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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of the human brain, including the longitudinal zoning in the diencephalon at stage 15 (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1988), S. 55-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Human embryo ; Human brain ; Amygdaloid body ; Diencephalon ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-six embryos (6–11 mm) of stage 15 (approximately 33 days) were studied in detail and graphic reconstructions of three of them were prepared. Characteristic features of this stage include closed lens vesicles, presence of nasal pits, and retinal pigment. The neuromeric pattern is still visible. Each cerebral hemisphere is limited by the torus hemisphericus internally and by the di-telencephalic sulcus externally. The medial (diencephalic) eminence of the basal nuclei (previously misinterpreted by others as the lateral) had appeared in stage 14, and the lateral eminence, which is telencephalic, is now distinguishable. The amygdaloid body in stages 14 and 15 is derived from the medial eminence. The hippocampal thickening is identifiable in the dorsomedial part of the cerebral hemisphere. Medial and basal forebrain bundles are developing. The olfactory eminence is visible. Future olfactory bulb and tubercle possess an intermediate layer. The wall of the diencephalon presents five longitudinal zones: epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. The primordium of the epiphysis cerebri is beginning in the more advanced embryos. The sulcus limitans ends rostrally at the midbrain (M1) and is not continuous with the hypothalamic sulcus. Hence the alar/basal distinction does not arise in the forebrain. In the roof of the midbrain (M2) the mesencephalic evagination already noticed at stage 14 is characteristic. It is suggested that it may function as a temporary circumventricular organ. The precursors of some new tracts are identifiable: habenulo-interpeduncular, medial tectobulbar, and mamillotegmental fibres. Commissures include the supramamillary, that of the superior colliculi, and (in some embryos) the first fibres of the posterior commissure. Nuclei include the habenular, mamillary, and probably subthalamic. The cerebellum, the beginning of which was already noted at stages 13 and 14, consists of (1) a rostral part that arises from the alar plate of the isthmic segment and will form the superior medullary velum and part of the corpus cerebelli; and (2) a caudal part that develops from rhombomere 1. The involvement of the isthmic segment, first elucidated with stage 14, has not been observed in previous reports. All cranial nerves except the olfactory and optic are present in the more advanced embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305100
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative assessment of taurine-like immunoreactivity in different cell types and processes in rat cerebellum: an electronmicroscopic study based on a postembedding immunogold labelling procedure (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 178 (1988), S. 407-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Taurine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Quantification ; Electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded rat cerebella were incubated with an antiserum against conjugated taurine and subsequently treated with a secondary antibody coupled to colloidal gold. The density of gold particles in various cellular profiles was calculated with the assistance of a computer. In the cerebellar cortex the highest density was found in the somata, dendrites, and dendritic spines of the Purkinje cells, supporting parallel light-microscopical observations in postembedding stained semithin sections from the same tissue blocks. The remaining profiles could be divided into three groups according to their immunolabelling intensity, in descending order: 1) somata and processes of granule and Golgi cells; 2) somata and processes of stellate, basket, and glial cells, and 3) mossy fiber terminals. In a representative experiment, the structures in the first and second groups showed gold particle densities in the range of 19–25%, and 4–11%, respectively, of that in the Purkinje cell somata (values corrected for background) whereas the particle density in the mossy fiber terminals was not significantly above background level. In the cerebellar nuclei, taurine-like immunoreactivity was concentrated in terminals that typically established symmetric or intermediate type contacts with weakly labelled dendrites and cell bodies. These terminals, which shared the ultrastructural features of Purkinje cell terminals, showed an average gold particle density that was about 60% higher than that of the Purkinje somata. For specificity control, ultrathin sections containing a series of different amino acid conjugates were incubated in the same drops of sera as the tissue sections. The highly selective labelling of the taurine conjugate indicated that the distribution of gold particles in the tissue was not confounded by crossreactivity with GABA, glutamate or other common amino acids but adequately reflected the distribution of fixed taurine. For additional control of specificity, the taurine antiserum was applied to the soluble fraction of a rat brain extract separated by thin layer chromatography. In this system the taurine antiserum stained a single spot that comigrated with free taurine. The present results suggest that all cell types and processes in the rat cerebellum (with the exception of the mossy fiber terminals) contain taurine. However, the concentration of taurine appears to vary considerably among the different cell types and may also differ between different parts of the same neuron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306047
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lhermitte-Duclos disease (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1988), S. 474-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lhermitte-Duclos disease ; Cerebellum ; Hamartoma ; Purkinje cell ; Immuno-histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical studies were carried out on two previously reported autopsy cases of Lhermitte-Duclos disease. The unaffected cerebellar cortex adjacent to the lesions served as control. The findings supported the view, previously expressed by one of the authors, of a heterogeneous neuronal structure of the lesion, consisting of at least two cell types. No further light was thrown on the predominant medium-sized cells, believed to represent hypertrophic internal granular neurons. On the other hand the large cells shared a number of features with Purkinje cells. In particular they were recognized by the pan-T-cell antibody anti-Leu-4, were surrounded by axosomatic synapses visualized by the antisynaptic vesicle glycoprotein antibody SV2, and contained both nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated neurofilament epitopes. It is suggested that these cells represent dysplastic Purkinje cells. The lesion therefore appears to be a complex hamartoma rather than a simple hypertrophy of the internal granular neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687134
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a GABA-mediated cerebellar inhibition of the inferior olive in the cat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 450-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Interposito-olivary pathway ; Brachium conjunctivum ; GABA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Climbing fibres were activated by peripheral nerve stimulation at ‘high’ frequencies (〉3 Hz) for 15–25 s and then at 0.9 Hz for about 1 min. The high frequency activation induced a post-conditioning inhibition, lasting up to about 1 min, of climbing fibre responses recorded from the cerebellar surface. 2. Electrolytic lesions were made in the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). After the lesion, the post-conditioning inhibition was completely eliminated. 3. Injections of the GABA-receptor blocker bicuculline methiodide into the inferior olive reversibly blocked the post-conditioning inhibition. 4. The results support the hypothesis proposed by Andersson and Hesslow (1987a), that post-conditioning inhibition is mediated by a GABA-ergic interposito-olivary pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250590
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convergence of cortico- and cuneopontine projections onto components of the pontocerebellar system in the rat: an anatomical and electrophysiological study (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Basilar pontine nuclei ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Cerebellum ; Convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies in the rat have demonstrated that corresponding peripheral tactile and somatosensory cortical inputs converge within the granule cell layer of various cerebellar lobules and further that descending corticopontine projections from the forelimb sensory cortex (FLSCx) partially overlap with the projection zones of ascending basilar pontine afferents from nucleus cuneatus (NC). The present study employed anatomical and electrophysiological procedures to determine whether cortical and dorsal column nuclear afferent projections converge on pontine neurons that, in turn, provide mossy fiber input to the granule cell layer of the paramedian lobule (PML), i. e., that portion of the rodent cerebellum shown to receive forelimb peripheral inputs. The combination of the orthograde and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was used light microscopically to demonstrate that orthogradely labeled projections from injections of the FLSCx and NC converged with ponto-paramedian projection neurons that were retrogradely labeled from injections of the PML. These studies were also repeated in conjunction with ablations of either the FLSCx or NC which resulted in the ultrastructural identification of degenerating, as well as WGA-HRP labeled axonal boutons of these pontine afferent projections thus confirming that such projections actually formed synaptic contacts with the retrogradely labeled pontoparamedian projection neurons. Single unit recording analyses of neurons in the ventromedial region of the basilar pons following combined electrical stimulation of various regions of the sensorimotor cortex and the contralateral body surface indicated that approximately 40% of all cells recorded responded to electrical stimulation of corresponding regions of the cortex and periphery, particularly the FLSCx and the forepaw. Natural cutaneous stimuli applied to the forepaw that also elicited responses in these same groups of basilar pontine neurons and were associated with relatively small receptive fields. Taken together, these observations indicate that the previously observed convergence of peripheral and somatosensory cortical inputs within the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex may be at least partially organized at the level of the basilar pons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248746
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissociation of the lateral and medial cerebellum in movement timing and movement execution (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Movement control ; Timing ; Movement execution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a previous study (Ivry and Keele, in press), cerebellar patients were found to be impaired on both a motor and a perceptual task which required accurate timing. This report presents case study analyses of seven patients with focal lesions in the cerebellum. The lesions were predominantly in the lateral, hemispheric regions for four of the patients. For the remaining three patients, the lesions were centered near the medial zone of the cerebellum. The clinical evaluation of the patients also was in agreement with the different lesion foci: lateral lesions primarily impaired fine motor coordination, especially apparent in movements with the distal extremities and medial lesions primarily disturbed balance and gait. All of the patients were found to have increased variability in performing rhythmic tapping when tapping with an effector (finger or foot) ipsilateral to the lesion in comparison to their performance with a contralateral effector. Separable estimates of a central timekeeper component and an implementation component were derived from the total variability scores following a model developed by Wing and Kristofferson (1973). This analysis indicated that the poor performance of patients with lateral lesions can be attributed to a deficit in the central timing process. In contrast, patients with medial lesions are able to accurately determine when to make a response, but are unable to implement the response at the desired time. A similar dissociation between the lateral and medial regions has been observed on a time perception task in patients with cerebellar atrophy. It is concluded that the lateral regions of the cerebellum are critical for the accurate functioning of an internal timing system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279670
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafted granule and Purkinje cells can migrate into the mature cerebellum of normal adult rats (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 70 (1988), S. 477-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Cerebellum ; Migration ; Purkinje cells ; Granule cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebellar primordia of different ages (embryonic days of 14 to 20) were transplanted into cerebella of normal syngeneic adult rats (Fischer 344). After 1–12 months (mostly 5–6 months), the host brains were examined by light and electron microscopy. In about 80% of our successful experiments, grafted Purkinje and/or granule cells migrated into the host molecular layer. Some granule cells migrated down along host Bergmann glia, reminiscent of their normal developmental migration route. Other granule cells migrated along astroglial processes that ensheathed capillary walls. Some grafted Purkinje cells were also located ectopically in the host molecular layer. They were identified as graft origins autoradiographically. This migration seemed to be encouraged under conditions where the subjacent host Purkinje cells had been lost. Where the grafted Purkinje cells were located on top of the host molecular layer, their primary dendrites faced vertically downwards into the host molecular layer. However, the position of the apical poles of migrated Purkinje cell bodies in the deeper aspect of the molecular layer varied considerably, suggesting that the orientation of the Purkinje cell dendrites is probably determined by the availability of afferent fibers. Thus, the present study has demonstrated that Purkinje and granule cells can migrate from embryonic cerebellar grafts into the molecular layer of the normal, adult host rat cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247596
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The corticosterone receptive system in the brain of Tupaia belangeri visualized by in vivo autoradiography (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 417-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: 3H-corticosterone ; In vivo autoradiography ; Tree shrew brain ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present investigation deals with in vivo binding of 3H-corticosterone in the brains of tree shrews as visualized by autoradiography. Tree shrews were injected with 3H-corticosterone and brain sections were mounted on slides which were subsequently exposed on tritium sensitive film. The relative labeling of 20 different brain structures was determined densitometrically. The indusium griseum, which demonstrated the highest binding for corticosterone of all brain regions in the autoradiograms, was taken as reference and defined as 100% relative labeling (RL). As in other species, the hippocampal subdivisions of the tree shrew retained high amounts of the steroid (60 to 80% RL). In other parts of the limbic system, medium labeling intensities were observed with approximately 40% RL in the lateral septum. The amygdala was less intensely labeled revealing around 30% RL in the basal accessory, the cortical, central, and the lateral nuclei. Autoradiographic grey values in the ventral striatum and pallidum were comparable to those in the amygdala, but in the islands of Callejae they were approximately as high as in the lateral septum (44% RL). In contrast to previous reports dealing with other species, the tree shrew cerebellum also demonstrated a high binding capacity for corticosterone. The RL was nearly 60% in the cerebellar granular layer. This finding may indicate that the cerebellum also plays a role in mediating the effects of corticosterone in the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250263
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical evidence suggests that taurine is colocalized with GABA in the Purkinje cell terminals, but that the stellate cell terminals predominantly contain GABA: a light- and electronmicroscopic study of the rat cerebellum (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 407-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Taurine ; GABA ; Colocalization ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions of taurine-like and GABA-like immunoreactivities in the rat cerebellum were compared by analysis of consecutive semithin and ultrathin sections, postembedding labeled with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique or with an indirect immunogold procedure, respectively. Taurine-like immunoreactivity was selectively enriched in Purkinje cell bodies, dendrites and spines, and boutons in the cerebellar nuclei exhibiting ultrastructural features typical of Purkinje cell terminals. The stellate and basket cell bodies and terminals were very weakly labeled. A computer assisted quantitative assessment of the net immunogold labeling revealed that the mean gold particle density in the Purkinje cell terminals was about 70% higher than that in the Purkinje cell dendrites, and about 14 times higher than that in the stellate/basket cell terminals in the molecular layer. Stellate, basket and Purkinje cell terminals emerged as intensely immunoreactive in adjacent sections processed with an antiserum against conjugated GABA. These findings indicate, contrary to recent electrophysiological data, that GABA is a more likely transmitter candidate than taurine in the stellate cells. The apparent colocalization of GABA and taurine in the terminals of Purkinje cells raises the possibility that these terminals are capable of releasing two different inhibitory amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250262
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary malignant astrocytoma of the cerebellum in children (1988)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 4 (1988), S. 306-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Malignant astrocytoma ; Glioblastoma ; Cerebellum ; Children ; Cytofluorometric DNA analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case of a 1-year-old girl with primary malignant astrocytoma of the cerebellum is presented with special reference to ultramicroscopic study and cytofluorometric DNA analysis. The routine light microscopic study was not pathognomonic because of the immaturity of the composing cells. The glial fibrillary microfilaments characteristic of astroglial cells were confirmed by means of electron microscopy. Cytofluorometrically, the DNA histogram of this case revealed a prominent peak in the 4C region, with considerable dispersion to the 8C region, indicating the polyploidic and heterogeneic pattern of malignant tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271931
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast repetitive force changes in hemiparetic and cerebellar patients (1988)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 237 (1988), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Force control ; Motor disorders ; Hemiparesis ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method for the continuous registration of rapid isometric force changes was investigated in 24 healthy control persons, 10 hemiparetic patients and 10 cerebellar patients. Though the selection of both patient groups involved comparable deficits with respect to the number of force changes attained, the analysis of the underlying force-velocity patterns revealed considerable differences in the performance of hemiparetic and cerebellar patients. Hemiparetic patients showed gross deficits in both the force increasing and decreasing phases. In contrast to this, most cerebellar patients were able to release force as fast as normal controls, while marked slowness was only found for the force increasing phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00451280
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A possible contribution by glial cells to neuronal energy production enzyme-histochemical studies in the developing rat cerebellum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Energy metabolism ; Neurons ; Glial cells ; Purkinje cells ; Rat, Sprague-Dawley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent reports have revealed that certain neurons do not survive in vitro in the presence of glucose, which is the primary substrate and exclusive source of energy in the brain. But these neurons can survive in the presence of low-molecular-weight agents such as pyruvate, which are supplied by glial cells (Selak et al. 1984). To test whether this result also holds true in vivo, we investigated the distribution of hexokinase, lipoic dehydrogenase, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the developing rat cerebellum. Hexokinase activity was relatively higher in glial cells than in neurons. After postnatal day 8, the activity of hexokinase could hardly be detected in Purkinje cells, whereas it was highest in Bergmann glial cells. Purkinje cells were the only type of neuron with high levels of lipoic dehydrogenase at all ages tested. β-Hydroxybutylate dehydrogenase activity was also high in Purkinje cells, especially in those from young rats. Relatively high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated in basket and stellate cells from adult brain. Thus, it appears that, in vivo, certain neurons utilize relatively little glucose, and it is indeed possible that glial cells may supply some substance(s) other than glucose, for example pyruvate, as the primary source of energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213834
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissimilarities in microtubule structures are revealed at the C-terminal region of β-tubulin (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 145 (1988), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Tubulin binding domain ; C-terminal region ; Microtubule-associated proteins ; Tau factors ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349351
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane and cytoplasmic structure at synaptic junctions in the mammalian central nervous system (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 10 (1988), S. 129-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Synapse ; Junction ; Spine ; Synapsin I ; Cerebellum ; Neurotransmission ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Application of rapid freezing, freeze substitution fixation, and freeze fracture techniques to the study of synaptic junctions in the mammalian central nervous system has revealed new aspects of synaptic structure that are consistent with and partially explicate advances in synaptic biochemistry and physiology. In the axoplasm adjacent to the presynaptic active zone, synaptic vesicles are linked to large spectrin-like filamentous proteins by shorter proteins that resemble synapsin I in morphology. This mesh of presynaptic filamentous proteins serves to concentrate synaptic vesicles in the vicinity of the active zone. The affinity with which the vesicles are bound by the mesh is probably modulated by the extent of phosphorylation at specific sites on the constituent filamentous proteins, and changes in the binding affinity result in changes in transmitter release.The structural organization of the postsynaptic density in Purkinje cell dendritic spines consists of very fine strands with adherent, heterogeneous globular proteins. Some of these globular proteins probably correspond to protein kinases and their substrates. The postsynaptic density, positioned at the site of the maximal depolarization caused by synaptic currents, apparently serves as a supporting framework for a variety of proteins, which respond to and transduce postsynaptic depolarization.At least two classes of filamentous protein fill the cytoplasm of spines with a complex mesh, which presumably contributes to maintenance of the spine shape. Membrane bound cisterns are a ubiquitous feature of Purkinje cell dendritic spines. Studies of rapidly frozen tissue with electron probe microanalysis and elemental imaging reveal that these cisterns take up and sequester calcium, which is derived from the extracellular space, and which probably enters the spine as part of the synaptic current.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060100203
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of recent observations concerning the synaptic organization of the basilar pontine nuclei (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 10 (1988), S. 229-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebral cortex ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Ultrastructural studies are described that have identified in the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN), the synaptic boutons formed by the corticopontine, cerebellopontine, tectopontine, and dorsal column nucleipontine afferent projection systems. In addition, immunocytochemical studies visualized neuronal somata, dendrites, and synaptic boutons that contain immunoreactivity for GABA or the synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD).Based upon differences in the mode of degeneration and postsynaptic locus of degenerative synaptic boutons in the BPN, it is suggested that two types of cortical neurons and three classes of deep cerebellar nuclear cells project to the BPN. For similar reasons, it appears that two types of neurons in the dorsal column nuclei project to the BPN while only one type of afferent synaptic bouton takes origin from the superior colliculus. Furthermore it appears that the population of BPN neurons projecting to the paramedian lobule receives convergent inputs from the cutaneous periphery and the corresponding region of sensorimotor cortex. Studies employing GAD immunohistochemistry indicate that GABA-ergic neurons and axon terminals are present in the BPN and thus support the suggestion that a local inhibitory interneuron is present within the BPN. Taken together these observations suggest that basilar pontine neurons might play a more active role in the integration of various types of information destined for the cerebellar cortex than has previously been recognized.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060100303
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The profiles of physiological events produced by a parallel fibre volley in the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234358
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory interneurones within the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235206
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235207
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Identification under the electron microscope of climbing fibers and their synaptic contacts (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 65-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Climbing fibers ; synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to identify, under the electron microscope, the climbing fibers of the cerebellum (in the cat) and their synaptic contacts with Purkinje cells and other cortical neurons. — Two kinds of axonal profiles, having synaptic contacts with primary and secondary dendrites of Purkinje neurons, can be recognized: One being terminal fibers densely packed with neurofilaments, having mainly contacts “de passage” with the dendrite surface, with small accumulations of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic side of the contact. The others are rather knob-shaped contacts filled with synaptic vesicles and poor in neurofilaments. In chronically isolated folia, in which only local neurons and their processes have survived, all filamentous profiles have disappeared while vesicular ones are not appreciably reduced in number. It is inferred from this, that the neurofilamentous profiles correspond to climbing fibers, whereas the vesicular ones could be the endings of outer stellate axons, recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals, or ascending basket axon collaterals. — Similar two kinds of axon-terminal profiles are found in synaptic contact with Golgi and basket cell bodies. As in chronically isolated folia only the vesicular profiles survive, it is inferred that the climbing fiber has axo-somatic terminals on Golgi cells and basket cells as well. Previous information of this kind, gained with the light microscope and with degeneration studies, is thus substantiated with the aid of the electron microscope. The vesicular presynaptic profiles on Golgi and basket neurons are in the first case certainly and in the second with high probability endings of recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals. — The few axosomatic synapses found on outer stellate neurons may also be terminals of climbing fibers, but degeneration evidence for this is not conclusive. — The observations are summarized and evaluated from the functional point of view in a diagram, with consideration to recent physiological information on the function of climbing fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235210
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    The mossy fibre-granule cell relay of the cerebellum and its inhibitory control by Golgi cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 82-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibre input ; olgi cell inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The glomerulus in the cerebellar granular layer is composed of the three elements; the mossy fibre terminal, the granule cell dendrites and the Golgi cell axons. The afferent input to the cerebellar cortex through the glomerulus, the mossy fibre-granule cell relay (M.G.R.), and its inhibitory control by the Golgi cells were studied by recording, a) extracellular field potentials in the granular and molecular layers, b) unitary spikes of granule cells, and c) intracellular postsynaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. 2. Mossy fibres were activated by juxta-fastigial, transfolial, lateral cuneate nucleus and radial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of an adjacent folium (transfolial stimulation) could excite branches of mossy fibres under the stimulating electrode which supply other branches also to the folium under the recording electrode. This technique was utilized to distinguish the response due to mossy fibre activation from those due to the climbing fibre and Purkinje cell axons. 3. These stimulations resulted in, through the M.G.R., a powerful activation of granule cells whose axons (parallel fibres) excited in turn the Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurones, including the Golgi cells, in the molecular layer. 4. Field potentials and unitary spikes due to granule cell activity elicited by the stimulation of mossy fibres were markedly depressed for hundreds of milliseconds after the direct stimulation of parallel fibres (LOC stimulation). The postsynaptic potential in Purkinje cells evoked by mossy fibre activation was also depressed by the conditioning LOC stimulation in the same manner. The “spontaneous” background activities recorded from granule cells as unitary spikes and from Purkinje cells as inhibitory synaptic noise were silenced for hundreds of milliseconds after the LOC stimulation. 5. These depressions indicate that the parallel fibre activation evokes an inhibitory action upon M.G.R. On anatomical grounds this inhibition can be mediated only by the Golgi cell, and it is postulated that the inhibitory action is postsynaptic upon the dendrites of granule cells. 6. It is concluded that the Golgi cell inhibition regulates the mossy fibre input to the cerebellar cortex at the M.G.R. by a form of negative feed-back.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235211
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellularly recorded responses of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236869
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    Functional organization of the spinoreticulocerebellar path with identification of its spinal component (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 306-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mass discharges were recorded from the dissected left restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. In this preparation the discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the reticulocerebellar tract originating from the lateral reticular nucleus. The ascending spinal tract was identified with the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962). The reticulocerebellar tract was activated from the flexor reflex afferents and nerve volleys from each of the four limbs were equally effective. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus is not responsible for the somatotopically organized projection of cutaneous afferents, as assumed before. The bVFRT is strongly influenced from the cerebellar cortex and the organization of the closed loop formed between the cortex and the spinal cord is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237703
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Response characteristics of retieulocerebellar neurones activated from spinal afferents (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 320-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were done on unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. Recording was made from axons originating in the lateral reticular nucleus on stimulation of various nerves, cutaneous receptors, and certain descending tracts. Excitatory and inhibitory effects were evoked from the flexor reflex afferents of receptive fields which included most of the body surface. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus with respect to its afferent inflow is similar to the non-cerebellar nuclei of the reticular formation. The possibility that the reticulocerebellar tract is important in determining the background excitation of cortical neurones is discussed. The effects evoked by stimulation of descending tracts were consistent with the disclosure that the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract is the afferent path to the lateral reticular nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237704
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass discharges evoked in the olivocerebellar tract on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Olivocerebellar tract ; Spinoolivary tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The discharges were recorded from the dissected right restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic and/or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. The discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the olivocerebellar tract. The olivocerebellar discharges were elicited by stimulation of the flexor reflex afferents. Large responses were evoked from the right hindlimb nerves and small responses from the left hindlimb nerves. The responses had a latency of about 20 msec. The spinoolivary tract is tentatively identified with the contralateral ventral flexor reflex tract of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237705
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatotopical organization of the projection from the nucleus interpositus anterior of the cerebellum to the red nucleus. An experimental study in the cat with silver impregnation methods (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 191-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Nucleus interpositus anterior ; Red nucleus ; Somatotopy ; Degeneration study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions were done in various areas of the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cerebellum, and the distribution of terminal degeneration was studied in the red nucleus with the methods of Nauta and Glees. The NIA projects to the contralateral red nucleus. Two principles of organization can be demonstrated in the projection: a caudorostral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a mediolateral organization in the NIA and a mediolateral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a caudorostral organization of the NIA. The latter distribution coincides with the somatotopical areas of the red nucleus defined by Pompeiano and Brodal (1957). Special attention has been paid to the questions of the subdivision of the cerebellar nuclei and of the course of the fibres issuing from the nuclei in the cerebellar hilus. The present findings on the projection of the NIA to the red nucleus have been correlated with recent anatomical and physiological data on the cerebellum and the red nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236713
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