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  • 1965-1969  (489)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1850-1859
  • 1967  (489)
  • Physics  (429)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (60)
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  • 1965-1969  (489)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1850-1859
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 13-36 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 37-102 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 119-119 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On analyse quelques calculs d'atomes à plusieurs électrons. On établit que pour les atomes neutres l'énergie d'interaction électron-électron peut être représentée approximativement par un multiple constant de l'énergie d'interaction électron-noyau. Par conséquent l'énergie totale de ces atomes-ci dépend d'une façon très simple du nombre atomique.
    Abstract: Berechnungen für Atome mit vielen Elektronen sind analysiert. Es ist gezeigt dass für neutrale Atome die Wechselwirkungsenergie zwischen Elektronen von einem konstanten Vielfache der Wechselwirkungsenergie zwischen den Elektronen und dem Kern wohl approximiert werden kann. Eine Folge dieses Satzes ist dass die Totalenergie dieser Atome in sehr einfacher Weise von der Atomnummer abhängt.
    Notes: Many-electron atom calculations are analyzed. It is proved that for neutral atoms to a good approximation the electron-electron interaction energy is a constant multiple of the electron-nucleus interaction energy. A consequence of the above theorem is that the total energy of these atoms shows a very simple dependence on the atomic number.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On étudie les informations relatives aux indices de réfraction pour quelques gaz pour obtenir des formules analytiques. De celles-ci on obtient le coéfficient du terme principal de l'interaction de longue portée entre deux corps ainsi que celui de l'interaction de longue portée non-additive entre trois corps. On calcule les coéfficients correspondants pour des mélanges des gases He, Ne, A, Kr, Ze, H2, N2 et CH4, l'erreur probable étant 5%.
    Abstract: Gewisse Brechungsindexinformationen für mehrere Gase sind zu analytischen Formeln angepasst. Von diesen berechnet man die Koeffiziente des Prinzipalglieds der Wechselwirkung zwei entfernter Körper und der non-additiven Wechselwirkung drei entfernter Körper. Koeffizienten sind für Mischungen der Gase He, Ne, A, Kr, Xe, H2, N2 und CH4 berechnet, mit einem wahrscheinlichen Fehler von 5%.
    Notes: The refractive index data for various gases are fitted to analytical formulae from which may be calculated the coefficient of the leading term of the long-range two-body interactions and the coefficient of the leading term of the long-range non-additive three-body interactions. Coefficients are obtained for mixtures of the gases He, Ne, A, Kr, Xe, H2, N2 and CH4, the probable error being 5%.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On a construit un programme pour un ordinateur électonique pour calculer les bandes d'énergie suivant l'approximation “tight-binding”. Ce programme a été employé pour des cristaux de α zirconium sans et avec de l'oxygène dissout. Les bandes d'énergie résultantes et les distributions des orbitales correspondantes représentent une quantité énorme d'information numérique. Un autre programme a été construit pour analyser les populations des bandes occupées. Ce programme-ci va réduire considérablement l'information produite. Seulement les bandes occupées sont décrites dans un nombre de directions dans l'espace k. Les nombres d'occupation sont sommés pour les orbitales de nombres quantiques egaux, l et |m|, et sont calculés pour chaque bande en fonction de k.
    Abstract: Ein Maschinenprogramm ist für “tight-binding” Berechnungen von Energiebänder geschrieben worden. Dieses Programm ist auf Kristallen von α Zirkonium mit und ohne gelästen Sauerstoff angewendet. Die resultierenden Energiebänder und Orbitalverteilungen repräsentieren eine sehr grosse Menge von numerischer Information. Ein anderes Programm ist nun geschrieben worden für Populationsanalyse der besetzten Bänder. Dieses Programm reduziert die Informationsmenge in ansehnlicher Weise, und nur besetzte Bänder sind für einige verschiedene Richtungen im k Raum gegeben. Die Besetzungszahlen sind für Orbitale mit gleichen Quantenzahlen l und |m| summiert, und für jedes Band als eine Funktion von k erhalten.
    Notes: An electronic-computer programme has been written by the author for calculations of energy bands in the tight-binding approximation. This programme has been applied to crystals of α zirconium with and without dissolved oxygen. The resulting energy bands and orbital distributions represent an enormous amount of numerical data. Another programme has now also been written by the author for population analysis of the occupied bands. This programme will reduce the resulting output considerably, and only occupied bands are represented in a number of directions in k space. The occupation numbers are summed up for orbitals with equal quantum numbers l and |m|, and are found for each band as a function of k.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 187-190 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On emploie la méthode de Tomonaga pour déterminer la fréquence des oscillations collectives résultant de l'excitation d'un électron dans le systeme d'électrons π d'un hydrocarbure aromatique regardé comme un gaz d'électrons libres en deux dimensions. Les fréquences calculées et mesurées s'accordent parfaitement, bien que la coordonnée collective ne fût pas conjugée au moment collectif.
    Abstract: Man berechnet, mit der Methode von Tomonaga, die Frequenz kollektiver Schwingungen, verursacht von der Aufregung eines Elektrons in dem System von π Elektronen eines aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffes, das als ein Gas freier Elektronen angesehen wird. Berechnete und Experimentelle Frequenzen stimmen sehr wohl überein, obgleich die kollektive Koordinate nicht zu dem kollektiven Impuls konjugiert sei.
    Notes: Considering the π electrons in aromatic hydrocarbons as forming a two-dimensional free-electron gas, the Tomonaga method has been followed to determine the frequency of collective oscillations when an electron is excited in these systems. The calculated and experimental frequency have been found to be in excellent agreement, although the collective coordinate was not conjugate to the collective momentum in these systems containing only few free π electrons.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 225-241 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On a calculé l'énergie d'interaction de longue portée entre deux atomes d'hydrogène jusqu'au second ordre de la perturbation. Tous les états du système provenant de l'un des atomes dans un état 1s et l'autre dans l'un des états 2s ou 2p ont été considérés. L'énergie, représentée par une série en puissances inverses de la distance internucléaire, R, a été calculée jusqu'aux termes d'ordre R-8. On estime que les énergies d'interaction sont correctes pour R 〉 15 u.a. On a calculé aussi d'une façon précise l'énergie d'interaction entre deux atomes d'hydrogène dans leurs états fondamentaux jusqu'aux termes d'ordre R-10. Les résultats pour l'état B′ 1∑u+ sont employés pour discuter l'énergie de dissociation expérimentale de H2, D2, et HD. Pour H2 on démontre que toutes les valeurs de l'énergie de dissociation, obtenues de limites d'absorption expérimentales (les courbes d'énergie potentielle étant employées pour éliminer l'effet de rotation) sont consistantes. Cependant l'énergie totale résultante de H2 est plus grande que la valeur théorique la plus exacte.
    Abstract: Die Wechselwirkungsenergie zwei entfernter Wasserstoffatome ist mit Störungstheorie zweiter Ordnung berechnet. Alle Zustände des Systems, die von einem der Atome in einem 1s Zustand und von dem anderen in einem 2s oder 2p Zustand entstehen können, sind berücksichtigt. Die Energie, die als eine Reihe in reziproken Potenzen des Kernabstands R ausgedrückt ist, ist bis Glieder in R-8 berechnet. Die resultierenden Wechselwirkungsenergien sind wahrscheinlich für R 〉 15 a.E. zuverlässig. Genaue Wechselwirkungsenergien für zwei Wasserstoffatome im Grundzustand sind auch bis Glieder in R-10 berechnet. Die Resultate für den B′ 1∑u+ Zustand sind benutzt um die experimentellen Dissoziationsenergien von H2, D2, und HD im Grundzustand zu untersuchen. Für H2 sind alle Werte der Dissoziationsenergie, die von experimentellen absorptionsgrenzen mit Anwendung von den berechneten Potentialenergiekurven um den Effekt der Rotation zu absondern, erhalten sind, in befriedingender Weise übereinstimmend. Die resultierende Totalenergie von H2 ist aber grösser als der richtigste theoretische Wert.
    Notes: Long-range interaction energy between two hydrogen atoms has been computed in the second order of the perturbation theory. All states of the system arising when one of the atoms is in the 1s and the other in the 2s or 2p state have been considered. The energy represented by a series expansion in inverse powers of the internuclear distance, R, has been computed up to the terms in R-8. The results are believed to give reliable interaction energies for R 〉 15 a.u. Accurate interaction energy for two ground-state hydrogen atoms has also been obtained up to the terms in R-10. Results for the B′ 1∑u+ state are employed to discuss the experimental ground-state dissociation energy of H2, D2, and HD. For H2 all values of the dissociation energy obtained from various experimental absorption limits, by using the computed potential energy curve to separate off the effect of rotation, are shown to be satisfactorily consistent. The resulting total energy of H2 is, however, higher than the most accurate theoretical value.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 191-215 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On présente un modèle pour estimer les ionicités de molécules et d'ions complexes. Ce modèle est basé sur une minimisation de l'énergie totale par la méthode des énergies d'ionisation différentielles. L'effet sur les énergies des corrections de Madelung est considéré. Il est possible d'améliorer la méthode en calculant les énergies de la liaison covalente.On a fait des calculs de type Wolfsberg-Helmholz dans le cadre de ce modèle, en incorporant les corrections de Madelung. Ces corrections-ci rendent les courbes d'énergie d'ionisation du métal moins raides et les énergies d'ionisation des ligandes sont presque invariables par rapport aux charges. Ceci crée une situation qui a été jusqu'ici imposée artificiellement en choisissant les énergies d'ionisation des ligandes de façon à créer des termes désirables dans le déterminant séculaire de Wolfsberg-Helmholz. On démontre que l'effet de l'énergie de Madelung constitue l'influence primaire pour décrire l'ionicité et l'énergie totale d'un chromophore; on démontre que les effets de la liaison covalente sont secondaires quand les ligandes et l'atome central ont des électronégativités assez différentes.
    Abstract: Ein Modell für die Abschätzung von Ionizitäten in Moleküle und Komplexionen wird beschrieben. In diesem Modell wird die Totalenergie mit der Methode der differentiellen Ionisationsenergien minimisiert. Der Effekt der Madelungkorrektionen wird berück-sichtigt, und das Modell wird durch Berechung der kovalenten Bindungsenergien verbessert.Wolfsberg-Helmholzberechungen werden für dasselbe Modell mit Madelungkorrektionen einverlei ausgeführt. Die Madelungkorrektionen machen die Ionisations-energiekurven der Metalle weniger steil; die Ionisationsenergien der ligander sind fast imvariant mit der Ladung. Dies schafft eine Situation, die bisher in künstlicher Weise durch die Wahl der Ionisationsenergien der Liganden in der Wolfsberg-Helmholzsche Methode gegeben war. Es würd gezeigt, dass die Madelungenergie das wichtigste Glied für die Beschriebung der Ionizität und der Totalenergie eines Kromophors ist, und dass diese Effekteüber die kovalente Bindung dominieren, wenn die Liganden und das Zentralatom sehr verschiedene Elektronegativitäten haben.
    Notes: A model is presented for the estimation of ionicities in molecules and complex ions. The model uses the minimization of total energy by the method of differential ionization energies. The effect of Madelung corrections to the energies is considered, and the model is refined by evaluating the covalent-bond energies.Wolfsberg-Helmholz calculations have been applied to the same type of model, also incorporating Madelung corrections. The Madelung corrections make the metal ionization energy curves less steep, and the ligand ionization energies are nearly invariant with charge. This creates a situation which has previously been artificially imposed by selecting the ligand ionization energies to give desirable terms in the Wolfsberg-Helmholz secular determinant. The effect of Madelung energy is shown to be the primary influence in describing the ionicity and total energy of a chromophore; covalent bonding effects are shown to be secondary when the ligands and the central atom have fairly different electronegativities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 285-291 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Le spectre de valeurs propres d'un système dynamique conservatif est contenu implicitement dans sa fonction de Green. Il devient explicite dans la transformée de Fourier de la fonction de Green ou de sa trace. Cette trace n'existe que dans le cas où le spectre est complètement discret. On présente des applications aux problèmes d'une particule libre, de l'oscillateur harmonique linéaire et de l'atome d'hydrogène. Dans les deux derniers cas on peut simplifier la détermination de la fonction de Green considérablement en transformant l'Hamiltonien.
    Abstract: Das Eigenwertspektrum eines konservativen, dynamischen Systems ist in impliziter Weise in seiner Greenschen Funktion enthalten. Es wird in dem Fouriertransform der Greenschen Funktion oder deren Spur explizit. Der Spur existiert nur wenn das Spektrum durchaus diskret ist. Diese Methoden sind auf die Probleme des freien Teilchens, des linearen harmonischen Oszillators und des Wasserstoffatoms angewendet. In den zwei letzteren Fällen kann die Bestimmung der Greenschen Funktion wesentlich mit Transformationen des Hamiltonoperators vereinfacht werden.
    Notes: The energy eigenvalue spectrum for a conservative dynamical system is contained implicitly in its Green's function. It becomes explicit in the Fourier transform of either the Green's function or its trace. The trace exists only when the spectrum is entirely discrete. Applications are made to the free particle, the linear harmonic oscillator, and the hydrogen atom. In the latter two cases determination of the Green's function can be considerably simplified by similarity transformations on the Hamiltonian operator.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On a calculé l'état fondamental et trois états ionisés de N2 pour plusieurs distances intérnucléaires selon l'approximation SCF—MO—LCAO. Les coéfficients linéaires ainsi que les constantes d'écran des orbitales atomiques ont été optimisés. On a calculé des courbes de l'énergie potentielle les constantes moléculaires ωe, ωexe, Be, αe, et Re pour les états cités. Les résultats calculés sont comparés aux données expérimentales ainsi qu'aux résultats d'autre calculs ab initio.
    Abstract: Die SCF—MO—LCAO Methode wird auf den Grundzustand und auf drei jonisierten Zustände von N2 für mehrere Kernabstände angewendet. In diesen Berechnungen werden sowohl die lineare Koeffizienten als auch die Abschirmungskonstanten der Atomorbitale optimiert. Die Molekülkonstanten ωe, ωexe, Be, αe, und Re sind für die zitierten Zustände aus den Potenzialenergiekurven berechnet worden. Die berechneten Resultate werden mit experimentellen Angaben und mit Resultaten anderer ab initio Berechnungen verglichen.
    Notes: The self-consistent-field molecular-orbital method in LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals) approximation is applied to the ground and three ionized states of N2 at a number of internuclear distances for the computation of the potential energy curves. In these calculations both the linear coefficients and the screening constants of the atomic orbitals have been optimized. The molecular constants ωe, ωexe, Be, αe, and Re have also been calculated for the above states from the computed potential energy curves. The computed spectral results are compared with the experimental data as well as with the results reported by others from ab initio calculations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 271-283 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Une fonction d'onde, qui n'est pas une fonction propre exacte, peut, si elle satisfait à des conditions analytiques propres, ětre regardée comme représentant la configuration initiale d'un état non-stationnaire. Pendant son évolution suivante dans le temps le système quantique expose implicitement son spectre total de valeurs propers. On établit une méthode pour le calcul direct du spectre des valeurs propres de l'énergie, basée en principe sur l'analyse de Fourier du système quantique évoluant. La fonction spectrale est développement est tronqué, ce qui est nécessaire dans toute application, la fonction spectrale correspondante représente un spectre moyen de valeurs propres. Une approximation alternative mène à la méthode des moments. En augmentant le nombre des termes on peut améliorer le spectre calculé. Dans certains cas on peut éluder la méthode des moments, s'il est possible d'obtenir en forme clos l'action de l'opérateur d'évolution. Ceci revient a trouver une solution de l'équation de Schrödinger dépendant du temps. Les différentes méthodes de spectroscopie de valeurs propres sont appliquées au probleme de l'oscillateur harmonique.
    Abstract: Eine Wellenfunktion die nicht eine exakte Eigenfunktion ist, kann, unter gewissen analytischen Bedingungen als repräsentierend eine Initial-konfiguration eines nichtstationären Zustands betrachtet werden. Während ihre folgende Entwicklung in der Zeit, legt der Quantensystem in impliziter Weise seinen ganzen Eigenwertspektrum dar. Eine Methode, die im Prinzip auf Fourieranalysis des entwickelnden Systems basiert ist, ist für die direkte Berechung des Eigenwertspektrums benutzt. Die Spektralfunktion ist als eine Momentenentwicklung ausgedrückt, die eine Funktion der Mittelwerte der Potenzen des Hamiltonoperators ist. Wenn die Entwicklung abgebrochen ist, was notwendig ist in alle praktische Anwendungen, ist die entsprechende Spektralfunktion als ein Eigenwertspektrum im Mittel repräsentiert. Eine alternative Approximation führt zu die Quanten-mechanische Methode der Momente. Als die Nummer der Glieder wächst, wird das berechnete Spektrum scharfer und genauer. In gewissen Fällen kann man die Momentenentwicklung entgehen, wenn die Wirkung des Evolutions-operators in geschlossener Form ausdrückt werden kann. Dies ist eine Lösung der Zeitabhängigen Schrödingergleichung zu finden gleichwertig. Die Methoden der Eigenwertspektroskopie werden auf den harmonischen Oszillator angewendet.
    Notes: A wave function which is other than an exact eigenfunction, if it obeys appropriate analytical conditions, can be considered to represent the initial configuration of a nonstationary state. In the course of its subsequent time development the quantum system exhibits implicitly its entire eigenvalue spectrum. A method based, in principle, on Fourier analysis of the evolving quantum system is applied to the direct calculation of the energy eigenvalue spectrum. The spectral function is expressed as a moment expansion, in terms of expectation values of powers of the Hamiltonian. When the expansion is truncated, as it must be in any practical application, the corresponding spectral function represents a smeared-out eigenvalue spectrum. An alternative approximation leads to the quantum-mechanical method of moments. As the number of terms is increased, the computed spectrum becomes sharper and more accurate. In certain cases the moment expansion can be circumvented, if the action of the evolution operator can be evaluated in closed form. This is equivalent to finding some solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The various methods of eigenvalue spectroscopy are applied to the harmonic oscillator.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 321-325 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On établit une nouvelle méthode variationelle pour calculer la probabilité de transitions défendues, ainsi que des bornes supérieures etinférieures del'élément matriciel correspondant.
    Abstract: Ein neues Variationsprinzip für die Wahrscheinlichkeit verbotener Übergänge wird angegeben. Man erhält auch obere und untere Grenzen für das entsprechende Matrixelement.
    Notes: A new variational principle for the probability of forbidden transitions is derived. Upper and lower bounds for the corresponding matrix element are given.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On établit une méthode générale pour calculer des structures atomiques, basée sur le principe “des fonctions radiales différentes pour des électrons différents”. On décrit les connections entre cette méthode-ci et les méthodes ordinaires. Dans la méthode proposée les complications additionelles entrent seulement dans le traitment des variables radiles. Les règles générales pour les calculs nouveaux sont formulées.
    Abstract: Eine verallgemeinerte Methode für Atomstrukturberechnungen wird charakterisiert. Man braucht in dieser Methode verschiedene Radialfunktionen für verschiedene Elektronen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen den verallgemeinerten und den gewöhnlichen Methoden wird beschreibt. Spezille Komplikationen treten nur in der Behandlung der radiller Variabeln auf. Die allgemeine Regeln für Berechnungen mit der neuen Methode werden formuliert.
    Notes: The extended method of calculation of atomic structures is characterized. This method is understood as the use of as many radial orbitals as there are electrons in the atom under consideration. The process of passing from the ordinary method of calculation to the extended one is described. In the method proposed the additional complications appear within the confines of dealing with radial variables only. The general rules for carrying out the calculations, in applying the extended method, are formulated.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 293-310 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Après une courte discussion de la signification physique du choix de base dans les calculs moléculaires, on discute la nature et la définition d'une base d'orbitales atomiques pour des calculs restreints, l'idée principale étant de remplacer par exemple les orbitales ordinaires de Slater 2s et 2p par des orbitales atomiques hybridées et promues. S'il faut définir les orbitales atomiques dans le cadre d'une certaine interprétation de l'activité des molécules, l'hybridization et la promotion peuvent devenir nécessaires.On considère explicitement deux sortes de conditions qui peuvent être soutaitables pour une base restreinte: (1) Les hybrides recherchées doivent ětre dirigées le long des liaisons et satisfaire en même temps au critère de recouvrement maximum; (2) Les orbitals atomiques doivent satisfaire à la condition que le moment dipolaire électrique d'une molécule polyatomique, qui est décrite dans un cadre sémi-empirique, peut être représenté comme le moment dipolaire du système de charges de liaison localisé aux noyaux.La dernière condition est traitée en détail et l'on montre qu'elle implique une neutralisation des moments atomiques et des moments de recouvrement. On donne les équations définissant les orbitales atomiques en question.Dans le cours du traitement mathématique on démontre certains résultats portant sur l'expression du moment dipolaire d'une molécule et sur la définition des charges atomiques nettes. De ces expressions-ci il découle que pour des systèmes avec des intégrales de recouvrement petites, les populations atomiques peuvent être représentées par des sommes de carrés des coéfficients des orbitales atomiques orthogonalisées.Des applications seront présentées dans la seconde partie de cet article.
    Abstract: Nach einer kurzen Diskussion der physikalischen Bedeutung der Wahl von Bais in molekularen Berechungen, wird die Natur und Definition einer Atomorbitalbasis für begrenzte Berechnungen diskutiert, um die Möglichkeit zu untersuchen, ob gewöhnliche 2s und 2p Slater-orbitale gegen hybridisierte-beförderte Atomorbitale ersetzbar sind. Wenn die Orbitale in der Rahme einer gegebenen Interpretation für das Betragen der Moleküle definiert werden musst, können Hybridisation und Förderung notwendig werden.Bedingungen zweier Art für begrenzte Atomorbitalsysteme werden in expliziter Weise betrachtet: (1) Die Hybriden sollen längs der Bindung gerichtet sein, und zugleich das Kriterium maximaler Überlappung befriedigen; (2) Es soll möglich sein, den elektrischen Dipolmoment eines polyatomischen Molekül als den Diplmoment des Systems von an den Kernen lokalisierten Bindungsladungen repräsentieren.Die letzte Bedingung ist ausführlich behandelt und eis ist gezeigt, dass sie eine Aufhebung der Atom- und Überlappungsmomente bedeutet. Die Gleichungen, die die Atomorbitale definieren, welche diese Bedingung befriedigen, werden gegeben.Einige allgemeine Resultate betreffend die Ausdrücke für den Dipolmoment eines Moleküls, und die Definition “reine” Atomladungen werden gegeben. Diese zeigen, dass, für Systeme mit kleinen Überlappungs-integralen, können die Atompopulationen als Summen von Quadraten der Koeffiziente der orthogonalisierten Atomorbitale repräsentiert werden.Anwendungen dieser Resultate werden in Teil II dargestellt worden.
    Notes: After a brief discussion of the physical significance of the choice of the basis in molecular calculations, the nature and definition of an atomic-orbital basis for use in limited calculations is discussed, in view of the possibility of replacing, say, ordinary 2s and 2p Slater orbitals by appropriate hybridized-promoted atomic orbitals. It is indicated that, if the orbitals must be defined in connection with a given interpretation scheme for the behavior of molecules, hybridization and promotion may be necessary.The two kinds of conditions one may wish to impose on a restricted atomic-orbital set are explicitly considered. The first is that the atomic orbitals should be hybrids directed along the bonds and at the same time satisfy the maximum overlap criterion; the other is the requirement that the atomic orbitals should be such that the electric dipole moment of a polyatomic molecule described in terms of a semiempirical bond-orbital scheme should be expressed as the dipole moment of the system of bond charges located at the nuclei.The latter condition is treated in detail, showing that it implies a cancellation of atomic and overlap moments. The equations defining the atomic orbitals satisfying the condition in question are given.In the course of the mathematical treatment some general results concerning the expression of the dipole moment of a molecule and the definition of net atomic charges are given, showing that, for systems where overlap integrals are low, the atomic populations can be taken as sums of the squares of the coefficients of orthogonalized atomic orbitals.Applications of the results will be presented in part II.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The ground-state electronic energy of Be is calculated using the method of biorbitals (SCF-BI). In this method the wave function is represented by an antisymmetrized product of identical pair functions. The basic set used to develop the biorbitals consists of the Watson s and p orbitals. The pair function is presumed to describe a singlet pair state. The energy associated with this function is minimized using a steepest descent procedure. A value of 0.0414 a.u. was found for the correlation energy, which is 44% of the total correlation energy. The SCF-BI method is compared with the CI method. The relationships are established between the expansion coefficients of both methods. The occupation numbers of orbitals are calculated.
    Abstract: Die elektronische Energie des Grundzustands des Be-Atoms wird mit der Methode von Biorbitalen berechnet. Die Wellenfunktion wird in dieser Methode von einem antisymmetrischen Produkt identischer Paarfunktionen repräsentiert. Die Biorbitale werden in Watson's s und p Orbitale entwickelt. Die angewendeten Paarfunktionen beschreiben Singlettzustände. Die Energie ist mit einer Methode von steilstem Abstieg minimisiert worden. Man findet 0, 0414 a.E. für die Korrelationsenergie, d.h. 44% der theoretischen Korrelationsenergie. Die SCF-BI-Methode wird mit der Konfigurationswechselwirkungsmethode verglichen. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Koeffizienten der beiden Methoden werden abgeleitet und die Besetzungszahlen gegeben.
    Notes: L'énergie électronique de l'état fondamental de l'atome Be a été calculée en utilisant la méthode des biorbitales (SCF-BI) dans laquelle la fonction d'onde est représentée par un produit antisymétrisé de fonctions de paire identiques. Les fonctions de base sur lesquelles les biorbitales sont développées sont les orbitales s et p données par Watson. Les fonctions de paire introduites correspondent à des états singulets. L'énergie a été minimisée directement par un procédé de descente selon la pente maximale. On trouve 0,0414 u.a. pour l'énergie de corrélation soit 44% de l'énergie de corrélation théorique. On compare la méthode (SCF-BI) à la méthode (IC) d'interaction de configuration. On établit des relations entre les coefficients dans les deux méthodes. On donne les nombres d'occupation des orbitales.
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  • 28
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 349-355 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The C5H5- ion has been investigated ab initio in the equilibrium distance of the centers, taking all 36 electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. A total energy of -189.42 a.u. and an ionization energy (electron affinity of C5H5) of 0.9 eV were found. A most significant result is that one π orbital is more strongly binding than four σ orbitals.
    Abstract: On présente un calcul ab initio de la molécule C5H5- pour la distance à l'équilibre des noyaux, basé sur Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF-MO-LC (LCGO) Methode. Tous les 36 électrons ont été considérés. On trouve pour l'énergie totale -189.42 u.a. et pour l'énergie d'ionisation (l'affinité électronique de C5H5) 0.9 eV. L'une des orbitales π est plus liante que quatre des orbitales σ.
    Notes: Das C5H5- wird im Gleichgewichtsabstand der Zentren unter Berücksichtigung aller 36 Elektronen ab initio mit Hilfe des Allgemeinen Programmsystems/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode berechnet. Es ergibt sich eine Gesamtenergie von -189,42 a.E. Die Ionisierungsenergie (Elektronenaffinität des C5H5) beträgt 0,9 eV. Bei den Einteilchenenergien sind in energetischer Folge den π-Zuständen σ-Zustände eingelagert.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 357-359 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The C6H6 has been investigated ab initio for the equilibrium distance of the centers, taking into account all 42 electrons, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. A total energy of -227.27 a.u. and an ionization energy of 8.5 eV were found. Further one of the π orbitals was more strongly binding than some of the σ orbitals.
    Abstract: On présente un calcul ab initio de la molécule C6H6 pour la distance à l'équilibre des noyaux, basé sur Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. Tous les 42 électrons on été considérés. On trouve pour l'énergie totale -227.27 u.a. et pour l'énergie d'ionisation 8.5 eV. L'une des orbitales σ est plus liante que quelques-unes des orbitales π.
    Notes: Das C6H6 wurde im Gleichgewichtsabstand der Zentren unter Berücksichtigung aller 42 Elektronen ab initio mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode berechnet. Es ergab sich eine Gesamtenergie von -227.27 a.E. und eine Ionisierungsenergie von 8.5 eV. Ferner wurde gefunden, dass den Einelektronen π-Zuständen in energetischer Reihenfolge σ-Zustände eingelagert sind.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 337-347 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: En mécanique non-relativiste le potentiel monocentrique Coulombien admet des constantes du mouvement qui forment les composantes du vecteur de Runge-Lenz. On déduit une constante du mouvement additionelle pour le problème analogue bicentrique. Le résultat, qui est correct dans une espace d'un nombre arbitraire de dimensions, peut être employé en mécanique classique ainsi qu'en mécanique quantique. Cependant il n'est plus valable si l'on considère les corrections relativistes. On discute l'effet d'autres centres Coulombiens et l'effet d'une variation de la forme du potentiel. En particulier on déduit une constante du mouvement pour un potentiel bicentrique avec des termes harmoniques ainsi que des termes coulombiens. On note une relation entre ces constantes du mouvement et la séparation de l'Hamiltonien en coordonnées sphéroïdes. Enfin on discute l'application de ces résultats-ci au problème do molécule-ion de l'hydrogène dans l'approximation adiabatique. La nouvelle constante du mouvement est responsable de la non-validité observée de la règle de non-croisement des courbes d'énergie potentielle.
    Abstract: Das monozentrische Coulombpotential hat in nichtrelativistischer Mechanik zusätzliche Bewegungskonstanten, die Komponenten des Runge-Lenz Vektors bilden. Von einem Studium dieses Vektors wird eine neue Bewegungskonstante für das entsprechende bizentrische Problem abgeleitet. Das Resultat ist in einem Raum willkürlicher Dimension gültig, und kann in sowohl klassischer Mechanik als Quantenmechanik angewendet werden. Es ist aber nicht mehr gültig, wenn relativistische Korrektionen betrachtet werden, die die zusätzliche Symmetrie des monozentrischen Coulombpotentials zerstören. Die Abhängigkeit anderer Coulombzentra und der Form des Potentials wird untersucht. Eine Bewegungskonstante wird für ein bizentrisches Potential mit sowohl Coulomb und harmonischen Termen abgeleitet. Die Beziehung zwischen diesen Bewegungskonstanten und der Separation des Hamiltonoperators in sphäroiden Koordinaten wird beachter. Mit dieser neuen Bewegungskonstante kann man die Nichtgültigkeit des Überschneidungsverbotes der Potentialkurven des Wasserstoffmolekülions erklären.
    Notes: The one-centre Coulombic potential gives rise, in non-relativistic mechanics, to additional constants of the motion which form the components of the Runge-Lenz vector. By a study of this vector, an extra constant of the motion is derived for the corresponding two-centre problem. The result holds quite generally in a space of arbitrary dimension and is applicable to both classical and quantum mechanics; but breaks down when relativistic corrections, which destroy the extra symmetry of the one-centre Coulombic potential, are taken into account. The effect of further Coulombic centres and of varying the form of the potential is briefly discussed. In particular a constant of the motion is derived for a two-centre potential which has both Coulombic and simple harmonic terms. The relationship between these constants of the motion and the separation of the Hamiltonian into spheroidal coordinates is noted (this had previously been known only for the two-centre Coulomb problem in three-dimensional space). Finally the application to the hydrogen molecule ion, treated in the adiabatic approximation, is pointed out. The extra constant of the motion is seen to account for an observed apparent breakdown in the noncrossing rule for the potential energy curves.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 361-364 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The C3H6 has been investigated ab initio, taking all 24 electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. Variation of the C—C distance gives a total energy of -116.02 a.u. at a C—C distance of 2.91 a.u. The ionization energy was found to be 10.33 eV.
    Abstract: On présente un calcul ab initio de la molécule C3H6 basé sur Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. Tous les 24 électrons on été considérés. Variant la distance C—C on obtient l'énergie totale -116.02 u.a. pour la distance C—C 2.91 u.a. L'énergie d'ionisation correspondante est 10.33 eV.
    Notes: Das C3H6 wurde unter Berücksichtigung aller 24 Elektronen ab initio mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode berechnet. Es ergab sich nach Variation des C—C Abstandes ein Minimum der Gesamtenergie von -116.02 a.E. bei einem C—C Abstand von 2.91 a.E. Die Ionisierungsenergie wurde zu 10.33 eV bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 365-368 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The C2H4 was investigated ab initio for the equilibrium distance of the centers, taking all 16 electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. A total energy of -76.77 a.u. and an ionization energy of 10.55 eV were found.
    Abstract: On présente un calcul ab initio de la molécule C2H4 pour la distance à l'équilibre des noyaux, basé sur Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. Tous les 16 électrons ont été considérés. On trouve, pour l'énergie totale -76.77 u.a. et pour l'énergie d'ionisation 10.55 eV.
    Notes: Das C2H4 wird im Gleichgewichtsabstand der Zentren unter Berücksichtigung aller 16 Elektronen ab initio unter Verwendung des Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode berechnet. Es ergibt sich eine Gesamtenergie von -76.77 a.E. Die Ionisierungs-energie beträgt dabei 10.55 eV.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Using the results of ab initio calculations, by comparison of the “1s orbital energies” of the C atom in the compounds C6H6, C5H5-, C3H6 (cyclopropane), C2H4 as well as at the C atom itself the bond electrons were found to have a significant influence on the inner electrons. The reason for this is pointed out and an explanation is given. The connection between the bonding and this “1s orbital energy” change as well as the importance of this result for quantum-chemical “models” is discussed.
    Abstract: On compare les énergies des orbitales 1s de l'atome C libre et de l'atome C dans C6H6, C5H5-, C3H6 (cyclopropane), C2H4. On trouve une influence significative des électrons de valence sur les électrons de la couche intérieure. On discute la raison de cette influence et ses conséquences pour les modèles de la chimie quantique.
    Notes: Durch Vergleichen der “1s-Einteilchenenergien” an den C Atomen in den Verbindungen C6H6, C5H5-, C3H6 (Cyclopropan), C2H4 sowie am freien C Atom wird im Rahmen von ab initio - Rechnungen gezeigt, dass die inneren Elektronen von den Bindungsvorgängen wesentlich beeinflusst sind. Die Ursachen werden diskutiert und eine Erklärung dafür angegeben. Der Zusammenhang dieser Energieänderungen mit den Bindungsverhältnissen, sowie die Bedeutung dieser Tatsache für gewisse Modellvorstellungen werden besprochen.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The CH4 molecule has been investigated ab initio, for four different distances RC—H and one distortion of a triangle HCH about the equilibrium condition, taking all 10 electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. The equilibrium distance RC—H was estimated to 2.053 a.u., the minimum of the total energy to -40.06 a.u., the heat of formation to 17.0 eV and the ionization energy to 14.8 eV. For the breathing force constant and the force constant of the twisting vibration a ω1 of 3139 cm-1 and a ω2 of 1865 cm-1 were found.
    Abstract: On présente un calcul ab initio de la molécule CH4, basé sur Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode, pour tous les 10 électrons, quatre distances différentes C—H et pour une distorsion d'un triangle HCH. On trouve pour la distance à l'équilibre C—H 2.053 u.a., l'énergie totale -40.06 u.a., l'énergie de formation 17.0 eV, l'énergie d'ionisation 14.8 eV, la constante de force des vibrations de pulsation 3139 cm-1 et la constante de force des vibration de torsion 1865 cm-1.
    Notes: Das CH4 wurde unter Berücksichtigung aller 10 Elektronen mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode für 4 verschiedene Abstände RC—H und für die Verdrillung eines Dreieckes HCH gegenüber der Gleichgewichtslage (s. Abbildung 1) berechnet. Es ergab sich im Minimum eine Gesamtenergie von -40.06 a.E., eine Bildungsenergie von 17.0 eV und eine Ionisierungsenergie von 14.8 eV. Der Bindungsabstand wurde zu RC—H = 2.053 a.E. bestimmt. Die sich ergebenden Kraftkonstanten lieferten die Frequenzen ω1 = 3139 cm-1 und ω2 = 1865 cm-1.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 379-401 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: By means of the HMO method a postulate by Clar is justified. According to this postulate certain localized benzene-like regions exist in condensed aromatic hydrocarbons. A measure of the benzene character, butene character, etc., of certain parts of these molecules is derived and a simple method to calculate it is described. The importance of these measurements for discussions of chemical reactivity is pointed out.
    Abstract: Mit Hilfe der HMO Methode wird gezeigt, dass das Postulat von E. Clar, gewisse Sechsring-Einheiten in kondensierten Aromaten stellen lokale benzoide Gebiete dar, berechtigt ist. Eine Masszahl (Character order) für den benzoiden, butenoiden usw. Charakter bestimmter Teile kondensierter Aromaten wird abgeleitet und ein einfaches Rechenverfahren zu ihrer Ermittlung angegeben. An Hand der Charakterogramme von 41 kondensierten Aromaten wird die Bedeutung dieser Zahlen für die Diskussion der chemischen Reaktivität aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Partant de la méthode HMO on vérifie qu'un postulate de Clar est justifié. D'après ce postulat il existe dans les hydrocarbures aromatiques condensés certaines régions localisées de caractère benzènoide. On propose un indice pour le caractère benzèneoide, butènoide, etc., de certaines parties de ces molécules, et on présente une méthode simple pour calculer ces indices. On discute l'importance de ces indices pour la réactivité chimique.
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  • 36
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 421-425 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On a calculé, pour un déterminant de Slater projeté sur un sous-espace de spin défini, les fonctions de densité pour deux électrons, définies par McWeeny.
    Abstract: Die Zweielektronenfunktionen von McWeeny, sind für eine Spin-projizierte Slaterdeterminante berechnet worden.
    Notes: The two-particle density functions introduced by McWeeny are calculated for a spin-projected Slater determinant.
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  • 37
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 403-419 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: La fonction d'onde d'un système à n électrons dans la méthode Hartree-Fock généralisée (EHF) est définie (Löwdin, Phys. Rev. 97, 1509 (1955)) comme le meilleur déterminant de Slater construit de spin-orbitales d'une flexibilité complète et projeté sur un sous-espace de symmétrie correcte. On compare cette fonction à l'interaction de configurations équivalente pour l'état 1S d'un atome à deux électrons. On démontre qu'il existe dans ce cas-ci un nombre infini de solutions du problème variationnel avec des énergies inférieures à celles de la fonction Hartree-Fock ordinaire, et avec des spin-orbitales satisfaisant à toutes les conditions de l'extrémum. On présente deux méthodes pour obtenir les spin-orbitales EHF. Une application à l'état fondamental de l'hélium avec une base contenant 4(s), 3(p0, 2(d0)) et 1(f0) orbitales de Slater donne 90% de l'énergie de corrélation.
    Abstract: Die verallgemeinerte Hartree-Fock Funktion eines Systems mit n Elektronen ist als die beste projizierte Slaterdeterminante, die aus vollständig allgemeinen Einelektronfunktionen gebaut ist (Löwdin, Phys. Rev. 97, 1509 (1955)). Die Konfigurationswechselwirkungsfunktion, die zu einer verallgemeinerten Hartree-Fock Funktion äquivalent ist, wird für den 1S Zustand eines Zweielektronenatoms diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass in diesem Falle unendlich viele Lösungen des Variationsproblems existieren, die tiefere Energien als die gewöhnliche Hartree-Fock Funktion haben. Zwei Lösungsmethoden werden beschriebn. Mit einer Basis von 4(s), 3(p0), 2(d0) und 1(f0) Slaterorbitalen wird 90% der Korrelationsenergie des Heliumatoms im Grundzustand erhalten.
    Notes: The extended Hartree-Fock (EHF) wave function of an n-electron system is defined (Löwdin, Phys. Rev. 97, 1509 (1955)) as the best Slater determinant built on one-electron spin orbitals having a complete flexibility and projected onto an appropriate symmetry subspace. The configuration interaction equivalent to such a wavefunction for the 1S state of a two-electron atom is discussed. It is shown that there is in this case an infinite number of solutions to the variational problem with energies lower than that of the usual Hartree-Fock function, and with spin orbitals satisfying all the extremum conditions. Two procedures for obtaining EHF spin orbitals are presented. An application to the ground state of Helium within a basic set made up of 4(s), 3(p0), 2(d0) and 1 (f0) Slater orbitals has produced 90% of the correlation energy.
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 451-461 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The formalism of the LCAO—SCF—CO method is described. This method enables the theoretical study of conjugated periodic systems. In these systems some integrals of the SCF operator matrix elements are evaluated by a semi-empirical procedure.
    Abstract: Die LCAO—SCF—CO Methode für periodische, konjugierte Systeme wird beschrieben. Eine semi-empirische Methode für Berechnung der Integrale, die die Matrixelemente des SCF-Operators bilden, wird angegeben.
    Notes: On décrit le formalisme de la méthode LCAO—SCF—CO permettant d'étudier les propriétés des systèmes périodiques conjugés et un procédé semi-empirique pour évaluer les intégrales intervenant dans les éléments de matrice de l'operateur du champ autocohérent de ces systèmes.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On décrit la méthode de perturbation du premier ordre en 1/Z, de l'approximation Hartree-Fock généralisée pour les atomes à deux électrons. Plusieurs résultats imprévus en découlent: (a) on prouve qu'il faut développer les orbitales en puissances de Z-1/2 plutǒt qu'en puissances de Z-1; (b) on montre qu'on peut au premier ordre découpler la partie associée à l'approximation Hartree-Fock restreinte; les énergies du second ordre sont donc additives; (c) l'équation qui décrit “l'orbitale de corrélation” au premier ordre admet en générale d'une infinité de solutions de toutes symmétries angulaires; (d) “l'équation de corrélation” au premier ordre est une équation aux valeurs propres linéaire et homogène avec un potentiel non local. Elle contient un paramètre μ et une valeur propre ω(μ), qui peut être interprétée comme l'amplitude de probabilité et l'énergie d'un état virtuel de corrélation. L'énergie de corrélation au second ordre est 2μ2ω.On présente des solutions numériques des “orbitales de corrélations” premier ordre. L'énergie de corrélation approximative au second ordre est presque 90% de la valeur exacte.On décrit la méthode de perturbation du premier ordre en 1/Z pour le développement naturel et von obtient les équations intégro-différentielles couplées du premier ordre. On discute la relation étroite entre les “orbitales de corrélation” du premier ordre de la méthode Hartree-Fock généralisée et les “orbitales de corrélation” naturelles du premier ordre. Une comparaison des résultats numériques aux ceux de Kutzelnigg en confirme la ressemblance.
    Abstract: Die Störungstheorie erster Ordnung in 1/Z der verallgemeinerten Hartree-Fock Approximation für Zweielektronatome wird beschreibt. Mehrere unerwartete Resultate ergeben sich: (a) es wird gezeigt, dass die Orbitale in Potenzen von Z-1/2 eher als in Potenzen von Z-1 entwickelt müssen; (b) es wird gezeigt, dass der Korrelationsteil der Orbitale von dem Teil, der mit der beschränkten Hartree-Fock Approximation beigeordnet ist, losgekoppelt werden kann, so dass die Energien zweiter Ordnung additiv sind; (c) die Gleichung der “Korrelationsorbital” erster Ordnung hat unendlich viele Lösungen aller Winkelsymmertrien; (d) die Korrelationsgleichung erster Ordnung ist eine lineare, homogene Eigenwertgleichung mit einem non-lokalen Potential. Sie enthält ein Parameter μ und einen Eigenwert ω(μ), die als Wahrscheinlichkeitsamplitude und Energie eines virtuellen Korrelationszustands erklärt werden können. Korrelationsenergie zweiter Ordnung ist 2μ2ω.Numerische Lösungen für die Korrelationsorbitale erster Ordnung werden gegeben. Die approximative Korrelationsenergie zweiter Ordnung beträgt fast 90% des exakten Wertes.Die Störungstheorie erster Ordnung in 1/Z der natürlichen Entwicklung wird beschreibt und die gekoppelten Integro-Differentialgleichungen werden abgeleitet. Die nahe Benziehung zwischen den “Korrelationsorbitalen” erster Ordnung der verallgemeinerten Hartree-Fock-gleichungen und den “natürlichen Korrelationsorbitalen” erster Ordnung wird diskutiert. Die Ähnlichkeit wird durch Vergleichung der numerischen resultate mit den numerischen Resultaten Kutzelniggs bekräftigt.
    Notes: The first-order 1/Z perturbation theory of the extended Hartree-Fock approximation for two-electron atoms is described. A number of unexpected features emerge: (a) it is proved that the orbitals must be expanded in powers of Z-1/2, rather than in Z-1 as expected; (b) it is shown that the restricted Hartree-Fock and correlation parts of the orbitals can be uncoupled to first order, so that second-order energies are additive; (c) the equation describing the first-order correlation orbital has an infinite number of solutions of all angular symmetries in general, rather than only one of a single symmetry as expected; (d) the first-order correlation equation is a homogeneous linear eigenvalue-type equation with a non-local potential. It involves a parameter μ and an eigenvalue ω(μ) which may be interpreted as the probability amplitude and energy of a virtual correlation state. The second-order correlation energy is 2μ2ω.Numerical solutions for the first-order correlation orbitals, obtained variationally, are presented. The approximate second-order correlation energy is nearly 90% of the exact value.The first-order 1/Z perturbation theory of the natural-orbital expansion is described, and the coupled first-order integro-differential perturbation equations are obtained. The close relationship between the first-order extended Hartree-Fock correlation orbitals and the first-order natural correlation orbitals is discussed. A comparison of the numerical results with those of Kutzelnigg confirms the similarity.
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  • 42
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 493-519 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Le problème moléculaire de N électrons est reformulé à l'aide de la densité de particules et de son champ canonique conjugué. On emploie la représentation de Weyl des relations de commutation canoniques, et on introduit une fonctionnelle caractéristique du système moléculaire comme un valeur moyenne de la fonctionnelle de Weyl. On déduit l'équation Hamiltonienne de mouvement de la fonctionnelle caractéristique et on en discute l'approximation à cumulants. Dans cet article-ci on présente une discussion générale, indépendante du choix spécial de l'Hamiltonien.La représentation de la fonctionnelle de densité peut ětre considérée comme un pas vers une formulation d'une chimie quantique renormalisée. Les cumulants d'ordre inférieur de la fonctionnelle caractéristique sont accessibles aux mesures de précision effectives; d'autre part la plupart des résultats expérimentaux sont représentés correctement par une fonctionnelle caractéristique de type Gaussien. La signification des corrélations d'ordre supérieur n'est pas encore connue. On discute leur importance possible pour les systèmes biologiques et on pose la question à quel point la mécanique quantique est vérifiée expérimentalement pour les systèmes extrěmement complexes.
    Abstract: Das molekulare N-Elektronenproblem wird mit Hilfe des Teilchendichteoperators und seinem kanonisch konjugierten Feldoperator reformuliert. Die Weylsche Darstellung der kanonischen Vertauschungsrelationen wird benützt und ein charakteristisches Funktional des molekularen Systems wird definiert als Erwartungswert des Weylschen Funktionals. Die Hamiltonschen Bewegungsgleichungen für das charakteristische Funktional werden abgeleitet und ihre Kummulantennäherung wird diskutiert. Dieser erste Teil beschränkt sich auf eine allgemeine Diskussion, unabhängig von einer speziellen Wahl des Hamilton-operators.Diese Darstellung kann als erster Schritt zur Formulierung einer renormierten Quantenchemie betrachtet werden. Die Kumulanten tiefster Ordnung des charakteristischen Funktionals sind Präzisionsmessungen zugänglich und umgekehrt sind die meistem Experimente durch ein charakteristisches Funktional vom Gausschen Typus korrekt dargestellt. Die Bedeutung der Korrelationen höherer Ordnung ist weder theoretisch noch experimentell bekannt, ihre mögliche Bedeutung für biologische Systeme wird erwähnt. Die Frage der empirischen Verifikation der Quantenmechanik für äusserst komplizierte Systeme wird aufgeworfen.
    Notes: The molecular N-electron problem is formulated in terms of the particle density Q(r) = ∑σ(r - qn) and its canonically conjugated field. Weyl's representation of the canonical commutation relations is used and a characteristic functional of the molecular system is introduced as the expectation value of Weyl's functional exp {i(α, Q) + i(β, P)}. The Hamiltonian equation of motion for the characteristic functional is derived and its cumulant approximation is discussed. The first paper is restricted to a general discussion, independent of a special choice of the Hamiltonian.The density functional representation may be considered as a step towards a formulation of a renormalized quantum chemistry. The lowest order cumulants of the characteristic functional are accessible to actual precision measurements; on the other hand, most experiments are correctly represented by a characteristic functional of the Gaussian type. The significance of the higher order correlations is neither theoretically nor experimentally disclosed yet, their possible importance for biological systems is mentioned, and the question is raised of how far quantum mechanics is empirically confirmed for extremely complex systems.
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  • 43
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 535-559 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On définie la notion d'Hamiltonien localement dégénéré. On démontre qu'un tel Hamiltonien est, par rapport à un nombre quantique particulier, dégénéré dans un seul niveau. On étudie quelques exemples de systèmes d'une seule particule et on les compare au problème de Kepler. On trouve dans ces exemples que le niveau dégénéré se trouve à la valeur limite à grandes distances de l'énergie potentielle. On déduit la condition d'existence et les propriétés de ces états-ci. On démontre aussi que, pour des états pareils, certains opérateurs peuvent avoir des fonctions propres en commun avec l'Hamiltonien. Pour cette raison on les appelle constantes du mouvement locales. Comme les constantes du mouvement ordinaires, elles simplifient le problème des valeurs propres. En particulier on étudie par cette méthode-ci le potentiel q/r2. Finalement on discute l'application des résultats obtenus à la diffusion de résonance et au calcul de nombre des états liés.
    Abstract: Es wird der Begriff eines lokal entarteten Hamilton-Operators definiert. Es wird bewiesen, dass ein solcher Hamilton-Operator, mit Rücksicht auf eine spezielle Quantenzahl, nur in einem einzigen Niveau entartet ist. Einige Beispiele von Einteilchensystemen werden untersucht und mit dem Keplerproblem verglichen. In diesen Beispielen befindet sich das entartete Niveau an dem Grenzwert für grosse Abstände der potentiellen Energie. Die Existenzbedingungen und die Eigenschaften dieser Zustände werden abgeleitet. Es wird auch bewiesen, dass für solche Zustände, gewisse Operatoren mit dem Hamilton-Operator gemeinsamen Eigenfunktionen haben können. Aus diesem Grund werden sie als lokale Bewegungskonstanten bezeichnet. Wie gewöhnliche Bewegungskonstanten können sie das Eigenwertproblem vereinfachen. Insbesondere wird das Potential q/r2 mit diesen Methoden studiert. Schliesslich werden die Anwendungen der Resultäte auf Resonanzstreuung und auf die Berechnung der Anzahl der gebundenen Zustände angedeutet.
    Notes: The concept of a locally degenerate Hamiltonian is defined. It is shown that such a Hamiltonian is, with respect to a particular quantum number, degenerate in a single level only. Some examples of single-particle systems suggested by a study of the stereographic projection are examined, a comparison being made with the Kepler problem. It is found, in these examples, that the degenerate level lies at the limiting value of the potential energy at large distances and the condition for the existence and the properties of these states are deduced. It is also shown that for such states certain operators may have eigenfunctions in common with the Hamiltonian and for this reason they are called local constants of the motion. Like ordinary constants of the motion, they help to simplify the eigenvalue problem and, in particular, the singular inverse square law potential is studied by this approach. Finally, the application of the results to resonance scattering (by bound states near the continuum) and to the calculation of the number of bound states is indicated.
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  • 44
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 561-575 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On étudie la structure électronique de l'adénine, de la guanine, de la cytosine, de la thymine et de l'uracile dans leurs états fondamentaux, ionisés, excités singulets et triplets, par les méthodes SCF—CI et SCF “couche ouverte”. Les états singulets correspondent d'une façon satisfaisante aux maxima des bandes d'absorption. La différence des énergies des deux premiers états singulets de l'adénine est très petite. La méthode “couche ouverte” donne le měme potentiel d'ionisation relatif que la méthode SCF. Les énergies des états triplets coincident presque dans les deux méthodes. Les énergies de transition au premier état triplet des pyrimidines sont plus grandes que celles des purines. L'énergie de séparation singulet-triplet des purines s'accorde aux valeurs expérimentales.
    Abstract: Die π-Elektronstruktur des Adenins, Guanins, Cytosins, Thymins und Uracils in ihren Grundzuständen, ionisierten Zuständen, angeregten Singulett- und Triplett-Zuständen wird vermittelst der SCF—CI und der SCF “offene Schale”-Methoden untersucht. Die Singulettzustände stimmen mit den Maxima der Absorptionsbanden gut überein. Die Energiedifferenz zwischen den zwei ersten Singulettzustände des Adenins ist sehr klein. Die “offene Schale”-Methode ergibt dieselbe relative Ionisierungsspannung als die SCF-Methode. Die Energien der Triplettzustände fallen in den beiden Methoden beinahe zusammen. Die Übergangsenergien zum ersten Triplett-zustand der Pyrimidine sind grösser als die der Purine. Die Singulett-Triplett-Trennungsenergie der Purine stimmt mit den experimentellen Tatsachen überein.
    Notes: The π-electron structure of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil in their ground, ionized, singlet and triplet excited states are investigated by means of the SCF—CI and SCF open-shell methods. The calculations for singlets fit the maxima of the absorption bands well. The energy difference between the first and the second singlet states of adenine is found to be very small. The open-shell method leads to the same relative ionization potential as does the SCF (with the integrals empirically corrected). The calculated energies of the triplet states almost coincide in the SCF open-shell and the SCF—CI approximation. The calculated transition energies to the first triplet state of the pyrimidines are higher than in the case of the purines. The value of the singlet-triplet separation energy of purines is in agreement with experimental data.
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 591-594 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Employant une fonction d'onde d'électrons libres on a évalué la section efficace d'excitation au premier état excité et celle d'ionisation du benzène dans une collision inélastique avec des électrons rapides. Dans le procès d'ionisation la section efficace est maximum quand l'électron secondaire quitte la molécule avec une énergie cinétique d'environ 3 eV. Si l'énergie de l'électron incident dépasse 20 eV la section efficace d'ionisation est plus grande que celle d'excitation et vice versa.
    Abstract: Mit einer Freielektronenfunktion wird der Wirkungsquerschnitt für die Anregung des ersten angeregten Zustands und der für die Ionisierung des Benzols abgeschätzt. In dem Ionisierungsprozess hat der Wirkungsquerschnitt ein Maximum, wenn das sekundäre Elektron das Molekül mit einer kinetischen Energie von ungefähr 3 eV verlässt. Wenn die Energie des einfallenden Elektrons grösser als 20 eV ist, wird der Querschnitt für Ionisierung grösser als der für Anregung, und umgekehrt.
    Notes: Using a free-electron wave function the cross section for the excitation of the first excited state and that for the ionization of benzene in the inelastic collision with fast electrons have been estimated. In the ionization process the cross section has been found to be maximum when the secondary electron moves away with a kinetic energy of about 3 eV. For incident-electron energy above 20 eV the cross section for ionization is larger than that for excitation, while below it the reverse is the case.
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  • 46
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 605-613 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A time-saving way of programming an SCF method for molecules (SCF—MO—LCGO method) is proposed, which is based on an economic way of handling the two-electron-multicenter integrals.
    Abstract: On présente un programme efficace pour des calculs SCF moléculaires, dont l'efficacité dépend d'un traitement rationnel des intégrales à deux centres.
    Notes: Es wird eine rechenzeitsparende Programmierung eines SCF-Verfahrens für Moleküle (SCF—MO—LCGO-Verfahren) angegeben, die auf einer rationellen Behandlung der Zweielektronen-Mehrzentrenintegrale beruht.
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  • 47
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 595-604 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On discute le calcul des polarisabilités des molécules sphériques du point de vue de l'approximation de l'énergie d'excitation moyenne de la théorie des perturbations. On démontre que, tandis qu'on peut toujours obtenir de l'information sur l'énergie dans des champs externes des phénomènes de polarisation, on peut aussi obtenir un peu d'information sur la fonction d'onde non perturbée de la susceptibilité magnétique et de l'effet Cotton-Mouton. Dans le cas de l'argon ces informations-ci s'accordent aux résultats des calculs SCF. On prédit les constantes de Cotton-Mouton pour le krypton et le xénon.
    Abstract: Die Berechnung der Polarisierbarkeiten sphärischer Moleküle wird im Lichte der Mittelanregungsenergieannäherung der Störungstheorie diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt dass, während Information von der Energie in äusseren Feldern immer aus Polarisationser-scheinungen erhalten werden kann, gewisse Information von der ungestörten Wellenfunktion auch aus magnetischen Susceptibilitäts und Cotton-Mouton Effektmessungen erhalten werden kann. Für Argon stimmte solche Information mit SCF-Berechnungen überein. Die Cotton-Mouton-Konstanten für Krypton und Xenon werden vorhergesagt.
    Notes: The calculation of the polarizabilities of spherical molecules is discussed in the light of the average excitation energy approximation to perturbation theory. It is shown that whilst information about the energy in external fields can always be obtained from polarization phenomena, some information about the unperturbed wave function also can be obtained from magnetic susceptibility and Cotton-Mouton effect measurements. In the case of argon such information was found to agree with the results of self-consistent-field calculations. Predictions of the Cotton-Mouton constants of krypton and xenon are made.
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  • 48
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 577-589 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On présente une série de calculs simplifiés de type LCAO—MO—SCF pour les dix molécules possibles de type ClF, IBr, etc. Dans ce modèle-ci on ne considère que les électrons de liaison. La paire de deux électrons liés est décrite par un seul déterminant de Slater et toutes les intégrales sont évaluées par des méthodes sémi-empiriques. Pour chaque molécule on obtient la séparation à l'équilibre, l'énergie de liaison et la courbe de potentiel. On étudie en détail l'effet du paramètre de Wolfsberg-Helmholtz sur le terme non-diagonal.Sans aucun ajustement empirique les énergies électroniques calculées sont correctes à 2% près tandis que les énergies de liaison sont environ 1 eV trop basses. Les distances à l'équilibre sont trop petites. Cependant les tendances de ces quantités-ci s'accordent aux données expérimentales. Un seul ajustment du paramètre de Wolfsberg-Helmholtz, K, suffit pour accorder les énergies de liaison aux données antérieurement donnent d'assez mauvais résultats ici. Par conséquent on propose d'autre alternatives pour déterminer a priori les meilleures valeurs pour ce paramètre.En conclusion on note que les approximations employées sont compatibles et bien adaptées à la déscription des systèmes à liaisons σ.
    Abstract: Es waren eine Reihe von vereinfachten LCAO—MO—SCF Berechnungen für die zehn möglichen Interhalogenmoleküle gemacht worden. In diesem Modell werden nur die bindenden Elektronen in Betracht gezogen. Das Elektronpaar wird von einer einzigen Slaterdeterminante beschrieben und alle Integrale mit semi-empirischen Methoden ausgewertet. Gleichgewichtsabstände, Bindungsenergien und Potentialkurven werden für jedes Molekül erhalten. Der Effekt des Wolfsberg-Helmholtzschen Parameters auf das nicht-diagonale Glied wird genau untersucht.Ohne empirische Berichtigungen sind die berechneten elektronischen Energien bis auf 2% richtig. Die Bindungsenergien sind ungefähr 1 eV zu klein. Die Gleichgewichts-abstände sind zu klein. Die beobachtete Tendenz dieser Eigenschaften ist aber in befriedigender Übereinstimmung mit den Experimenten. Eine einzige empirische Berichtigung des Wolfsberg-Helmholtzschen Parameter K genügt um die berechneten Bindungsenergien der ganzen Reihe in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Experimenten zu bringen. Die früher vorgeschlagenen empirischen Formen für K geben hier schlechte Resultate; andere Methoden für optimalen “a priori”-Bestimungen dieses Parameters werden vorgeschlagen.Die hier angewendeten Annäherungen scheinen verträglich und für die Beschreibung von σ-Systemen passed zu sein.
    Notes: A series of simplified LCAO—MO—SCF calculations has been carried out on the ten possible interhalogen molecules. In the model only the bonding electrons are considered explicitly. The bonded electron pair is described by a single Slater determinant and all integrals are evaluated by unadjusted, semiempirical techniques. Equilibrium separations, binding energies, and potential curves are obtained for each molecule, and the effect of the Wolfsberg-Helmholtz parameter in the off-diagonal term is studied in detail.Without empirical adjustment, calculated electronic energies are accurate to about 2% while the bonding energies are too low by about 1 eV. Equilibrium distances are too small. The observed trends of these properties, however, are in satisfactory agreement with experiment. If desired, a single empirical adjustment of the Wolfsberg-Helmholtz parameter, K, suffices to bring the calculated binding energies of the entire series into good agreement with experiment. Previously suggested empirical forms for K yield poor results here and alternate proposals concerning the best procedure for determining, a priori, the best values for this parameter are made.In general it is concluded that the approximations utilized in this work are compatible and well-suited for the description of σ-bonded systems.
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 615-629 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On a développé une méthode générale pour déterminer le nombre exact d'états liés pour un potentiel donné dans un espace à N dimensions (N ≧ 2). Cette méthode est appliquée à un potentiel central de la forme \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$V\left(r \right) = - \lambda r^{\alpha - 2} \left({r_0^\alpha + r^\alpha } \right)^{- 2}$$\end{document} Où λ, r0, α sont des nombres positifs arbitraires. Pour ce potentiel-ci on obtient des solutions analytiques. On discute aussi quelques propriétés de la dégénerescence des niveaux d'énergie par rapport au moment cinétique orbital l.
    Abstract: Es wird eine allgemeine Methode für die Bestimmung der exakten Anzahl von gebundenen Zuständen in einem gegebenen Potential in einem N-dimensionalem Raum angegeben (N ≧ 2). Diese Methode wird auf ein Zentralpotential von der Form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$V\left(r \right) = - \lambda r^{\alpha - 2} \left({r_0^\alpha + r^\alpha } \right)^{- 2}$$\end{document} wo willkürliche, positive Zahlen sind, angewendet. Für dieses Potential werden analytischen Lösungen erhalten. Gewisse Eigenschaften der Entartung der Energieniveaus, mit Rücksicht auf den Bahndrehimpuls l, werden auch diskutiert.
    Notes: A general method is developed for determining the exact number of bound states for a given potential in a space of N dimensions (N ≧ 2). This is applied to a central potential of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ V\left(r \right) = - \lambda r^{\alpha - 2} \left({r_0^\alpha + r^\alpha } \right)^{- 2} $$\end{document} where λ, r0, α are arbitrary positive numbers, and for which analytical solutions are obtained. Some properties of the degeneracy in the energy levels, with respect to the orbital angular momentum l, are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 641-644 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The system (Li2H)- has been investigated ab initio for several nuclear positions, taking all eight electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Verfahren. A stable molecule was found for the linear symmetric configuration with a bond distance of RLiH = 3.41 a.u., and a total energy of -15.3874 a.u., which is about 0.0114 a.u. (0.311 eV, 7.61 kcal/mole) lower than the sum of the comparable SCF energies of the systems LiH and Li-. The force constant of the symmetric vibration was estimated to be k = 1.64722 × 106 dyn/cm and the frequency to be ω = 1998.9 cm-1. The results are discussed.
    Abstract: En tenant compte de tous les huit électrons on a fait des calculs pour le (Li2H)- pour une série de positions nucléaires. On trouve pour une configuration linéaire une molécule stable, de distance de liaison RLiH = 3,41 u.a. et d'énergie totale -15,3874 u.a. Cette énergi-ci est plus basse que la somme des énergies des systèmes LiH et Li- de 0,0114 u.a. (0,311 eV, 7,61 kcal/mole). La constante de force de vibrations symmétriques est 1,64722 × 106 dyn/cm, ce qui correspond à une fréquence ω = 1998,9 cm-1.
    Notes: Das System (Li2H)- wurde für eine Reihe von Kernlagen unter Berücksichtigung aller 8 Elektronen mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Verfahren berechnet. Es ergab sich für die lineare symmetrische Anordnung ein stabiles Molekül mit dem Bindungsabstand RLiH = 3,41 a.E. und einer Gesamtenergie von -15,3874 a.E., die um 0,0114 a.E. (0,311 eV, 7,61 kcal/mol) tiefer liegt als die Summe der entsprechenden SCF-Energien der Systeme LiH und Li-. Die Kraftkonstante der symmetrischen Schwingung ergibt sich zu k = 1,64722 × 106 dyn/cm, aus der die Frequenz zu ω = 1998,9 cm-1 berechnet wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 631-635 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The system (LiH2)- has been investigated for several nuclear positions, taking all six electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC (LCGO) Methode. A metastable molecule was found having a linear configuration (RLiH = 3.5 ± 0.2 a.u.) and a total energy 0.12 a.u. lower than that of the separated atoms. On the other hand, (LiH2)- can dissociate into Li- + H2; the total energy of which is 0.01 a.u. smaller. The potential barrier for this process is found to be 0.15 a.u. The energy hypersurface is given graphically and the formation (as well as the decomposition) of (LiH2)- is discussed.
    Abstract: On décrit un calcul de système (LiH2)- pour une série de positions nucléaires, basé sur Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Methode. Tous les six électrons ont été considérés. On trouve pour la configuration linéaire (RLiH = 3,5 ± 0,2 u.a.) une molécule métastable, dont l'énergie totale est plus basse que celle des atomes séparés de 0,12 u.a. D'autre part le (LiH2)- peut dissocier en Li- + H2, d'énergie totale 0,01 u.a. plus basse. La barrière de potentiel de ce procès-ci est 0,15 u.a. On discute en détail, par une méthode graphique, la formation et la décomposition du (LiH2)-.
    Notes: Das System (LiH2)- wurde für eine Reihe von Kernlagen unter Berücksichtigung aller 6 Elektronen mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Mathode berechnet. Es ergab sich, dass für die lineare Anordnung (RLiH = 3,5 ± 0,2 a.E.) ein metastabiles Molekül vorliegt, dessen Gesamtenergie um 0,12 a.E. tiefer liegt als das System der getrennten Atome. Dagegen kann (LiH2)- über einen Potentialberg in Li- + H2 zerfallen, welches um 0,01 a.E. tiefer liegt. Die Höhe des Potentialberges beträgt 0,15 a.E. Die Energiehyperfläche wird graphisch dargestellt und im Einzelnen die Bildung (und der Zerfall) von (LiH2)- diskutiert.
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 637-640 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The (Li2H)+ has been investigated ab initio in the linear configuration, with the H atom in the middle of the system, for five different distances RLiH, taking all six electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Verfahren. A bond distance RLiH of 3.14 a.u., a total energy of -15.289 a.u., and an ionization energy of 15.1 eV were found. Comparing the results of SCF investigations, the formation energy of (Li2H)+ from LiH and Li+ was computed to be 59.7 kcal/mole (2.58 eV). Using the energy curve near the minimum, a force constant for the symmetric vibration of k = 0.13777 × 106 dyn/cm and a frequency ω = 577.9 cm-1 were found.
    Abstract: En tenant compte de tous les six électrons on a fait des calculs pour le (Li2H)+ dans le cas linéaire pour cinq distances différentes RLiH et avec l'atome H au milieu. On trouve au minimum une énergie totale de -15,289 u.a. et une distance de liaison RLiH de 3,14 u.a. L'énergie d'ionization correspondante est 15,1 eV. L'énergie de formation du LiH et du Li+ a été obtenue en comparant les calculs SCF des trois systèmes, ce qui donne 59,7 kcal/mole (2,58 eV). La courbe de potentiel près du minimum donne une constante de force de vibrations symmétriques de 0,13777 × 106 dyn/cm, ce qui correspond à une fréquence de 577,9 cm-1.
    Notes: Das (Li2H)+ wurde unter Berücksichtigung aller 6 Elektronen mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Verfahren im linearen Fall für 5 verschiedene Abstände RLiH berechnet, wobei das H-Atom in der Mitte lag. Es ergab sich im Minimum eine Gesamtenergie von -15,289 a.E. der Bindungsabstand RLiH berechnet sich zu 3,14 a.E. Die Ionisierungsenergie beträgt dabei 15,1 eV. Die Bildungsenergie aus LiH und Li+ ergibt sich beim Vergleich der SCF-Rechnungen an den beteiligten Systemen zu 59,7 kcal/mol (2,58 eV). Aus der Potentialkurve in der Nähe des Minimums berechnet sich die Kraftkonstante der symmetrischen Schwingung zu k = 0,13777 × 106 dyn/cm, aus der eine Frequenz ω = 577,9 cm-1 resultiert.
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 645-647 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The (CH3)+ has been investigated ab initio, taking all 8 electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Verfahren. After varying the C—H distance and the position of the C atom, it was found that the (CH3)+ ion is planar with a bond distance of RCH = 2.05 a.u. The force constants (C—H stretching, angular vibration) were computed to be k1 = 18.9 mdyn/Å, and the associated frequencies to be ω1 = 3256 cm-1 and ω2 = 1526 cm-1. The ionization energy was found to be I = 25.75 eV. The electron affinity was estimated to be A = 5.4 eV.
    Abstract: En tenant compte de tous les huit électrons on a fait des calculs du système (CH3)+. On a varié la distance C—H ainsi que la position de l'atome C et on trouve que tous les atomes sont situés dans un plan avec la distance RCH = 2,05 u.a. Les deux constantes de force resultantes sont k1 = 18,9 mdyn/Å et k2 = 3,3 mdyn/Å avec les nombres d'ondes correspondants ω1 = 3256 cm-1 et ω2 = 1526 cm-1. Pour l'énergie d'ionisation on trouve 25,75 eV et pour l'affinité électronique 5,4 eV.
    Notes: Das (CH3)+ wurde unter Berücksichtigung aller 8 Elektronen ab initio mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Verfahren berechnet. Es ergab sich nach Variation des C—H Abstandes und der Lage des C Atoms, dass (CH3)+ eben gebaut ist, mit einem Bindungsabstand RCH = 2,05 a.E. Die beiden Kraftkonstanten (Atmungsschwingung, Winkelschwingung) ergeben sich dabei zu k1 = 18,9 mdyn/Å und k2 = 3,3 mdyn/Å mit den zugehörigen Wellenzahlen ω1 = 3256 cm-1 und ω2 = 1526 cm-1. Die Ionisierungsenergie wurde zu I = 25,75 eV bestimmt. Die Elektronenaffinität wurde zu A = 5,4 eV abgeschätzt.
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 653-655 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Correlation effects in the acetylene molecule are studied by a method using the technique of Feynman-like diagrams. The introduction of the reduced atomic electronic integrals decreases considerably the value of correlation energy.
    Abstract: Die Korrelationseffekte in dem Acetylenmolekül werden mit Hilfe einer Methode, die die Feynmandiagramähnliche Technik benützt, untersucht. Die Einführung der redusierten Atomintegrale erniedrigt wesentlich den Wert der Korrelationsenergie.
    Notes: Les effects de corrélation dans la molécule d'acétylène sont étudiés à partir d'une méthode utilisant une technique de diagrammes analogues à ceux de Feynman. L'introduction de la réduction des intégrales électroniques atomiques diminue considérablement la valeur de l'énergie de corrélation.
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  • 55
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 649-652 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The (OH)- has been investigated ab initio for four different distances ROH taking all 10 electrons into account, using the Allgemeines Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Method. The equilibrium distance ROH was estimated to be 1.82 a.u., the minimum of the total energy to be -75.305 a.u. and the ionization energy of (OH)- (electron affinity of OH) to be 2.29 eV. The force constant was computed to be k = 7.47 mdyn/Å with a frequency of ω = 3655 cm-1.
    Abstract: En tenant compte de tous les dix électrons on a fait des calculs pour l'ion (OH)- pour quatre distances nucléaires différentes. On trouve un minimum d'énergie de -75,305 u.a. pour la distance R = 1,82 u.a. L'énergie d'ionisation du (OH)- est 2,29 eV, la constante de force 7,47 mdyn/Å et la fréquence correspondante ω = 3655 cm-1.
    Notes: Das (OH)- wurde unter Berücksichtigung aller 10 Elektronen mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF—MO—LC(LCGO) Verfahren für 4 verschiedene Kernabstände berechnet. Es ergab sich ein Energieminimum bei einem Abstand von R = 1,82 a.E. mit einer Gesamtenergie von ∊ = -75,305 a.E. Für die Ionisierungsenergie des (OH)- (Elektronenaffinität des OH) ergab sich ein Wert von 2,29 eV. Die Kraftkonstante wurde zu k = 7,47 mdyn/Å bestimmt, die zugehörige Frequenz beträgt ω = 3655 cm-.
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 657-673 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Les propriétés desymétrie moléculaires permettent de définir des constantes de couplage nucléaires “normales” qui sont caractéristiques de certaines représentatios irréducibles du groupe de symétrie de lamolécule. Les relatioins entre ces constantes de couplage normales et les constantes measurées sont établies explicitement pour les cas les plus usuels. La formule de perturbation de Ramsey est analyséen en éléments de symétrie à l'aide du théorème de Wingner-Eckart. Les deux types de contribution prévus par la méthode des orbitales moléculaires: couplage direct par les électrons σ et couplage indirect par interaction σ-π sont considérés. Un calcul numériques des constantes de couplage dans l'éthane, l'éthylène et l'acétylène n'utilisant pas l'approximation de l'énergie d'excitation moyenne a été effectué à partir de fonctions d'onde SCF—MO non empiriques; le recouvrement des orbitales atomiques a été introduit de façon systématique dans lescalculs.La décomposition en éléments de symétrie est employée pour la comparison des résultats théoriques avec l'expérience.
    Abstract: Es werden “normale” Spin-Spin-Kopplungskonstanten eines Moleküls mitels der irreduziblen Darstellungen seiner Symmetriegruppe definiert.Der Zusammenhang zwischen diesen normalen Kopplungskonstanten und den gemessenen wird für die am häufigsten vorkommenden Fällen in geschlossener Form angegeben. Mit Hilfe des Wigner-Eckart Theorems wird die Störungsformel von Ramsey in Symmetrie-komponenten zerlegt. Die von der Methode der Molekülzustände vorhergesagten beiden Beiträge, nämlich eine direkte Kopplung über die σ-Elektronen und eine indirekte Kopplung durch σ-π-Wechselwirkung, wurden untersucht. Berechnungen der Kopplungskonstanten von Äthan, Äthylen und Acetylen wurden mit den SCF—MO-Funktionen ohne die Näherung der mittleren Anregungsenergie durchgeführt; die Überlappung zwischen den Atom-Orbitalen wurde bei der Berechnung der Kopplungskonstanten explizit berücksichtigt. Die theoretischen und experimentellen Werte wurden nach ihrer Zerlegung in Symmetrykomponenten miteinander verglichen.
    Notes: Molecular symmetry properties are used to define “normal” spin-spin coupling constants corresponding to some irreducible representations of the symmetry point group of the molecule. The relationship between these normal coupling constants and the measured ones is established in closed form for the most common cases. The Ramsey perturbation formula is analysed into symmetry components by means of the Winger-Eckart theorem. Both contributions predicted by the molecular-orbital method, i. e. direct coupling via σ electrons and indirect coupling via σ-π interaction are studied. Numerical calculations for the coupling constants of ethane, ethylene and acetylene were carried out without the mean excitation energy approximation by using SCF—MO wave functions; overlap between atomic orbitals is systematically taken into account by calculating coupling constants. Theoretical and experimental results are compared in terms of symmetry components.
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  • 57
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 675-692 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Les matrices de densité du premier et du second ordre D(N) et D2(N) pour la fonction g(n) = AN[g(1, 2) … g(N - 1, N)] sont emprimées par la fonction même g(1, 2) et par sa matrice de densité D. Dans l'état singulet les fonctions génératices pour les parties spatiales sont simplement liées à la résolvante de l'équation de Fredholm dans laquelle la partie spatiale D sert de noyau. Quelques cas particuliers de g(1, 2) sont considérés. On établit que le nombre de grandes valeurs propres D2(N) ne dépasse pas le nombre de valeurs propres différentes de D. Ainsi c'est la perturbation dans le spectre D qui produit ces grandes valeurs propres.
    Abstract: Die Dichtematrizen der ersten und zweiten Ordnung D(N) und D2(N) für die Funktion g(n) = AN[g(1, 2) … g(N - 1, N)] werden durch die Funktion g allein und ihre Dichtematgrix erster Ordnung D ausgedrückt. Im Singletzustand hangen die erzeugenden Funktionen für die räumlichen Teile dieser Matrizen mit dem Resolventum von Fredholms Gleichung, mit dem räumlichen Teil von D als Kern zusammen. Hier werden einige spezielle Fälle für g(1, 2) betrachtet. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Zahl der grossen Eigenwerete D2(N) Die Zahl der verschiedenen Eigenwerte von D nicht übersteigt. Somit hat die Degeneration im Spektrum D das Auftreten von solchen grossen Eigenwerten zur Folge.
    Notes: The first- and second-order density matrices D(N) and D2(N) for the function g(n) = AN[g(1, 2) … g(N - 1, N)] are expressed by the g function itself and its density matrix D. In a singlet state the generating functions for spatial parts of these matrices are simply connected with there solvent of the Fredholm equation in which the spatial part of D is a kernel. Some special cases of g(1, 2) are considered. It isestablished that the number of large eigenvalues of D2(N) does not exceed that of different eigenvalues of D. Thus the degeneracy in the spectrum of D causes the appearance of such large eigenvalues.
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  • 58
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 693-698 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: La constante de Verdet a été calculée pour la molécule d'azote. On suppose que deux états excités seulement, 1∑u+ et 1Πu, partcipent à la rotation magnéto-optique. La fonction d'onde SCF donne pour la constante de verdet à 5780 Å 5.325 μmin/cm Oe, tandis que la valeur expérimentale est 6.273 μmin/cm Oe. On discute aussi la constante normale de Verdet.
    Abstract: Die Theorie der magneto-optischen Rotation wurde für die Berechnung der Verdet-Konstante von Stickstoffangewendet. Es wurde angenommen dass nur zwei angeregten Zustände, 1∑u+ und 1Πu, in der magneto-optischen Rotation teilnehmen. Die SCF Wellenfunktion gab für den Verdet-Konstant bei 5780 Å, 5.325 μmin/cm Oe; das experimentelle Wert ist 6.273 μmin/cm Oe. Die normale Verdet-Konstante wurde auch diskutiert.
    Notes: The theory of magneto-optical rotation is applied to the calculation of the Verdet constant for the nitrogen molecule. Only two excited states, 1∑u+ and 1Πu, are considered to take part in the magneto-optical rotation. Using the SCF wave functions, the verdet constant at 5780 Å is calculated to be 5.325 μmin/cm Oe which compares well with the experimental value of 6.273 μmin/cm Oe. The relation with the normal Verdet constant is also discussed.
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  • 59
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1 (1967), S. 427-450 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The LCAO—HCO method is described. Starting from classical procedures of quantum chemistry, this method enables the theoretical study of periodic systems. The explicit form of some properties is deduced in the Hückel approximation. This method is compared with the tight-binding approximation and applied to the study of polyenes, polyacenes, and graphite. Finally, the general validity of the process is discussed.
    Abstract: Die LCAO—HCO Methode wird beschreibt. Diese Methode ist von der gewöhnlichen Quantenchemischen Methoden inspiriert, und für das Studium periodischer Systeme konstruiert. Gewisse charakteristische Grössen werden in der Hückel-approximation in expliziter Weise abgeleitet. Die Methode wird an die “tight-binding approximation” verglichen und an Polyenen, Polyacenen, und Graphit angewendet. Die Gültigkeit der Methode wird diskutiert.
    Notes: On décrit la méthode des orbitales cristallines, combinaisons linéaires d'orbitales atomiques (LCAO—HCO), inspirée des procédés classiques de la chimie quantique et permettant d'étudier théoriquement les systèmes périodiques. On déduit la forme explicite de quelques grandeurs caractéristiques dans l'approximation de Hückel. La méthode est comparée à l'approximation dite des électrons “quasi-atomiques” et appliquée aux polyènes, aux polyacènes, et au graphite. La validité générale du procédé est discutée dans la conclusion.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Les réactions de la 2-chloropurine et d'autre bases, catalysées par la xanthine oxidase, ont été étudiées avec des méthodes différentes basées sur l'idée des orbitales molécularies, telles que HMO, ω-SCF—HMO, et PPP. Ces études not démontré l'importance des indices de réactivité électronique pour comprendre les réactions d'enzymes. De plus il paraît possible de prédire la spécificité de l'enzyme d'une analyse systématique de la différence entre les sites de réactions prédits et observés dans des substrats avec des substituants 2- et 8-oxy.Les concepts de densité d'obritale de frontière, de superdélocalisabilité et d'énergie de localisation se sont avérés tres utiles. Les Méthodes différentes ont donné en général dees résultats consistants.
    Abstract: Ein genauses Studium der durch Xanthine-Oxidas katalysierten Reaktionen von 2-Chloropurin und anderen Basen mittels verschiedenen MO-Methoden, wie HMO, ω-SCF—HMO, PPP, zeigt dass die Enzymreaktionen in der Sprache von elektronischen Reaktivitätsindizes beschrieben werden können. Es scheint möglich das Enzymspezifizität von einer systematischen Analysis der Verschiedenheit zwischen theoretisch berechnbeten und observierten Reaktionslagen in Substraten Mit 2- und 8-oxy Substituenten vorherzusagen.De Regriffe der Grenzorbitaldichte, des Superdelokalisabilitäts und der Lokalisierungsenergie sind sich sehyr nützlich rewiesen. Verschiedence MO-Methoden gaben im allgemeinen übereinstimmende Resultate.
    Notes: A detailed study to the xanthine oxidase-catalyzed reactions of 2-chloropurine and other substrate bases with various molecular-orbital techniques such as HMO, ω-SCF—HMO, and ppp semiempirical SCF—LCAO—MO has shown that the enzyme reactions can be understood in terms of electronic reactivity indices. Furthermore, it appeared possible to suggest the enzyme specificity from a systematic analysis of discrepancy between mo theoretically predicted and observed reaction sites in substrates with 2- and 8-oxy substituents. In other words, the discrepancy does not necessarily indicate the failure of the MO melthodes for such substrates, but it is possible to utilize the result in correlating with binding specificity of the ES complex. This has been done specifically for 2-chloropurine.Among several electronic reacxtivity indices, frontier orbital density, superdelocalizability, and localization energy have been proved to be very useful. Diferent MO methods gave, in general, consistent results.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1313-1316 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1327-1328 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relation of the high-frequency elastic moduli of semicrystalline polymers to volume fraction crystallinity is correctly described by the Hashin-Shtrikman theory, without any disposable constants, as a function of the ratio of the modulus of the amorphous to that of the crystalline phase. Hence the (high-frequency) reduced modulus of semicrystalline polymers is largely a function of the temperature T/Tg. The importance of T/Tm for the modulus of the crystalline phase precludes the existence of a single universal reduced modulus versus temperature curve.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization kinetics and morphology of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene)siloxane spherulites have been investigated over a temperature range of 25-130°C. The effect of molecular weight on the spherulitic growth rates, ranging from the monomer to molecular weights about 106, is discussed in terms of conventional rate theory. Surface free energies of crystal growth are computed on the basis of a spherulitic model in which the polymer chains are presumed to be incorporated within the lamellar crystallites which are comprised in the spherulites. Mention is made of the change in mechanical properties with molecular weight.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The depolarized light intensity (DLI) technique detec's transitions in birefringent materials by simultaneously measuring sample temperature and intensity of polarized light roatated by the sample. Most polyolefins in the solid state rotate 30-40% of the polarized light. At any temperature at which the sample exhibits an ordered state, some rotation occurs. Temperatures of transitions and changes in refractive index can be determined in this way. Many of these transitions can also be followed by the well-known method of differential thermal analysis (DTA). A comparison of DLI and DTA curves of polyethylene, polypropylene, mixtures of these polymers, and block copolymers of ethylene and propylene shows the two techniques to be complementary and of use in determining the physical behavior of these polymers. Instrumentation and system variables of the DLI technique are discussed.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The weight-average molecular weights of polymers of acrylonitrile prepared by a free-radical initiator and an organometallic catalyst have been determined by lightscattering measurements in N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylacetamide at 25°C. and in dimethyl sulfoxide at 140°C. The apparent molecular weights of the polymers prepared with the NaAlEt3S(i-Pr) catalyst in DMF at -78°C. (referred to as high-melting polymers) changed from 54,800, 82,700, and 480,000 when measured in DMF at 25°C. to 36,000, 41,600, and 225,000 when measured in DMSO at 140°C., whereas the molecular weights of the free-radical polymers remained unchanged. Furthermore, from results obtained in DMSO at 140°C., The intrinsic viscosity-molecular-weight relationships were found to be identical for the high-melting and the free-radical polymer and in substantial agreement with an equation reported by Cleland and Stockmayer. The apparent decrease in molecular weight of the high-melting polymer from 25 to 140°C. indicates rather clearly that the high-melting polymers are associated in DMF at 25°C. The “aggregates,” even though present only at low concentrations, raised the weight-average molecular weight markedly but affected the number-average molecular weight only slightly, thus giving a high M̄w/M̄n ratio. It appears likely that when temperature and solvent are such that association does not occur, linear PAN's will have approximately the same intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship (subject of course to slight change by polydispersity). The often reported abnormal molecular weight of samples prepared by solution polymerization especially at low temperatures, may be attributed to branching, or to an association, as reported here. The nature of association of PAN in dilute solution is also discussed.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermal expansion and dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile were measured in the temperature range from -75 to 152°C. at frequencies from 30 cps to 3 Mc./sec. The thermal expansion curve and the temperature dependence of logarithmic relaxation time both show an inflection at 85°C. An x-ray study by Bohn reveals that this inflection comes from the thermal expansion of the paracrystalline phase of this polymer, and consequently the transition at 85°C. and the associated relaxation are ascribed to molecular motion in the paracrystalline phase. The relaxation strength increases with increasing temperature above this point. The transition is caused by freezing of the bending vibration of chains whereas the relaxation results from rotational vibration. The length of segments in this phase is roughly estimated to be ca. 100 A. by comparing the observed relaxation strength with the theory developed on the basis of the above considerations.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The adsorption of iodine by rayon tire yarn samples from aqueous solutions in which the concentration of iodide and triiodide ions is suppressed was studied. Fowler and Guggenheim's model of adsorption on regular localized monolayers appeared to be applicable to the adsorption phenomena considered. It is concluded that adsorption takes place on patches of sites in the cellulose-water gel.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 653-662 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aromatic poly(amic acids) derived from pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4′,-diaminodiphenyl ether were characterized by dilute solution techniques. Number-average molecular weights M̄n of 13 samples ranged from 13,000 to 55,000 (DP 31-131). Weight-average molecular weights M̄w of 21 samples ranged from 9,900 to 266,000. The ratio M̄w/M̄n was between 2.2 and 4.8. Heterogeneous polymerization yielded higher molecular weight polymer than homogeneous polymerization. The molecular weight could be varied systematically by control of stoichiometric imbalance. Use of very pure monomers and solvent gave polymers of relatively high number-average molecular weight (∼50, 000) and the most probable molecular weight distribution M̄w/M̄n = 2. Impure monomers and/or solvent resulted in lower number-average molecular weight (M̄n ≅ 20,000-30,000) and wider distributions (M̄w/M̄n = 3-5). The Mark-Houwink relation obtained was [η] = 1.85 × 10-4M̄w0.80 The exponent is characteristic of moderately extended solvated coils. The unperturbed chain dimensions (r02/M)1/2 were 0.848 A., and the steric factor σ was 1.24 which is close to the limiting value of unity for an equivalent chain with free internal rotations. The sedimentation constant-molecular weight relation was S0 = 2.70 × 10-2M̄w0.39. This exponent is consistent with the Mark-Houwink exponent.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 663-670 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Current network theory exhibits inconsistencies which show up particularly clearly in deformation of networks prepared by crosslinking a polymer in solution. A check of theory can be obtained if one knows precisely the number of crosslinks in the network and if a range of deformations is applied to the network. In an effort to explore this problem we have examined the relation of shear modulus to crosslink density, primary molecular weight, and polymer concentration for a series of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels at low to intermediate concentrations. Aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions were crosslinked to form infinite networks using terephthalaldehyde. We find a large discrepancy with these poly(vinyl alcohol) gels between measured shear modulus and that calculated from classical elasticity theory assuming quantitative reaction of crosslinking. The ratio of measured to calculated modulus is independent of crosslink density for a given primary molecular weight and concentration. It shows linear dependence on polymer concentration prior to crosslinking and extrapolates to a critical concentration which is consistent with the effective sizes of the polymer molecules.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 671-684 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of water sorption at 25°C. has been determined for a number of polyacetal films differing in structure, density, and orientation induced by extrusion. The equilibrium water uptake was found to be a linear function of density only; no other effect of structure or orientation was detectable. The extrapolated density for zero sorption was 1.51 g./cc., not far from the theoretical crystalline density. The diffusivity of water in unoriented films rose with decreasing density; for linear copolymer, the trend was parallel to that of the area under the dynamic mechanical loss peak associated with long-range chain motions in the disordered regions (β-transition). Less pronounced effects of molecular weight and long chain branching on diffusivity were also noted. Films crystallized while an extruded melt was still oriented showed considerable increases in water diffusivity, but no significant changes in the apparent activation energies of permeation (about 6.6 kcal./mole) or diffusion (about 11.5 kcal./mole). On annealing these films, the diffusivity remained almost constant while the sorption coefficient and retraction on remelting decreased.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 685-696 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cavity model used in the theory of dielectrics was applied to hydrodynamics to calculate the force exerted by a system of soft dumbbells on a reference dumbbell in a hydrodynamic field. The influence of this force on the viscosity and flow birefringence and its dependence on both the concentration and velocity gradient were calculated. The system of equations has a real solution only for values of β = M[η]η0γ/RT which are smaller than a critical value rapidly decreasing with increasing concentration. At zero concentration the results obtained agree with the theory of a single isolated dumbbell model. The calculated Huggins constant is k′ = 0.4. The extinction angle is connected with the relative viscosity very nearly as derived from experiments. However, the theory fails at higher concentrations and gradients yielding an increase in viscosity with the gradient and infinite zero-shear viscosity for the concentration c = 2.5/[η].
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  • 73
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 839-852 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The present study is concerned with some network properties of polyurethane elastomers in which stability is acheived via physical crosslinkages such as microcrystallites or secondary bonding. The techniques of isothermal, thermo-, and photoelasticity have been used to gain better insight into the mechanisms which occur during the deformation of these materials. It was found that stable networks are obtained only after mechanical and thermal conditioning. The well-known stress lowering which is observed during the second deformation is manifested primarily in the entropy component of the retractive force. This implies that the stress lowering results from a reduction in the number of effective network chains and not from time-dependent effects or crystallinity changes. Depending upon the chemical structure of the material, both positive and negative energy components of the force have been found.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 875-889 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the results of a previous to higher molecular weights is made. The viscoelastic parameters ηt, Je, τm, and Em are found experimentally through stress relaxation tests. The predictions of the Rouse-Bueche (RB) theory and its modified Ferry, Landel, Williams (FLW) form concerning the molecular weight dependencies of these perameters are compared with the data. It is found that the RB and FLW predictions are not rigorously obeyed.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1043-1053 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Low-angle light-scattering patterns were obtained on ionotropic gels formed by the diffusion of Ca++ into a polygalacturonate sol. Near the sol-gel boundary, diffraction patterns were obtained which indicated organized structures with repeating units of 1100, 250, and 12.5 μ. Microscopic investigations confirmed that at this gel boundary capillaries run parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of diffusion. The diameter of capillaries was 12 μ while their length was in the 1000 μ range. Short interconnecting capillaries were about 200-300 μ in length. Inside the gel, in the more highly crosslinked parts, a disorientation occurs during the aging process with the partial disappearance of capillaries. However, at the gel-sol and gel-semipermeable membrane boundaries, the highly organized structures remain even during prolonged aging. The kinetics of the gel formation was also investigated.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1103-1118 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data on wettability of elastomers should be considered basic to the understanding of all phases of elastomer adhesion. However, no such data in the form of critical surface tensions were available for elastomers other than polydimethylsiloxane. For this study, 18 elastomers were selected to determine the effects of functional groups, of geometrical and structural isomerisms, of copolymerization, and of the induced orientation upon wettability. Most results support the constitutive law of wettability established by Shafrin and Zisman. The effect of structural isomerisms in the form of a vinyl side group and cyclization is discussed. An equation for the calculation of critical surface tension of a copolymer or of a mixture of isomers is proposed as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma _c {\rm (copolymer or mixture of isomers)} \simeq \sum\limits_1^\infty {N_i \gamma _{c_i } } $\end{document} where Ni is the mole-fraction of the individual monomer in the copolymer and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma _{c_i } $\end{document} is the critical surface tension of each homopolymer. Most elastomer adhesion studies conducted in the past were concerned with the diffusion theory of adhesion. This study further supports the conclusion on the role of diffusion and adsorption in adhesion advanced in Part I, especially with respect to the physical state of polymer at the time of application. The wettability data in this study could shed some light upon major basic mechanisms involved in elastomer reinforcement.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1119-1144 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data obtained from stress-strain curves of five different textile fibers, at a series of different, constant strain rates covering a range of 61/2 decades have been used to study two methods of nonlinear viscoelastic analysis proposed elsewhere. According to the first of these, time and strain effects are factorizable so that stress σ, strain ε and time t are related by the equation σf1(ε)/ε = f(t),. This is shown to be unsatisfactory with the present materials, but an empirical modification to σf1(ε)/ε = f2(ε) + f(t) is satisfactory. According to the second, general nonlinear viscoelastic behavior can be described by an equation which reduces to the form σ/ε = F1(t) + εF2(t) + ε2F3(t) + when applied to extension at a constant strain rate. This series is shown to be strongly divergent except at fairly small stains. In fact, if it is truncated after about three terms, which are as many as can be estimated with any significance in the present experiments, it is applicable only to strains of about 3-4% and less. Numerical techniques which enable standard statistical procedures to be used have been devised to perform the above analyses and are described in detail.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1145-1156 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of rate processes has been applied by Eyring to the plastic flow of solids, but he considers only the case of simple shear. Some assumptions concerning a generalization of this theory for an arbitrary strain tensor are here proposed and discussed. The components of the deformation and the work done by the deviator of the stress during the elementary flow process are evaluated. According to these results, it can be proved that the yield condition of Huber, Hencky, and von Mises is valid when there is no hydrostatic stress. The discrepancy between the yield stresses corresponding to tensile and compressive tests is explained by the influence of the hydrostatic component and evaluated by taking account of the amount of free volume required for an elementary jump. The calculated value agrees with the experimental data. Measurements of the inclination of Lüder's bands and deformation components on poly(vinyl chloride) flat bars strained by tensile tests are in good agreement with the proposed theory.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1317-1319 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 125-142 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) by violent stirring was studied in various solvents. The chain scission or the limit of the degradation was measured, and the effects of solvents, polymer concentration, stirring speed and degree of polymerization (DP) were investigated. It was found that the number of bonds broken per polymer chain was independent of the concentration but increased with the stirring speed and with decrease in the DP. The rate was much affected by the solvent used, being larger in a poor solvent. It was also found that the rate could be represented either by Jellinek's or Ovenall's rate equations, which have been applied to the ultrasonic degradation of polymers in solution.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 143-156 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small-strain mechanical behavior of crystalline polyethylene has been studied by using a microstrain technique with strain resolution on the order of 10-6. The strain rate was varied from 10-6 to 10-4 sec.-1, and a temperature range of 17-28°C. was investigated. A strong dependence on strain rate and temperature has been observed for the following parameters which characterize the mechanical response of polyethylene in the microstrain region: the initial modulus of the stress-strain curve, the deviation in strain from ideal linear elastic behavior at a given stress amplitude, and the energy dissipated in a deformation cycle. The Young's moduli that were observed by means of tensile tests in the microstrain region were only about 20% lower than the values reported in other investigations at kilocycle and megacycle frequencies. The experimental method made it possible to isolate a deformation process which was attributed to a crystallographic shear mechanism corresponding to a yield point of 27 psi. This shear mechanism is discussed in terms of the various shear processes, such as slip, twinning, and the orthorhombic-monoclinic phase change.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 157-164 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of growth of single ozone cracks have been measured for vulcanizates of two butyl rubbers over the temperature range of 20-160°C. Over most of this range the rates are quantitatively related to the segmental mobility of the polymer and depend upon temperature in accord with the appropriate from of the WLF relation. The rates are also proportional to the concentration of ozone. It is therefore concluded that diffusion of ozone into the polymer before reaction is the rate-controlling step. This is contrasted with the behavior of butadiene-styrene copolymers, for which the rates of crack growth are also quantitatively related to the segmental mobility, but the rates are somewhat larger at equivalent mobilities and the dependence upon ozone concentration is smaller. The difference is attributed to different penetration distances before reaction in polymers containing low and high densities of reactive sites.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (TTE) in a liquid polybutene was determined at 25°C. as a function of concentration over the range 1.0-19.5 g. TTE/100 cc. The diffusion coefficient increase with increasing TTE concentration, rising continuously from 3 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the lowest concentration to 15 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the highest. The magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients indicate that the diffusion mechanism for small molecules in polymeric media must afford vastly greater opportunities for diffusion than the Stokes-Einstein relation allows. Similarly, self-diffusion coefficients for the liquid polymer are much lower than the observed mutual diffusion coefficients. An explanation for this behavior is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 333-342 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of long-chain branching must be considered in gel permeation chromatography to evaluate the molecular weight polydispersity of branched polyethylenes. Osmotic molecular weights of fractions of branched polyethylene were correlated with elution volumes; weight-average and number-average molecular weights of a branched polyethylene were determined. Molecular weight changes on crosslinking polyethylene by ionizing radiation are accompanied by branching and cannot be simply interpreted by gel permeation chromatography.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 343-360 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of detailed measurements of osmotic pressure, light scattering, and viscosity of poly(vinyl chloride) solutions are used to establish the molecular weight dependence of [η] and A2, to estimate the unperturbed dimensions of the poly(vinyl chloride) molecule, and to analyze critically the [η]-M correlations published hitherto.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 377-390 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The concentrations and the growth rates of high- and low-melting type spherulites of trans-1,4-polyisoprene were measured in the temperature range 39-49°C. It was shown that above about 40°C., the crystallization rate of trans-1,4-polyisoprene is determined primarily by the radial growth rate of high-melting form (HMF) spherulites, whereas the predominance of the low-melting form (LMF) crystals below 40°C. can be attributed to the high rate of formation of LMF primary nuclei at lower crystallization temperatures. Temperature-independent rate parameters were calculated from optical and dilatometric measurements and were found to be in good agreement. Both the change in nucleation habit and spherulite growth rate with temperature can be explained on the basis of a lower end surface free energy of LMF crystals of trans-1,4-polyisoprene compared to that of the HMF crystals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 397-397 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 417-424 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The length of the span of the terephthaloyl residue in poly(ethylene terephthalate) guarantees independence of the conformations of successive repeating units of the chain. Interactions within units of the chain are amenable to interpretation by comparisons with related polymers; cis and trans conformations of the terephthaloyl residue are given equal weighting. The mean-square dimension ratio (〈r2〉0/M)∞ estimated on this basis is in substantial accord with the value deduced from experiments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The error analysis for the transient vibrating reed test is developed based on a linearized approximation. Tables are given for the efficient utilization of the equations in evaluating the accuracy range of test data.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 399-415 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The statistical mechanical treatment of polymeric chains in terms of the largest eigenvalue of the product of statistical weight matrices for the rotational interactions of skeletal bonds of the repeat unit becomes excessively complicated if the repeat unit spans more than three or four skeletal bonds. Moreover, such treatment is necessarily limited to chains in which the number of repeat units is indefinitely large. Newer methods are readily applicable to chains of any degree of polymerization comprising repeat units of any realizable length. If interdependence of neighboring bond rotations is confined to bond pairs within a given unit, rotations about a pair of bonds belonging to neighboring units being mutually independent, further simplifications may be introduced without sacrifice of rigor. Polyamides, in which rotation about bonds on opposite sides of the amide group are independent, are polymers of this type. Adherence of the amide group to the planar trans conformation favors a more extended configuration of the chain, but this effect is dominated by the smaller steric repulsions affecting rotations about bonds which are first, second, and third neighbors of the amide group. It is for this reason that the characteristic ratio 〈r2〉0〉/nl2 for poly(hexamethylene adipamide), ca. 6.0 according to experimental results of Saunders, is less than the value, 8.0, for polymethylene at 25°C. The characteristic ratios and molecular dipole moments are computed as functions of the degree of polymerization. The poly(εaminocaproamide) chain also is treated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 461-470 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Proceeding from the work of Zimm and Stockmayer and of Benoit, a general formula is derived for the calculation of the radius of gyration of block and graft copolymers. It appears that with linear block copolymers the ratio of the mean-square radius of gyration and the mean-square end-to-end distance is usually not far from 1/6. With a great number of blocks the difference from 1/6 can entirely be neglected. Also the influence of the composition of the molecules on the scattered light intensity has been considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 431-454 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relationships between molecular weight distribution and structure in polymerizations with long-chain branching were reviewed and extended. Results were applied to an experimental examination of intrinsic viscosity in polydisperse, trifunctionally branched systems. Several samples of poly(vinyl acetate) were prepared by bulk polymerization under conditions of very low radical concentration. The relative rate constants for monomer transfer, polymer transfer, and terminal double-bond polymerization were established from the variation of Mn and Mw with the extent of conversion. Average branching densities were then calculated for each sample and ranged as high as 1.5 branch points/molecule. Intrinsic viscosities [η]B were measured in three systems: a theta-solvent, a good solvent, and one that was intermediate in solvent interaction. These results were compared with calculated viscosities, [η]L, which would have been observed if all the molecules had been linear. The values of [η]B/[η]L were substantially the same in all three solvents. The variation of this ratio with branching density was compared with the theory of Zimm and Kilb as adapted to polydisperse systems. Discrepancies were noted, and the adequacy of present model distribution functions for branched polymers was questioned.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 455-460 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the size and shape of the torsional potential upon the theoretical temperature coefficient (T∂ ln 〈r02〉/∂T) of a polymeric chain was studied. The uncorrelated end-to-end distance equations for isotactic, syndiotactic, and completely atactic chains were differentiated with respect to temperature and the integrals in the resulting equations were evaluated by the method of Gaussian quadrature. The calculated coefficients were found to be nonlinear functions of the energy ratio Umax/KT, where Umax is the maximum potential barrier and possess real roots which critically depend upon the size and shape of the potential. Qualitative anomalies between experiment and theory disappeared when the entire torsional potential was used in the conformational theory. It appears that quantitative agreement between theory and experiment can be established for polymeric materials if the entire potential is used, rotations within bulky side groups are included, and the potential is determined by the method of minimum conformational energy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 493-509 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal treatment at temperatures in the 177-250°C. range for 2 hr. on solution-grown single crystals of poly-4-methylpentene-1 have been studied by using electron microscopy. Crystals were grown both from 0.02% pentyl acetate solution at 110°C. and from 0.02% toluene solutions at temperatures less than 80°C. A number of distinct types of crystals have been obtained in the same or in separate solutions depending on the crystallization conditions. These crystals have some morphological characteristics in common such as a square outline with well-defined faces. The contrasting features include such things as a marked difference in relative size, with the smaller crystals showing extensive overgrowth and collapse markings. Observations by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on the melting behavior of these various crystals show the presence of distinct and characteristic melting points. The effects of a given thermal treatment depend on the type of crystals used, with the larger crystals showing greater stability. The first effects are the appearance of lines, notches at the edges, and holes. An increase in temperature results in an increase in these effects with the formation of fibrillar structures. Consideration is given to the influence of molecular conformation and molecular chain folding on the observed results.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 547-554 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A calibration plot of the intrinsic viscosities of poly(vinyl chloride) fractions against elution volumes gives a good correlation between the first moments, i.e., mean elution volumes, and intrinsic viscosities of poly(vinyl chloride) whole polymers. This is evidence that column permeation of chain macromolecules is governed by some sort of hydrodynamic size in a manner akin to that in which hydrodynamic size affects capillary viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 569-581 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data obtained from the calibration of GPC columns of different permeabilities with standard polystyrenes are reported. For single columns the logarithm molecular weight-elution volume plot is linear for approximately one and one-half decades in molecular weight. GPC separations are such that the separability of two samples of similar molecular weight improves as their mean molecular weight decreases. Because of this the analysis of high molecular weight polymers can best be accomplished on a series of columns in which each column has a high permeability limit. The elution volume for columns in series is shown to be the sum of the elution volumes of the individual columns. As higher molecular weights are eluted a pronounced tailing effect is observed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 555-568 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple differential, isothermal calorimeter has been built to study the thermodynamics of interactions associated with a variety of polymer solution processes. The calorimeter is readily operated at temperatures ranging from ambient to about 200°C., temperature adjustments are rapid, and the apparatus is rugged enough to permit application to commercial process studies. Though less sensitive than microcalorimeters, it represents an attractive combination of satisfactory accuracy, speed, and flexibility of operation. The operation of the calorimeter is demonstrated by measurements of the heat of solution of sodium chloride in water and the heats of solution of various polyolefins in Tetralin and α-chloronaphthalene. The latter tend to confirm the presence of polymer aggregates in chloronaphthalene solutions below the thermodynamic melting temperature of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 623-631 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of amorphous polyethylene are calculated from a model based on the method of significant structures. The motion of a molecule as a whole is described by the motion of segments, each segment moving independently of all others. It is assumed that on melting, holes appear in the solid lattice and the segments can move into these vacancies, obtaining some gaslike degrees of freedom. The complete frequency distribution for polyethylene is used for the solidlike degrees of freedom, while a corrected classical partition function is used for the gaslike degrees of freedom. The calculated thermodynamic properties are in reasonable agreement with experimentally determined values, assuming each gaslike segment to consist of 20 CH2 groups.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 633-637 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Equations for the time course of depolymerization of long-chain polymers are derived by the method of randomization of a parameter for the case in which all bonds have equal probability of cleavage. This yields some gain in insight and avoids the necessity for solving systems of differential equations.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 639-652 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The primary reaction of oxygen with irradiated polyethylene has been followed by observing the rapid disappearance of the ultraviolet absorption bands at 258 and 285 mμ, bands attributed to the allyl and dienyl free radicals. A mathematical theory based on diffusion equations has been developed by means of which a quantitative estimate of the total initial free-radical concentration can be made. From the shape of the free-radical decay curve it can be concluded that the initial oxygen-free-radical reactions occur about three times as frequently in the amorphous regions as in the crystalline.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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