computer-aided baker's yeast fermentations (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The economics of yeast production depend heavily upon the cellular yield coefficient on the carbon source and the volumetric productivity of the process. The application of an on-line computer to maximize these two terms during the fermentation requires a continuous method of measuring cell density and growth rate. U fortunately, a direct sensor for biomass concentration suitable for use in industrial fermentations is not available. Material balancing, with the aid of on-line computer monitoring, offers an indirect method of measurement. Laboratory results from baker's yeast production in a 14-liter fermentor (with a PDP-11/10 computer for on-line analyses) show this indirect measurement technique to be a viable alternative. From the oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production data, gas flow rate, and ammonia addition rate, the cell density during the fermentation has been estimated and found to compare well with actual fermentation data.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190107
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  • 138
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    Glucoamylase and glucose oxidase preparations and their combined application for conversion of maltose to gluconic acid (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 185-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic behavior of a system of multiple enzyme in solution has been studied in a variable volume batch reactor at pH 5, controlled dissolved oxygen concentration, and T = 30°C. The enzymes used were glucoamylase (R. delemar), glucose oxidase (A. niger), and gluconolactonase (A. niger), all of which are important commercial biocatalysts, and a disaccharide was employed as the starting substrate. This study includes the basic kinetic properties of individual enzymes and interactions between components of the reaction mixture. Classical Michaelis-Menten single substrate or two substrate kinetic with parameters based on initial rate data predict correctly the batch time course of the sequential reaction network.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190203
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  • 139
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    Performance of the continuous glucose isomerase reactor system for the production of fructose syrup (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 159-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose isomerase in the form of heat-treated whole-cell enzyme prepared from Streptomyces phaeochromogenus follows the reversible single-substrate reaction kinetics in isomerization of glucose to fructose. Based on the Kinetic constants determined and the mathematical model of the reactor system developed, the preformance of a plug-flow-type continuous-enzyme reactor system was studied experimentally and also simulated with the aid of a computer for the ultimate objective of optimization of the glucose isomerase reactor system.The enzyme decay function for both the enzyme storage and during the use in the continuous reactor, was found to follow the first-order decay kinetics. When the enzyme decay function is taken into consideration, the ideal homogeneous enzyme reactor kinetics provided a satisfactory working model without further complicatin of the mathematical model, and the results of computer simulation were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Under a given set of constraints the performance of the continuous glucose isomerase reactor system can be predicted by using the computer simulation method described in this paper.The important parameters studied for the optimization of reactor operation were enzyme loading, mean space time of the reactor, substrate feed concentration, enzyme decay constants, and the fractional conversion, in addition to the kinetic constants. All these parameters have significant effect on the productivity.Some unique properties of the glucose isomerization reaction and its effects on the performance of the continuous glucose isomerase reactor system have been studied and discussed. The reaction kinetics of glucose isomerase and the effects of both the enzyme loading and the changes in reaction rate within a continuous reactor on the productivity are all found to be of particular importance to this enzyme reactor system.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190202
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  • 140
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    Properties of intracellular ribonuclease utilized for RNA reduction in disintegrated cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of intracellular RNase in disintegrated cell suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been studied. The influence of salt addition and/or incubation of the suspension on the activity of RNase and on the degradation of endogenous RNA was determined. No significant change in the RNase activity in the disintegrated suspensions was obtained by addition of 3% NaCl or by incubation at 50°C with 3% NaCl. During the incubation with NaCl the active RNase was able to degrade endogenous RNA. By incubation without salt the RNase was inactivated. Inactivation also occurred after extraction at alkaline pH. The RNase had an optima at pH 5-6 and temperatures between 50-60°C. The main part of the RNase in the unincubated suspension was soluble at pH 5.6 but not at pH 4.0. After incubation with NaCl the RNase was soluble at pH 4.0. No serious protein degradation occurred during the short time incubation needed for RNA reduction. 70% of the protein in the suspensions was recovered in the precipitate at pH 4.0 after 20 min of incubation. The corresponding protein recovery from unincubated suspensions was 77%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190204
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  • 141
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    A new mechanochecmical method of enzyme immobilization (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new mechanochemical method for enzyme immobilization has been elaborated. The principle of this method consists of the following precepts. Partially hydrolyzed nylon fiber, the surface of which is known to be strewn with micro-cracks, is reversibly stretched (∼25%) and placed into an enzyme solution. Then, in the same solution, the fiber is made to relax and is taken out. The fiber retains considerable enzymatic activity even after numerous thorough washings (in a similar procedure without fiber stretching, equivalent washing removed all the enzymatic activity from the fiber). Immobilization on the fiber proceeds due to trapping of enzyme molecules by the microcavities on the surface of the support. The catalytic activity of mechanochemically immobilized chymotrypsin and trypsin is commensurable with their activity on covalent immobilization on nylon (calculated per unit of the macrosurface). A wide range of commercial polymers may be made of use as supports in the mechanochemical method of immobilization.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190205
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  • 142
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    Degradation of polysaccharides by endo- and exoenzymes: Dextran-dextranase model systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were carried out on dextran-dextranase systems to test the prediction of a mechanistic model recently proposed by us, for the synergistic effect of combined exo/endo enzymic action in the degradation of polymeric substrate. Soluble forms of the substrate were used. Preliminary experiments with an insoluble form of the substrate were also carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the analytical techniques to these cases. Molecular weight distributions of the degradation products were determined (by gel-permeation chromatography) and the rates of production of glucose and of other reducing sugars were also measured. It was found that the exodextranase alone had very little effect on the molecular weight distributions compared to a significant shift towards lower molecular weight obtained with the endodextranase which was synergistically enhanced by the action of the combined enzymes. Glucose was produced more rapidly by the exoenzyme compared to the endoenzyme, but combinations of the two enzymes gave a rate enhancement greater than the linear sum of the effects of the two individual enzymes. In comparing the degradation indices and polydispersities of the various degradation products, similar synergistic effects of the combined enzymes in accordance with the theoretical predictions, were observed. The practical implications of these findings to the design of fermentation processes which depend on the action of endo- and exoenzyme mixtures are noted.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190206
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  • 143
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    Continuous cultivation of Trichoderma viride on cellulose (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using ball milled cellulose as the only carbon source Trichoderma viride was grown in a continuous flow culture at pH = 5.0 and T = 30°C. Steady-state values for cell protein, cellulose, and cellulase for different substrate concentrations (4-11 g/liter) and dilution rates (0.033-0.080 hr-1) were obtained. Under steady-state conditions, 50-75% of the cellulose was consumed indicating a critical dilution rate on 0.17 hr-1.Cellulase activity (U/ml) in the fermentation broth increased slightly with increasing substrate concentration and decreased with increasing dilution rate, while the specific cellulase productivity (U/mg cell protein·hr) was fairly independent of the dilution rate, with a maximum around D = 0.05 hr-1.Following step changes in substrate concentration and dilution rate, new steady-state values were reached after three to five residence times (cell protein and cellulose) and four to six residence times (celullase activity).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190305
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  • 144
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    Computation of the fraction of induced cells in enzyme induction systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 445-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model is developed for continuous multistage enzyme production systems, which consist of a growth fermentor used for growing microorganisms rapidly without enzyme production and a subsequent system of induction reactors in which enzymes induction and production occurs. The model allows the computation of the fraction of induced cells residing in the induction reactor for organisms exhibiting a lag phase in enzyme induction. For this model a general analytical solution was obtained for the cumulative internal residence time distribution of a series of n well-stirred vessels with a recycle. The theoretical results are compared in a preliminary way with experimentally measured cellulase productivities of continuous multistage cellulose fermentations with Trichoderma viride QM 9414.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190402
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  • 145
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    Kinetics of phosphate limited algal growth (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 467-492 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of phosphate limited growth of two green algae Chorella pyrenoidosa and Selenastrum capricornutum have been studied in chemostats. Several kinetic models which express the specific growth rate as a function of the intracellular phosphours content have been examined, and one of the models was found to be significantly better than the other models. The principles of this model were described in a recent paper by Nyholm.The kinetics of phosphate uptake have been investigated by adding pulses of phosphate to the chemostats. The uptake by phosphours deficient cells could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics for phosphate concentrations below approximately 500 μg P/liter. Further, with the assumption of a discontinuous adjustment of the uptake rate at the onset of phosphours deficiency, a complete kinetic model for growth and phosphate removal is proposed.The mean cell size and the contents of chlorophyll and RNA per unit dry weight have been measured for C. pyrenoidosa as a function of the dilution rate.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190404
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    Interfacial oxygen transfer in fermentationPresented at the 5th International Fermentation Symposium, Berlin, 1976. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 557-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190410
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    First response: Interfacial oxygen transfer (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 561-564 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190411
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    Second response: Enhancement of oxygen absorption in biological systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 565-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190412
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  • 149
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    A suggested approach to ATP regeneration for enzyme technology applications (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 591-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190415
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  • 150
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    On-line computer optimization chemostat productivityThis work originated as a practical experiment for the formal MS course in Biotechnology taught in this School. As there are still relatively few references describing on-line computer control of microbial processes, the results have been published in this communication. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 575-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190413
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  • 151
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190501
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  • 152
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    Woven silk as a carrier for the immobilization of enzymes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190419
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  • 153
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    Purification of sugars through microbial rejection (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 605-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190418
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  • 154
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    A reassessment of mixing cost in fermentation processes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 621-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gas-liquid oxygen transfer rate is a key step in the production of antibiotics in submerged fermentation. If the gas-liquid oxygen mass transfer rate is not equal to the required liquid-solid oxygen mass transfer rate at a particular cell concentration, then productivity of the particular fermentation operation will not be the maximum possible value.One way to increase the productivity of a given fermentation tank installation is to increase the cell concentration and to increase the oxygen transfer by changing the mixer and air supply to match the new requirements. In order to evaluate the cost of making this change to the larger mixing equipment, a typical cost example is given which can easily be modified for other combinations of production cost and mixer cost. As an example, it is seen that a considerable savings can result from a given installation by primarily changing the oxygen transfer ability of the equipment to utilize a given fermentor more efficiently. Production cost savings of 8 to 25% are shown in the example cited.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190502
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  • 155
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    Mechanism of disintegration of biological cells in ultrasonic cavitation (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 649-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of elastic waves released by imploding cavitation bubbles, a mechanism for biological cell disintegration in high intensity ultrasounds has been proposed. Comparison of this mechanism with the published results on yeast cells shows many points of agreement suggesting that yeast cell disintegration in ultrasonic cavitation occurs by shear stresses developed by viscous dissipative eddies arising from shock waves.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190504
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  • 156
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    Continuous manufacture of yogurt. I. Optimal conditions and kinetics of the prefermentation process (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 821-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principles of a method for the continuous manufacture of yogurt, based upon a two stage system, are given. The first stage, the prefermentation of milk at 45°C to a pH of 5.7, is described.The limitations of this continuous prefermentation are experimentally determined. No change in the balance of the yogurt bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, was observed. A mathematical approach is given for starting and stopping the process.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190604
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  • 157
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    Desorption of carbon dioxide from fermentation brothPresented at the Fifth International Fermentation Symposium, Berlin, 1976. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 801-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of CO2 desorption from fermentation broths under actual operating conditions were determined by measuring the CO2 partial pressure in the exit gas. The concentrations of CO2 physically dissolved in the broths were measured by the so-called tubing method. Values of kLa for CO2 desorption calculated from these values agreed well with the kLa values for oxygen absorption corrected for the difference in gas diffusivities. The dissolved CO2 concentration in the broth, which seems to bean important operating parameter, can easily be estimated from the CO2 partial pressure in the exit gas, a more easily measurable quantity, if the kLa value is known. For a given value of kLa, assumption of perfect mixing or plug flow in the gas phase made little difference in the calculated values of the dissolved CO2 concentration, indicating that the gas phase was probably in between perfect mixing and plug flow.In industrial fermentors, the CO2 partial pressure in the exit gas can practically be assumed to be in equilibrium with the dissolved CO2 concentration.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190603
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  • 158
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    Continuous manufacture of yogurt. II. Procedure and apparatus for continuous coagulation (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 841-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The procedure and apparatus for the continuous coagulation of yogurt are described. The continuous coagulation takes place in a plug-flow fermentor. Prefermented milk is brought into this fermentor with the help of a centrifugal distributor, which avoids any undesirable mixing of the prefermented milk with the acidifying milk. A special stirring plate allows a stirring treatment in the coagulation tank. By this procedure the acidity and the viscosity of the final yogurt can be controlled between certain limits. The organoleptic characteristics of the continuous manufactured yogurt are good.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190605
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  • 159
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    Oxygen transfer coefficients by dynamic model moment analysis (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 853-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method to estimate the oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) from the experimental dynamic response data is presented. Employing a linear model which allows for gas phase, diffusion film, and oxygen electrode dynamics, the first moment of the response curve is simply related to the sum of the model parameters. Two separate experiments are used to characterize the measurement dynamics and to measure the unknown KLa parameter. The simple calculation procedure involves only measuring the area above the response curves.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190606
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  • 160
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    Immobilization and characterization of hog kidney mutarotase (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 923-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190610
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  • 161
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    Methane fermentation of brewery by-products (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 867-878 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory-scale research program was undertaken to investigate the kinetics of the mesophilic (37°C) anaerobic digestion of brewery industry by-product. The purpose was to develop data for the design and operation of full-scale units which could be used to generate methane fuel gas from these materials. This is important because the brewery industry has been susceptible to shortages of natural gas in recent years. The minimum SRT is 2.3 days, although for design purposes as much as ten days is recommended. The biomass yield is 0.512 g volatile suspended solids (VSS)/g volatile solids (VS) or 0.421 g VSS/g chemical oxygen demand (COD). The maintenance requirement is 0.052 g VS/g VSS per day or 0.061 g COD/g VSS per day. The specific methane yield is 2.51 liter/g VSS, and the methane productivity is 0.32-0.41 liter/g dry substrate added or 0.69-0.91 liter/g destroyed. The maximum loading rate for which substrate inhibition is not observed is 6 g dry substrate added per liter per day. The results of the entire program indicate that processing brewery by-product in this manner is both technically feasible and economically attractive.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190607
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  • 162
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    Amperometric assay of coenzyme-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes in a flow-through cell (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 901-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have demonstrated that a simple electrochemical cell can serve as a detector of NADH concentration in a flow system thereby providing an assay technique for NADH dependent enzymes. When this is applied to NADH produced by enzymatic reaction, then a reproducible measure of enzyme activity is obtained. This method of enzyme activity assay is applicable to a number of oxidoreductase enzymes which employ NAD+ or NADP+ as coenzymes to achieve substrate modification. The presence of electroactive species in samples of human serum has proved a serious problem in the electrochemical analysis of serum activity. These species produce a large background anode current at the anode voltage appropriate for NADH oxidation. The presence of this high current limits the usefulness of amplification of the current output to detect small changes in NADH concentration.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190609
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  • 163
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    Isolation of a yeast-lyzing Arthrobacter species and the production of the lytic enzyme complex in batch and continuous-flow fermentors (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 879-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A gram-negative bacterium strongly lytic toward living cells of the food yeast Saccharomyces fragilis was isolated by continuous-flow enrichment from compost. The organism was identified as a species of Arthrobacter. The extracellular lytic enzyme complex produced by this bacterium contained β-1,3-glucanase, mannan mannohydrolase, and proteolytic activities. The polysaccharases were inducible by whole yeast cells. In chemostat cultures on chemically defined media, synthesis of the polysaccharases was very slight and only detectable at dilution rates below 0.02 hr-1. Enzyme production in defined media was not solely dependent on growth rate but also was influenced by the growth limiting substrate and the culture history. The production of individual depolymerases and of the lytic activity was studied in batch and chemostat cultures containing yeast as the limiting substrate. The maximum specific growth rate of the Arthrobacter under these conditions was 0.22 hr-1. β-1,3-Glucanase and proteolytic activities were synthesized by exponentially growing bacteria but maximum lytic titers did not develop until the specific growth rate was declining, at which time mannan mannohydrolase syntheses was induced. In yeast limited chemostats polysaccharase syntheses were greatest at the lowest dilution rates examined, namely 0.02 hr-1. Further optimization of enzyme production was achieved by feeding the Arthrobacter culture to a second-stage chemostat. A comparison of lytic enzyme productivities in batch and chemostat cultures has been made.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190608
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  • 164
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    Automatic effluent removal system (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 933-935 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190612
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  • 165
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    Determination of the time to harvest foot-and-mouth disease virus cultures by measurements of the supernatant, concentration of lactic dehydrogenase (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 929-932 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190611
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  • 166
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    Masthead (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190701
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  • 167
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    Thermodynamic evaluation of microbial growth (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 937-937 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190613
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  • 168
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    Dispersions in hydrocarbon fermentation. A retrospective study (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 541-556 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A nondimensionalized plot, obtained by normalizing the drop-size distribution in the hydrocarbon phase using the Sauter mean diameter, shows a tendency towards self-preservation of the distribution. Changes of distribution in time during the course of fermentation, initial dispersed phase fraction, speed of rotation, and reactor size were taken into account. Using this self-preserving property, an empirical (single parameter) equation has been proposed for drop-size distribution. Data, available from the literature, are presented for non-biological and biological systems (gas-oil, n-hexadecane, and n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil as dispersed phases). The parameter, Sauter mean diameter, has been correlated with the operating conditions, and a critical review presented. Cell density was found to have significant effect on Sauter mean diameter. This effect has also been empirically explained. The possibilities of using generalized distribution in predicting the performance of fermenters is outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170407
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    Comments on microbial growth rate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 279-283 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170214
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  • 170
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    A solid state fermentation method for citric acid production using sugar cane bagasse (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170216
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  • 171
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    Production of a plasmin inhibitory substance by Scopolia japonica suspension cultures (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 305-314 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A potent inhibitory agent against human plasmin, fibrinolytic proteinase, has been found in the extracts of callus tissue of Scopolia japonica. Effects of cultural conditions on cell growth and production of the plasmin inhibitory substance by this cell line in suspension cultures were examined in MurashigeSkoog's medium. More than l.5 mg of the inhibitor, as t-amino cyclohexane carboxylic acid, a synthetic plasmin inhibitor, were observed to accumulate per ml of medium containing 0.83 g of NH4NO3 and 7.6 g of KNO3 per liter as well as suitable levels of growth hormones.Addiction of antibiotics and deformers were examined in preliminary tests for large scale cultivation. Semicontinuous culture on a small scale in a glass cylinder, was also tested and growth rate of 1.29 g/liter/day (by dry wt) was obtained. Plasmin inhibitory activities in the extracts of the results intact plant and in cultured cells of S. japonica were compared and the results indicated that cell suspension culture was superior to extraction the natural plant for inhibitor production.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170302
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  • 172
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    Production of cellulase and protein from barley straw by Trichoderma viride (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 361-374 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cellulase production by two strains of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride was examined. The fungi were grown on different preparations of barley straw pretreated with NaOH under high pressure. The production of cellulases and microbial protein by the better strain (QM 9123) was investigated in an aerated 5-liter fermenter under varying stirring rates (200-350 rpm) and straw concentrations (1-2%). The pH was kept between 3.5 and 4.5. The growth of the fungus was followed by measuring the quantity of CO2 produced and the cell protein. After 2-6 days growth ceased, the lag phases lasting 0-2 days, increasing with increasing straw concentrations. The maximum enzyme yields were reached after 4-10 days. The protein content of the product was 21-26% and up to 70% of the straw was utilized. The yield constants were calculated to be 0.40-0.56; of the same order as those which can be obtained by growing the fungus on glucose.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170306
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  • 173
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    The influence of diffusion on the apparent rate of denaturation of gel entrapped enzymes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 441-444 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170312
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  • 174
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    Protein hydrolysis with immobilized enzymes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 451-453 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170314
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  • 175
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    Influence of cell concentration measurement method on the value of specific growth rate (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 461-462 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170317
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  • 176
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    An automatic homocontinuous culture apparatus (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 985-995 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus for the cultivation of microorganism under controlled conditions is described. This apparatus is basically a turbidostat improved with automatic devices for sample withdrawal and tube cleaning. The results of experiments, using Euglena gracilis to check the constancy of some physiological parameters (in particular phototactic reactivity), are reported.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170704
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  • 177
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    Temporal structure of S phase analyzed using an automated synchrony system (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 675-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automated system for cell cycle analysis is described in which synchronous populations of greater than 95% mitotic cells can be selected and subcultured without resorting to inhibitors or altered media. Selection of mitotic cells from roller bottle cultures generates synchronous populations of up to 5 × 107 cells, as often as every 30 min, under conditions of constant temperature. A detailed analysis of the temporal pattern of DNA synthesis in the S phase of several Chinese hamster cells is presented. Several potential artefacts and uncertainties regarding the cell cycle blockage point in S phase synchronization are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170505
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  • 178
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    Maintenance of perpetual synchrony in HeLa suspension cultures: Question of unbalanced growth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 703-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Unbalanced growth has been studied in HeLa cell cultures maintained in perpetual division synchrony by periodic inhibition of DNA synthesis. Observation of eight independent cellular parameters indicates that once synchrony has been established the degree of unbalanced growth in later cycles is not as great as is observed with the conventional “double-block” technique. This significant diminution of unbalanced growth appears to be related to the significantly shorter periods of inhibition of DNA synthesis used in the resynchronization process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170507
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  • 179
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    Enhancement factor for oxygen absorption into fermentation broth (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1083-1098 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of the enhancement factor for oxygen absorption into fermentation broth, i.e., the ratio of the liquid phase mass transfer coefficients for oxygen absorption for both cases with and without respiration of microorganisms were predicted theoretically on the assumption of various cell concentration distributions. Calculations indicate that in the usual case the enhancement factor is only slightly or negligibly larger than unity, even when accumulation of microorganisms at or near the gas-liquid interface is assumed. Results of experiments with sparged-stirred fermentors on oxygen absorption into fermentation broths containing resting and growing cells of Candida tropicalis confirmed the theoretical prediction. Except for extreme cases, the effect of respiration of microorganisms on kLa, values can practically be ignored.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170710
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  • 180
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    Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste for Fuel Gas Production (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1119-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic digestion offers a potential means of converting organic solid waste into fuel gas and thereby provide a supplemental and readily utilizable source of energy. We are particularly interested in the use of thermophilic digestion over a mesophilic operation for it can achieve higher rates of digestion, greater conversion of waste organics to gas, faster solid-liquid separation, and minimization of bacterial and viral pathogen accumulation. Our results comparing mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (65°C) anaerobic digestion of domestic solid waste confirm the increased rate and conversion of waste to methane. In addition, utilizing radioactive labeling of glucose and acetic acid, we have measured the volumetric rates of volatile acid production and disappearance under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170804
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  • 181
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    Submerged cultivation of a thermotolerant basidiomycete on cereal flours and other substrates (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1183-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The imperfect state, Sporotrichum pulverulentum, of thecellulolytic basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporiumhas been grown on barley flour and other agricultural products in shake cultures, in an air-lift fermentor, and in stirred fermentors. The growth morphology varied with cultivation conditions, but it was possible to maintain heavy suspensions of loosely associated mycelia in fermentors. The fungus can grow in temperatures up to 40°C and use ammonium salts or organic nitrogen sources to convert sugars, starch, pectin, and various seed residues to a biomass containing 30-40% protein with a favorable amino acid composition. Serial cultures were grown on flours under conditions where the larger part of the culture was withdrawn and replaced with new medium every, or every other, day. The mycelia are easy to harvest by filtration and have several properties which make the product attractive as a potential food ingredient.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170807
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  • 182
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170901
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  • 183
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    Nonisothermal heterogeneous reaction in a denaturable immobilized enzyme catalyst (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1237-1242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170810
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  • 184
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    Kinetics of solka floc cellulose hydrolysis by trichoderma viride cellulase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 873-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A product inhibition model is developed to describe the hydrolysis of cellulose by the Trichoderma viride enzyme system. It is assumed that noncompetitive inhibition by cellobiose dominates the reaction kinetics. Experiments show that this is indeed a reasonable assumption for initial cellulose concentrations of up to 15 g/liter and at hydrolysis extents up to 65′. Kinetic parameters were determined for the noncompetitive inhibitionmodel in batch experiments with durations of up to 1.5 hr. These parameterswere then used in predicting reaction progress for up to 10 hr. Cellobiose was added to the reaction mixture at the onset of some runs and againreliable predictions were obtained for up to 8 hr of hydrolysis. Finally reaction was carried out in a membrane reactor whereby the product cellobiose was being continuously removed and again reasonable predictability was obtained with a higher net reaction rate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170608
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  • 185
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    Film diffusion and Michaelis-Menten kinetics in a packed-bed reactor (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1555-1559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171014
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  • 186
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    Preparation of immobilized β-galactosidase by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and the continuous hydrolysis of lactose in acid whey (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1571-1589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized β-galactosidase gel was prepared using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) under β-ray irradiation. In contrast to the gelation of N-vinylpyrrolidone monomer-enzyme solution, the gelation of PVP-β-galactosidase solution (PVP content: 10%) was almost completely uneffected by the dose rate and amount of phosphate present. PVP-enzyme solution was gelled by irradiation with 3.0 Mrad. The expressed activity of the PVP-enzyme gel was about 30% of the initial activity and added activity was almost totally entrapped. No leakage of enzyme from these gels could be detected. Leakage was, however, detected in the case of the gelation of PVP-enzyme solution containing more than 1% of enzyme protein. When the general properties of the gel were compared with those of the native enzyme, the gel proved to be slightly inferior to the native enzyme with respect to optimum temperature, heat stability, pH activity, and pH stability. Continuous hydrolysis of lactose in acid whey could be carried out at 50°C using a column packed with the gel and sawdust and the degree of hydrolysis was found to be almost, constant for 12 days. The merits of using PVP in the immobilization of enzymes include the simplicity of the procedure and the fact that the PVP-enzyme gel can be used in the food industry without anxiety because of its high degree of compatibility with living organisms.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171103
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  • 187
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    The preparation and properties of hornblende as a support for immobilized invertase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1679-1693 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The suitability of hornblende as a support for immobilized β-fructofuranosidase (invertase) was studied, with regard to the physical stability of the support and the thermal and operational stability of the immobilized enzyme. Hornblende was more stable than Enzacryl-Alo or Enzacryl-TIO, and marginally more stable than porous glass. Invertase immobilized on hornblende was more stable during long-term operation than invertase immobilized on porous glass. An active preparation of immobilized invertase was obtained also on pyroxene particles.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171110
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  • 188
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    Masthead (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171201
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  • 189
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    Comparison of batch and semicontinuous cultures for production of protein from mesquite wood by Brevibacterium sp. JM98A (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1749-1760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of protein by a Brevibacterium sp. JM98A usingmesquite wood as the substrate was compared in batch and semicontinuous cultures. A 14 liter glass fermentor with automatic pH, temperature, and foam control was used for the study. A pH range of 6.6 to 7.2 was optimum for the growth of JM98A. The batch and semicontinuous cultures were compared on the basis of viable cell counts, protein production, CMC-Ase (β-1,4-glucanase) activity, and filter paper cellulase (β-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolyase) activity. Total hexose, cellulose, and reducing sugar consumption were measured. The semicontinuous process yielded 2.97 times as much protein in 72 hr as the batch cultures. Most of the biomass resulted from the utilization of soluble sugars rather than from the degradation of cellulose during the semicontinuous process.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171205
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  • 190
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    Fermentation of agricultural wastes by yeast (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1823-1826 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171211
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  • 191
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    Control of nutrient supply in yeast propagation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1829-1832 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171213
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  • 192
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    Patent protection of microorganisms with special reference to ferrous-iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1853-1857 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260171217
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  • 193
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    Continuous coagulation of milk using immobilized enzymes in a fluidized-bed reactor (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 585-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Milk-clotting enzymes such as pepsin, chymosin, chymotrypsin, and M. miehei proteases were immobilized on porous, alkylamine glass and incorporated into a fluidized-bed continuous coagulation scheme. Only pepsin and calf rennet retained sufficient activity towards skim milk to warrant further studies. Comparison of kinetic data with fixed-bed reactors revealed the overall superior performance of fluidized beds; higher clotting activities were possible while avoiding plugging problems and high pressure drops common to fixed-bed reactors. Film diffusion and catalyst back-mixing appear to be significant factors in the overall kinetics.All enzymes lost activity on exposure to skim milk. The inactivation rates were lower at high substrate pH and insignificantly affected by reactor temperature. Nitrogen and sialic acid accumulation on the porous glass paralleled the loss in activity in the initial stages. Attempts to regenerate the immobilized enzymes were partially successful.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170410
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  • 194
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    Purification of placental alkaline phosphatase by immunoadsorption (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 607-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170412
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  • 195
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    Determination of cell numbers and cell size for thiobacillus ferrooxidans by the electrical resistance method (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 621-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170415
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  • 196
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    Design of a large-scale mammalian cell, suspension culture facility (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 659-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a suspension culture facility capable of producing approximately 1012 cells per week has been developed on a small-scale system which has evolved from various architectural, engineering, biological, and biohazard considerations. The smaller system is composed of spinner flasks (50 ml to 8 liters) modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, metal reservoirs, a continuous flow centrifuge, and supportive equipment. The large system which is under construction is composed of metallic vessels of up to 500 liter working volume with hard plumbing, monitors, controllers, recorders, continuous flow centrifuge and other ancillary equipment. This system begins with medium preparation and ends with harvesting of cells and disposition of supernatant. The design of this turn-key operation was developed over a two and one-half year period through the cooperation of private industry, the federal government, and the academic community.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170504
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  • 197
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    An evaluation of suspension culture systems for the growth of murine lymphoblastoid lines expressing TL and Thy-1 alloantigens (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 629-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a prelude to our studies on TL and Thy-1 differentiation alloantigens, three murine lymphobhastoid cell lines were examined for expression of these components. Optimal conditions for their mass culture were also determined. Several suspension culture systems were evaluated: (a) 50 ml through 500 ml Wheaton and Bellco spinner flasks as well as 1, 4, and 8 liter Wheaton flasks modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, (b) 3 liter Chemapec Vibrofermentor, and (c) 14 liter New Brunswick fermentor. Utilizing these types of vessels the optimal culture conditions were evaluated as to the effect of: (1) pH, (2) initial concentration of cell inoculum, (3) types of media, and (4) methods of gassing and gas mixtures on the rate of growth and alloantigen expression. This study demonstrated that cells could be cultured on a semicontinuous basis up to densities of 2-4 × 106 cells/ml if a vessel of appropriate dimensions was utilized, the appropriate medium selected, and the pH controlled by CO2 and air overlay. Once these parameters were established the growth of a given cell line was highly reproducible: Under optimal culture conditions the expression of Thy-1 was maximum while the cells were in the exponential stage of growth and reduced during the lag and stationary phases of growth. The expression of TL did not vary as significantly during the various stages of growth. One cell line grown in medium supplemented with 10% horse serum expressed lass Thy-1 than those grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The factors affecting cell growth and alloantigen expression have been considered in the design of a large-scale suspension culture facility for culturing 1000 liters of cells per week.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170503
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  • 198
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    Primary suspension culture of calf anterior pituitary cells on a microcarrier surface (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 713-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to achieve a steady-state primary culture system for mammalian cells, with the potential to eventually correlate and control cell function and growth, a serious evaluation of various suspension systems was made. Calf anterior pituitary cells were employed as a differentiated cell type and successfully cultivated in a microcarrier suspension culture system. DEAE-Sephadex was demonstrated to be a satisfactory type of microcarrier. The cells readily attached to the bead and, after a short lag period, they actively proliferated on the bead surface to yield growth of a predominantly epithelial cell type. Under specific conditions the microcarrier supported primary cell growth up to levels of 2 × 106 cells per ml. High bead concentrations inhibited cell growth. The inhibition could be overcome by using proportionately higher cell inoculum so that a concentrated culture with 5 × 106 cells per ml was achieved. The inhibitory effect of high bead concentration was found to be due to the absorption of serum protein and certain growth enhancing factors. The fact that the growth enhancing factors were released from cells during the period of trypsinization and were both thermostable and nondialyzable, seems to suggest one approach to a dialysis culture system. In addition, relatively trauma-free primary cell cultures can be achieved by using explant culture without prior trypsinization. In microcarrier suspensions direct growth of primary rat mammary tumor cells was also demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170508
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  • 199
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    Kinetic Behavior of Microencapsulated β-Galactosidase (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1157-1181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli β-D-galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.23) was immobilized in cellulose nitrate membrane microcapsules and the reaction kinetics with o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), lactose, and whole milk were studied using both continuous stirred tank and packed bedreactor configurations. The results of the experiments gave effectiveness factors of 0.3 for ONPG, 0.6 to 0.7 for lactose in solution, andclose to unity for lactose in milk. Using a coupled mass transfer and kinetic model, it was possible to estimate the permeability of the microcapsule membrane from the reactor data. Membrane permeabilities on the order of 5 × 10-3 and 3 × 10-4 cm/sec were estimated for ONPG and lactose, respectively. It was determined that the membrane was the limiting mass transfer resistance for the overallreaction. The analysis showed that within the microcapsule, the reaction is reaction rate limited for lactose and slightly diffusion limitedfor ONPG.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170806
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  • 200
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    The effect of acid pH on the growth kinetics of Trichoderma viride (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1199-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch cultures of Trichoderma viride have been carried out in a 10 liter stirred fermenter at controlled pH values of 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, and 4.0, and without pH control at a temperature of 28°C. Cell and glucose concentrations and dissolved oxygen values are reported. The yield coefficient was found to be constant at 0.40 kg cells/kg glucose and the maximum specific growth rate was linearly correlated with the hydrogen ion concentration.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170808
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