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  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (23)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1930-1934
  • 1971  (23)
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dendrodendritic synapses of cells that have axons: The fine structure of the Golgi type II cell in the medial geniculate body of the cat (1971)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 133 (1971), S. 216-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurocytology ; Synapse ; Audition ; Thalamus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study provides a combined analysis with the Golgi method and electron microscopy of the Golgi type II cells of the thalamus in the cat. In the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body these cells constitute a large, morphologically homogeneous population of neurons. They are clearly distinguished from the thalamo-cortical neurons by their size, shape, kinds of dendritic appendages, and cytoplasmic structure. The axon of the Golgi type II cell is exceptionally short and forms a small number of lumpy endings in the vicinity of its origin. The dendrites are often longer and much more elaborately branched than the axon. The shafts of these dendrites bear spiculated appendages, while the distal ends of the dendrites form clusters of very large endings. The appendages and terminal clusters participate in the nests of axonal endings formed by the afferent auditory axons and the dendritic branches of thalamo-cortical neurons. These axonal nests are the synaptic nests observed in electron micrographs. Within the synaptic nests the endings of Golgi type II neurons form dendrodendritic synapses on the dendrites of the thalamocortical neurons. The dendritic endings of Golgi type II neurons also receive synapses from the afferent axons. The dendrodendritic synapses may involve the Golgi type II neurons in an inhibitory role in the thalamo-cortical transformation of auditory signals. The dendrodendritic endings of the Golgi type II neurons continue to grow in the adult cat. Possibly these cells are involved in the evolution of cortical functions and in the plastic changes of neural activities that modify behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00528025
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early prenatal ontogenesis of the cerebral cortex (neocortex) of the cat (Felis domestica). A Golgi study (1971)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 117-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Prenatal ontogenesis ; Neocortex ; Cat ; Golgi study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neocortex of the cat undergoes a series of fundamental transformations of its fibrillar-neuronal organization during the course of early prenatal cortical ontogenesis. Some of these transformations assume structural chracteristics and neuronal features which resemble those of phylogenetically older cortical organizations. Following the arrival of corticipetal fibers at the marginal zone of the cerebral vesicle a very primitive neocortical organization, the primordial plexiform layer develops. It is characterized by the external location of the white matter with both corticipetal and a few corticofugal fibers and a few immature neurons sandwiched between the fibers. The primitive plexiform layer is present in the cat from the 20th to the 25th day of gestation. The external (superficial) location of the white matter of the primordial plexiform layer of the cat neocortex is reminiscent of the amphibian cortical organization. It also resembles other primitive structures (spinal cord) of the central nervous system. In view of its short duration and because of the immaturity of its fibrillar-neuronal elements, the primordial plexiform layer is considered to be a transient neocortical organization possibly without functional activity in the cat. The appearance of the cortical plate (25th day of gestation) causes the subdivision of the primordial plexiform layer into an outer and an inner zone. The outer zone becomes layer I and the inner zone layer VI of the neocortex. Both of these layers remain as such throughout cortical development. From the 25th to the 45th day of gestation the fibrillarneuronal structure of layers I and VI develop while the cortical plate grows, passively, by the progressive addition of new cells. The progressive fibrillar-neuronal organization of layers I and VI and the development of structural and functional interactions between them constitutes the primordial neocortical organization of the cerebral cortex of the cat. It is characterized by a superficial (layer I) and a deep (layer VI) plexiform layer composed predominantly of collaterals from the corticipetal fibers arriving at the developing cortex and by three basic types of neurons. The horizontal neurons of layer I with descending axons terminating in layer VI, and the Martinotti neurons of layer VI with ascending axons terminating in layer I, are associative neurons. The large stellate neurons of layer VI are projective neurons. The axons of these cells before entering the white matter send ascending recurrent collaterals to layer I. The fibrillar-neuronal organization of the neocortex during this gestational period (primordial neocortical organization) resembles the organization of the reptilian neocortex. It is postulated that the primordial neocortical organization of the cat is functionally active during this gestational period. The arrival of new types of afferent fibers at the lower region of the cortical plate (45th day of gestation) causes the maturation of the pyramidal neurons of this region of the neocortex. These neurons are recognized at this age as the pyramidal neurons of layer V of the neocortex of the cat. The appearance of these afferent fibers and the maturation of the pyramidal neurons of layer V marks the transformation of the neocortex from its primitive reptilian structure into a distinctly mammalian organization. It is postulated that the cortical plate (pyramidal plate) is a recent addition in neocortical phylogeny representing a mammalian transformation. An analogy seems to exists among the pyramid-like neurons of the amphibian cortex, the pyramid-like neurons of the reptilian neocortex and the pyramid-like neurons (stellate) of layer VI of the mammalian neocortex. This analogy differs from the classical one postulated by Cajal which includes the pyramidal neurons of the mammalian neocortex, which are here considered as recent additions to neocortical phylogeny and hence as distinct mammalian neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519296
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin and termination of cuneocerebellar tract (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 339-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cuneocerebellar tract ; External cuneate nucleus ; Main cuneate nucleus ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The origin and termination was determined for cells belonging to the cuneocerebellar tract in the cat, which consists of one proprioceptive component (P-CCT) activated by group I muscle afferents and one exteroceptive component (E-CCT) activated by cutaneous afferents. The recording sites of the cells were histologically verified and the termination of the axons assessed by antidromic activation from the cerebellar surface. 2. The P-CCT originates from cells in the external cuneate nucleus, where forelimb muscles are somatotopically represented. The observations suggest that practically all cells in this nucleus project to the cerebellum and are activated by muscle afferents. 3. The E-CCT originates from cells in the rostral part of the main cuneate nucleus, where they occur intermingled with lemniscal neurones. 4. The CCT terminates in the pars intermedia of lobule V of the anterior lobe and in the four rostral folia of the paramedian lobule. The majority of the cells send one branch to each projection area. 5. The P-CCT and E-CCT terminate in the same projection areas. 6. CCT neurones activated from distal and proximal parts of the limb terminate diffusely in the entire projection area, although there is some tendency for neurones activated from distal parts to terminate caudally and for neurones activated from proximal parts to terminate rostrally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234336
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optic nerve axon diameters measured in the cat retina: Some functional considerations (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 498-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic nerve ; Retina ; Axon diameters ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Because of the arrangement of axon bundles in the fibre layer of the cat's retina, it is possible to obtain electronmicroscopic sections of axon bundles which contain exclusively either axons arising from the area centralis, or axons arising from peripheral retina. From electronmicrographs of such sections we have constructed axon diameter spectra for central and peripheral axon samples. The centrally originating axons are markedly smaller than peripheral axons, in good agreement with their slower conduction velocity (described in an accompanying paper). The diameter spectra of both peripheral and area centralis axon samples are unimodal, in contrast to the two conduction velocity groups known to exist within each axon population. Alternative explanations of this discrepancy between diameter and conduction velocity spectra are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234280
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitation and depression of cortical neurones during spreading depression (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 132-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Spreading Depression ; Glutamic acid ; Excitation ; Depression ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Variations in the excitability of individual cortical neurones during the invasion of spreading depression (SD) have been monitored by observing the alterations of spontaneous and L-glutamate-induced firing. Invasion of many neurones during SD is marked by a brief burst of firing which occurs concurrently with the onset of the negative slow extracellular potential. Other neurones do not fire, although the microelectrode records a negative slow wave. Depression of glutamate-induced and spontaneous firing follows and may last for several minutes. The initial loss of excitability of those neurones that discharge during SD invasion may be due to excessive depolarization. This phase is rapidly succeeded by a period of depressed excitability, during which the neurones can be invaded by an antidromic spike or excited by increased amounts of L-glutamate. These findings indicate that SD propagation initially involves the release of an excitant substance, possibly glutamic acid. The continuing effects of SD are due to the reduction in cell excitability. As many neurones are depressed without undergoing an initial excitation, it appears that a depressant substance is also involved. This may be gamma-aminobutyric acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234311
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitability changes of extensor motoneurons and primary afferent endings during prolonged stimulation of flexor afferents (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 150-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Monosynaptic response ; Primary afferent depolarization ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Long trains of electrical stimuli supramaximal for Group I fibers of PBST nerves were used to study the effect on GS pathway. Inhibition of GS monosynaptic response occurred during PBST stimulation: however, decline in the inhibition developed with time despite the constancy of the inhibitory input monitored from the dorsal root. The level of recovery of the monosynaptic reflex at steady state depended upon the frequency of PBST stimulation, the higher the frequency the more complete the recovery. The effect of increasing the frequency of GS stimulation was to increase the inhibitory effect from PBST. Enhanced excitability of GS primary afferent endings in monosynaptic contact with homonymous motoneurons occurred and decreased parallel to the recovery of the monosynaptic response. When present, the polysynaptic response evoked by stimulating GS peripheral nerves increased during PBST stimulation in an inverse relation to changes in the monosynaptic response. Intracellular recordings from GS motoneurons usually revealed no change in membrane potential or in excitability of postsynaptic membrane to direct stimulation. Increased delay of intracellular GS spike potential was observed during PBST stimulation. The amount of this shift can be accounted for by polysynaptic activation of the same motoneuron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234312
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on synaptic patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: The C laminae and the perikaryal synapses (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 184-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate ; Cat ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The laminae near the optic tract which have previously been described as C, C1 and C2, have been studied electron microscopically and compared ] to the A laminae. In the A laminae most of the presumed retinogeniculate axons end in encapsulated synaptic zones that contain multiple interconnected synaptic profiles. Only a few of these axons form simple axodendritic synapses upon proximal dendritic segments of the largest cells. In the C laminae the situation is reversed. Most of the retinogeniculate axons end as simple synapses upon medium or small dendrites and few end in encapsulated synaptic zones. Further, these zones are simpler in the C laminae than in the A laminae. The neuronal profiles are smallest and the synaptic interconnections appear to be least complex in lamina C2, where there are only a few, small, presumed retinogeniculate terminals. Of the three C laminae, lamina C, furthest from the optic tract, shows the largest profiles and the most complex interconnections. Bundles of very fine axons occur in all the laminae, but they dominate the regions closest to the optic tract (lamina C2) where they tend to run parallel to the lamina. Some of the largest cells in laminae A, A1 and C are contacted by very fine perisomatic axons which contain round vesicles. These axons have not been described before and are likely to represent an input too fine to have been demonstrable by light microscopical methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234315
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The termination of the spinothalamic tract in the cat an experimental study with silver impregnation methods (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 331-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Thalamus ; Silver methods ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The termination of the spinothalamic tract (STT) in the cat has been studied light microscopically in Fink-Heimer and Nauta impregnated sections. Following lesions of the STT at various rostrocaudal levels of the spinal cord the degenerating fibres in the thalamus and subthalamus were mapped, mainly in transverse sections. The cervicothalamic tract was not injured by the lesions. The spinothalamic fibres enter the diencephalon through the mesencephalic reticular formation and terminate in the following regions: the medial portion of the magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (MGmc), the ventrolateral portion of the medial part of the posterior nuclear complex (POm), the caudolateral and medial parts of the zona incerta (ZI), the nucleus centralis medialis (CeM), the nucleus parafascicularis (Pf), the lateral part of the nucleus centralis lateralis (CL), the medial and rostrolateral parts of the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL). To reach these regions the fibres pass through the nucleus centrum medianum (CM), the nucleus subparafascicularis (SPf) and the nucleus paracentralis (Pc). The fibres that terminate in the VL pass through Forel's field H1 and the external medullated lamina (EML). Conclusive results were not obtained concerning a termination in the CM. The spinothalamic fibres do not pass through nor terminate in the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) and the nucleus reticularis (R). The VPL, defined as that portion of the ventral thalamus that receives terminal fibres from the dorsal column nuclei, has been found to extend rostrally only as far as Horsley-Clarke level anterior 10.5. The results strongly support the view that all the spinothalamic fibres terminate ipsilateral to their course in the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord. No signs of a somatotopical organization of the termination of the STT were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234489
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of the distribution of receptive field orientation in cats by selective visual exposure during development (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 509-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Receptive fields ; Visual deprivation ; Neuronal plasticity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A novel procedure was used to rear kittens under conditions of controlled visual experience: one eye was exposed only to vertical lines while the other eye, simultaneously, was exposed only to horizontal lines. Stimuli were presented in a mask which the animals wore whenever they were in a lighted environment. At the conclusion of the rearing period elongated receptive fields of units recorded from the visual cortex of these animals were oriented either horizontally or vertically. This is in contrast to the full complement of receptive field orientations found in normal cats. Furthermore, units with vertically oriented fields were predominantly or exclusively activated by the eye which had been exposed to vertical lines, while neurons with horizontally oriented fields were predominantly or exclusively activated by the eye which had been exposed to horizontal lines. Normally, 80–90% of the neurons in the visual cortex of the cat are activated by both eyes. The consequences of this controlled visual experience provide evidence for highly selective modification of neuronal connectivity by environmental conditions prevailing during development. Sufficient control of the visual environment was achieved to allow direct comparison between single unit response characteristics and the specific stimuli presented during rearing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234246
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fenfluramine on sleep-wakefulness in cats (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; Amphetamine ; Paradoxical Sleep ; Slow-Wave Sleep ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five cats were prepared with chronically implanted electrodes for recording sleep-wakefulness patterns. Four of these animals received fenfluramine at each of three dose levels and data was recorded for the following 12 hours. Percent of time in paradoxical sleep was significantly reduced by 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg, but not by 0.5 mg/kg, of fenfluramine. The higher doses also increased slow-wave sleep and, at 7.5 mg/kg (an anorexigenic dose), total sleep time was significantly increased. Under similar conditions amphetamine, at an anorexigenic dose of 1 mg/kg, significantly suppressed both paradoxical sleep and slow-wave sleep in three cats. Rebound of paradoxical sleep after suppression induced by 2.5 mg/kg of fenfluramine was not seen in either of two cats studied when sleep patterns were recorded for 48 hours. After 7.5 mg/kg of the drug, however, rebound was seen on days 3 and 4 after suppression of paradoxical sleep which lasted for over 26 hours. In two animals, daily administration of 2.5 mg/kg of fenfluramine for 16 consecutive days, followed by saline administration for three days, indicated that tolerance was developing to the suppression of paradoxical sleep produced by the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404052
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mossy and climbing fibre activation in the cat cerebellum by stimulation of the labyrinth (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Mossy fibres ; Climbing fibres ; Vestibular system ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In decerebrate cats, caloric and galvanic stimulations of the labyrinth were able to modulate the activity of the Purkinje cells through both the afferents which terminate in the cerebellar cortex as mossy fibres and climbing fibres. In response to these stimulations, several patterns of response were seen. For the galvanic stimulation a predominant pattern was described. In most cases the mossy fibre driven activity had an effect which was opposite to that of the climbing fibre one. The climbing fibre driven activity could be modulated only in the low frequency range, but it can interfere remarkably with the mossy fibre one. The results described were obtained not only in the so-called vestibular area of the cerebellum, but also in other areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234413
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of afferent connections to cuneocerebellar tract (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 359-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cuneocerebellar tract ; Proprioceptive path ; Exteroceptive path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The afferent connections to 180 cuneocerebellar tract (CCT) neurones were studied in the cat. The neurones were classified into two groups, proprioceptive and exteroceptive. 2. The proprioceptive neurones (P-CCT) occurred in the external cuneate nucleus and were monosynaptically activated by group I muscle afferents. About 60% of these neurones received additional excitation from group II muscle afferents. 3. The P-CCT neurones received excitation from one nerve only. 4. The P-CCT neurones received postsynaptic inhibition from muscle nerves not supplying excitation. 5. The exteroceptive neurones (E-CCT) occurred in the main cuneate nucleus and received di- and polysynaptic excitation from cutaneous afferents. Most neurones received additional excitation from high threshold muscle afferents. The latter originated from receptors that were sometimes activated by pressure against deep structures but seldom, if ever, from slowly adapting stretch receptors in muscle. 6. The E-CCT neurones were usually activated from several skin and muscle nerves. 7. Stimulation of the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex evoked inhibition in some P-CCT neurones and excitation and/or inhibition in some E-CCT neurones. 8. The afferent organization of the CCT is compared with that of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. The information carried by the two tracts is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234337
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conduction velocity groups in the cat's optic nerve classified according to their retinal origin (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 489-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Conduction velocity ; Cat ; Retina ; Optic nerv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By recording antidromic field potentials and unit responses generated in the retina by stimulation of the optic tract and optic disc, evidence was obtained which suggests the presence of four major conduction velocity groups in the cat's optic nerve. The axons from all peripheral retina appear to fall into two groups, fast and slow, which correspond to the two major velocity groups described by earlier workers. Evidence is presented that the axons which arise from the area centralis form two distinctly slower conduction velocity groups. For each conduction velocity group, and for 60 single units, conduction velocity was estimated for both the intraretinal (unmyelinated) and extraretinal (myelinated) segments of the axons. All axons encountered accelerated markedly on leaving the retina. An anatomical basis for the classification of conduction velocity groups is presented in an accompanying paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234279
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lateral geniculate unit activity and eye movements: Saccade-locked changes in dark and in light (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 533-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate body ; Eye movements ; Corollary discharge ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of 83 single lateral geniculate body (LGB) neurons was recorded in encéphale isolé cats, during nystagmic eye movements induced as an after-effect of electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus. Phasic changes in firing, time-locked with the eye movements were found in 66% of the neurons, by a method using the saccades to trigger a post-“saccadic”-time histogram of the corresponding neuronal discharge. In 51% of the neurons, a saccadelocked change was significant even in complete darkness. The onset of the postsaccadic change showed an average latency of about 100 msec from the onset of the movement. The change could be either an increase, or a decrease in firing in both light and dark, or a change evident in one condition only, or even a reversal of the pattern of the change by shifting from one condition to the other. The results are discussed in connection with theories on visuo-motor mechanisms that counteract illusory shifts of visual field during active eye movements. The saccadelocked influences on LGB dark activity strongly support the Helmholtz-Teuber notion of “corollary discharges” modifying the activity of visual centers during eye movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234284
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of stimulation of the cerebral cortex on vestibular nuclei units in the cat (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1971), S. 77-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei units ; Descending influence from cortical areas 2 pri and 6aδ ; Converging multisynaptic pathway ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cats under subhypnotic doses of a-chloralose and pentobarbital the descending action of circumscribed cortical stimulation on the unit activity in the vestibular nuclei was investigated. From a total of 215 units distributed through the middle areas of the vestibular nuclei, 61 units responded — 59 with facilitation and 2 with inhibition. No discernible relationship between units responding to horizontal rotation and those responding to cortical stimulation was demonstrated. Most responsive neurons within the vestibular nuclei were in the internal part of the triangular and the parvocellular and ventral subdivisions of Deiters' nucleus, whereas its dorsal part and the medial vestibular nucleus were virtually free of cortically excitable units. Stimulation of both ipsilateral and contralateral area 2 pri, on the anterior ectosylvian gyri, and area 6aδ, hidden in the cruciate sulcus, was effective, while stimulation of the surface parts of area 6 and of area 4 was not. This response may be conducted via converging multisynaptic pathways to a midbrain area, possibly to the nuclei of the direction-specific eye and head movements, and from there to the vestibular nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234912
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methamphetamine effects upon avoidance behavior during limbic seizures in the cat (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 390-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Septal Stimulation ; Limbic Seizures ; Septal after-Discharge ; Shock Avoidance ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It was predicted that methamphetamine administered to nine adult male cats would counteract the debilitating effects of electrically-induced septal after-discharges (seizures) upon learned shock avoidance. Performance was assessed in terms of number of avoidance responses and their latencies. Septal after-discharges of over five seconds duration resulted in the predicted deterioration of avoidance performance. Under the dosage (1.5 mg/kg) and conditions employed in the present experiment, methamphetamine appeared to enhance, rather than counteract, this effect. Methamphetamine alone had mixed effects upon avoidance behavior: there was less tendency for animals to “freeze” in response to the CS, but subjects appeared confused and disoriented. There was a greater likelihood of occurrence of after-discharges when methamphetamine was used in conjunction with electrical stimulation of the septum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02419062
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carotid body oxygen consumption of the catin vitro (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 323 (1971), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemoreceptors ; Carotid Body ; Cat ; Oxygen Consumption ; Schlüsselwörter ; Chemoreceptoren ; Glomus caroticum ; Katze ; Sauerstoffverbrauch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oxygen consumption of the cat carotid body has been measuredin vitro using a confinement method. The oxygen consumption of the organ appears to be very high (1.14 ml STPD·min−1 per gram of dried tissue). The carotid body dry mass (0.044 mg) was much lower than the values found in the literature. The O2 consumption versus O2 tension relationship of this small organ shows no critical points as other organs generally do.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592402
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in firing rates of extensor motoneurones caused by electrically increased spinal inputs (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 326 (1971), S. 35-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extensor Motoneurones ; Synaptic Activation ; Inhibition ; Spinal Cord ; Cat ; Extensor-Motoneuren ; Synaptische Erregung ; Hemmung ; Rückenmark ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Veränderungen in repetitiven Entladungsmustern der extensor Alpha-Motoneuren während afferenter Tetanisationen mit verschiedenen Reizstärken und Reizfrequenzen wurden bei decerebrierten Katzen untersucht. 2. Die Motoneuren wurden durch Teilung der Ventralwurzeln bei Tetanizationen des ipsilateralen N. gastrocnemius mit 100–200 Hz funktionell isoliert. Nach Amplituden der extracellulär abgeleiteten Spikes wurden die Motoneuren zu “großen” und “kleinen” angeordnet. Die Anzahl der aktivierten afferenten Fasern wurde durch die Steigerung der Reizstärke gesteigert. 3. Kleine Motoneuren waren immer tonisch; große Motoneuren waren im allgemeinen phasisch, selten tonisch. Die Schwelle für tonische Entladungen lag höher bei großen Motoneuren als bei kleinen. 4. Hochfrequente Tetanisationen (150–200 Hz) des N. gastrocnemius verursachte eine Aktivitätsabnahme bei großen Motoneuren; dabei blieb die Entladungsfrequenz der kleinen Motoneuren unverändert oder war öfters leicht gesteigert. 5. Die Steigerung der Zahl der tetanisierten afferenten Fasern bei unveränderten Reizfrequenzen verursachte eine Abnahme des Entladungsrates der kleinen tonischen Motoneuren oder wandelte sie zu den phasischen um; die Entladungsfrequenz der großen Motoneuren wurde durch diese Prozedur gesteigert. 6. Möglichkeiten, welche die Unterschiede in Entladungsmustern der großen und kleinen Motoneuren während afferenter Tetanisationen mit verschiedenen Reizstärken und Reizfrequenzen verursachen können, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. Variations in repetitive firing patterns of extensor alpha motoneurones caused by afferent tetanizations at different intensity and frequencies were investigated in decerebrated cats. 2. Motoneuronal units were isolated by dividing ventral roots and tetanization of the ipsilateral gastrocnemius nerves with 100–200 Hz. The amplitude of extracellularly recorded spikes of motoneurones was used for classifying them as “large” or “small”. The number of activated afferent fibres was increased by increasing the stimulus intensity. 3. Small-amplitude motoneuronal units were always tonic; large-amplitude motoneuronal units were generally phasic, rarely tonic. The threshold for tonic firing was higher in large-amplitude units than in small-amplitude units. 4. High frequency afferent tetanization (150–200 Hz) caused depression in activities of large-amplitude motoneuronal units; discharge frequencies of small-amplitude motoneuronal units remained unchanged or were often slightly increased during such stimulations. 5. Increasing the number of afferent fibres tetanized at unchanged frequencies caused a decrease in firing rates of tonically discharging small-amplitude motoneuronal units or changed them to a phasic type of motoneurones; discharge frequencies of large-amplitude motoneuronal units were increased by this procedure. 6. Possibilities which can cause the differences in firing patterns of small- and large-amplitude motoneuronal units during afferent tetanizations at various stimulus intensities and frequencies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586793
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral cervical nucleus in the cat (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 377-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral cervical nucleus ; Cat ; Quantitative study ; Ultrastructural investigation-Neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Profiles of 14 neurons all sectioned through the nucleolar plane and 87 isolated dendritic profiles have been analyzed with respect to the surface area covered by boutons and astroglial processes. This analysis has revealed two different types of neurons within the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of the cat. The cell types also differ in other ultrastructural respects. One type, which probably consists of projection neurons, is characterized by a rather large size, a relatively small nucleus, numerous mitochondria, well developed granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane of these cells shows somatic spines and the perikaryon is covered with boutons to a mean extent of 42%. The other cell type, which probably is internuncial, is smaller, has a proportionally larger nucleus, few mitochondria and a poorly developed granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. These cells show no somatic spines and the perikaryal membrane is covered with boutons to an extent of about 10%. Also the bouton populations contacting the two cell types differ from one another. The proportion of internuncial neurons within the LCN has been estimated to about 8%. The internuncial neurons seem to have no preferential localization. The primary dendrites of the projection neurons have a bouton covering of about 48%. No proportional differences in covering could be revealed between different sizes of dendrites. The results are discussed in relation to what is known about the anatomical and physiological organization of the LCN, and also compared with the results obtained in other similar investigations on other parts of the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324940
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synaptic organization in the medial geniculate body of afferent fibres ascending from the inferior colliculus (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 44-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral nucleus of medial geniculate body-Synaptic patterns ; Experimental degeneration ; Collicular afferents ; Cell laminae ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body has been examined electron microscopically 2–5 days after destruction of the inferior colliculus. In both the ipsi- and contralateral ventral nuclei, degenerating collicular afferents are of medium diameter (1–5 μ) and their degenerating terminals are distributed mainly to synaptic aggregations (“glomeruli”) in which they end axo-axonically and axo-dendritically. Their distribution and mode of termination indicates that these terminals belong to a class which in normal material is large, contains round synaptic vesicles and ends by means of asymmetrical synaptic complexes upon dendrites and upon the second (“pale”) type of glomerular terminal. It also ends by means of “adhesion plaques” on the same dendrites. As the terminals of corticothalamic afferents to the nucleus are already known, only the origin of two types remains to be determined: the pale terminals, which arise from structures resembling dendrites and which end only axo-dendritically, and a small, less common terminal which ends axo-axonically, axo-dendritically and axo-somatically. Both types contain flattened synaptic vesicles and end by means of symmetrical synaptic complexes. Correlative Nauta and Golgi studies suggest that the collicular afferents have a very specific spatial distribution within the cellular laminae composing the ventral nucleus. The terminal degeneration commences as a neurofilamentous hyperplasia and quickly passes to one of increased electron density. There is evidence for early removal of degenerating terminals from the postsynaptic membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331201
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Glomera coronaria der Katze (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 532-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomera coronaria ; Cat ; Chemoreceptor cell ; Blood supply ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gefäße der zwischen Aorta ascendens und Truncus pulmonalis, an der Vorder- und Hinterwand des Truncus pulmonalis gelegenen Glomera, sowie das sogenannte „Glomus pulmonale“ der Katze lassen sich von den Coronararterien aus durch Tusche-Gelatine-Lösungen füllen. Die erwähnten Paraganglien sind als Chemoreceptorenfelder dem Coronarkreislauf angeschlossen und daher als Glomera coronaria zu bezeichnen. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ergaben eine morphologische Übereinstimmung mit dem Glomus caroticum. Vagusdurchtrennungen verursachen eine Degeneration der an den Glomuszellen gelegenen synaptischen Formationen sowie Veränderungen in Glomuszellen.
    Notes: Summary The vessels of the glomera that lie between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, on the anterior and posterior wall of the pulmonary trunk, as well as the so-called glomus pulmonale of the cat have been injected with gelatine-india ink mixture. The paraganglia mentioned above are associated with the coronary circulation as chemoreceptors and are designated as the glomera coronaria. The investigations demonstrate a morphologic similarity with the glomus caroticum. Section of the vagus causes a degeneration of the synaptic structures on the glomus cells as well as changes in the cells themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324619
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of estrogen on the cat hypothalamus (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 76-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Cat ; Estrogen effects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study the ultrastructural features of tissue from the posterior hypothalamic area were investigated. Ovariectomized cats which were either treated with sesame oil placebo or with estrogen for varying periods of time were used. The following observations were noted. 1. The cat that was treated with placebo one month after ovariectomy showed an increase in the number of dense core (granulated) vesicles within neuronal cytoplasm. This observation was not apparent in the cats which were treated with estrogen one month after ovariectomy. 2. In the cat that had been Ovariectomized for two months before treatment with placebo was initiated, axon terminals contained more dense core vesicles than were observed in axonal endings from estrogen-treated cats in the two month ovariectomy group. 3. The tissue from cats that were continuously treated with estrogen for one month after ovariectomy displayed dense-core vesicles in both somata and neuropil. It is suggested that the ultrastructural changes observed were dependent on both the time of initiation and the length of estrogen treatment. 4. It is concluded that the preliminary observations in this study provide anatomical evidence suggesting that estrogen level in the cat may affect the functional activity of the posterior hypothalamic area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331103
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Bedeutung des Narkoticums für funktionelle Untersuchungen an der Katzenharnblase (1971)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 155 (1971), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Chloralose ; Urethane ; Bladder function ; Isometric determinations ; Cat ; Chloralose ; Urethan ; Blasenfunktion ; Isometrische Untersuchungen ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei isometrischen Untersuchungen von Funktionsabläufen an Katzenharnblasen wurde bei 10 mit Urethan und 49 mit Chloralose narkotisierten Tieren eine eindeutige Dämpfung der Blasenfunktion durch Urethan gefunden. Diese trat bereits ab 50 mg Urethan/kg i.v. auf. Für funktionelle Untersuchungen des Blasenwandmuskels wird daher Chloralose 60 mg/kg i.p. empfohlen.
    Notes: Summary The influence of two anaesthetic agents (urethane and chloralose) on isometrically determined bladder function was compared in the cat. Even if the animal still showed pronounced muscle reflexes urethane (50 mg/kg and more) clearly impaired bladder function in the phase of collection and also the micturition reflex. Chloralose, even when applied in an anaesthetic dose (60 mg/kg i.p.) did not influence bladder function whatsoever. For this reason chloralose is preferable as an anaesthetic agent in functional experiments on the detrusor muscle of the cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047607
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