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  • 1965-1969  (38)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1920-1924
  • 1969  (34)
  • 1966  (4)
  • Engineering General  (32)
  • Purkinje cells
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Frog cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Climbing fibers ; Mossy fibers ; Vestibular efferents
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The relationships between the frog vestibular afferents and the cerebellum as well as the efferent vestibular system, have been studied by electron microscopy and Nauta degeneration technique. The primary vestibular fibers were found to have synaptic boutons in both the granular and the molecular layers of the cerebellar marginal zone. In the granular layer synaptic contacts are made with the granule cell dendrites while the molecular layer projection is directed to the main dendrites of the Purkinje cells in a manner similar to that of the climbing fibers. As for the efferent system, the vestibular receptor cells of the macula saccularis are contacted by vesicle-filled boutons which terminate synaptically in relation to a submembranous sac within the cell. The efferent fibers contain neurofilaments and a few neurotubules. Following lesions at different sites, it was found that all the above fibers and boutons degenerated after a) vestibular nerve section, and that b) most of them were lost when the brain stem was hemisected above the vestibular nerve. On the other hand, brain stem sectioning above the Vth nerve produced degeneration of 35% of these boutons while cerebellar undercutting produced 20% degeneration. The Nauta technique shows that following cerebellar undercutting a small efferent bundle leaves the ventral caudal side of the nerve. These findings demonstrate the existence of a cerebello-vestibular efferent system originating most possibly from the auricular lobe Purkinje cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 327-345 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellar unit responses ; Purkinje cells ; Click response ; Mossy fibers ; Surface negativities ; Firing patterns
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Unit activities evoked by auditory stimulation in the cerebellar cortex have been studied in the encéphale isolé cat. Poststimulus-time histograms (PSTH) of 1/sec, click-evoked unit discharges have different response patterns with respect to the onset and time course of unit firing. 2. Units have been classified as type I and type II responses based on their preferred firing time relative to the first surface-negative component (N1) of the click evoked folial response. 3. Laminar analysis of the click evoked slow activity centered on an 8–12 msec negative wave in the molecular layer that corresponded with the N1 surface component. An earlier, sharp, negative-positive sequence was found at depths approaching and deep within the granule cell layer. 4. Units considered to be Purkinje cells based on antidromic stimulation or the appearance of typical climbing fiber responses (CFR's) were found exclusively within the type II unit category. Non-identified click units, including various types of cortical interneurons, were found to be either type I or type II units. 5. Evidence that cerebellar click responses are mediated predominately by mossy fiber afferents derives in part from the inhibitory effect of local folial conditioning stimulation upon N1 waves. In addition, the irregular, recurrent CFR's found in click responsive Purkinje cells were temporally unrelated to the acoustic stimulus. Thus click responses in these units appeared to be initiated by mossy fiber activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 3-28 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Finite element methods can be formulated from the variational principles in solid mechanics by relaxing the continuity requirements along the interelement boundaries. The combination of different variational principles and different boundary continuity conditions yields numerous types of approximate methods. This paper reviews and reinterprets the existing finite element methods and indicates other alternative schemes. Plate bending problems are used to compare the relative merits of the various methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Three methods for finding natural frequencies and modes of complex structures composed of beam elements are described and compared. The analysis is extended to include hysteretic damping for the determination of response and transmissibility without a modal analysis. Experimental comparison is given for the response of a simple engineering structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 101-122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The derivation of the stiffness matrix for a refined, fully compatible triangular plate bending finite element is presented. The Kirchhoff plate bending theory is assumed. Six parameters or degrees of freedom are introduced at each of the three corner nodes resulting in an 18 degree of freedom element. This refined element is found to give better results for displacements and particularly for internal moments than any plate bending element, regardless of shape, previously reported in the literature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Finite difference treatment of two-dimensional problems in elastostatics is usually based on the differential equations for the displacement vector or the Airy stress function, depending on whether boundary conditions are on displacement or stress. In either case, determination of stresses requires numerical differentiation and therefore use of a rather fine grid. Moreover, neither method is suited to the treatment of mixed boundary conditions. The alternative method developed in this paper uses the first derivatives of the displacement components at the grid points as basic variables and hence does not require numerical differentiation in the evaluation of stresses. Appropriate finite difference equations are established, and their use is discussed in connection with a specific example with known explicit solution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The theory, function generator routine and testing procedures are given for a six-node 18 degree of freedom triangular element. At corner nodes the variables are the displacement and the two slopes. At midside nodes the variables are the displacement, the slope normal to the side, and the rate of change of this along the side - i.e., the rate of torsion. Of two options, one divides the triangle into three and takes different quartic displacements in the three regions, and the other uses displacement functions with singularities at the vertices. According to a test which compares the energies of the two formulations by eigenvalues, the second is the better if the integration is accurate. The same test, together with others based on finite differences and on nodal values, etc. checks the correctness of the routine decisively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The large deflection problem of a rectangular plate is analysed by using the finite element method and employing the iteration technique. In the present study, the stiffness matrix of a rectangular plate element for bending proposed by Greene is employed, and results of numerical examples duly justifies applicability of the present method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 75-100 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The paper presents first a general formulation of the elasto-plastic matrix for evaluating stress increments from those of stresses for any yield surface with an associated flow rule. A new ‘initial stress’ computational process is proposed which is shown (1) to yield more rapid convergence than alternative approaches (2) to permit large load increments without violating the yield criteria and thus simply to establish lower bound solutions. Several solutions showing stress distribution, strain development and growth of plastic enclaves are given both for the von Mises and for Coulomb (Drucker) type yield surfaces. Load reversal and thermoplastic behaviour are dealt with.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The direct Finite Element Analysis which was successfully employed in the solution of dynamic flexural traveling wave problems is extended herein to provide the transient behaviour of finite beams and plates in which shear deformation and rotatory inertia are considered. The particle and angular velocities are exponentially damped so that the static solutions for these problems are obtained with the same analysis which provided the dynamic and transient cases. Three special cases are chosen as examples. In the first, a sinusoidally varying shear force is applied at the tip of a cantilever beam. The resonant characteristics of this beam for both the undamped and damped cases are studied. In the second, a step shear loading is applied to a cantilever beam and its damped dynamic history is studied. Finally, a circular plate whose outer edge is simply supported is impacted at its inner edge by a step moment and its damped transient behaviour is determined. The idea of the methods is potentially applicable to dynamic problems in general.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 135-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The assumed stress distribution approach is used to derive the stiffness matrix of a plate-bending element of general polygonal shape having any number of nodes. The effect of assuming various numbers of unknown coefficients in the stress distributions is examined and the convergence properties of the resulting elements compared with others derived form assumed displacements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A numerical method for obtaining the Green's functions for Laplace's, Poisson's, and the transient heat diffusion equations is presented. The Green's functions thus obtained are then employed to rapidly obtain numerical solutions of the above equations by matrix multiplication, with subsequent considerable savings in machine time.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The solution of the large numbers of non-linear algebraic equations occurring in analyses of non-linear structural systems using finite differences or finite elements is time consuming even for the fastest computers. This paper presents a method of solution based on a Taylor's expansion technique which is an aid in the solution of such systems of equations.Examples presented show that in the finite element analysis of moderately non-linear structural systems the technique provides sufficiently accurate solutions. For more non-linear systems the technique provides excellent starting values for the Newton-Raphson method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Deformation functions which, in addition to satisfying the continuity conditions at nodes. Also satisfy. Approximately, the governing differential equation within the element allow system eigenvalues to be found more accurately, with a given number of elements, than is possible with previously published deformation functions. This is illustrated for the case of beams.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper presents a general theory of finite elements. The concept of finite elements is cast in a general topological framework valid for spaces of finite dimension. It is shown that the idea of finite element models can be developed in higher-dimensional spaces, independent of specific co-ordinate systems, for any type of continuous abstract function defined on the space. Generalizations of the familiar Lagrange and Hermite interpolation functions are presented as well as a general statement of the notion of generalized variables and conjugate fields. It is also shown that admissible finite elements can be developed for non-Euclidean spaces of finite dimension. Topological properties of finite element models are examined in Part I of the paper. Part II is devoted to certain applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A method is presented based on matrix algebra for the dynamic analysis of a mixed rotating and non-rotating vibration system. Such systems occur in practice when turbo-alternator sets are mounted on flexible steel foundations.The mathematical model considered consists of a rotating non-uniform, bi-symmetric shaft connected via three or more flexible-film bearings to a flexible structure throughout which mass is distributed. The shaft, which is assumed to rotate at constant speed, is heavy, flexible and carries several rigid axi-symmetric discs. Viscous damping is assumed to act in all parts of the system and gravitational effects are ignored.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Surface displacements at the end of a semi-infinite, circular cylinder due to an axisymmetric ring of forces on the end are examined. The solution which has been found may then be used to find surface displacements for general axisymmetric loadings by convolution. The solution, in tabular form, is given as corrections to the counter-part half-space solution.The method of solution involves a three step superposition process. First, the displacement due to a ring of forces on a half-space is found by using the Boussinesq solution. Then, the excess tractions on the half-space, over that of the cylinder, are removed. This is done in two parts. The problem of an infinite cylinder with linearly varying pressure and shear over a short length of the lateral surface is solved by using Fourier integrals. This is used for the removal of the pressure and shear on the lateral surface of the cylinder by convolution. Next, the stresses at the mid-section of the infinite cylinder are removed. This is done by finding a set of boundary conditions for the end which yields zero tractions on the lateral surface. Then a series of these boundary conditions is used to approximate the tractions which must be removed.With the solution thus obtained, two sample problems are shown: 1. an elastic cylinder in contact with a half-space; 2. a rigid punch in contact with an elastic cylinder.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: In Part I of the this paper, topological properties of finite element models of functions defined on spaces of finite dimension were examined. In this part, a number of applications of the general theory are presented. These include the generation of finite element models in the time domain and certain problems in wave propagation, kinetic theory of gases, non-linear partial differential equations, non-linear continuum mechanics, and fluid dynamics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 261-274 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A presentation is made of a rectangular plate bending element, the use of which corresponds to the finite difference method. The element stiffness matrix is arrived at by approximation of the strain energy of the element by suitably selected finite difference expressions which contain not only values in respect of the deflection, but also values of its first derivatives. On the basis of the connection found between the two methods, some changes are suggested in the finite difference method, which involve a more realistic way of considering the detailed distribution of the loading. The effect of these modifications is illustrated in two applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: When calculating complex interconnected systems (electrical, power, water supply, gas systems, etc.) by digital computer, a number of common problems arise, connected both with the mathematically correct formulation of the problem under investigation, and with the algorithms of the solution, the programming of which makes it possible to reduce the computing time, the store capacity and the volume of input data required. The present article is devoted to the solution of these problems. The procedure is illustrated by formulating and manipulating the equations relating to complex interconnected mine ventilation networks.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Solution of plane elastic problems by piecewise linear approximation is outlined. This method is based upon Galerkin error distribution technique, which leads to simultaneous algebraic equations identical to those associated with the Finite Element Method. In addition, this method permits definition of the discretization error, which can be computed once the displacement components are known. Properties of the interpolation functions are discussed, and a sequence of internally compatible plane elastic elements is defined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 311-331 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A review is given of some mathematical programming methods suitable for optimization of structures needing matrix methods for analysis. An application is presented for elastic flat grillages made of straight orthogonal beams normally loaded. Empirical relationships are used to relate beam section properties so that each beam element has only one design variable. Optimization results are obtained by methods of stress-ratio, linear programming-cutting plane and usable-feasible gradient directions. A comparison of the efficiency of these methods is given for the grillage designs which are shown to have non-convex stress constraints and numerous relative optima. Instances are given of non-fully stressed global optima and fully stressed designs which are not local optima for cases with only stress constraints. Discussions include locating the global optima for grillage designs and extensions of the methods presented to other structural design problems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 333-349 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The paper presents a method for reducing the size of a vibration analysis by generating an inertia matrix referred to a limited set of ‘master’ vibrational freedoms. In designing a computer program to perform this mass condensation process, the emphasis has been on providing a two way interface between structural analysis and vibration analysis programs. The transformation from the full set of degrees of freedom to the master set makes extensive vibration calculations economically feasible giving solutions in terms of the amplitudes of the master freedoms. However, by reversing the transformation after completion of a vibration analysis, it is possible to restore the full set of freedoms, allowing automatic plotting of mode shapes in full detail, and re-entry to the structural analysis program for the purpose of computing dynamic stresses.A worked example is given. This is a realistic machine tool structure rather than the simple plates or beams which are usually used for illustration purposes. Natural frequencies and mode shapes, calculated with various degrees of condensation, are compared with those obtained by using all possible freedoms. A comparison is also made with an intuitive selection of ‘lumped masses’.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The application of non-linear programming methods for the optimum design of statically indeterminate structures is discussed, with special emphasis on the design of elastic grillages loaded laterally and in plane. Some features of SUMT (sequential unconstrained minimization technique) are demonstrated by means of numerous examples of varying complexity. The Variable Metric method of search is discussed and compared to Powell's Direct Method. It is shown that non-convex sets of design variables are often encountered in structural problems of the grillage type. SUMT may still be used, but the choice of starting value and initial response factor decisively influences the chance of finding the global optimum.It is demonstrated that a fully stressed design may not necessarily correspond to the minimum weight design. Optimum design of grillages which are simultaneously subjected to lateral and in-plane loads may be performed efficiently by means of non-linear programming.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 379-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A completely numerical method for steady state linear viscoelastic stress analysis is presented by means of the finite element approach. Numerical representations of the measured viscoelastic constitutive relations are used. This method is developed to obtain steady state solutions to mixed boundary value problems in which the character of the boundary conditions at a point changes with time. Such problems cannot be handled by direct application of the correspondence theorem. A numerical example of viscoelastic sheet rolling is presented along with an experimental verification of the solution by photo-viscoelastic observations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 395-395 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 330-349 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Deiters neurones ; IPSP ; Monosynaptic ; Purkinje cells ; Inhibitory neurones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary During stimulation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, postsynaptic potentials were recorded intracellularly from ipsilateral Deiters neurones of the cat. In the majority of examined cells, the inhibitory postsynapic potentials were induced with short latency; 1.06 msec on the average from lobule III or IV. The latency was longer (1.23 msec) when the lobule V was stimulated, while it was shorter (0.86 msec) from the juxtafastigial region. It follows that the IPSP was produced via a monosynaptic pathway at a conduction velocity of 15 to 20 m/sec. Recording of the extracellular field potentials and focal stimulation within and around Deiters' nucleus further indicated that the inhibitory impulses propagated out of the cerebellum along a remarkable bundle of fibres which terminated within Deiters' nucleus. These results are all explicable by assuming that the cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory in nature and so produce IPSPs monosynaptically in Deiters neurones via the long corticofugal fibres. Monosynaptic EPSPs were also detected in some Deiters neurones. They are considered to be mediated by the other pathways formed of axon collaterals of the cerebellar afferents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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