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  • 1965-1969  (4,643)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1968  (4,643)
  • Chemistry  (4,629)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (305)
  • Insulin  (14)
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Years
  • 1965-1969  (4,643)
  • 1920-1924
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Bovine insulin ; Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin resistance ; Pork insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. présentent les résultats obtenus avec une méthode très simple pour la recherche des anticorps anti-insuline, basée sur l'emploi d'insuline I125 ou I131 et sur la précipitation avec alcool absolu du complexe antigène-anticorp. Les anticorps anti-insuline ont été fréquemment observés seulement dans des sujets diabétiques déjà soumis à traitement avec insuline. Un taux élevé d'anticorps anti-insuline s'accompagne à une diminution de la sensibilité à l'insuline (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
    Abstract: Resumen Se expresan los resultados obtenidos con el empleo de un método que puede ser ejecutado en forma my simple, para la investigación de anticuerpos anti-insulina; el método se basa sobre el empleo de insulina I125 o I131; y sobre la precipitación sucesiva con alcohol absoluto del complejo antígeno-anticuerpo. Los anticuerpos anti-insulina han sido hallados con mucha frecuencia solamente en pacientes diabéticos, que recibían tratamiento insulínico. Un título elevado de anticuerpos antiinsulina se asocia a una disminución sensible de la sensibilidad a la insulina (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono presentati i risultati ottenuti con l'impiego di una metodica di semplice esecuzione per la ricerca di anticorpi anti-insulina, basata sull'impiego di insulina I125 o I131 e sulla successiva precipitazione con alcool assoluto del complesso antigene-anticorpo. Gli anticorpi anti-insulina sono stati riscontrati con grande frequenza solo in pazienti diabetici già sottoposti a trattamento insulinico. Un elevato titolo di anticorpi anti-insulina si associa ad una diminuzione marcata della sensibilità all'insulina (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 279-298 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Choline ; Clinical situation (diabetes) ; Glucagon ; Growth hormone ; Heparin ; Histamine ; Insulin ; Insulinemia ; Night vision ; Pro-insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Alors que mon intérêt pour l'insuline a été pratiquement continu depuis déjà sa découverte, il y a eu des périodes pendant lesquelles mon attention s'est concentrée sur la coline, l'histamine et l'héparine. Pendant les années de guerre, les sujets de recherche ont été naturellement très différents. Les points importants dans le développement de l'insuline, du point de vue chimique, ont été sa purification, cristallisation, détermination de la structure et synthèse. Les physiologistes ont été fascinés par les études regardant le point et le mécanisme d'action de l'insuline. On a appris beaucoup quant à l'action sur grand nombre de tissus différents et l'insuline se montra être la principale hormone anabolique. Les développements cliniques ne sont mentionnés que brièvement car mes intérêts personnels de recherche ont été exclusivement expérimentaux.
    Abstract: Resumen Mientras mi interés para insulina fue prácticamente continuo desde su descubrimiento, hubo períodos en que mi atención se concentró sobre colina, histamina y heparina. Durante los años de la guerra, los temas de investigación fueron naturalmente muy diferentes. Los puntos fundamentales en el desarrollo de la insulina desde el punto de vista químico, fueron su purificación, cristalización, determinación de la estructura y síntesis. Los fisiólogos fueron cautivados por los estudios sobre el punto y el mecanismo de acción de la insulina. Mucho se aprendió acerca de la acción sobre muchos tejidos diferentes y la insulina demostró ser la hormona anabólica principal. Los desarrollos clínicos se mencionan sólo brevemente pues mis intereses personales de investigación han sido exclusivamente experimentales.
    Notes: Riassunto Mentre il mio interesse per l'insulina è stato praticamente continuo sin dalla sua scoperta, ci sono stati periodi nei quali la mia attenzione si concentrò sulla colina, istamina ed eparina. Durante gli anni della guerra, i temi di ricerca furono naturalmente molto diversi. I momenti culminanti nello sviluppo dell'insulina, dal punto di vista chimico, furono la sua purificazione, cristallizzazione, determinazione della struttura e sintesi. I fisiologi sono stati affascinati dagli studi circa il punto ed il meccanismo di azione dell'insulina. Molto è stato appreso intorno all'azione su molti tessuti differenti e l'insulina dimostrò di essere l'ormone anabolico principale. Gli sviluppi clinici sono menzionati solo brevemente poichè i miei personali interessi di ricerca sono stati esclusivamente sperimentali.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 347-363 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Gel-filtration ; Insulin ; 125J-insulin-plasma complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont étudié la capacité des protéines plasmatiques de lier l'insuline125J avec la méthode de filtration surgel. Le fractionnement parSephadex G-100 a démontré que seulement le 10 % de l'insuline marquée était lié par le protéines plasmatiques des sujets sains, des femmes gravides et des diabétiques non traités. Un pourcentage d'insuline beaucoup plus élevé était liée par les protéines plasmatiques dans des sujets que étaient traités precédemment avec de l'insuline bovine, tandis que le degrée de la liason était tres élevé dans les diabétiques insulino-résistants. De recherches avecSephadex G-200 ont demontré que, après une courte période d'insulinothérapie, le complexe insuline-protéine migrait avec les globulines 19 S. Après une insulinothérapie prolongée et dans les cas insulino-résistants la plus grande partie de l'insuline marquée liée aux protéines était élui avec les globulines 7 S. Le phénomène est attribué à l'action des anticorps anti-insuline bovine.
    Abstract: Resumen La capacidad que poseen las proteínas para ligar la insulina marcada con125J se estudió mediante el método de filtración engel. El fraccionamiento medianteSephadex G-100 demostró que solamente el 10 % de la insulina marcada estaba ligada por las proteínas plasmáticas de sujetos sanos, de mujeres embarazadas y de pacientes diabéticos no tratados. Un porcentaje de insulina notablemente superior estaba ligado por las proteínas plasmáticas en pacientes que anteriormente habían sido tratados con insulina bovina, mientras el grado de enlace se volvía muy elevado en los diabéticos resistentes a la insulina. Experimentos realizados conSephadex G-200 demostraron que después de un breve tratamiento insulínico, el complejo insulina-proteína migraba con las globulinas 19 S. Después de un prolongado tratamiento insulínico y en los casos resistentes a la insulina, la mayor parte de la insulina marcada con las proteínas resultaba eluida con las globulinas 7 S. El fenómeno, discutido detalladamente, se atribuye a la acción de los anticuerpos anti-insulina bovina.
    Notes: Riassunto La capacità delle proteine plasmatiche di legare l'insulina marcata con125J è stata studiata mediante il metodo di filtrazione sugel. Il frazionamento medianteSephadex G-100 ha dimostrato che soltanto il 10% dell'insulina marcata era legato dalle proteine plasmatiche di soggetti sani, di donne gravide e di pazienti diabetici non trattati. Una percentuale di insulina notevolmente superiore era legata dalle proteine plasmatiche in pazienti che erano stati precedentemente trattati con insulina bovina, mentre il grado di legame diveniva molto elevato nei diabetici insulino-resistenti. Esperimenti eseguiti conSephadex G-200 hanno dimostrato che, dopo una breve terapia insulinica, il complesso insulina-proteina migrava con le globuline 19 S. Dopo prolungata terapia insulinica e nei casi insulino-resistenti la maggior parte dell'insulina marcata legata alle proteine era eluita con le globuline 7 S. Il fenomeno, discusso nei particolari, è attribuito all'azione degli anticorpi anti-insulina bovina.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin binding properties of serum ; Insulin therapy ; Serum proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont observé que le sérum d'un sujet normal et celui d'un diabétique, jamais traité avec insuline, ont la possibilité de lier l'insuline dans la même mesure. Dans certains sérums, soit du sujet normal soit du diabétique, est présente une activité de liaison de l'insuline supérieure aux taux normaux plus élevés; cette activité diminue après administration de µU 500 d'insuline bovine. Les AA. présentent leurs considérations à propos de ce phénomène.
    Abstract: Resumen Los AA. observan que los sueros del individuo normal y del diabético nunca tratado con insulina poseen propiedades insulino-ligantes de entidad análoga. En algunos sueros — ya del sujeto normal, ya del diabético — está presente una actividad insulino-ligante superior a los valores máximos normales, que disminuye luego de haber agregado µU 500 de insulina bovina. Los AA. hacen algunas consideraciones interpretativas de tal fenómeno.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. rilevano che i sieri dell'individuo normale e del diabetico mai trattato con insulina sono provvisti di proprietà insulino-legante di entità analoga. In alcuni sieri, sia del soggetto normale che del diabetico, è presente un'attività insulino-legante superiore ai valori massimi normali, che diminuisce dopo aggiunta di µU 500 di insulina bovina. Gli AA. fanno alcune considerazioni interpretative su tale fenomeno.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 499-512 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Entero-insular axis ; Gastrin ; Glucagon ; Gut hormones ; Insulin ; Pancreozymin ; Secretin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des préparations hautement purifiées de gastrine, sécrétine et pancréozymine ont été injectées par voie endoportale chez des chiens anesthésiés, en vue d'examiner les influences possibles des hormones gastro-intestinales sur la sécrétion des îlots de Langerhans. On a vu que les trois hormones provoquent une augmentation immédiate de la concentration d'insuline dans la veine pancréatico-duodénale. L'effet de la gastrine sur la libération d'insuline était insignificant quantitativement, tandis que celui de la sécrétine était plus important et de plus grande durée; cependant la pancréozymine semblait être le stimulant le plus puissant et déterminer en outre une augmentation parallèle de la sécrétion pancréatique de glucagon. On a démontré de plus que la pancréozymine augmentait la réponse tant de l'insuline que du glucagon à l'hyperaminoacidémie. On a observé que l'administration intraduodénale d'acides aminés, qui représente notoirement la stimulation la plus puissante de la pancréozymine endogène, est en mesure de déterminer une libération plus grande et plus rapide d'insuline et de glucagon par rapport à l'administration intraveineuse d'acides aminés, ce qui fait supposer que la pancréozymine endogène joue un rôle physiologique lorsque la réponse de l'hormone des cellules insulaires aux acides aminés ingérés est augmentée. Le facteur physiologique qui augmente la réponse insulaire au glucose ingéré reste toutefois inconnu.
    Abstract: Resumen Medicamentos altamente purificados de gastrina, secretina y pancreozimina han sido inyectados por via intraportal a perros anestesiados, con el fin de examinar las posibles influencias de las hormonas gastro-intestinales sobre la secreción de las hormonas de las islas de Langerhans. Se ha notado que las tres hormonas producen aumento inmediato de la concentración de insulina en la vena pancreática-duodenal. El efecto de la gastrina sobre la liberación de insulina era insignificante cuantitativamente, mientras el de la secretina era apreciable y de mayor duración; sin embargo, parecía que la pancreozimina fuese el estimulante más potente y que además determinava aumento paralelo de la secreción pancreática de glucagón. Además se ha demostrado que la pancreozimina aumentava la respuesta, ya de la insulina, ya del glucagón, a la hiperaminoacidemia. La administración intraduodenal de aminoácidos, que representa notoriamente el más potente estímulo de la pancreozimina endógena, está en grado de provocar una liberación mayor y más rápida de insulina y glucagón, que la administración intravenosa de aminoácidos; cosa que hace pensar que la pancreozimina endógena ejerce un papel fisiológico cuando aumenta la respuesta de la hormona de las células de las islas a los aminoácidos ingeridos. Sin embargo, el factor fisiológico que aumenta la respuesta insular a la glucosa ingerida, queda desconocido.
    Notes: Riassunto Preparati altamente purificati di gastrina, secretina e pancreozimina sono stati iniettati per via endoportale in cani anestetizzati, allo scopo di esaminare le possibili influenze degli ormoni gastro-intestinali sulla secrezione degli ormoni delle isole di Langerhans. Si è riscontrato che tutti e tre gli ormoni provocano un immediato aumento della concentrazione di insulina nella vena pancreatico-duodenale. L'effetto della gastrina sulla liberazione di insulina era quantitativamente insignificante, mentre quello della secretina era più rilevante e di maggiore durata; tuttavia sembrava che la pancreozimina fosse il più potente stimolatore e che inoltre determinasse un aumento parallelo della secrezione pancreatica di glucagone. Per di più si è dimostrato che la pancreozimina aumentava la risposta sia dell'insulina che del glucagone alla iperaminoacidemia. La somministrazione intraduodenale di aminoacidi, che rappresenta notoriamente la più potente stimolazione della pancreozimina endogena, è stata riscontrata in grado di determinare una liberazione maggiore e più rapida di insulina e di glucagone rispetto alla somministrazione endovenosa di aminoacidi, il che fa pensare che la pancreozimina endogena svolga un ruolo fisiologico nell'aumentare la risposta dell'ormone delle cellule insulari agli aminoacidi ingeriti. Tuttavia il fattore fisiologico che aumenta la risposta insulare al glucosio ingerito rimane sconosciuto.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 260 (1968), S. 254-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bilirubin ; Glucuronates ; Insulin ; Liver ; Tolbutamide ; Bilirubin ; Glucuronidsynthese ; Insulin ; Leber ; Tolbutamid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lebergewebe von Ratten, die mit Tolbutamid, mit anderen blutzuckerwirksamen Sulfonylharnstoffderivaten oder mit Insulin behandelt worden waren, bildet bei Inkubation in vitro mehr Bilirubinglucuronid als das Gewebe unbehandelter Kontrolltiere. Dieser Effekt wurde 2 Std nach der intraperitonealen Injektion der blutzuckersenkenden Stoffe nachgewiesen, er tritt dosisabhängig auf und ist mit der blutzuckersenkenden Wirkung gut korreliert. Ein dem Tolbutamid chemisch verwandtes, jedoch blutzuckerunwirksames Methylsulfonylharnstoffderivat hatte diese Wirkung nicht. Die Steigerung der Glucuronidsynthese ist dadurch bedingt, daß in der Leberzelle während einer Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie vermehrt aktivierte Glucuronsäure (UDPGA) für die Konjugation bereitgestellt wird. Die Aktivität des für die Konjugationsreaktion verantwortlichen Enzyms, der UDP-Glucuronyltransferase, war unter unseren Versuchsbedingungen nicht verändert. Es fanden sich keine Anhaltspunkte dafür, daß in der Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie die Bildung von UDPGA aus UDPG beschleunigt erfolgt. Die Aktivität der UDPG-Dehydrogenase war nicht verändert, auch Faktoren, die eine Bildung von UDPGA begünstigen könnten, wie ein erhöhter NAD+/NADH-Quotient und eine gesteigerte ATP-Konzentration im Gewebe, waren nach Tolbutamid nicht nachzuweisen.
    Notes: Summary Liver tissue of rats pretreated with tolbutamide, with other hypoglycaemic sulfonylurea compounds, or with insulin formed more bilirubinglucuronide when incubated in vitro than the tissue of untreated controls. The effect was present two hours after the blood sugar lowering agents had been injected intraperitoneally. It was dose-dependent and well correlated to the hypoglycaemic response. A methylated sulfonylurea compound, which is chemically closely related to tolbutamide but devoid of blood sugar lowering activity failed to show this effect. Glucuronide formation in hypoglycaemia induced by insulin or tolbutamide is increased as more activated glucuronic acid (UDPGA) is made available to the conjugation reaction. There was no change in the activity of the enzyme responsible for glucuronide synthesis, the UDP-glucuronyl-transferase, in our experiments. There was no indication that the formation of UDPGA from UDPG was accelerated by insulin or sulfonylureas. There was no change in the activity of the hepatic UDPG-dehydrogenase. Factors which could favour the formation of UDPGA such as an increased NAD+/NADH ratio or an elevated ATP concentration in the tissue were not present following tolbutamide.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase ; glycogen metabolism ; lipolysis ; insulin secretion ; antilipolytic action of insulin ; glycogen synthesis and insulin ; cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de l'insuline sur le métabolisme du glycogène hépatique et sur la lipolyse semble s'exercer par l'intermédiaire d'une diminution de la concentration de 3,′5′-AMP intracellulaire. Onamontré une diminution de la formation de 3′5′-AMP dans le tissu adipeux incubé avec de l'insuline. L'influence de l'insuline sur la dégradation du 3,′5′-AMP est étudiée. — L'activité de la 3,′5′-AMP-phos-phodiestérase (PDE) est diminuée dans le foie, le tissu adipeux et, de façon non-significative, dans le muscle strié des rats qui manquent d'insuline, c-à-d les rats rendus diabétiques par l'alloxane ou les rats privés de nourriture. L'injection intraveineuse d'une faible dose d'insuline (0.5 U/kg) ou la stimulation de la sécrétion d'insuline endogène par une injection de glucose provoquent une augmentation rapide de l'activité de la phosphodiestérase dans ces tissus. 15 min après l'injection d'insuline, l'activité de la phosphodiesterase du foie est augmentée. L'effet maximum est atteint après 30–45 min. L'activité de la phosphodiestérase rénale n'est pas diminuée dans le diabète alloxanique, l'injection d'insuline s'est avérée inefficace.In vitro, l'insuline cristalline a un effet activant sur la phosphodiestérase purifiée du coeur de boeuf. La concentration d'insuline requise pour doubler l'activité de l'enzyme est de l'ordre de 2 · 10−5 M. Le traitement avec actinomycin D empêche la stimulation par l'insuline de la PDE dans le foie. Ceci peut indiquer que l'action de l'insuline sur l'activité de la phosphodiestérase est essentiellement basée sur une synthèse accrue de l'enzyme. A cause de l'influence de la sécrétion d'insuline sur la concentration en 3,′5′-AMP du foie et du tissu adipeux, le métabolisme du glycogène et la lipolyse peuvent s'adapter rapidement à la prise de nourriture.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An der Steigerung der Glykogensynthese der Leber und der Verminderung der Lipolyse durch Insulin ist eine Abnahme der 3′,5′-AMP-Konzentration wesentlich beteiligt. Die 3′,5′-AMP-Bildung ist in Fettgewebe, das mit Insulin inkubiert wird, vermindert. Insulin beeinflußt jedoch auch den 3′,5′-AMP-Abbau. -Die 3′,5′-AMP-Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-Aktivität des Fettgewebes, der Leber und, in geringerem Grade, der Skeletmuskulatur ist im Insulinmangel vermindert, d.h. bei alloxandiabetischen oder hungernden Ratten. I.v. Injektion von 0,5 E/kg Insulin oder eine erhöhte Abgabe von Insulin aus dem Pankreas nach Glucoseinjektion führen in diesen Geweben zu einem raschen Anstieg der PDE-Aktivität. Dieser ist in der Leber schon 15 min nach Insulingabe nachweisbar und erreicht nach 30–45 min sein Maximum. In der Niere ist kein Einfluß von Insulin auf die PDE-Aktivität nachweisbar. — Aus Rinderherz isolierte PDE wirdin vitro durch Insulin aktiviert, jedoch werden2 · 10−5 M zur Verdopplung der Aktivität benötigt. Actinomycin D verhindert die Steigerung der Leber-PDE-Aktivität nach Insulininjektion. So kann die Wirkung des Hormons im wesentlichen auf eine gesteigerte PDE-Synthese zurückgeführt werden. — Durch diesen Einfluß der Insulininkretion auf die 3′,5′-AMP-Konzentration in Leber und Fettgewebe können Glykogenstoffwechsel und Lipolyse rasch an die Nahrungsaufnahme angepaßt werden.
    Notes: Summary Influence of insulin on liver glycogen metabolism and on lipolysis appears to be mediated by a decreased intracellular 3′,5′-AMP concentration. Reduced formation of 3′,5′-AMP had been shown in adipose tissue incubated with insulin. The influence of insulin on 3′,5′-AMP degradation has been investigated. — 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was reduced in liver, adipose tissue and, insignificantly, in skeletal muscle of insulin deficient, i.e. alloxan diabetic or starved rats. I.V. injection of a low dose of insulin (0.5 U/kg) or stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion by injection of glucose led to a rapid increase of PDE activity in these tissues. 15 min after insulin injection liver PDE activity was increased. The maximal effect occurred after 30–45 min. Renal PDE activity was not decreased in alloxan diabetes, insulin injection has been found ineffective. —In vitro, there was an activating effect of crystalline insulin on PDE purified from beef heart. Insulin concentration required for duplication of enzyme activity was of the order of 2 · 10−5 M. Treatment with actinomycin D nearly prevented stimulation of liver PDE by insulin. This may indicate that the action of insulin on PDE activity is essentially based on an increased enzyme synthesis. — Owing to the influence of insulin secretion on liver and adipose tissue 3′,5′-AMP concentration, glycogen metabolism and lipolysis can be quickly adapted to food intake.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Human growth hormone ; Growth hormone ; Insulin ; Diabetes mellitus ; Experimental diabetes ; Acromegaly ; Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Il a été démontré récemment que l'hormone de croissance humaine (HGH) joue un rôle prééminent dans la régulation normale de la glycémie. De plus, il est bien connu que l'hormone de croissance peut créer un état semblable au diabète chez l'animal. Chez l'homme, l'injection de HGH ou l'hypersécrétion de l'hormone endogène dans l'acromégalie est suivie d'intolérance au glucose seulement dans 25% des cas. — Dans ce travail nous présentons des données qui mettent l'action dite diabétogène de HGH dans un contexte plus nuancé. Nous suggérons que HGH, bien que diminuant l'utilisation du glucose par les tissus périphériques, n'est pas une substance primairement diabétogène, car l'effet insulinotrope de l'hormone cause une hyperinsulinémie compensatrice, qui à son tour normalise la tolérance au glucose. HGH est diabétogène exclusivement chez les sujets prédiabétiques dont le pancréas est incapable de répondre à l'effet insulinotrope de l'hormone. Chez ces sujets, la diabétogénicité de HGH n'étant pas surmontée par une hyperinsulinémie compensatrice, la tolérance au glucose sera anormale. Ainsi, HGH peut être considérée comme unfacteur additif pour la pathogénèse du diabète sucré, la condition essentielle et primaire étant un état préexistant de prédiabète.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wie kürzlich gezeigt wurde, spielt das menschliche Wachstumshormon (HGH) eine wichtige Rolle bei der Kontrolle der Blutzucker-Homöostase. Ferner ist schon lange bekannt, daß die Verabreichung von Wachstumshormon an Tiere zu einem diabetesähnlichen Zustand führen kann. Beim Menschen löst die Gabe der Substanz oder die Überproduktion des endogenen Hormons bei der Akromegalie nur in etwa 25 % der Fälle eine Glucosetoleranzstörung aus. — In dieser Arbeit werden Resultate beschrieben, die ein detaillierteres Bild der sogenannten diabetogenen Wirkung des HGH vermitteln. Wir möchten annehmen, daß das HGH, obwohl es den peripheren Glucoseverbraueh herabsetzt, kein primär diabetogener Faktor ist, da es über eine Insulin-mehrausschüttung zu einem Hyperinsulinismus führt, der eine normale Glucosetoleranz bewirkt. HGH zeigt Scine diabetogene Wirkung nur bei Prädiabetikern, deren Pankreas den stimulierenden Effekt des Hormons auf die Insulinausschüttung nicht beantworten kann. Bei diesen Personen kann eine Störung der Glucosetoleranz dadurch entstehen, daß die diabetogene Wirkung des HGH nicht durch einen kompensatorischen Hyperinsulinismus ausgeglichen wird. HGH kann daher als ein Zusatzfaktor bei der Diabetesentstehung angesehen werden, deren Hauptvorbedingung jedoch eine schon vorher bestehende prädiabetische Stoffwechselsituation darstellt.
    Notes: Summary Human growth hormone (HGH) has recently been shown to play a prominent role in the control of blood glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it has long been known that administration of growth hormone in animals can induce a diabetes-like state. In human subjects, exogenous administration of HGH or hypersecretion of the endogenous hormone in acromegaly is accompanied by glucose intolerance in only about 25 per cent of the cases. — In this paper, data are presented which give a more diversified picture of the so-called diabetogenic action of HGH. It is suggested that HGH, although decreasing the peripheral utilization of glucose, is not a primary diabetogenic factor, since its insulinogenic action causes a compensatory hyperinsulinism, with normal glucose tolerance as the result. HGH is diabetogenic only in prediabetic subjects whose pancreas is unable to respond to the insulinogenic effect of the hormone. In such subjects, the diabetogenic action of HGH not being counterbalanced by a compensatory hyperinsulinism, glucose intolerance may result. Thus, HGH may be regarded as anadditional factor for the development of diabetes, the major prerequisite being a preëxisting prediabetic state.
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  • 9
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; diabetes ; insulinase ; rat diaphragm ; glycogen synthesis ; RNA turnover ; cell culture ; anti-insulin serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de progrès conduisant à la compréhension du diabète en termes moléculaires ont été réalisés. La possibilité qu'il existe une modification dans la structure de l'insuline des diabétiques, aussi bien circulante que pancréatique, s'appuie sur trois arguments expérimentaux obtenus au laboratoire des auteurs. — La purification immunochimique de l'insuline circulante de diabétiques jeunes non traités par l'insuline a d'abord conduit à la constatation que cette insuline est relativement résistante à l'action réductrice et protéolytique d'une préparation d'insulinase musculaire. De plus, l'insuline pancréatique, isolée à partir de cinq pancréas diabétiques, s'est avérée d'activité biologique diminuée quant à son pouvoir d'augmenter la synthèse du glycogènein vivo et à sa capacité d'accélérer le “turnover” du R.N.A. en culture tissulaire. — La nature de cette „insuline anormale” et son rôle possible dans la physiopathologie du diabète sont examinés à la lumière de la nécessité de donner une définition spécifique de la modification moléculaire précise.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unsere Kenntnisse über den Diabetes in molekularbiologischer Sicht haben kaum Fortschritte gemacht. Die Möglichkeit, daß das zirkulierende und das Pankreas-Insulin des Diabetikers strukturelle Unterschiede aufweisen, wird durch die Ergebnisse von drei verschiedenen Untersuchungsreihen gestützt, die im Laboratorium der Verfasser durchgeführt wurden. — Immunologisch gereinigtes zirkulierendes Insulin von Diabetikern, die noch kein Insulin erhalten hatten, erwies sich als recht widerstandsfähig gegenüber dem Abbau durch ein Insulinase-Rohextrakt aus Muskelgewebe. Aus den Bauchspeicheldrüsen von 5 Diabetikern gewonnenes Insulin zeigte sowohl in seiner Fähigkeit, die Glycogen-Synthesein vivo, als auch den Ribonucleinsäuren-Umsatz in der Gewebskultur zu stimulieren, eine herabgesetzte biologische Aktivität. — Bei der Diskussion der Natur dieses „abnormen” Insulins und seiner hypothetischen Rolle in der Physiopathologie des Diabetes ergibt sich besonders deutlich, wie dringend erforderlich eine genauere Klärung des in diesem Falle vorliegenden molekularen Umbaus ist.
    Notes: Summary Understanding of diabetes in molecular terms has advanced very little. The possibility that a structural difference exists in the circulating and pancreatic insulin moiety of diabetics is supported by three lines of evidence obtained in the authors' laboratory. — Immunologically purified circulating insulin from diabetic subjects untreated with insulin was noted to be relatively resistant to degradation by a crude muscle insulinase preparation. The pancreatic insulin of five diabetic pancreases was found to have a decreased biological activity in its ability to enhance glycogen synthesisin vivo and in its capacity to stimulate RNA turnover in tissue culture. — The nature of this “abnormal insulin” and its hypothetical role in the physiopathology of diabetes are discussed in the light of the need for a specific definition of the precise molecular change.
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  • 10
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; radioimmunoassay ; bile ; bile acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des acides biliaires sur le dosage radioimmunologique de l'insuline a été examiné et les résultats ont montré que les acides biliaires en concentrations physiologiques nuisent à la liaison de l'insuline avec le sérum anti-insulinique. La courbe de dilution de l'insuline immunoréaetive dans la bile de la vésicule biliaire porcine n'était pas parallèle à celle de l'insuline porcine standard. Après extraction de la bile porcine par du sérum antiinsulinique et après dosage de l'extrait, des taux d'insuline plus bas ont été trouvés. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une partie seulement de «l'insuline immunoreactive» de la bile de la vésicule biliaire représente de l'insuline véritable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Gallensäuren auf die radio-immunologische Insulinbestimmung wurde untersucht. Aus den Resultaten geht hervor, daß Gallensäuren in physiologischen Konzentrationen zu einer Störung der Insulinbindung an Anti-Insulinserum führen. Die Verdünnungskurve von immunoreaktivem Insulin im Gallensaft aus Schweinegallenblasen verlief nicht parallel zur Standard-Eichkurve von Schweineinsulin. Nach Extraktion der Schweinegalle mit Anti-Insulinserum fanden sich im Extrakt niedrigere Insulinkonzentrationen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß nur ein Teil des „immunoreaktiven Insulins” in der Blasengalle echtes Insulin ist.
    Notes: Summary The effect of bile acids on the radioimmunoassay of insulin has been investigated, and the results show that bile acids in physiological concentrations interfere with the binding of insulin by anti-insulin serum. The dilution curve of immunoreactive insulin in pig gall-bladder bile was not parallel to that of standard pig insulin. After extraction of pig bile with anti-insulin serum and assay of the extract, lower insulin levels were found. The results suggest that only a part of the “immunoreactive insulin” in gall-bladder bile is genuine insulin.
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  • 11
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 68-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après incubation de tranches de pancréas d'embryon de veau, la leucine-H3 est incorporée dans une fraction protéique qui semble avoir les propriétés d'une “proinsuline”. Cette fraction protéique est de taille supérieure à l'insuline, possède l'immunoréactivité propre à l'insuline, et après traitement limité par la trypsine elle est transformée en un peptide semblable à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Inkubierung von Dünnschnitten des fötalen Rinder-Pankreas in Gegenwart vom H3- Leucin ergab einen Einbau dieser Amminosäure in eine Eiweißfraktion, die die Eigenschaften eines, Pro-Insulins' aufwies. Das Molekulargewicht dieser Eiweißfraktion war größer als dasjenige des Insulins; sie besaß die Immunreaktivität des Insulins und konnte durch teilweisen Abbau mit Trypsin in ein insulinähnliches Peptid umgewandelt werden.
    Notes: Summary Incubation of fœtal bovine pancreas slices resulted in the incorporation of3H-leucine into a protein fraction which appeared to have the properties of a ‘proinsulin’. This protein fraction was larger in size than insulin, possessed the immunoreactivity of insulin and was converted by limited trypsin treatment to a peptide similar to insulin.
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  • 12
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    Pflügers Archiv 301 (1968), S. 254-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insulin ; Potassium Deficiency ; Membrane Potential ; Rat Diaphragm ; Insulin ; Kaliummangel ; Membranpotential ; Rattenzwerchfell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 102 Zellen des Zwerchfells von insgesamt 7 Ratten mit alimentärem Kaliummangel fanden wir unter dem Einfluß von Insulin (0,1 I.E./ml) eine Depolarisation um 11,2 mV, nämlich von −94,6 (s=±6,4) mV bei insgesamt 100 Zellen auf −83,4 (s=±6,8)mV (p 〈 0,001). Die Kaliumkonzentration in der Inkubationslösung betrug 4,7 (s=±0,29) mval/l. — Ferner steigt die bei kaliumverarmten Tieren erniedrigte intracelluläre Kaliumkonzentration unter Insulineinfluß von 107 (s=±12) mval/lH2O IZR auf 130 (s=±19,8) mval/lH2O IZR an (p〈0,05). Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß Insulin bei kaliumverarmten Tieren einen Netto-Kaliumeinstrom bewirkt, der eine Abnahme des Membranpotentials zur Folge hat.
    Notes: Summary In 102 single muscle cells of 7 rats with alimentary potassium depletion we found under influence of insulin (0.1 I.U./ml) a depolarisation of 11.2 mV, i.e. from −94.6 (s=±6.4)mV (100 cells) to −83.4 (s=±6.8)mV (p〈0.001). The potassium concentration in the incubation medium was 4.7 (s=±0.29) mequ/l. — In addition we measured under influence of insulin (0.1 I.U./ml) an intracellular potassium concentration of 130 mval/lH2O IZR, which is probably higher than in potassium deficient animals without insulin (p〈0.05). These findings suggest that insulin produces a netto potassium influx in potassium deficient animals, which could explain the depolarisation.
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  • 13
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 148 (1968), S. 22-27 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Insulin ; Hypoglycemia ; Xylitol ; Insulin ; Hypoglykämie ; Xylit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen, Meerschweinchen, Mäusen und Ratten wurde der Einfluß von Xylit auf die Insulinhypoglykämie untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß Xylit die durch große intravenöse Insulindosen hervorgerufenen neurogenen Störungen (Lähmungserscheinungen, Krämpfe) zu beseitigen bzw. zu verhüten vermag. Gleichzeitig kommt es zu einem Wiederanstieg der Glucosekonzentration im Blut. Die möglichen Mechanismen dieser Wirkung werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The influence of xylitol on insulin-induced hypoglycemia was studied in rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, and rats. Relief of hypoglycemia and the concomitant disturbances of the nervous system was observed following the injection of xylitol. The possible mechanisms of this action are discussed.
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  • 14
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain characteristic of polymeric binders and solid propellants are dependent on the crosslink density, molecular weight between crosslinks, molecular weight distribution in the binder formulation, volume fraction of filler, and the interaction between the binder and filler particles. This investigation is directed toward elucidation of solid propellant microscopic response and failure mechanisms through characterization of the constitutive effects of crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ratio in the binder formulation, and filler fraction. This was accomplished on the ERLA/PBAA propellant system through investigation of three binder formulations with the same curing agent ratio but different crosslink densities; five binder formulations with different curing agent ratios; and four formulations with up to 69.9% by volume of filler.Uniaxial stress-strain characteristics were determined on each formulation at displacement rates of 0.2 to 20.0 in/min at isothermal test conditions ranging from 75 to -90°F. The failure characteristics of a viscoelastic material represent a curve in the three-dimensional space of stress, strain, and time. The ultimate property data on each formulation are presented as projections of this failure curve on the stress-strain, stress-time, and strain-time planes, respectively. Relationships are developed for the dependence of the stress-time, strain-time, and stress-strain failure envelopes on the volume fraction of bound rubber, crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ration in the binder component, and the volume fraction of filler.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
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  • 15
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 58-63 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 82-88 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two independent methods for predicting the deformation of free openings of arbitrary shape in a viscoelastic plate are illustrated.The first method is experimental and is based on the interference of two systems of lines representing the initial and final positions of the material. To demonstrate the moire method, the creep compliance function for polymethylmethacrylate is determined as preliminary information. This function is used as input data in the ensuing theoretical analysis to insure realistic viscoelastic behavior.The second method involves techniques to approximate viscoelastic displacements from known elasticity solutions and known material properties.The methods are applied to two examples: (1) The square hole - to determine the motion of an opening of complicated shape; and (2) an ellipse loaded at 45° - to indicate qualitative agreement with an existing prediction of the motion of cracks in a viscous plate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 116-125 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple, versatile biconical rehemoter has been developed. This device provides shear creep and creep recovery data for polymer melts over a temperature range of 200-500°F. and a range of applied shear stresses from 2 × 103 to 9 × 105 dynes/cm2.Extensive reheological data have been obtained for two samples each of polyisobutylene and high-density polyethylene. These illustrate the value of the device in obtaining data useful for predicting and understanding the processing properties of polymer melts.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 161-185 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Considerable progress has been made in the past 20 years in the synthesis, characterization and fabrication of plastics. Previous SPE Award winners, such as Mark, Natta, and Marvel dealt largely with synthesis; Flory with characterization; Alfrey and Du Bois with fabrication. One of the still unsolved problems lies in the realm of relating mechanical properties, such as impact strenght and creep to molecular structure.The design enginner who wishes to use a plastic part is concerned primarily with how some property such as impact strenght varies with temperature, speed of test, test method, etc. The polymer scientist must know why. Through knowing why, he may be able to design better plastics.This paper attempts to survey some of the world-wide progress made in this area in the past 10 years. The ultimate goal is to understand these mechanical properties in terms of internal molecular motions which occur in solid polymers. Internal motion can be detected by electrical, electromagnetic and dynamic mechanical measurements. When these three methods are applied on a given polymer over a range of temperatures, insights can be gained as to the variation of impact strength and other properties with temperature and frequency for that same polymer. These three fundamental methods, which require very small samples (less than 50 grams), can provide insight into the practical behavior of plastic materials over the wide range of temperatures and frequencies encountered in the real world.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A knowledge of the variation of melt viscosity of thermoplastic polymers with both shear rate and temperature is of considerable importance to plastics engineers as well as to polymer rheologists. The actual measurement of melt viscosity at a large number of temperatures and shear rates is frequently a tedious and time-consuming task. A technique has been developed, based upon the applicability of shear rate-temperature superposition, for predicting the flow curves of a number of olefin polymers and copolymers at various temperatures from experimental data obtained at one temperature for the material in question. The experimental validity for superimposing log shear stress - log shear rate curves at different temperatures along the log shear rate axis has been established for both high and low density polyethylenes, polypropylene, polybutene-1, and poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) copolymers. The temperature dependence of the resultant shift factors has been determined for each system, and the method of utilizing this information to predict viscosities as a function of temperature and shear rate is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 22
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dynamic mechanical study has been made of an ethylenemethacrylic acid copolymer containing 4.1 mole per cent of methacrylic acid units and its sodium, lithium and calcium salts. On the basis of the results and related physical chemical studies it is proposed that the structures of the ionized copolymers consist of three distinct phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase, an amorphous polyethylene phase, and an ionic phase consisting of ionic domains. It is further proposed that the unionized acid copolymer consists of two phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase and an amorphous phase consisting of polyethylene crosslined with hydrogen bonded, carboxylic acid dimers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 290-301 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The true stress-true strain behavior of polyoxymethylene, n(-CH2O), as an example of a bulk semi-crystalline polymer, has been investigated for constant hydrostatic environmental pressures from 1 atmosphere to 8 kilobars with the principal objectives of elucidating the factors controlling flow and fracture. Experiments were conducted in uniaxial tension at room temperature and constant strain rate. The tensile observations were supplemented by measurements of bulk compressibility and stress relaxation behavior at pressure.In contrast with metals and inorganic compounds, the modulus, yield stress and fracture stress of POM increase strongly with pressure by a factor of approximately three at 8 kilobars. The modulus increase is shown from the stress relaxation measurements to be associated with a pressure-induced increase in the β-transition temperature which points to the potential usefulness of the concept of pressure-temperature super-position of mechanical behavior. The characteristics of the pressure dependence of the yield stress demonstrate that yield criteria based on continum mechanics considerations, including the Mohr or Coulomb-Navier criterion, are not valid for general deformation (non-plane strain) conditions in this polymer. The concept of a critical volume change determining the initiation of yielding is suggested to be applicable to semi-crystalline polymers. Comparison with analogous changes in yield stress with temperature points to an increasing contribution to the control of yielding by the initially disordered regions with increasing pressure or decreasing temperature. The fracture behavior observed at pressure eliminates the concepts of a critical stress as a fracture criterion for POM and of a simple reduction in normal stress at points of stress concentration as the principal effect of the applied pressure on fracture.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 27
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 130-141 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of a variety of sharply notched tension, bending and rotating disc specimens of PMMA is examined using linear fracture mechanics. It is observed that rapid fracture with a brittle glassy appearance usually follows a period of slow crack growth, denoted by fan shaped markings of local ductility, though still brittle overall. In this near brittle regime the fracture toughness is sensitive to strain rate so that high values of effective surface energy are easily induced by rapid testing or notch bluntness. At impact rates the toughness increases again. For design purposes, in the absence of environmental effects, the onset of slow cracking and rapid (glassy) fracture, can be associated with fracture toughness K1c of about 800 Ibf/in3/2 (90 kg/cm3/2) and 1600 Ibf/in3/2 (180 kg/cm3/2) respectively. Detailed studies have not been made on other materials but a guide to the levels of notch toughness and notch brittle temperatures are given for several plastics.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 186-194 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile modulus of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data show poor agreement with the theories for the longitudinal case but better agreement in the other cases. A semi-empirical theory is proposed to explain the longitudinal modulus data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 789-803 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions are frequently described in terms of the Flory-Huggins equation. This equation includes a parameter χ, which depends upon the intermolecular forces acting between the molecules in a solution. The experimental determination of χ was performed by an improved microtechnique and extended to a wide range of polar and nonpolar diluents of polyethylene. Careful correlations are prescribed for calculating χ from pure-component properties; they are based on an extension of the Hildebrand-Scatchard theory of solutions and on the theory of intermolecular forces. Polar (τ) and nonpolar (δ) solubility parameters are presented for a variety of solvents. For polyethylene - nonpolar solvent systems we have emphasized the factor deciding the sign of heat of mixing, while for polyethylene-polar solvent systems we have determined the contribution of dipole-induced dipole interactions ψ (δτ) in interchange-energy density B and, hence, χ.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 903-914 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of refractive index data for studying changes in oriented polyolefin films has been demonstrated. Application of this technique to oriented polypropylene and polyethylene films showed that the birefringence is a linear function of the refractive index in the direction of maximum orientation. By utilizing refractive index, density, and crystallinity data the crystalline refractive indices nc and (na + nb)/2 and polarizabilities α∥ and α⊥ could be estimated for polypropylene and polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 32
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 973-974 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 33
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1119-1136 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several fractions obtained from a large-scale fractionation and several unfractionated PVC polymers and blends have been processed both as rigid and plasticized compounds. The latter have been studied by stress-strain, creep, and recovery tests. The recoverable character of the creep results show that a relatively stable network must be present in the samples. The crosslink density is little influenced by molecular weight, as shown by the modulus and compliance results. On the contrary, the ultimate tensile properties depend strongly on molecular weight, which is interpreted as evidence that the stability of the crosslinks increases with increasing chain length of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 34
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1151-1165 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technique of in situ crystallization of low molecular weight organic compounds from amorphous polymers was evaluated as a method of fabricating composite materials. Two workable systems, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN)-acetanilide and SAN-anthracene, were found and their phase diagrams determined. In both systems kinetic studies revealed that the maximum crystallization rate takes place at large degrees of supercooling and that below these temperatures the mechanism is diffusion-controlled. The temperature-dependent crystal morphologies were characterized with electron microscopy, which showed three distinctly different morphologies for both systems. From dynamic mechanical measurements, it appears that the elastic moduli of organic crystals are about the same as those of organic polymers in the glassy state, and that relatively little reinforcement took place under the particular crystallization conditions employed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ceric ion-cellulose redox system has been studied for grafting acrylonitrile on cotton fibers. Grafting yields are very high as compared to the persulfate-thiosulfate redox system reported earlier. Traces of copper sulfate in the reaction mixture do not increase grafting yields, unlike the persulfate-thiosulfate system. The high polymerization rate on cotton fibers is shown to be due to the reducing action of cellulose and not to the large surface area of cotton fibers. The Ce+4 consumption during grafting is higher than during oxidation of cellulose, indicating formation of homopolymer during the grafting reaction. Studies on the consumption of Ce+4 by model compounds such as D-glucose and α-methyl-D-glucoside show that the hemiacetal group in D-glucose is responsible for a faster rate of Ce+4 consumption. Formation of a Ce+4-alcohol complex also contributes to the initial fast rate of Ce+4 consumption. Studies on the oxidation of cellulose by Ce+4 indicate that the initial oxidative attack occurs on carbon atom 2, with the formation of a 〉C=O group. On further oxidation, cleavage of the C2-C3 bond occurs as shown by the presence of glycol aldehyde determined chromatographically. Cellulose-polyacrylonitrile grafts have been isolated by an acetolysis treatment followed by extraction with dimethylformamide. Number-average molecular weights of the isolated fractions are approximately 50,000-55,000. A theoretical method to calculate the number-average molecular weights, based on the PAN and the COOH contents of the grafted cellulose, is described.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1343-1353 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The discrete relaxation spectrum of an ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) polymer at 190°C. was calculated by using results from tensile relaxation moduli and the principle of reduced variables. The shift factor was found to conform well to the WLF equation, and the free volume fraction at Tg was calculated to be 0.026 in good agreement with the universal value. The values of the thermal expansion coefficient of free volume were calculated to be 9.8 X 10-4 deg.-1 and 7.0 × 10-4 deg.-1, respectively, from the WLF coefficients and from dilatometric results. The width of the entanglement plateau of the relaxation spectrum was observed to be a factor of approximately 2 larger than that calculated from molecular weights between entanglement couplings determined either from rubber elasticity theory or from an assumed molecular model which discounts the presence of the butadiene in the ABS system. By using Pao's theory, flow curves at 190°C. were calculated both from the discrete relaxation spectrum and from the dynamic modulus. These curves were essentially identical. However, the stress values of these curves were found to be about a decade higher than those experimentally determined from capillary flow measurements. Nevertheless, the shapes of the curves are in good agreement, and an explanation is suggested for existing discrepancies. Flow instability, processing variables, and residual strains are discussed in light of the flow curves and the calculated recoverable shear strains.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1397-1409 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between cohesive energy (c.e.) or cohesive energy density (c.e.d.) and the glass transition tenperature (Tg) of polymers has been re-examined on the basis of literature data. For polymers with Tg above 25°C., there is no correlation between published or calculated values of c.e. or c.e.d. and Tg. However, for the rest of the polymers there is a linear relationship between c.e.d. and Tg, and a broad relationship between c.e. and Tg. These results imply that c.e.d. is the regulating, though not the only, factor in determining Tg's up to values of approximately 25°C.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1411-1421 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was demonstrated by ESR spectroscopy that the Fe+2/H2O2 system gave a reactive species which generated an ESR triplet spectrum or sorbitol similar to that generated by hydroxyl radicals from the Ti+3/H3O2 system. An ESR spectrum was obtained for the hydroxyl radicals generated by the latter system. However, the lifetime of hydroxyl radicals, generated by the Fe+2/H2O2 system, was apparently very short, and an ESR spectrum for the hydroxyl radicals, generated by this system, was not observed. The Fe+2/H2O2 system also generated triplet spectra with cotton cellulose I, cotton cellulose II, and microcrystalline cellulose, suggesting that a hydrogen atom had been abstracted from the hydroxyl group on carbon C6, or possibly the hydrogen atom on carbon C5. The ESR spectrum generated on microcrystalline cellulose was less intense than those generated on cellulose I and II. On initiation of graft polymerization of the activated cellulose with acrylonitrile, the triplet spectrum disappeared and was replaced by two strong singlet spectra. One of the singlet spectra was likely generated on carbon C1 or C4 on depolymerization of the cellulose molecule, and the other was probably generated on the end of the growing polyacrylonitrile molecular chain. The absence of a triplet spectrum gave direct evidence for the order in which the acrylonitrile monomer was being grafted onto the cellulose molecule. The mechanisms proposed by Haber and Weiss for the reactions generated in the Fe+2/H2O2 system were generally supported.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1477-1479 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1459-1469 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mill-mastication study of an EPDM polymer (DuPont, Nordel 1070) was conducted in the mill-roll temperature range of 68-480°F. The extent of degradation was determined by dilute-solution viscosity measurements. The role of oxygen in the polymer mastication was followed by infrared spectroscopy. The breakdown of the EPDM polymer on the mill is minimum in the temperature range of 185-315°F. Up to 315°F. the increase in temperature leads to a decreased amount of degradation. During cold mastication mechanical breakdown occurs. The use of a free-radical acceptor shows that this type of breakdown is caused by the mechanical rupture of C—C bonds in the polymer chain. At and above 350°F. thermooxidative degradation becomes dominant, the polymer degrading drastically, and the higher the temperature, the greater the extent of degradation for the same period of mastication. Infrared spectroscopy shows that hot mastication results in decreased double-bond concentration and increased amounts of carbonyl and, possibly, anhydride and lactone groups. Of the carbonyl groups formed 30% are due to the oxidation of double bonds in terpolymer and 70% to the oxidation of the main chain. A mechanism is proposed to account for these observations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1484-1485 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1649-1652 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of exact numerical methods for calculating spectra from dynamic moduli is shown to lead to acceptable results when a modified numerical method is employed. The modification avoids the wild oscillations encountered with existing methods when difficult experimental data containing sudden spectral cutoffs must be analyzed.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1653-1659 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were compressed at nominally constant strain rates ranging from 10-5 to 103 in./in./sec. at 0, 22, 50, and 115°C. A plot of stress at a small fixed strain (2%) and constant temperature versus logarithm of strain rate is sigmoidal in shape and, furthermore, time-temperature superposition could be used to construct a master curve of stress versus temperature-compensated strain rate. It is suggested that the sigmoidal curve is a manifestation of the β transition in PMMA, and this is supported by the measured value of activation energy and the strain rate value at the point of inflection on the curve. By contrast, yield stress varies linearly with log \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm \varepsilon }\limits^{\rm.} $\end{document}. Time-temperature superposition could not be applied. Rationalizing on the basis of the high stress form of the Eyring equation, yielding is by a yet unspecified molecular mechanism in which activation volume has the order of magnitude of a monomer unit but increases with increasing temperature.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1835-1842 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam organic and aqueous solutions were studied. Toluene solutions present an increasing [η] from 10 to 40°C. Aqueous solutions present a very accentuated diminishing of [η] from 10 to 30°C. Above 30°C. The polymer precipitates from its aqueous solutions. The precipitation temperature does not depend on the concentration but on the molecular weight of the polymer. Some acid and basic agents have a marked influence on [η] and the precipitation temperature of the aqueous solutions.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1843-1851 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bulk radical polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam was studied at temperatures between 60 and 120°C. with different initiators. Satisfactory results were obtained with azobisisobutyronitrile, tert-butyl perbenzoate, and tert-butyl peroxide as initiators. The polymerization reaction of N-vinylcaprolactam with these initiators is first order with respect to the monomer and 0.5 order with respect to the initiator. A linearity of the kinetic curves up to high conversions was observed. The cause of this behavior is a feeble gel effect, which also induces an increase of the molecular weight during polymerization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1865-1871 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nitrocellulose (NC) films, when dried on a rigid substrate, tend to be biaxial and thus exhibit two refractive indices. The absolute difference between these indices has been found to provide an accurate measure of the degree of nitration of NC. A film of NC is cast from a 1% solution in butyl acetate to provide a film about 0.5 mil thick. The dry film, when placed in an Abbé-3L refractometer, gives two white lines which go to extinction alternately upon rotation of a cap analyzer through the east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions. Refractive index measurements are made using the line visible in each direction of the analyzer. The absolute difference between the two indices is related to the degree of nitration through standard curves for various grades of NC. The standard deviation for the proposed method was found to be ±0.01% N.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1889-1899 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proposition, that low molecular weight polymer fractions in good solvents behave as if they were under ⊖ conditions, has been examined experimentally. Series of monodisperse hydroxy-terminated polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF), 82% 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD), and 30% 1,4-PBD were prepared, and values of M̄n obtained by vapor-pressure osmometry and endgroup analysis. The Mark-Houwink viscosity parameters K and ν were determined in a number of solvents. The general conclusion is that the proposition is invalid for these systems notwithstanding the fact that ν = 0.50 for one of them [82% 1,4-PBD in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 25°C]. For this particular case, the following evidence suggests that these are actually ⊖ conditions so that the apparent fulfilment of the proposition is fortuitous. (1) Cloud-point precipitation yields ⊖ = 26 ± 3°C in MEK. (2) The value of K is close to that of K⊖ found elsewhere for PBD in a different solvent at a similar temperature. (3) Application of the Kurata-Stockmayer iterative procedure for estimating K⊖ from data in good and bad solvents yields a reasonably small discrepancy (10%) between the K⊖ values from data in toluene and MEK at 25°C for this polymer and only a 3% difference in the unperturbed dimensions (〈r02〉/M)1/2 derived from them. Measured melting points Tm of PTHF (M̄n = 1000-13000), plotted as a function of chain length Z, viz., 1/Tm = 1/Tm0 + 2R/ZΔHf, yield 43 ± 3°C and 1.6 kcal/submole, respectively, for the limiting melting point Tm0 and the heat of fusion ΔHf. The former is in good agreement with the value obtained dilatometrically for high molecular weight polymer, while the latter indicates a degree of crystallinity of ca. 54%.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1921-1938 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal history on the melting behavior of several polypropylene fractions have been studied. The specific fractions investigated include one that has crystallized in the triclinic modification, one that has crystallized in the monoclinic modification, and a third that contained a combination of the two types of crystals. Thermal histories given to these specimens included a series of stepwise annealings at steadily decreasing temperatures, a series of annealings for various times at a given elevated temperature, and a series of stepwise annealings at a set of steadily increasing temperatures. The melting behavior was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter and various DSC peaks are presented. The nature of multiple peaks produced by the different treatments is discussed, and the results are compared with similar data obtained on whole polymer.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2039-2045 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of analysis for a polycondensation polymer containing the carboxylate and sulfonate functional groups has been devised. A combination of infrared spectroscopy and combustion analysis provides a simple and accurate determination of the monomeric units and their molar distribution in the polymer.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2059-2066 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chlorination of a low molecular weight polystyrene in the α position was studied by following changes in the infrared spectrum, glass transition temperature, and molecular weights of the polymer. The logarithm of the absorbance ratio at 2920 and 1500 cm-1 as a function of mole per cent chlorination was linear. The glass transition temperatures, determined by use of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), were found to obey an equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The molecular weight of the chlorinated polystyrene decreased as a function of chlorination.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2117-2128 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Infrared bands in the 900-1100 cm-1 region are sensitive to thermal energy. These bands can result from intermolecular coupling, producing the crystal lattice, or from intramolecular coupling of the various atomic groups in a regular helix or coiled chain. In either case an increase in temperature will disrupt the coupling mode, resulting in a form of structural relaxation and a reduction in the integrated absorbance. It is proposed that the temperature at which the peak areas begin to decrease be assigned as the Tg. This is measured by continuously scanning a selected peak in the infrared spectrum of a polymer film while it is heated at a rate of about 1°C/min. Using this technique polyamides (nos. 6,66, and 610) exhibited transitions in the 30-50°C range, and by studying the increase in the free NH region (3440 cm-1) of nylon 66 two other transitions were detected at 80 and 137°C; the latter represents a change in the nylon 66 crystal state. An amorphous film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) displayed a transition at 58-68°C (Tg) and at 85°C, which is the crystallization temperature. Films of poly(vinyl acetate) and polystyrene exhibited transitions at 25-37°C and at 70°C, respectively.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 53
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 54
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 24-31 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 50-57 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 56
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spiral and helical fractures can be formed around high-modulus filaments and yarns which are embedded in brittle, amorphous, crosslinked resins. The phenomena are of particular interest because the stress field imposes a highly regular geometry upon the propagating fractures, and because the formation of the large surface area of the spiral fractures provides an efficient mechanism for dissipating strain energy. Development of the approach of the production of discrete geometrical voids with large surface area at predicatable sites may well provide resistance to impact in inherently brittle materials.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 310-318 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A small scale screw extruder designed for laboratory extrusion studies has been developed and its performance characteristics with powder-blended rigid PVC Compounds have been investigated.The use of the extruder in determining the susceptibility of rigid PVC compounds to various die-induced viscoelastic phenomena (fracture, sharkskin, and swell) is described.An investigation of the phenomenon of “nerve” in rigid PVC extrusions has been carried out. It is concluded that nerve is associated with instabilities in the fluxing process occurring in the transition section of the extruder screw design, the operating variables of the process, and the processing characteristics of the compound.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 32-40 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 64-73 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 81-81 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 62
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 110-115 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elasticity of polymer melts is of major concern in the processing of plastics. It is usually reflected by dimensional changes. Since the swelling of polymer extrudates depends on the capillary dimensions and the volumetric flow rate, the blow-up must be examined over a range of conditions. Of course, the swelling is also dependent on polymer structure. Consequently, variations in materials and operating conditions necessiate changes in tooling. This paper describes the swelling behavior of several different polymer types and illustrates that viscosity measurements can not be used to predict elasticity.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 142-150 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An idealized polymer model is used to examine the magnitude of the catastrophic tensile breaking energy and stress in terms of primary and secondary bonding forces. Computed strengths for primary and secondary bonding are respectively 8000 and 500 times larger than observed values of a common thermoplastic. From other considerations, the glass transition temperature for both elastomeric and thermoplastic polymers is found to show a linear dependence on the cohesive energy per unit length of polymer chain.In special polymer model, the influence of polymer chains on unidirectional elongation is shown to be a function of chain size. Elongation data reported on a series of modified polycarbonates exhibit a correlation with chain size as described by the model. Published data on the polycarbonate series are used to evaluate the correlation between observed deformation breaking energies and cohesive energies calculated from glass transition temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 195-201 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile strength of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data indicate agreement with existing theories as modified to suit plastics. The theory is extrapolated to provide a means for computing the strength of a random composite.
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  • 65
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 210-215 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties, i. e., yield stress and stress-strain curve of the quenched (“smectic”) form of polypropylene have been shown to be time dependent at room temperature. The yield stress increases linearly with the logarithm of film age. No changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern, infra-red spectrum, electron diffraction pattern or morphology have been observed corresponding to this change in physical properties. A molecular mechanism is proposed which will explain this again process. Spherulites of the quenched form have been found to deform affinely when drawn. In contrast to this, slow cooled films show complete destruction of internal spherulite (lamellar) order, indicating a complex mechanism of deformation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 216-226 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical and mechanical properties of block copolymers are compared and correlated with the corresponding random copolymers. The important properties of melting point, transition temperatures, tensile strength, modulus, and elastic properties depend upon the structural arrangement of the molecular units comprising the polymer strecture. All available data suggest overwhelmingly that properties of block copolymers are superior to those of random copolymers. A block copolymer can have properties characteristic of each of the homopolymers from which it is derived as well as a set of properties due to the polymer strcture as a whole. Block copolymers have an advantage over random copolymers in that a crystalline polymer can be modified without significant reduction of its melting point, modulus, tensile strength, and elastic properties, and by suitable selection of a second component it affords a means of “building in” a particular property.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 281-289 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The constitution and properties of crazes in glassy polymers and their relation to crack propagation are reviewed. New evidence is discussed which shows the craze to be much softer than the parent polymer but capable of sustaining large stresses and strains up to the point of failure. Craze failure is much more dependent on polymer molecular weight than is craze formation, and this difference is reflected in changes in both fracture surface morphology and crack toughness with molecular weight. Finally craze mechanical properties are thought to be integrally related to the mechanical behavior of high impact plastics.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 113-254 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 49 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 255-316 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 70
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 49-112 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 34 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 317-401 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 1-48 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 74
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 75
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper discusses the deformational behaviour of thermoplastics, particularly in relation to their utilization through rational engineering design procedures. It describes the comprehensive systems of data that are replacing the old single datum quantities published hitherto and comments briefly on the corrdination of materials testing through the activities of B.S.I. Committee PLC/36.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 126-129 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the dynamic mechanical response of molten polymers was performed using the Maxwell Orthogonal Reheometer. One purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties. Data were obtained over a range of temperatures for both monodisperse and polydisperse materials which indicate that viscoelasticity is highly temperature dependent only for monodisperse polymers. On a molecular basis the reduction in temperature sensitivity for polydisperse materials logically can be attributed to the influence of the low molecular weight species present in a distribution on the relaxation spectrum. Since the relaxation spectrum largely determines all viscoelastic functions, the observations made from th dynamic data shown in this paper can be generalized to all viscoelastic experiments.
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  • 77
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Time-temperature equivalence was used to predict the long term engineering behavior of highly crystalline ethylene-butene copolymers. The long term behavior (greater than 1000 hrs.) was accurately predicted from tests of short duration (30 hrs.). This time-temperature principle was applied to stress-relaxation and creep at stresses, strains and temperatures normally encountered in engineering practices. It was also used to solve a design problem involving the creep deformation of metal plastic laminates. Long term tests were performed to confirm the predicted results. This technique was not applicable to rubber modified polystyrene because of an unexpected transition at 88°F.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 202-209 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of the quenched form of polypropylene was investigated. Thin films of the quenched form consist of small ball-like structures which we suggest are defective hexagonal crystals. In thicker films they aggregate to form spherulites with no observable fine structure. Quenching of thin films of molten polypropylene to a temperature below 0°C results in the formation of numerous, isolated monoclinic spherulites with a better defined morphology than the smectic spherulites obtained by quenching above 0°C. This result suggests that the films (quenched below 0°C) were quenched to the glass and subsequently crystallized to the monoclinic form upon heating to room temperature.
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  • 79
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 80
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 246-251 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties of a composite of glassy and rubbery polymers, ABS, were studied. Orientation induces two effects: (1) the intensity of the loss dispersion attributed to the rubbery component initially increases, then is reduced, and (2) a new loss peak at a temperature approximately 40°C below the original loss peak for the rubbery component appears. Assuming that this new peak is due to the dilated rubber particles embedded in the glassy matrix under strain, it is judged from the theory of Newman and Strella that a built-in strain of 6% would be sufficient to cause this shift in Tg. Above the Tg of the rubbery component, the strain energy required to break increases with temperature. The reinforcement through incorporation of rubber particles is accomplished by enhancing the ability of the glassy matrix to draw on a local, microscopic scale. Such a local cold drawing may well be identified with crazing of glassy polymers.
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  • 81
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 259-266 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of two methods for studying molecular processes accompanying the deformation of polyethylene are described. The examination of spherulite deformation by observing light scattering patters along with measurement of the birefringence, stress and strain during the rapid extension of polyethylene shows that this initial structural deformation is essentially instantaneous. Dynamic x-ray diffraction shows that this is followed by a slower relaxation involving change in the orientation of the crystals by two processes, the lower temperature one involving slipping of lamellae past each other and the higher temperature one involving viscoelastic flow of the crystals.
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  • 82
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 272-280 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The steady state, non-isothermal behavior of rigid polyvinyl chloride melt, flowing in capillaries of circular cross-section, was investigated by solving, with the aid of a digital computer, the momentum and energy balance equations. It was assumed that the polymer melt can be described by the “Power Law” constitutive equation. The shear rate, temperature and pressure dependent properties of the fluid were obtained experimentally. The effects of the thermal degradation of PVC on its viscosity, were also introduced in the equations of momentum and energy.The velocity, temperature and pressure profiles, obtained for both adiabatic flow and flow through a tube of constant wall temperature, indicate that considerable heating of the melt, due to viscous dissipation, can be achieved at moderate flow rates. Thermal degradation occurs in the capillary under certain conditions of temperature history and residence time of the fluid. The results of this work are in fair agreement with experimental results in this area.
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  • 83
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 241-244 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A widely accepted method for determining the particle size of the dispersed phase in impact polystyrene is by the microscopic examination of microtomed sections or dilute solutions of the polymer. Although this technique is relatively quick, it has obvious shortcomings to its statistical relaibility. In an effort to obtain more meaningful data, a Coulter Counter was employed to measure the average particle size and particle size distribution of the dispersed phase in a number of impact polystyrene samples. The materials examined contained rubber particles ranging from one to twenty microns in diameter. It was found that the weight average distribution of these particles was most nearly described by a log-normal probability function. The relative accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements made with the Coulter Counter suggest that it is a valuable tool for obtaining quantitative particle size information on the rubber modified polystyrene system.
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  • 84
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 252-258 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer melts exhibit a decrease in apparent viscosity as a function of decreasing time scale of shearing. In order to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms giving rise to this non-Newtonian behavior studies have been made of the dynamic linear viscoelastic response, the limit of linear viscoelastic behavior and the stress relaxation in polymer melts after steady state shearing. The results of these experiments are analyzed with respect to shear induced changes in the relaxation spectrum and the effect of these changes on the apparent viscosity.
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  • 85
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 302-309 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of absorbed solvents and chemical agents on the stress-strain and dynamic mechanical properties of nylon 6 film have been examined. The agents investigated were: water, benzyl alcohol, phenol and iodine. These materials produce changes in the crystalline structure as well as plasticization when they are absorbed. Repeated introduction and removal of phenol indicated that the change of structure takes place completely during the first absorption; after that, the effects of absorption are reversible. The pure plasticizer effect can therefore be observed by comparison of a sample containing plasticizer and a sample from which the plasticizer has been subsequently removed. The general effect of absorbed plasticizer (except for iodine) seems to depend primarily on the amount of plasticizer absorbed, and very little on its exact chemical nature. However, different agents can produce different crystalline forms. A method of analyzing the stress-strain curve is hypothesized based on the concept of a two-phase solid state structure consisting of a crystalline lattice imbedded in an amorphous matrix.
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  • 86
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 547-555 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Changes in flow properties of polyethylene resins have often been observed during processing operations. Studies in this laboratory show that melt viscosity of polyethylene normally increases when the resin is heated in a compression mold at temperatures below 300°C. At the same time, the solution viscosity actually decreases in some cases. During extrusion, on the other hand, both melt viscosity and solution viscosity are shown to decrease. In addition, the logarithm of melt flow rate is seen to deviate markedly from the expected linear dependence on reciprocal of absolute temperature. The results suggest that both crosslinking and chain-scission reactions occur during processing, the former predominating at low or zero shear, the latter at high shear.
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  • 87
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 593-604 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of a polyimide (poly-4,4′-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) were studied from about 4 to 800°K. at audio frequencies. A prominent relaxation associated with absorbed water content occurs near 230°K. Below 270°K., the modulus undergoes a corresponding increase in value with increasing water content. Above 550°K. the onset of a major relaxation process is observed in the modulus data, and a maximum in the internal friction is observed at about 675°K. Minor relaxation peaks are also noted throughout the temperature range. Relatively minor differences are noted in the mechanical relaxation spectra for the polyimide when treated (after drying) with dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide, whereas the treatment with water after drying has a marked effect on the relaxation behavior. A reactor radiation dose of 3000 Mrad also causes only minor alterations in the dynamic mechanical spectra.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 639-653 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal dehydrochlorination of semicrystalline, but rather low molecular weight, PVC fractions, prepared by ionic polymerization catalyzed by tert-butylmagnesium chloride was studied under an inert atmosphere and compared with that of commercial polymer. When the samples are in powder form, the crystallinity of some fractions, which are insoluble at room temperature in all the usual solvents for PVC, induces a tremendous thermal stability, which is observed so long as the temperature is under the melting point of the sample. In dilute solution, the dehydrochlorination of all the samples is much slower, but the differences between the samples are less important; besides, a catalytic effect of some metallic impurities is observed. This catalytic effect is chiefly relative to a process of intermolecular condensation which causes the formation of a labile tertiary chlorine structure and so initiates or accelerates the purely thermal chain dehydrochlorination. It is suggested that, besides the crystallization and the catalytic effects, the configuration of the structural units could be an important factor in the course of the dehydrochlorination process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 699-709 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy resins were prepared from di-α-naphthol(4,4′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl) and di-β-naphthol(2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl). The resins consisted mainly of the reaction product of 1 mole of dinaphthol with 2 moles of epichlorhydrin. They contained chlorine, however, and were correspondingly deficient in diepoxide functionality. The resins from di-α-naphthol were crystalline, had m.p. 200°C., and were not miscible with conventional curing agents. Di-β-naphthol gave resins with softening points in the range 50-70°C., which cured with diethylenetriamine or the anhydrides of dibasic acids, giving hard but brittle products. The brittleness was not removed by curing with plasticizing curing agents, such as tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride. The cured di-β-naphthol-based resins had thermal stabilities similar to analogous epoxy resins based on bisphenol A.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 739-750 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature changes which take place in a yarn during extension are considered. From thermodynamical considerations and the heat-transfer coefficient it is shown that extension of the yarns studied will take place isothermally at strain rates below 0.04 sec.-1 and adiabatically at rates above 4 sec.-1 It is not possible to make an accurate estimate of the magnitude of the temperature rise during adiabatic extension, because of the lack of information on internal energy changes during irreversible extension, but by assuming these to be zero it is estimated that the temperature is likely to rise by 20-30°C. at strains above 10%. Results from a study of the effect of strain rate on the stress-strain curves of five different yarns show in all these materials a range of strain rate in which the stress that produces a given strain increases less rapidly with strain rate than elsewhere. For viscose and poly(ethylene terephthalate) this effect occurs in the expected range of strain rate, and its magnitude is of the correct order for it to be attributed to the temperature rise resulting from the transition from isothermal to adiabatic extension. For the other materials the transition does not seem likely to provide a complete explanation of this effect. There is no evidence that the transition significantly affects the breaking properties.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The induction periods and maximum cure rates of an EPDM gum rubber were determined by using the Monsanto oscillating disk rheometer and correlated against the initial concentrations of curing ingredients. Sulfur curing systems accelerated by TMTM and TMTD were used. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-accelerated and the TMTD-accelerated EPDM terpolymer compounds differed significantly only at low sulfur concentrations where the TMTM-accelerated compounds had slower maximum cure rates. Above approximately the 1% concentration level, TMTM and TMTD were found increasingly to retard the maximum cure rates of the EPDM terpolymer compounds as the initial concentrations of the thiuram accelerators were increased. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-and TMTD-accelerated terpolymer compounds were found to be variable order in initial accelerator concentration, second-order in initial cure site concentration, approximately half-order in initial sulfur concentration above 0.3% sulfur, and of a positive variable order in initial zinc oxide concentration.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1231-1237 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An effective surface treatment for adhesive bonding of polyethylene has been developed. It involves exposing the polymer to an environment of elemental fluorine or fluorine diluted in argon. By this treatment, extensive fluorination of the surface region is effected. The fluorinated surface permits formation of strong adhesive joints by conventional adhesive bonding techniques even though the wettability of the new surface is similar to polytetrafluoroethylene. We believe that treatment of the polymer with elemental fluorine effectively eliminates the weak boundary layer associated with polyethylene by either crosslinking or by increasing the molecular weight in the surface region.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1279-1295 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several types of antioxidants are evaluated in high-density polyethylene for color and physical property stabilization during processing and thermal aging. A wide variety of evaluation tests are used and discussed. Heat- and light-induced oxidation mechanisms are reviewed. Antioxidants such as octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and tetrakis[methylene 3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxy phenyl) propionate] methane were found to provide very high retention of physical properties, excellent initial color and color retention. Combinations of antioxidant- and ultraviolet light absorbers were evaluated for stabilizing high density polyethylene exposed to artificial light and outdoor weathering. The combination of octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and 2-(2′-5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole was found to be a very efficient stabilizer system. Polymer containing this stabilizer combination had excellent color stability and minimum crosslinking and embrittlement after Arizona weathering.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1751-1754 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(norbornene), prepared through ring-opening polymerization, were studied. Tensile strength and extensibility increased, while Young's modulus decreased with increasing molecular weight and with increasing content of trans relative to cis unsaturation. The damping factor Delta; was dependent on molecular weight only for the lower molecular weight samples. The out-of-phase modulus E″ and the damping factor decreased as the trans/cis ratio increased.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2047-2058 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers were compared with those of polybutadiene-polyacrylonitrile blends. Also, the properties of copolymers having an acrylonitrile unit content of about 30% were compared with those of polymer blends having the same acrylonitrile unit content, i.e., NBR-NBR, polybutadiene-NBR, and polyacrylonitrile-NBR, having different acrylonitrile unit contents. These blends were prepared by roll blending and the vulcanizates were prepared by sulfur cure. The properties of the copolymers were markedly different from those of the blends, that is, in the blends the properties showed a linear relationship with their blending ratios, while in the copolymers the properties showed a curvilinear relationship. In the cases of the polymer blends having a constant acrylonitrile unit content, those blends which were prepared by blending two polymers having similar acrylonitrile unit contents showed better properties than the ones having very different acrylonitrile unit contents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2097-2104 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) is gelled by radiation from a 60Co source. At concentrations of 0.25 to 1 wt-%, doses of 4.5 to 7.5 × 104 rad cause gelation. The storage modulus of the gel formed increases linearly with additional dose to a plateau value and then remains constant during further irradiation. The does needed to reach the plateau, Dp in rads, and the plateau modulus Gp in dynes per square centimeter, are related to the concentration c, in weight per cent: Dp = 1.05 × 106c and Gp = 1.75 × 104c2.5. The energy absorbed by the polymer per crosslink formed is about 80 ± 10 kcal/mol. The crosslink density produced by radiation is calculated from the measured modulus by using the theory of rubber elasticity. Both modulus and loss are measured in a special air-bearing, recording torsion pendulum with a coneplate geometry.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2105-2109 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of nylon 6 have been prepared by the hexamethylene diamine-initiated polymerization of ∊-caprolactam at 220°C. Fractionation of these with m-cresol-diethyl ether at 26°C yielded 15 amino-terminated fractions of M̄n of 337-10,940 determined conductometrically. Below M̄n = 4,306 the Mark-Houwink parameters in m-cresol at 30°C are K = 3.0 × 10-3 dl/g and v = 0.53 ± 0.02. Thereafter v exhibits a pronounced increase. The value of K is similar to the values of Kθ derived from Stockmayer-Fixman plots of published data in good solvents. The findings thus corroborate a current hypothesis that fractionated, low molecular weight polymers in good solvents tend to behave viscometrically, as if they were under θ conditions (i.e., K = Kθ and v = 0.50).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several series of ABA-type “tapered” block polymers of styrene (monomer A) with isoprene or butadiene were prepared with the use of n-butyllithium or sec-butyllithium as initiators in benzene solution. The stress-strain curves of the raw polymers are reported, showing that many of them behave at ambient temperature like vulcanized elastomers. These polymers consist, however, of completely linear chains, with no chemical crosslinks between them; they are thermoplastic, can be easily molded, and are soluble in common solvents. Hence, they may be classed as pseudo-crosslinked elastomers. Better stress-strain properties are obtained from polymers made with sec-butyllithium than with n-butyllithium; in turn, polymers from butadiene have better properties than those from isoprene. Stress-strain curves most closely resembling those of crosslinked elastomers are obtained in general from polymers containing about 30-45% styrene. It was found that AB-type block polymers have very poor tensile strengths and low elongations. The microstructures of polybutadienes and polyisoprenes of various molecular weights, prepared in benzene solvent with alkyllithium initiators, were also determined and compared with literature data for like polymers prepared in cyclohexane solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of acid acceptor level (sodium hydroxide) in the interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 has been studied. It was found that increased acceptor levels shifted the curves of intrinsic viscosity versus sebacoyl chloride concentration to the right. It was also found that peak intrinsic viscosity values first decreased and then increased with increasing acid acceptor levels. The experimental results were shown to relate to balance of reactants and character of polycondensation zone.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with polydispersity coefficient characterization in poly(propylene glycols) (PPG 425, 750, 1025, 1200, and 2025) and poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG 200, 600, and 1000). The methods used involved ratio of 50% solution to intrinsic viscosity and ratio of weight-average to number-average molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, light-scattering photometry, and vapor pressure osmometry. The methods used assigned the same value to this coefficient. Polydispersity in polyglycols, which have low molecular weights (≤2200) and narrow distributions (≤1.1), may thus be determined from viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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