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  • 2025-2025
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (19)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spontaneous alternation, motor activity, and spatial learning in hot-foot mutant mice (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 178 (1996), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Exploration ; Spatial learning ; Perseveration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Hot-foot mutant mice, characterized by defective innervation of Purkinje cells and an ataxic gait, were less active than normal mice in a T-maze. In spontaneous alternation testing with either single or multiple trials, hot-foot mutants, contrary to normal mice, did not alternate above chance. Moreover, the mutants had a higher number of errors and higher escape latencies in a water-filled Z-maze. These results indicate that in addition to motor coordination deficits, these cerebellar mutants have deficits in spatial learning and perseverate choices of maze arms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189594
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the A‚-containing lesions in brains of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (1996)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 91 (1996), S. 608-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Cerebellum ; Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ; Cerebrovascular ; Inflammation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the formation of senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), since several inflammation-induced proteins are present within these plaques. The relation between inflammatory components and other amyloid β protein (Aβ)-containing lesions of the DAT brain [cerebrovascular amyloidosis (CA) and cerebellar senile plaques] is unclear. We studied the distribution of the inflammation-inducible protein intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in CA and in senile plaques of the cerebellum, using an immunohistochemical approach. We observed striking differences in ICAM-1 reactivity between the different types of Aβ-containing lesions. ICAM-1 was only expressed in classic senile plaques in the granular and Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and not in diffuse senile plaques of the molecular layer. Also, ICAM-1 was not associated with CA; only when the vascular amyloid extended into the neuropil (dyshoric angiopathy) was perivascular ICAM-1 reactivity observed. This is in contrast to the putative primary involvement of inflammation in the formation of cerebrocortical classic and diffuse senile plaques. Our findings indicate that ICAM-1 expression, which may be an indicator of an inflammatory reaction, is induced in the neuropil depending on the specific site of Aβ production.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050474
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ontogeny of GABA-immunoreactive cells in the primate cerebellar cortex: comparison with somatostatin-immunoreactivity (1996)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 194 (1996), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): γ-aminobutyric acid ; Cerebellum ; Development ; Macaque monkey ; Phenotype change
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The distribution and ontogeny of GABA-immunoreactive cells were studied and compared with that of somatostatin-immunoreactivity in the primate cerebellar cortex. At embryonic day 80, we observed neither GABA-nor somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the cerebellum. At embryonic day 110, a small number of GABA-immunoreactive cells was detectable in the granular layer only, and these cells seemed to be Golgi cells. At embryonic day 140, although almost all Purkinje cells were somatostatin-immunoreactive, a proportion of these cells was GABA-immunoreactive. At the newborn stage, most of the Purkinje cells were GABA-immunoreactive and almost all of them were also somatostatin-immunoreactive. During the postnatal stages, the number of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells decreased until postnatal day 60. At the adult stage, a large number of Purkinje cell bodies was faintly GABA-immunoreactive and a proportion of Purkinje cell dendrites was GABA-immunoreactive. In the aged animals (28 and 31 years old), a small number of Purkinje cell dendrites was GABA-immunoreactive. These findings suggest that a transition of phenotype from somatostatin to GABA occurred in Purkinje cells during development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187132
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The sensory guidance of movement: a comparison of the cerebellum and basal ganglia (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 112 (1996), S. 462-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Positron emission tomography ; Basal ganglia ; Cerebellum ; Prefrontal cortex ; Parietal cortex
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We used positron emission tomography (PET) to compare the contribution of the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the sensory guidance of movement. In one condition the subjects used a computer mouse to draw a series of lines on a computer screen (DRAW). In the second condition the same lines were presented to the subjects, and they had to track the lines with a mouse pointer on the screen (COPY). In a third condition the subjects were again presented with the same lines, and they simply followed movements of the pointer with their eyes (EYES). In the fourth condition, the subjects fixated a central point, ignoring the sequence of presented lines (FIX). The pons and cerebellum were activated more during visually guided tracking than in freely generated drawing (COPY vs DRAW). The basal ganglia were activated equally in both DRAW and COPY. The prefrontal and inferior temporal cortex were activated more when subjects drew lines freely (DRAW) than when they copied them (COPY). We conclude that the cerebellum is specialized for using sensory information to correct movements, but that the basal ganglia are involved both in movements that are self-generated and in movements that are guided by external cues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227952
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Contribution of somatosensory cortex to responses in the rat cerebellar granule cell layer following peripheral tactile stimulation (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 109 (1996), S. 240-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Field potential ; Timing ; Lidocaine ; Somatosensory cerebral cortex ; Crus IIa ; Mossy fiber ; Cerebellum ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The spatial coincidence of somatosensory cerebral cortex (SI) and trigeminal projections to the cerebellar hemisphere has been previously demonstrated. In this paper we describe the temporal relationship between tactilely-evoked responses in SI and in the granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemisphere, in anesthetized rats. We simultaneously recorded field potentials in areas of common receptive fields of SI and of the cerebellar folium crus IIa after peripheral tactile stimulation of the corresponding facial area. Response of the cerebellar granule cell layer to a brief tactile stimulation consisted of two components at different latencies. We found a strong correlation between the latency of the SI response and that of the second (long-latency) cerebellar component following facial stimulation. No such relationship was found between the latency of the SI response and that of the first (short-latency) cerebellar component, originating from a direct trigeminocerebellar pathway. In addition, lidocaine pressure injection in SI, cortical ablation, and decerebration all significantly affected the second cerebellar peak but not the first. Further, when tactile stimuli were presented 75 ms apart, the response in SI failed, as did the second cerebellar peak, while the shortlatency cerebellar response still occurred. We found a wide spatial distribution of the upper lip response beyond the upper lip area in crus IIa for the long-latency component of the cerebellar response. Our results demonstrate that SI is the primary contributor to the cerebellar long-latency response to peripheral tactile stimulation. These results are discussed in the context of Purkinje cell responses to tactile input.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231784
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A rare (arteriolo-)capillomedullary venous anomaly of the cerebellum (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Venous angioma ; Cerebellum ; Developmental venous anomaly
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A rare (arteriolo-)capillomedullary venous anomaly of the cerebellum was examined with CT, MRI, and angiography. Unlike the usual venous angioma, this case had such extraordinary features as: infratentorial location, involvement of the whole left cerebellum, an arteriolocapillary component and a history of progressive vomiting and chronic constipation in a 7-year-old boy. CT and MRI were consistent with an extensive vascular malformation, but the actual diagnosis was reached by angiography.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593233
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MRI of cerebellar white matter damage due to carbon monoxide poisoning: case report (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. S73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Carbon monoxide poisoning ; Cerebellum ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Extensive bilateral cerebellar white matter signal change, with sparing of the overlying cortex, consistent with demyelination was seen in a 12-year-old boy who had suffered carbon monoxide poisoning 6 years previously. His youth at the time of exposure and the long delay between exposure and examination might account for this unusual finding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050923
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MRI of cerebellar white matter damage due to carbon monoxide poisoning: Case report (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. S73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon monoxide poisoning ; Cerebellum ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Extensive bilateral cerebellar white matter signal change, with sparing of the overlying cortex, consistent with demyelination was seen in a 12-year-old boy who had suffered carbon monoxide poisoning 6 years previously. His youth at the time of exposure and the long delay between exposure and examination might account for this unusual finding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278124
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Seltene intrakranielle Plasmozytommanifestationen Fallberichte und Literaturübersicht bei diffusem Plasmozytom, bei primär solitär extramedullärem Plasmozytom und bei primär solitär ossärem Plasmozytom (1996)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 914-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Plasmozytom ; Zerebrum ; Kleinhirn ; Intrakraniell ; Solitäres ossäres Plasmozytom ; Key words Plasmacytoma ; Cerebrum ; Cerebellum ; Intracranial ; Solitary plasmacytoma of bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Plasmacytomas can be divided into multiple, solitary osseous and solitary extraosseous/extramedullary plasmacytomas. Intracranial plasmacytomas of the dura, leptomeninx and cerebrum are well known from the literature. They are manifestations of multiple myeloma, intracranial extramedullary plasmacytoma or metastatic disease of extramedullary plasmacytoma in distant locations. We describe a cerebellar manifestation of a solitary plasmacytoma of the bone, and a leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of a multiple plasmacytoma. A summary of the literature concerning intracranial plasmacytomas is given. Dural manifestations of plasmacytoma have the same features as meningiomas in CT or MRI. Cerebral or cerebellar manifestations cannot be differentiated from brain tumors by means of CT or MRI. In CT, plasmacytomas show high-density lesions. T2w-MRI reveals a low-intensity lesion. In T1w-MRI, intense homogeneous contrast enhancement can be demonstrated.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Plasmozytome manifestieren sich diffus oder solitär. Solitäre Plasmozytome werden nach Lokalisation, klinischem Verlauf und Prognose in solitär ossäre (SOP) und solitär extraossäre/extramedulläre (EMP) Plasmozytome eingeteilt. Intrakranielle Manifestationen an Dura, Leptomeninx und Gehirn wurden beim diffusen Plasmozytom, als primäres EMP im Gehirn und als zerebrale Manifestation eines EMP in anderer Lokalisation beschrieben. Wir berichten exemplarisch über eine Patientin mit einer Gehirnmanifestation SOP und eine Patientin mit leptomingealer Manifestation eines diffusen Plasmozytoms. Die Fälle werden anhand einer Literaturübersicht eingeordnet. In CT und MRT verhalten sich durale Manifestationen wie Meningeome, parenchymatöse Manifestationen wie primäre Hirntumoren. Hinweisend ist eine hyperdense Darstellung im nativen CT-Bild, eine hypointense Struktur im T2-gewichteten MRT-Bild und eine homogene, kräftige Kontrastanreicherung.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050158
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tremor and voluntary repetitive movement in Parkinson's disease: comparison before and after l-dopa with positron emission tomography (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 107 (1996), S. 453-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Parkinsonian tremor ; Positron emission tomography ; Regional cerebral blood flow ; Voluntary movement ; Cerebellum ; Supplementary motor area ; l-dopa
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Brain regions involved in tremor and voluntary movement were compared in seven subjects with hemiparkinsonian tremor using positron emission tomography and the [15O]water bolus activation method. Repeated measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow were performed both before and after tremor arrest induced by administration of l-dopa as well as during voluntary repetitive movements of the hand contralateral to tremor side. The normalized regional cerebral blood flow (NrCBF) was measured in regions of interest with anatomical boundaries that were defined for each subject by means of a three-dimensional reconstruction of magnetic resonance imaging data. Taking the rest after l-dopa as a control condition, NrCBF increased during tremor in a network of regions including the precentral (mean±SD 5.36±4.6%, P=0.006) and paracentral (6.11±6%, P=0.01) gyri contralateral to tremor side, the supplementary motor area (SMA; 4.03±4%, P=0.02, n=8 pairs), and the cerebellar vermis (8.64±9.9%, P=0.01, n=12). During voluntary repetitive movement of the hand contralateral to tremor compared with rest after l-dopa, the same patients activated the precentral (8.25±2.6%, P=0.0006) and postcentral regions contralateral to movement (8.43±3.7%, P=0.002), and the cerebellar cortex (3.49±2.1%, P=0.03), precentral (3.58±3.1%, P=0.04), and paracentral (4.03±3.6%, P=0.04) regions ipsilateral to movement. The cerebellar vermis was activated (8.15±5.6%, P=0.02, n=8) as well as the SMA, but not significantly at the 0.05 level (5.16±5%, P=0.08, n=5). These results confirm the similarities of brain structures involved in parkinsonian tremor and voluntary movement and provide an anatomofunctional substrate for their clinical interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230425
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The function of the cerebellar uvula in monkey during optokinetic and pursuit eye movements: single-unit responses and lesion effects (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 110 (1996), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Smooth pursuit ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Single neurons ; Lesion ; Cerebellum ; Monkey
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The cerebellum is known to participate in visually guided eye movements. The cerebellar uvula receives projections from pontine nuclei that have been implicated in visual motion processing and the generation of smooth pursuit. Single-unit and lesion studies were conducted to determine how the uvula might further process these input signals. Purkinje cells and input fibers were recorded during a variety of visual and oculomotor paradigms. Most Purkinje cells were modulated in either an excitatory or inhibitory fashion by prolonged, horizontal optokinetic drum rotation. A small proportion of cells responded during smooth tracking of a small spot of light. As a paradox to the physiological data, lesions of the uvula produced a profound effect on smooth-pursuit eye movements. Initial eye velocity for pursuit in the direction contraversive to the lesion site was increased substantially following lesions in comparison with prelesion controls. The lesions also affected optokinetic nystagmus in the direction contraversive to the lesion, but not as drastically as they did pursuit. Overall the results suggest that the uvula is not in the neuronal pathway that directly controls pursuit, but instead serves to adjust the gain of this system as a result of abnormal periods of motion of the visual world.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241368
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inhibition of the inferior olive during conditioned responses in the decerebrate ferret (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 110 (1996), S. 36-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Classical conditioning ; Eyeblink ; Inferior olive ; Inhibition ; Ferret
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Output from the interpositus nucleus can inhibit the inferior olive, probably via the GABA-ergic nucleo-olivary pathway. It has been suggested that the function of this inhibition might be to regulate synaptic plasticity resulting from parallel fibre/climbing fibre interaction in cerebellar Purkinje cells, by providing negative feedback information to the olive. Thus, when a learned response, generated by the interpositus nucleus, reaches a sufficient amplitude, the olive would be inhibited and further learning blocked. This suggestion was tested in a classical conditioning paradigm. Decerebrate ferrets were trained using electrical skin stimulation of the forelimb as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and periorbital stimulation as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Climbing fibre responses evoked in Purkinje cells by the US were recorded as surface field potentials in the part of the c3 zone controlling eyeblink. It was found that the CS did not inhibit the olive at the beginning of training, but when conditioned responses were large, the olive was inhibited by the CS in some animals. After a number of unpaired CS presentations, which caused extinction of the conditioned response, the inhibition disappeared. The size of individual conditioned responses correlated negatively with the size of the climbing fibre responses evoked by the US. Climbing fibre responses evoked by direct stimulation of the olive were also inhibited. It was concluded that cerebellar output during performance of a conditioned response inhibits the inferior olive. The results thus support the hypothesis of a cerebellar locus of conditioning and are consistent with the proposed role of cerebello-olivary inhibition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241372
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reversible inactivations of the cerebellum with muscimol prevent the acquisition and extinction of conditioned nictitating membrane responses in the rabbit (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 110 (1996), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Classical conditioning ; Learning ; Acquisition ; Extinction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Lesions of the cerebellum severely impair the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR) in rabbits. Thus, the cerebellum is essential for the production of conditioned responses (CRs), either because it is actively involved in NMR conditioning or because damage to it causes motor or other general deficits. To distinguish between these alternatives, the cerebellum may be inactivated during training. Inactivation of the cerebellum during acquisition training might result in the absence of CRs on initial trials of subsequent training without the neuronal blockade. The blockade may have prevented learning but it may have produced other deficits that require time or further training to overcome. This problem can be addressed by inactivating the cerebellum during extinction training. If inactivation during extinction training results in the immediate production of CRs when training is resumed without the blockade, then it may be concluded that extinction learning was prevented by the blockade — the presence of CRs argues against any deficits not associated with learning. We used muscimol to inactivate the cerebellum and test its involvement in acquisition and extinction of NMR conditioning in the same subjects. We injected muscimol close to the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum 1 h before each of four daily training sessions of delay conditioning. Almost no CRs were produced in these training sessions — there was little or no acquisition of NMR conditioning during cerebellar inactivation. The subjects were then trained for four daily sessions without injections of muscimol. There were no CRs on initial trials of the first session of retraining, but all subjects produced CRs by the end of this session. The subjects then received four daily sessions of extinction training with muscimol inactivation of the nuclei — no CRs were produced. Extinction training then continued for four daily sessions without muscimol inactivation. On the first of these sessions, all subjects immediately produced high levels of CRs. These responses then extinguished within and between sessions with characteristic beginning-of-session spontaneous recovery. There was little or no extinction of NMR conditioning during cerebellar inactivation. After inactivation, the muscimolinactivated subjects went on to acquire and extinguish NM responses at rates similar to those of appropriate controls. We conclude that cerebellar circuitry is essential for, and actively engaged in, both acquisition and extinction of this simple form of motor learning.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228555
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bicuculline-induced circling from the rat superior colliculus is blocked by GABA microinjection into the deep cerebellar nuclei (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 110 (1996), S. 425-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Superior colliculus ; Turning ; Cerebellum ; Substantia nigra ; Basal ganglia ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In a recent electrophysiological experiment, we showed the deep cerebellar nuclei to be a major source of excitatory input to the superior colliculus. Furthermore, target neurons in the colliculus were found, in every case, to receive convergent tonic inhibitory input from the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In the present study, we investigated these effects in the awake rat. We asked whether circling behaviour, induced by unilateral injection of a GABA antagonist into the lateral colliculus, could be suppressed by concurrent cerebellar inactivation. Rats were chronically implanted with bilateral guide cannulae located above the superior colliculus and deep cerebellar nuclei. Bicuculline methiodide (25 pmol) was microinjected unilaterally into intermediate layers of the colliculus at increasing depths until an optimal contralateral circling response was elicited. This behaviour was taken as the “baseline response” and was the first of three treatments. The second was an identical manipulation of the colliculus with a concurrent 200-nl microinjection of 1 M GABA into the contralateral deep cerebellar nuclei. The third was a repeat of BIC alone into the colliculus or, if rotation had been suppressed by more than 50% on test 2, the treatment was collicular BIC plus deep cerebellar saline. This latter treatment was used as a control for possible non-pharmacological injection effects. The effect of cerebellar GABA at 26 sites (17 within cerebellar nuclei and 9 outside) on BIC-induced rotation at 15 collicular sites was studied in ten animals. Only GABA injections at sites that fell within the cerebellar nuclei significantly reduced turning (P〈0.0001). A full behavioural analysis showed that this was a specific suppression of turning, not the result of general motor impairment. These results provide clear behavioural evidence that opposing, convergent influences from the basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the lateral superior colliculus to control head and body movements. They furthermore suggest that the tonic deep cerebellar excitation of the superior colliculus could be the driving force in the expression of rotation induced by manipulations of the basal ganglia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229142
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inhibition of microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+-sequestration in rat cerebellum by polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners Structure-activity relationships (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 70 (1996), S. 150-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Calcium sequestration ; Cerebellum ; 45Ca2+-uptake ; In vitro ; Structure-activity relationships
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in vitro perturbed signal transduction mechanisms including cellular Ca2+-homeostasis and protein kinase C translocation. We have now investigated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of three PCB mixtures, 24 PCB congeners and one dibenzofuran for their effects on microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+-sequestration in rat cerebellum. Ca2+-sequestration by these intracellular organelles was determined using radioactive 45CaCl2. All three mixtures studied, Aroclor 1016, Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, were equally potent in inhibiting microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+-sequestration with IC50 values of 6–8 μM. 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran had no effect on Ca2+-sequestration by these organelles. The SAR among the congeners revealed: (1) congeners with ortho-/meta- or ortho-, para-chlorine substitutions were the most potent in inhibiting microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+-sequestration (IC50=2.4–22.3 μM); (2) congeners with only para- but without ortho-substitutions were not effective in inhibiting Ca2+-sequestration by microsomes and mitochondria; (3) increased chlorination was not related to the effectiveness of these congeners. The present SAR studies indicate that the effects of most PCB congeners in vitro may be related to an interaction at specific sites having preference for low lateral substitution or lateral content (meta- or para) in the presence of ortho-substitution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050254
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rapidly growing calcified cerebellar astrocytoma in infants (1996)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Schlagwort(e): Astrocytoma ; Cerebellum ; Calcification ; Infant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report the case of an infant with a cerebellar astrocytoma that showed marked calcification within only 6 months. In general, only slow-growing tumors tend to calcify. To our knowledge, no other case of such rapid calcification in cerebellar astrocytoma has been reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00819508
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preoperative and postoperative analysis of visual and auditory memory in children with cerebellar tumors (1996)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Auditory memory ; Visual memory ; Neoplasm
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Motivated by the extensive clinical and experimental evidence that links the cerebellum to cognitive processes, we analyzed the auditory and visual memory of nine children with cerebellar tumors. Five patients had midline lesions and four had cerebellar hemispheric tumors. The patients were tested before and after surgery. One of the patients was also tested at 4 and 24 months after surgery. A third group constituted by four children, sibling of some of the patients, served as control. Statistically significant differences (P〈 0.05) were found in the test of auditory memory, in which children with cerebellar tumors made a higher number of errors than their normal counterparts. Surgery performed according standard techniques did not increase significantly the number of errors in any of the tested categories. Location of the tumor (hemispheric vs midline) was not a determinant of the performance of the children. The patient tested up to 2 years after surgery demonstrated a progressive improvement in the performance of visual and auditory memory tasks. Our results provide further evidence that the cerebellum plays a role in the integration of auditory stimuli.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00819501
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cystic malformations of the posterior cranial fossa originating from a defect of the posterior membranous area (1996)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Schlagwort(e): Brain, malformations ; Posterior fossa ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pediatric neuroradiology ; Cerebellum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Cystic malformations of the posterior cranial fossa are all but arachnoid cysts contained within the general context of the Dandy-Walker complex and may be further classified in two groups on the basis of their embryological origin: anomalies of the anterior membranous area (AMA) and anomalies of the posterior membranous area (PMA). Whether the latter group of malformations can be regarded as separate entities is still quite controversial. The present authors give a detailed account of the various embryological stages in the formation of the posterior cranial fossa and its contents and propose the identification of two anomalies derived from a defect of the PMA: the mega cisterna magna (MCM) and the persisting Blake's pouch, a new entity with different MRI features from MCM. Criteria for their recognition are discussed, stressing the capital importance of a differential diagnosis in view of the radically different therapeutic approach.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301017
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Localization of the neural calcium-binding protein VILIP (visinin-like protein) in neurons of the chick visual system and cerebellum (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 283 (1996), S. 413-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Calcium-binding proteins ; EF-hand proteins ; Visinin-like protein ; Cerebellum ; Visual system ; Immunohistochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The visinin-like protein (VILIP) is a member of a recently discovered family of calcium sensors specifically expressed in neurons. Family members contain four potential calcium-binding domains commonly referred to as ”EF-hand motifs”. VILIP interacts in a calcium-dependent manner with the actin-based neuronal cytoskeleton and modulates the phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors, i.e., rhodopsin, in vitro. Here, we have used antisera against VILIP to study its distribution in the chick brain. Immunostaining of subsets of neurons is observed throughout the brain. Generally, the distribution of VILIP coincides well with the distribution of VILIP transcripts as detected previously by in situ hybridization. The most intense expression is detected in the visual system and the cerebellum. In the visual system, neurons of the nuclei of the ascending tecto-fugal pathway are stained, as are the pretectal, isthmic, and oculomotor nuclei. VILIP immunoreactivity is found in cell bodies, dendrites, and synaptic structures. Thus, VILIP appears to be an excellent marker for the characterization of neurons of the visual pathway. In the cerebellum, VILIP immunoreactivity is detected in deep cerebellar nuclei and in a subset of granule cells, Golgi type II cells, basket cells, and stellate cells, whereas it is completely absent from Purkinje cells. Intense punctate staining in the molecular layer suggests that VILIP is transported from deep cerebellar nuclei and from granule cells to the glutamatergic climbing-fiber and parallel-fiber synapses, respectively, both of which terminate on Purkinje-cell dendrites. The localization of VILIP in these presynaptic terminals has been confirmed at the electron-microscopic level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050552
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Rubro-Olivary pathway II. Simultaneous action on dynamic Fusimotor neurones and the activity of the posterior lobe of the cerebellar cortex (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 382-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Red nucleus ; Inferior olive ; Cerebellum ; Muscle spindles ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the preceding paper (Appelberg and Molander 1967) the caudal part of the red nucleus and parts of the inferior olivary nucleus were shown to cause increased dynamic sensitivity of muscle spindles when stimulated repetitively. The results to be presented will show that single shock electrical stimulation in the caudal part of the red nucleus evoked a field potential in the inferior olivary nucleus. This response seemed to be monosynaptically evoked and was observed only in parts of the olive where repetitive stimulation caused increased dynamic sensitivity of muscle spindles. Stimulation in the red nucleus as well as single shock stimulation in the actual part of the inferior olive also caused a potential in the vermis of the posterior cerebellar lobe. In conditioning — test experiments with the two stimuli the conditioning shock was seen to cause alternating periods of decreased and increased responsiveness in the pathway concerned. The same type of interaction was seen between two responses caused by double shock stimulation in the red nucleus. It is concluded that information from the caudal part of the red nucleus reaches dynamic fusimotor neurones in the spinal cord via a relay in the inferior olivary nucleus; an additional relay in the pathway is also predicted. The cerebellum seems to receive information about ongoing activity in the pathway but mesencephalic stimulation was seen to cause spindle effects also in decerebellated animals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237563
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Responses evoked in the cerebellar cortex by stimulating mossy fibre pathways to the cerebellum (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 95-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Mossy fibre pathways ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Field potentials in the vermal cerebellar cortex generated by a mossy fibre volley along reticulo-, cuneo- and spino-cerebellar tracts were recorded with microelectrodes and analysed by the same procedures as was done for the mossy fibre responses in the cortex by juxta-fastigial (J.F.) and trans-folial (T.F.) stimulations in the previous paper (Eccles, Sasaki and Strata 1967a). li 3. All these results corroborate the analyses and the interpretations of the field potentials in the cerebellar cortex produced by T.F.- and J.F.-evoked mossy fibre volleys in the previous paper. 4. There have not been found electrophysiologically significant differences, as Szentágothai (1964) has suggested, between the modes of mossy fibre terminations of the reticulo-cerebellar and the spino-cerebellar systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233255
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synaptic organization of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the cat (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1967), S. 97-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Purkinje cells ; Synapses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An attempt at distinction between excitatory and inhibitory synapses is made in the cat cerebellum. The former are assumed to contain spheroid vesicles (S-type) of average diameter of 500 Å, while the latter flattened vesicles (F-type) of smaller size than the former. The elongation index (the ratio of the length of major versus minor axis of the vesicles) of S-type synaptic vesicles was about 1.2, while that of the F-type was more than 1.7. Parallel fibers of granule cells make S-type synaptic contacts (en-passant type or crossing-over synapse) mostly on the spines of the smaller branchlets of Purkinje cells. Climbing fibers make also S-type synapses on the smaller spines with short necks of the larger dendrites of Purkinje cells, but not frequently on the direct surface of them. It must be emphasized that almost no F-type synapse has been recognized which makes synaptic contacts directly on the spine of any type. It makes synaptic contacts usually on the direct surface of dendrites of Purkinje cells. Basket cell axons embrace directly the somas of the Purkinje cells. Their synaptic contacts were always of F-type and of en-passant character. The hypothesis is proposed that excitatory (E-type) synapses can be identified with synapses of S-type, whereas inhibitory (I-type) synapses would correspond to the F-type terminals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240355
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The profiles of physiological events produced by a parallel fibre volley in the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234358
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The inhibitory interneurones within the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235206
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235207
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification under the electron microscope of climbing fibers and their synaptic contacts (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 65-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Climbing fibers ; synapses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An attempt is made to identify, under the electron microscope, the climbing fibers of the cerebellum (in the cat) and their synaptic contacts with Purkinje cells and other cortical neurons. — Two kinds of axonal profiles, having synaptic contacts with primary and secondary dendrites of Purkinje neurons, can be recognized: One being terminal fibers densely packed with neurofilaments, having mainly contacts “de passage” with the dendrite surface, with small accumulations of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic side of the contact. The others are rather knob-shaped contacts filled with synaptic vesicles and poor in neurofilaments. In chronically isolated folia, in which only local neurons and their processes have survived, all filamentous profiles have disappeared while vesicular ones are not appreciably reduced in number. It is inferred from this, that the neurofilamentous profiles correspond to climbing fibers, whereas the vesicular ones could be the endings of outer stellate axons, recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals, or ascending basket axon collaterals. — Similar two kinds of axon-terminal profiles are found in synaptic contact with Golgi and basket cell bodies. As in chronically isolated folia only the vesicular profiles survive, it is inferred that the climbing fiber has axo-somatic terminals on Golgi cells and basket cells as well. Previous information of this kind, gained with the light microscope and with degeneration studies, is thus substantiated with the aid of the electron microscope. The vesicular presynaptic profiles on Golgi and basket neurons are in the first case certainly and in the second with high probability endings of recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals. — The few axosomatic synapses found on outer stellate neurons may also be terminals of climbing fibers, but degeneration evidence for this is not conclusive. — The observations are summarized and evaluated from the functional point of view in a diagram, with consideration to recent physiological information on the function of climbing fibers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235210
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The mossy fibre-granule cell relay of the cerebellum and its inhibitory control by Golgi cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 82-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Mossy fibre input ; olgi cell inhibition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The glomerulus in the cerebellar granular layer is composed of the three elements; the mossy fibre terminal, the granule cell dendrites and the Golgi cell axons. The afferent input to the cerebellar cortex through the glomerulus, the mossy fibre-granule cell relay (M.G.R.), and its inhibitory control by the Golgi cells were studied by recording, a) extracellular field potentials in the granular and molecular layers, b) unitary spikes of granule cells, and c) intracellular postsynaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. 2. Mossy fibres were activated by juxta-fastigial, transfolial, lateral cuneate nucleus and radial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of an adjacent folium (transfolial stimulation) could excite branches of mossy fibres under the stimulating electrode which supply other branches also to the folium under the recording electrode. This technique was utilized to distinguish the response due to mossy fibre activation from those due to the climbing fibre and Purkinje cell axons. 3. These stimulations resulted in, through the M.G.R., a powerful activation of granule cells whose axons (parallel fibres) excited in turn the Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurones, including the Golgi cells, in the molecular layer. 4. Field potentials and unitary spikes due to granule cell activity elicited by the stimulation of mossy fibres were markedly depressed for hundreds of milliseconds after the direct stimulation of parallel fibres (LOC stimulation). The postsynaptic potential in Purkinje cells evoked by mossy fibre activation was also depressed by the conditioning LOC stimulation in the same manner. The “spontaneous” background activities recorded from granule cells as unitary spikes and from Purkinje cells as inhibitory synaptic noise were silenced for hundreds of milliseconds after the LOC stimulation. 5. These depressions indicate that the parallel fibre activation evokes an inhibitory action upon M.G.R. On anatomical grounds this inhibition can be mediated only by the Golgi cell, and it is postulated that the inhibitory action is postsynaptic upon the dendrites of granule cells. 6. It is concluded that the Golgi cell inhibition regulates the mossy fibre input to the cerebellar cortex at the M.G.R. by a form of negative feed-back.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235211
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intracellularly recorded responses of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236869
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Functional organization of the spinoreticulocerebellar path with identification of its spinal component (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 306-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Mass discharges were recorded from the dissected left restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. In this preparation the discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the reticulocerebellar tract originating from the lateral reticular nucleus. The ascending spinal tract was identified with the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962). The reticulocerebellar tract was activated from the flexor reflex afferents and nerve volleys from each of the four limbs were equally effective. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus is not responsible for the somatotopically organized projection of cutaneous afferents, as assumed before. The bVFRT is strongly influenced from the cerebellar cortex and the organization of the closed loop formed between the cortex and the spinal cord is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237703
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response characteristics of retieulocerebellar neurones activated from spinal afferents (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 320-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The experiments were done on unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. Recording was made from axons originating in the lateral reticular nucleus on stimulation of various nerves, cutaneous receptors, and certain descending tracts. Excitatory and inhibitory effects were evoked from the flexor reflex afferents of receptive fields which included most of the body surface. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus with respect to its afferent inflow is similar to the non-cerebellar nuclei of the reticular formation. The possibility that the reticulocerebellar tract is important in determining the background excitation of cortical neurones is discussed. The effects evoked by stimulation of descending tracts were consistent with the disclosure that the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract is the afferent path to the lateral reticular nucleus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237704
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mass discharges evoked in the olivocerebellar tract on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Inferior olive ; Olivocerebellar tract ; Spinoolivary tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The discharges were recorded from the dissected right restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic and/or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. The discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the olivocerebellar tract. The olivocerebellar discharges were elicited by stimulation of the flexor reflex afferents. Large responses were evoked from the right hindlimb nerves and small responses from the left hindlimb nerves. The responses had a latency of about 20 msec. The spinoolivary tract is tentatively identified with the contralateral ventral flexor reflex tract of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237705
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Somatotopical organization of the projection from the nucleus interpositus anterior of the cerebellum to the red nucleus. An experimental study in the cat with silver impregnation methods (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 191-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Nucleus interpositus anterior ; Red nucleus ; Somatotopy ; Degeneration study
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Small lesions were done in various areas of the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cerebellum, and the distribution of terminal degeneration was studied in the red nucleus with the methods of Nauta and Glees. The NIA projects to the contralateral red nucleus. Two principles of organization can be demonstrated in the projection: a caudorostral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a mediolateral organization in the NIA and a mediolateral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a caudorostral organization of the NIA. The latter distribution coincides with the somatotopical areas of the red nucleus defined by Pompeiano and Brodal (1957). Special attention has been paid to the questions of the subdivision of the cerebellar nuclei and of the course of the fibres issuing from the nuclei in the cerebellar hilus. The present findings on the projection of the NIA to the red nucleus have been correlated with recent anatomical and physiological data on the cerebellum and the red nucleus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236713
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