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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (178)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1971  (178)
  • Ultrastructure  (94)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (84)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Testosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que la clinique et l'expérimentation semblent démontrer que des doses élevées de testostérone provoquent un arrêt prématuré de la croissance, le mécanisme exact et le lieu précis de son action sur l'appareil de croissance des os longs restent indéterminés. Au cours de cette étude, des rats máles de 200 g sont injectés à l'aide de doses supra-physiologiques de testostérone pour observer les effects sub-microscopiques sur les diverses zones du cartilage épiphysaire. Au niveau de la zone de division cellulaire, on note une augmentation des cellules en division. Les cellules, en voie de maturation, présentent plus de produits de sécrétion, à un stade plus précoce de leur cycle d'évolution, et semblent subir une hypertrophie plus rapide. Dans la zone pré-hypertrophique, la matrice intercellulaire présente des foyers de calcification précoce, ainsi que des fibres collagènes plus longues et plus épaisses que chez les témoins. Il apparait que, chez l'animal entier, des doses même élevées de testostérone provoquent initialement une stimulation de la prolifération chondrocytaire, avant de favoriser les processus de maturation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Obwohl experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung darauf hinweisen, daß hohe Dosen von Testosteron zu einem frühzeitigen Wachstumsabschluß führen, sind der genaue Mechanismus und der eigentliche Wirkungsort dieses Hormons im Wachstumsapparat der Röhrenknochen unbekannt geblieben. In diesem Experiment wurden 200 g schweren männlichen Ratten supraphysiologische Testosterondosen injiziert, um die submikroskopischen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Zonen des Epiphysenknorpels zu beobachten. In der Zone der Zellmitosen fand sich eine erhöhte Anzahl von sich teilenden Zellen. Die reifenden Zellen häuften im Frühstadium ihres Lebenscyclus größere Mengen von Sekretionsprodukten an und schienen eine abruptere Hypertrophie durchzumachen. In der prähypertrophen Zone enthielt die interterritoriale Matrix Herde von früher und verfrühter Verkalkung, sowie dickere und längere Kollagenfasern als vergleichsweise in Kontrolltieren. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß bei unbehandelten Tieren sogar große Testosterondosen anfänglich eine Stimulation der Chondrocytenproliferation verursachen, bevor sie die Reifungsprozesse veranlassen.
    Notes: Abstract Although experimental and clinical experience indicates that large doses of testosterone lead to premature cessation of growth, the exact mechanism and precise site of action of this hormone on the growth apparatus of long bones remain unknown. In this study, plateaued male rats were injected with supraphysiologic doses of testosterone to observe the submicroscopic effects on the various zones of the epiphyseal cartilage. In the zone of cell division there were increased numbers of dividing cells. The maturing cells accumulated larger amounts of secretory products at earlier stages of their life cycle, and appeared to undergo a more abrupt hypertrophy. In the zone of prehypertrophy, the interterritorial matrix contained foci of early and premature calcification and thicker and longer collagen fibers than at comparable levels in controls. It is concluded that in intact animals, even large doses of testosterone initially cause a stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, prior to promoting maturation processes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Prism ; Crystals ; Growth ; Shell ; Formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le début des prismes est visible au niveau de la région proximale de la surface externe du repli périphérique externe dans l'espace palléal, limité extérieurement par la périostracum. Le premier stade de formation d'un prisme est identique à celui observé dans la formation du nacre, à savoir l'élaboration d'une lamelle dense aux électrons qui sert de limite interne au futur prisme. Les fragments de lamelles se détachent et migrent vers un espace bordé extérieurement par le periostracum. Ces fragments lamellaires forment des enveloppes, au niveau desquelles on observe le dépôt initial et la croissance des cristaux. En même temps, on voit apparaitre des parois interprismatiques nettes, qui dérivent aussi des lamelles. La croissance de nouveaux cristaux et d'éléments organiques donne finalement un prisme adulte allongé. La croissance de la coquille se fait en périphérie, surtout par formation de nouveaux prismes. En outre, un environnement modifié, qui consiste en un dédoublement du periostracum au niveau de la surface distale, donne naissance à des ilôts étroits, contenant des prismes, qui se forment sur les bords de l'espace produit par la courbe du periostracum.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Prismenbildung beginnt in der proximalen Region der äußeren Oberfläche der äußeren Mantelfalte in Pallialraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum begrenzt wird. Der erste Schritt bei einer Prismenbildung verläuft gleich, wie dies bei der Perlmutterbildung beobachtet werden kann, nämlich in Form der Ausarbeitung einer elektronenoptisch dichten Lamelle, welche als innere Begrenzung des zukünftigen Prismas dient. Fragmente der Lamelle werden abgetrennt und wandern zu einem Zwischenraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum abgeschlossen wird. Diese Lamellenfragmente bilden Hüllen, innerhalb welcher der Kristall entsteht und sein Wachstum stattfindet. Gleichzeitig bilden sich dicke, zwischen den Prismen liegende Wände, die ebenfalls von den Lamellen abstammen. Das aus der Bildung zusätzlicher Kristalle bestehende Wachstum, zusammen mit den organischen Komponenten, läßt schließlich das reife längliche Prisma entstehen. Das Wachstum der Muschel spielt sich am Rande hauptsächlich durch Bildung neuer Prismen ab. Durch eine Veränderung der Umgebung, bestehend aus einer Verdoppelung des Periostracums an der distalen Oberfläche, entstehen zusätzlich dünne, prismenhaltige Sporne, welche innerhalb des begrenzten Raumes vorkommen, der sich durch das Überschlagen des Periostracums bildet.
    Notes: Abstract The initiation of prisms occurs in the proximal region of the outer surface of the outer mantle fold in the pallial space bounded externally by the periostracum. The first step in the formation of a prism is similar to that observed in the formation of nacre, namely, the elaboration of an electron-dense lamella that serves as the internal boundary of the future prism. Fragments of the lamella become detached and migrate to a chamber bounded externally by the periostracum. These lamellar fragments form envelopes within which crystal initiation and growth oocur. At the same time stout interprismatic walls appear. They are also derived from the lamellae. Growth consisting of the formation of additional crystals and the organic components finally give rise to the mature elongated prism. Growth of the shell occurs at the margin chiefly by formation of new prisms in this area. In addition a modified environment consisting of duplicature of the periostracum on the distal surface results in the formation of thin spurs containing prisms that occur within the confines of the space created by the periostracal loop.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Inorganic ; Organic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La phase organique (ou fantôme des cristaux) associéc à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque amas cristallin, sont mises en évidence au niveau du cartilage calcifié en utilisant le sulfate de chrome basique comme agent de fixation, de coloration et de déminéralisation. Le traitement ultérieur du tissu, à l'aide de papaïne ou d'hyaluronidase, indique que les fantômes cristallins constitutent un complexe protéino-polysaccharidique et que la substance de base est formée par une protéine associée à un polysaccharide acide. Les rapports entre phases inorganique et organique sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die organische Phase (oder Kristallit-Schatten), die zu jedem Kristallit gehört, sowie das Hintergrundmaterial, das zu jeder Kristallitgruppe gehört, wurden in calcifiziertem Knorpel sichtbar gemacht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde basisches Chromsulfat als ein kombiniertes Fixierungs-, Färbe- und Demineralisierungsmittel verwendet. Nachfolgende Behandlung des Gewebes mit Papain oder Hyaluronidase läßt vermuten, daß die Kristallitschatten einen Proteinpolysaccharidkomplex darstellen und daß das Hintergrundmaterial hauptsächlich aus Protein mit einigen sauren Polysacchariden besteht. Die Beziehung zwischen anorganischen und organischen Phasen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The organic phase (or crystallite ghost) associated with each crystallite, together with the background material associated with each crystallite cluster, was demonstrated in calcified cartilage using basic chromium sulphate as a combined fixative, stain, and demineralizing agent. Subsequent treatment of the tissue with papain, or with hyaluronidase, suggests that the crystallite ghosts represented a protein-polysaccharide complex and that the background material was principally protein together with some acid polysaccharide. The relationship between inorganic and organic phases is discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Differentiation ; Ultrastructure ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the morphological events which take place in the hamster Leydig cell during its process of prenatal and postnatal differentiation. The most strinking feature of the prenatal differentiation is the high development of the vesicular form of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R.). At around the end of the first month of postnatal life the vesicular form of the S.E.R. is replaced by a truly reticular S.E.R. formed by numerous interconnected cisternae. From fetal to adult life the amount of ribosomes decreases whereas the number of mitochondria and Golgi cisternae increases. It is concluded that the differentiation mechanism of the hamster Leydig cell differs from that observed in the Leydig cell of other species, even of those closely related to the hamster, such as the mouse.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Luminal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Implantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rat uterine luminal epithelium has been examined during normal pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, lactation and lactation-pregnancy, all being conditions when a blastocyst is known to be able to implant. In all four groups of animals the epithelium passes through three characteristic and structurally similar states, namely a pre-attachment state, an attachment state and a postattachment state. The attachment state is characterized by a close contact between apposing luminal surfaces of the epithelium. It is concluded that implantation in an undamaged uterus claims a sequence of certain changes in the uterine luminal epithelium, and that the blastocyst attachment occurs within the early part of that period when the luminal epithelium is in the attachment state.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 139-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Rabbit ; Fertilization ; Blastocysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized rabbit ova were studied in the period from 25 to 144 hr after insemination. Eggs were recovered by flushing the uterine horns and oviducts with Hank's solution. The cells were morphologically alike in the 24 and 48 hr ova. At 661/2 hr blastomeres were differentiated into an inner mass of cells with dense cytoplasm and an outer trophoblastic layer with less dense cytoplasm. Otherwise no morphological differences were seen. Whether the 661/2 hr ova were morulas or blastocysts is discussed. The 96 hr ova were clearly blastocysts. Inner cells and trophoblastic cells at this stage bad the same cytoplasmic density. Mitochondria were increased in number and crystal-like figures were present for the first time. In the 120 and 144 hr ova the cytoplasm of the trophoblastic cells was denser than that of the inner cells. Trophoblastic cells were characterized by their density, crystal-like figures, elongated mitochondria with transverse cristae and many single ribosomes and they were interconnected with well developed junctional complexes. In a few cases a continuity seemed to exist between trophoblastic cells and inner cells. The latter were characterized by cytoplasm of less density than that of the trophoblastic cells, rounded mitochondria and fewer ribosomes. The fine structure of the crystal-like figures, their possible origin and differentiation of the mitochondria are discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 117-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Embryology ; Human adenohypophysis ; Progenitor cell and canaliculi ; Follicular structures ; Histocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the early development of the adenohypophysis was carried out on a human material. Special attention was paid to an accumulation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-and/or-6-sulfate in the mesenchyma; its role in morphogenesis of the Rathke's pouch is discussed. The role of the vessels as a “critical factor” in the budding of the parenchyma and in the differentiation of secretory cells is discussed. Canalicular extensions from the original lumen of the pouch into the core of parenchymal buds, which migrate into the mesenchyma, is a new observation. The participation of canaliculi in formation of follicular structures of pars distalis is described and discussed. The primitive cell type lining the pouch is also found in the wall of canaliculi and follicular structures. The cell type is described and its role as the real progenitor cell of the adenohypophysis is discussed. Three types of colloid are noticed in pars distalis: 1. In the follicular structures, 2. in the slits or clefts caused by partial occlusion of the lumen of the pouch, and 3. mesenchymal extravasal colloid presumably representing material squeezed out from the aforementioned clefts or slits. It is concluded that the colloid contains material secreted from different types of granulated cells as well as material from the surface coat of the luminal cells.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serpulid ; Polychaete ; Hydroxyapatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un petit groupe de cellules épithéliales de la surface antérieure du col du serpulidePomatoceros caeruleus contient des vacuoles, remplies de matériel cristallin. Les cristaux présenttent des aspects rhomboédriques ou rectangulaires. La diffraction électronique montre qu'ils sont constitués par de l'hydroxyleapatite et du phosphate de calcium et de magnésium. Les apex des cellules sont bordés de microvillosités. Certaines cellules ont des cils apicaux. Un appareil de Golgi est visible dans le cytoplasme apical. De nombreuses mitochondries sont dissé minées dans le cytoplasme. Le role éventuel de ces cellules, a contenu minéral, dans la mise en réserve de calcium et/ou de phosphore est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein kleiner Zellverband im Epithel der vorderen Oberfläche am Hals des SerpulidsPomatoceros caeruleus enthält membrangebundene Vakuolen, welche mit kristallinem Material gefüllt sind. Die Kristalle haben rhomboide oder rechteckige Formen; mittels Elektronendiffraktion konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß sie aus Hydroxyapatit und Calciummagnesiumphosphat bestehen. Die oberen Enden der Zellen sind von Microvilli eingefaßt. Einige der Zellen haben zudem apikale Zilien. Die Zellen enthalten Golgi-Apparate im apikalen Cytoplasma. Eine große Anzahl von Mitochondrien sind über das, ganze Cytoplasma verteilt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser mineralhaltigen Zellen als Aufbewahrungsorte für Calcium und/oder Phosphor wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A small patch of cells in the epithelium of the anterior surface of the collar of the serpulidPomatoceros caeruleus contains membrane-bound vacuoles filled with crystalline material. The crystals have rhomboidal or rectangular profiles and have been shown by electron diffraction analysis to be composed of hydroxyapatite and calcium magnesium phosphate. The apices of the cells are bordered by microvilli. Some cells also have apical cilia. The cells contain Golgi complexes in the apical cytoplasm. Large numbers of mitochondria are distributed thoughout the cytoplasm. The possible function of these mineral-containing cells as sites for storage of calcium and/or phosphorus is discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Type IV Glycogenosis ; Amylopectinosis ; Skeletal Muscle ; Polysaccharides ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skeletal muscles from a patient with type IV glycogenosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. The distinctive polysaccharide deposits were more abundant in the tongue and diaphragm than other skeletal muscles. The involved myofibers contained fusiform areas filled with polyhedral or rounded granules of basophilic material that was further characterized by staining with periodic acid-Schiff, Grocott methenamine silver and alcian blue. Ultrastructurally the deposits were composed of branched filaments, osmophilic granules and electron-dense amorphous material. There are sufficient ultrastructural, histochemical and chemical similarities among the deposits in type IV glycogenosis, Lafora bodies and visceral deposits in myoclonus epilepsy, corpora amylacea and basophilic degeneration of the myocardium to suggest a common composition and mechanism of synthesis possibly through reversal of the debranching enzyme system. However, sharing a biochemical pathway does not necessarily imply a common etiological factor.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Wilson's Disease ; Opalski Cells ; Tissue Culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The object of the present study was to analyse the ultrastructure of Opalski cells, obtained in tissue culture according to the method described by Mossakowskiet al. (1970). The electron microscopic picture of the Opalski cells was characterized by scanty endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and a greatly reduced number of mitochondria, as compared with glial cells cultured in vitro. Their cytoplasm contained two types of spherical bodies, one of which corresponded to lysosome-like bodies; the second one, in the authors' opinion, represented an accumulation of mucopolysaccharide substances. The ultrastructural picture of Opalski cells corresponded well with their previously described histochemical properties.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 173-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Progressive Muscular Dystrophy ; Duchenne Type ; Ultrastructure ; Lipidstorage ; Type I Fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Muskelgewebe von 10 Knaben mit Duchennescher Form von PMD wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die einzelnen myopathischen Veränderungen wurden feinstrukturell analysiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Spezifität beurteilt. Es treten Fasernekrose, davon abhängig Faserregenerate, weiters Faserdegenerationen mit primärer Filamentenordnungsstörung und konsekutiver Filamentendegeneration, sowie einfache Faseratrophie als Gesamtfaserschädigung auf. Fokale myopathische Veränderungen, vorwiegend auf Typ I-Fasern beschränkt, sind Z-Streaming und Lipidspeicherung in zentralen Faserabschnitten. Keine der Einzelveränderungen ist für sich spezifisch, lediglich ihre Häufigkeitsverteilung ergibt ein charakteristisches Muster. Pathogenetische Faktoren der Einzelveränderungen, besonders Lipidakkumulation in Typ I-Fasern, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Examinations of 10 muscle biopsies in Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy were performed. The different particular myopathic changes are analysed and their specificity is discussed. Two groups of changes are observed, one concerning total fiber involvement, the other the focal degenerations. In the first group muscle fiber necrosis, associated regenerations, fiber degeneration with initial disturbance of the filamentous arrangement and atrophia simplex are described. Focal myopathic changes appeared predominantly in type I fibers and consisted of Z-streaming and lipid storage in central fiber parts. None of the particular fiber changes are specific, only the distribution of their frequency shows a characteristic pattern. Pathogenic factors of the different particular fiber changes are discussed, especially of the lipid accumulation in the type I fibers.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 299-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cat Cerebrum ; Endocytosis ; Thorotrast ; Ferritin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small quantities of ferritin or Thorotrast were injected into the visual cortex of the cat in order to determine which cells in the cerebrum exhibited endocytic activity when exposed to foreign material. Blocks of tissue from the cortex and adjacent white matter were examined by electron microscopy 5 h and 20 h after injection. Some neurons and oligodendrocytes and all the astrocytes examined showed pinocytotic activity. Increasing the time of exposure of the tissue to the tracer did not appear to result in greatly increased uptake by individual cells, except in the case of astrocytes. Neutrophils, which invaded the tissue after 5 h, and in increased numbers after 20 h, exhibited minimal endocytic activity when they invaded the grey matter. They were more active in the white matter. Up to 20 h after injection, the three most important endocytic elements in the cerebrum were astrocytes (collectively), pale perivascular cells within the basement membrane of the blood vessels and phagocytes, which appeared to be reactive endogenous cells.
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  • 14
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    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 156 (1971), S. 216-231 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Kidney ; Glomerulus ; Isolation technique ; Ultrastructure ; Niere ; Glomerulum ; Isoliertechnik ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit einer im Detail angegebenen, mechanisch schonenden Sieb-Methode wurden aus Rattennieren Glomerulumfraktionen mit einem Reinheitsgrad von 95–98% gewonnen. Dabei wurden 10 verschiedene Spülmedien benützt und ihr Einfluß auf die Ultramorphologie der Glomerula elektronenmikroskopisch kontrolliert. Nach Verwendung einer Krebs-Henseleit-Bicarbonat-Lösung mit einem pH von 7,9 ist mit der irreversiblen Schädigung des überwiegenden Teiles der Podocyten zu rechnen. Elektronenmikroskopisch befriedigende Resultate ließen sich mit einer Krebs-Henseleit-Bicarbonat-Lösung pH 7,4+3% Dextran erzielen, bei der ca. 60% der in der Fraktion enthaltenen Podocyten intakt blieben. Die restlichen 40% Podocyten waren in erster Linie mechanisch zerstört. Während Endothel- und Mesangiumzellen nach den verschiedenen Spülmedien kaum morphologische Veränderungen aufweisen, können also die Podocyten je nach Spülmedium überwiegend zerstört werden oder zu etwa 60% erhalten bleiben.
    Notes: Summary Fractions with 95–98% glomeruli have been obtained from rat kidneys with a sieve method described in detail. 10 different rinsing solutions have been used during isolation and their influence on the ultrastructure of the glomeruli has been controlled electron microscopically. The podocytes exhibit a strong edema of cytoplasm and nucleus, reaching up to cytolysis, after Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate-, Krebs-Ringer-phosphate- and Robinson-solution. After a Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate solution with pH 7.9 instead of pH 7.4 most podocytes have been damaged irreversibly. A satisfying ultrastructure resulted after solutions with a higher colloid osmotic pressure or osmotic pressure. The best results have been obtained with Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate solution pH 7.4+3% dextran (mol wt 40000), after which about 60% of the podocytes have been calculated to be intact. 40% of the podocytes in this fraction mainly were mechanically damaged. While endothelium and mesangium show only minor structural aberrations after the different rinsings, thus most podocytes are damaged irreversibly after Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate pH 7.9, and on the other hand about 60% may be intact after Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate pH 7.4+3% dextran.
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 63-75 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in continuous culture has been studied when dissolved oxygen and glucose concentrations were held constant at a series of steady-state levels. Both oxygen and glucose controlled the degree of aerobic metabolism and of ethanolic fermentation. When the glucose uptake rate was low (between 1.2 and 2.8 mmoles per hour per gram of yeast) the relative distribution of glucose between ethanolic and aerobic fermentation was sensitive to oxygen: when dissolved oxygen was near to saturation, glucose metabolism was 0.98 aerobic; when dissolved oxygen was 0.01 saturated, 0.8 of intake glucose metabolism was by ethanolic fermentation. On the other hand when glucose intake was high (between 7.6 and 18.2 mmoles) metabolism was predominately by ethanolic fermentation even when dissolved oxygen concentration was at saturation. The extent, to which catabolism proceeded by an anaerobic or aerobic pathway, as judged by ethanol production, was controlled more by the uptake of glucose than of oxygen.
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were grown in batch culture with and without oxygen control.The concentrations of A-, B- and C-type cytochromes of both yeasts were dependent on the oxygen concentration during growth as well as on the initial glucose concentration of the growth medium. S. cerevisiae cytochromes were maximal after growth in low glucose and low oxygen; S. carlsbergensis cytochromes were maximal after growth in low glucose and high oxygen. Except when glucose was in very low concentration, its catabolism by S. carlsbergensis was directed predominantly towards ethanolic fermentation regardless of the oxygen concentration. Growth rate, total cell mass and yield were maximal, and anabolism was closely balanced with catabolism, when glucose and oxygen of S. carlsbergensis cultures were both high. Under these conditions neither catabolism, respiratory or ethanolic, nor glucose uptake were maximal.
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 125-145 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous report it was concluded that steady-state operation of completely mixed reactors for growth of heterogeneous microbial populations, i.e., activated sludge processes, was extremely difficult to attain if maintenance of a constant sludge recycle ratio, c, was required, and equations were devised in which the concentration of cells in the recycle, xR, rather than the recycle ratio, was constant. In this report the equations are developed and computational analysis shows the effect on substrate and cell concentrations in the reactor of operational variables such as inflowing feed concentration, hydraulic recycle ratio, recycle sludge concentration, dilution rate, and the biological “constants” μm, ks, and Y. The stabilizing effect of operating with constant xR on the dilute-out pattern is shown.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 353-369 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic data of the reaction between sulphite ions and dissolved oxygen depend on the purity of sulphite used. Thus it is adequate to determine them for each batch and concentration of sulphite used. Besides the dependence of reaction rate constants on catalyst concentration, it is usually also required to know their dependence on pH and on temperature. Both quantities can change to a great extent especially in absorption apparatus in which high sulphite conversion occurs. They profoundly influence the value of the reaction rate constant. To get a complete picture of the influence of these three quantities without repeating extensive kinetic measurements for every kind and concentration of sulphite used, a method for obtaining information on the influence of all three quoted quantities in the range of values of interest for application is presented.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 451-452 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 449-450 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 457-470 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 30-liter apparatus for growing cells continuously is described. Samples are taken automatically, thus obviating one of the main causes of contamination. In order to eliminate the continuous introduction of a gas stream, the pH was kept constant by means of the injection of NH4OH or NaOH. Under these circumstances, and by means of the two methods of agitation described - rotary and “by Vibromixer” - a quantity of cells of approximately 4 × 1010 is harvested every 48 to 72 hr.
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 503-515 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-step microbial transformation of 16α-hydroxycortexolone to its 1-dehydro-11α-hydroxy derivative, without isolating an intermediate, was achieved with an overall yield of 72% of product at a steroid substrate concentration of 3 mg/ml. The process included formation of the cycloborate complex of the substrate, hydroxylation of the borate complex with a suspension of Aspergillus ochraceus mycelium in phosphate buffer, and dehydrogenation of the 11α-hydroxylated intermediate with acetone-dried Arthrobacter simplex cells. The desired product was then obtained by breaking the resultant borate complex through acidification.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 471-492 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HeLa cells have been cultured at different controlled pH levels in batch suspension culture with open gas phase. Continuous monitoring of the dissolved oxygen tension throughout the culture cycle reveals a characteristic pattern of variation which correlates with various aspects of growth and carbohydrate metabolism. The effect of pH, size, and physiological state of the inoculum on this pattern have been determined, and the results are discussed in terms of a theoretical respiratory rate equation.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 549-560 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of release of 7 enzymes from bakers' yeast have been measured. The disruption process did not cause loss of activity of these enzymes. The various operating pressures, temperatures, and initial yeast concentrations used did not affect the rates of enzyme release relative to protein release. The release of acid phosphatase and invertase was faster than the overall protein release. Alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were released slightly faster or at the same rate as the overall protein and alkaline phosphatase and fumarase were released more slowly. These observations correlate well with the reported locations of these enzymes in the yeast cell.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 583-588 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 599-618 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen respiration rate measurements in stirred tank reactors or fermentors have been carried out utilizing currently available dissolved oxygen electrodes. Techniques based on previously derived theory1 have been put to experimental tests and found to adequately describe the oxygen transfer phenomena observed in air-water systems and a fermenting broth.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 641-656 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose by invertase have been examined, with particular emphasis on high substrate concentration. Initial rates of reaction were determined by following the production of glucose directly as a function of time over a wide range of substrate concentrations (0.04M to 2.06M). The resulting data reveal a reaction rate that increases gradually until the sucrose concentration reaches about 0.29M, after which the reaction velocity decreases with increasing sucrose concentration. Previous workers (e.g., Nelson and Schubert1) have reported a peak reaction velocity as determined by indirect polarimetric measurements of glucose, at a sucrose concentration of about 0.17M. These measurements, however, neglect the intermediate oligosaccharides formed by the transferase action of invertase,8-10 and assume equal amounts of glucose and fructose. According to Anderson et al.,10 these oligosaccharides interfere by producing an erroneously low reaction rate. Experimental results of this work confirm Anderson's observations, and show a further reaction rate increase of nearly 20% between sucrose concentrations of 0.177M and 0.285M under the same conditions of temperature, pH, and enzyme-concentration.Effects of substrate diffusion, solution viscisity, water concentration, and substrate inhibition were experimentally studied and the results incorporated into a kinetic model that has proven satisfactory in modeling the experimental results. This model takes into account inhibition by primary substrate, with concentration of the secondary substrate water, as a rate limiting factor at sucrose concentrations greater than 0.285M.The effects of the mixing, in terms of volumetric power input, on the relation rate have been tested. Approximately 40-fold increase in volumetric power input caused on increase in the reaction rate. These experiments have shown that bulk mass transfer is not a rate limiting factor under the experimental conditions.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of microorganisms in fermentations where oil had been maintained as the continuous phase was examined to determine whether advantage could be gained from the increased solubility of oxygen in hydrocarbon. Although cell concentrations were highest in the aqueous phase of oil-continuous systems, due to the large oil fraction, productivities achieved per unit fermenter volume were generally equivalent to those obtained from water-continuous systems. With the oil-continuous emulsions, the power requirement for aeration and mixing was less, and phase reversal resulted in a threefold concentration of cells in the aqueous medium, thereby facilitating their recovery.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 911-917 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 17-47 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscope electrophoresis was used to measure the electrophoretic mobility of polystyrene latex particles and bacterial, and mammalian tissue cells. The submicroscopic hydrophilic colloids (gelatin, serum albumin, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B) were adsorbed on latex carrier particles to determine their electrophoretic mobility and the effect of concentration, pH, electrolyte addition, and buffer ionic strength. Mobility curves as a function of pH were established for latex particles at 1 ppm concentration indicating an isoelectric point (IEP) at pH 3.6. The IEP for Escherichia coli B cells was measured at pH 2.8, Serratia marcescens at pH 2.6, Bacillus subtilis var. niger at pH 2.9, and L strain mouse fibroblast cells at pH 4.4. Using an adsorption technique, isoelectric points were measured for proteins: gelatin (acid form) at pH 9.4, serum albumin at pH 4.9, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B at pH 6.3.Procefures for examining electrophoretic characteristics of microscopic and submicroscopic biological particles are described in order to standardize procedures and to generate results applicable to an understanding of parameters influencing concentration and purification of colloidal biological particles.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 165-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors have investigated a special aspect of the transfer of oxygen: the aeration performance of small-scale suction-impellers in a suspension of activated sludge floes and a performance comparison with clear water. The principle of the impellers is, that in order to disperse air bubbles into the aforementioned liquids, all that we need do is a simple stirring. Due to the impellers the authors could not show a reduction of the oxygen transfer coefficient in the presence of sludge flocs. Former comparative studies of oxygen transfer, using a fixed orifice, did show a reduction in the presence of sludge flocs. Therefore, it seems probable that the effect of activated sludge flocs on the transfer coefficient is linked with the manner in which air is dispersed, i.e., depends on whether an orifice is fixed or moved. The experimental results allow presumption that by developing a high intensity of shear near the location where air bubbles are produced, we are able to minimize the effect of sludge flocs on the process of bubble formation.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical, physical, and biological properties of a group of phosphorus-containing antibiotics are reviewed. Included in this family of antibiotics are the following compounds or mixtures of compounds: diumycin, macarbomycin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, 803GRP, 11,837RP, and 19,402RP. Among the aspects discussed are: antimicrobial activity in vitro, long duration of activity, toxicity, use in animal nutrition, cross resistance, mode of action, chemical and physical properties, and degradation studies.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 409-418 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the death of mammalian cells occurring from fluid dynamic effects when they are pumped through capillaries. The cell strains used were human HeLa S3 and mouse L929, grown in monolayer culture. Cells were harvested and suspensions were pumped through various lengths and diameters of stainless steel capillary tubing. Viability of the cells was assayed by the dye exclusion test. Cell deaths occurred and could be correlated with either average wall shear or power dissipation within the capillary tube. L929 cells were found to be more sensitive than HeLa S3 cells at all shear rates tested.
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  • 39
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process method has been developed for estimating rapidly the conversion of 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyhydrocortisone to 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone in fermentation broths. This allows frequent analyses of samples during the fermentation cycle. The absorbance ratio determination of conversion of the steroids is based on the measurement of the absorbance of aqueous steroid borate complexes at 241.5 mμ and 271 mμ.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 629-639 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Constant current voltametry was shown to be a suitable method for evaluation of electrodes containing immobilized oxidative enzymes as catalysts. The half-cell potential for the oxdidation of D-glucose at constant pH was measured at a series of constant dc currents, using glucose oxidase immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel-platinum gauze matrix as catalyst. Over the range studied the potential versus current data were linear and could be extrapolated to give the open-circuit half-cell potential at zero current. The difference between the measured potential and the open-circuit potential at a constant current was indicative of the loss in useful voltage due to concentration gradients within or adjacent to the enzyme electrode assembly. The relationship between the open-circuit potential and the pH of the reaction mixture was linear with a slope of -0.056, in good agreement with the predicted slope of -0.061.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A detailed study of anaerobic yeast fermentations requires controlled addition of minor amounts of oxygen to the fermentor. A method for supplying small-scale fermentations with millimolar amounts of oxygen is described. The controlled addition is accomplished by diffusion of oxygen through silicone tubing carrying nitrogen to the fermentor. Sulfite values of the fermentation system are given for different gas velocities and lengths of silicone tubing. Two experiments are outlined in which this technique is applied and the possible energy yield from oxydative phosphorylation is discussed.
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 663-684 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients and interfacial areas were determined for the aeration of aqueous solutions in a turbine agitated vessel. The mass transfer coefficients measured for water without additive and for sodium chloride solutions matched very well to measurements in the literature for air bubbles of the same diameter in free rise. Thus the only effect of agitation was to determine the bubble size which then in turn set the coefficient. Two surface active agents were studied: sodium dodecyl sulfate and Dow Corning Antifoam C. The rate of mass transfer increased with the former additive but decreased with the latter; however, the mass transfer coefficient was the exact same function of bubble diameter in both cases and the different rates are attributed to the quite different effects on interfacial area.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 685-689 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 691-695 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 697-701 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 709-711 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 703-707 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 865-876 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple inexpensive apparatus with a working volume of 10 liters of culture is described. Details of construction and procedures for operation of the cyclone column vessel are given. The vessel is self-contained, so that experimental parameters of temperature and aeration are individually controlled; homogeneous mixing and representative sampling of the culture, besides control of foam without need for antifoam, are obtained. The vessel may be used in single or multistage systems for aerobic or anaerobic cultivation of organisms in batch, chemostat, or phased cultures.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 893-910 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of dispersion and mass transfer resistance on the degree of conversion in an immobilized-enzyme reactor have been considered theoretically. It is assumed that the immobilized enzymes obey a Michaelis-Menten relationship and backmixing can be characterized by a dispersion model. For two extreme cases (perfect mixing and piston flow), approximate equations are obtained, which can be readily used to evaluate the effect of mass transfer on degree of conversion. Numerical solutions are obtained for other intermediate cases. Design charts are given which set practical limits of enzyme reactor design.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of cell yield collected over a period of eight years for heterogeneous populations of sewage origin acclimated to glucose in both batch and continuous culture were subjected to statistical analysis. The cell yield for this sole source of carbon (glucose) ranged from 36 to 88 per cent in batch culture, and 32 to 69 per cent in continuous culture. Because experimental conditions were known and well defined, the variability in cell yield is attributable to the ecological variation inherent in a heterogeneous population. The data presented demonstrate the futility of attempts to define Y for such populations as a precise theoretical constant dependent upon thermodynamic properties of the substrate.
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been designed and constructed for the automatic aseptic inoculation and sampling of microbial cultures. It enables fermentations to be started and samples to be taken round-the-clock, according to a predetermined program.The equipment is suitable for microbial processes on both a laboratory and a factory scale.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 169-184 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida utilis was grown in batch culture with and without oxygen control. The concentrations of A-, B-, and C-type cytochromes were found to vary with the initial glucose concentration, with the dissolved oxygen concentration, and with time. A-type was the most sensitive. After glucose was essentially exhausted, the yeast catabolized ethanol, if it had been growing in a relatively low initial glucose concentration, or non-glucose carbohydrate, including some of that previously accumulated within the cell, if it had been growing in a high initial glucose concentration. This difference in metabolic pattern could explain why cytochrome derepression was initiated soon after glucose uptake ceased only if initial glucose had been relatively low. The effects of glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations on yeast cytochromes and respiratory activity are discussed.
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  • 55
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A decoyinine resistant, KY 13501, isolated after nitrosoguanidine treatment from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 converted 5′XMP added in fermentation media to guanine derivatives and accumulated them in the media. The converted substances were identified as guanine, 5′GMP, 5′GDP, and 5′GTP. The conditions for the conversion were examined and the following points were clarified. (1) Very low concentration of manganese ion (Mn2+) showed profound effects on the conversion and the excessive amounts of the ion severely repressed the conversion. (2) Under limitation of Mn2+, 5′XMP was converted most efficiently when added at inoculation time. (3) The inhibition of the conversion by excessive amount of Mn2+ was completely released by addition of a surface activating agent, polyoxyethylene stearylamine. (4) For the conversion, it was essential to maintain pH of the media at 7.5 to 8.0 and supply ammonium ion.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 241-256 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of inoculum size, dispersed phase volume and substrate concentration on the batch growth of Candida lipolytica are investigated in a model system composed of n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil. Tabular values and parameters are presented for 16 different experiments. All of the batch growth curves exhibited a linear growth region with the length of the region ranging from 1.5 to 9.5 hours. The rate of linear growth varied both with change in dispersed phase volume and initial dispersed phase substrate concentration. A qualitative analysis of the results is presented and possible explanations for the observed linear growth rates are discussed.
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 431-447 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory of diffusion control within hollow fiber catalysts is derived for three different types of coordinate geometries: Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical. Effectiveness factors are calculated and formulas for reactant conversion in both a fixed-bed and a contimunuous-feed stirred-tank reactor are derived. The apparent Michaelis constant, Km′, is a measure of the amount of diffusion control within the catalysts. When Km′ is equal to Km, the true Michaelis constant, there is no diffusion control. In all other cases Km′ is greater than Km. Hollow fibers are attractive alternatives to spherical microcapsules for the encapsulation of enzymes.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 453-456 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 493-502 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Substrate inhibited enzyme reactions occurring in systems open to mass transfer may display multiple steady-state behavior. For a simple one-substrate case it is shown theoretically that the unstable steady-state region always lies within the conversion range of 50-100%. A criterion for the stability of a steady-state point is given. Numerical solutions of the appropriate transient equation show how the system approaches stable steady state in instances where there are three possible steady-state points. The consequences of the existence of an unstable region on the systems response to changes in its parameters is discussed.
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of inorganic nutrients on iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied using a concentration of 2.0 g Fe2+/liter. Besides ammonium-nitrogen and phosphorus, the essential nutrients were sulphate and magnesium, with the lowest unlimiting concentration being 2.0 g SO2-4/liter and 2.0 mg Mg2+/liter for a suspension of about 108 cells/ml. Omitting nitrate, calcium, potassium, and chloride had no influence on the iron oxidation. Nitrate and chloride were inhibitory in high concentrations although the bacteria were able to adapt to their presence. Several organic compounds tested in 0.5% (w/v) concentrations inhibited iron oxidation. Complete inhibition up to 14 days was caused by fructose, lactose, meat extract, yeast, extract, peptone, and tryptone. T. ferrooxidans-strains were able to adapt to the presence of organic material even though they were not necessarily able to use the organic compounds for energy. Some general conclusions are made concerning the role of nutrients in leaching processes.
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 529-547 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid phase coefficients were measured for the absorption of oxygen from air to the free interface in stirred vessels. Coefficients for absorption into soft water were independent of the instantaneous dissolved oxygen concentration. Coefficients for absorption into soft water containing a surface active agent were strongly dependent on the instantaneous dissolved oxygen level. The degree of nonlinearity of the coefficients was a function of the rate of agitation of the liquid. The coefficients were independent of the amount of surface active agent added above a very low level. Absorption coefficients for bubble aeration in the same vessels were independent of dissolved oxygen concentration even when the surface active agent was present.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 581-582 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 591-596 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 657-662 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tetrahymena was continuously cultivated in a series of stirred tank reactors with recycle. By holding part of the reactor train at a higher temperature than the remainder a synchronizing influence was introduced into the cells' environment. The system resulted in division occurring preferentially in a small contiguous group of the reactors, this effect being observed in both the number of cells found in each reactor and also their size distribution.
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  • 65
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 779-793 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 160-liter stainless steel algal growth tank has been constructed and has been used essentially continuously for over three years. Filamentous and unicellular blue-green algae as well as a photosynthetic bacterium have been cultured using both ordinary and heavy water (99.8 atom % 2H). By using a recycling technique, yields as high as 25 g/liter of 2H2O have been obtained.
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 761-778 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mechanistic model is presented for the growth kinetics of a yeast grown by submerged aerobic fermentation using a liquid hydrocarbon as sole carbon source. The model is based on the assumption that cell growth is governed by the extent of probable cell attachment at the hydrocarbon oil-droplet surfaces in a four-phase dispersion. An analytical expression has been developed for the model. It is shown that for the case of relatively small oil droplets, the model predicts the present and previous experimental data for growth of yeasts (Candida species) in n-alkane systems. The model is further examined for maximal growth in terms of substrate dilution rate and agitation power consumption for a continuous fermentation process.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 215-228 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth rates of Candida tropicalis were studied in two different fermentors. One was the ordinary shaker flask containing both the aqueous culture medium and liquid hydrocarbons. The other was a specially designed rotating disk-type fermentor containing only the aqueous culture medium, into which vapors of n-paraffins from C6 to C18 were supplied continuously without forming the liquid hydrocarbon phase. The specific growth rates of Candida tropicalis in the rotating disk fermentor, under such conditions that supply of hydrocarbon vapor was sufficient, showed good agreement with those in the shaker flask. This seems to indicate that hydrocarbon uptake by Candida tropicals by direct contact with liquid hydrocarbon is negligible.
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 271-292 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer coefficients were evaluated for a 14-liter stirred tank fermentor equipped with an oxygen probe, employing elemental copper adsorbed on a weakly basic anion-exchange resin as a solid phase oxygen acceptor. The use of a solid phase oxygen acceptor allowed evaluation of mass transfer resistances associated with the solid phase, and the effect of an oxygen adsorbing solid phase on the overall oxygen transport system, portions of the oxygen transfer process that are neglected by the conventional sulfite oxidation method commonly employed. It was concluded from the data obtained that a transport pathway involving transfer of oxygen to particles present near the air-water interface was a significant oxygen transport pathway for the system studied. Oxygen probe measurements performed on the bulk liquid did not recognize this pathway, suggesting that data taken on biological systems by use of techniques involving oxygen concentration measurements in the bulk liquid may not give the true oxygen absorbing capacity of a system.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Efficient production of xanthan gum by fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 can be accomplished at concentrations of xanthan in the fermented broth 〉 3%. This level of more than twice that previously attained by us results from continuously controlling the fermentation pH with alkali. Only a slight decrease in fermentation rate and yield occurs. When ammonia is used for pH control, cell production more than doubles and fermentation time is shortened. However, xanthan yield is decreased by the diversion of additional sugar to growth.
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 185-202 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ultrafiltration has been used with increasing frequency in recent years in biological laboratories for concentration, separation or purification of biological material. No data have been available on the comparison of the characteristics of Ultrafiltration systems currently in use. This study compares the filtration characteristics of four systems using commercially available membranes on suspensions and solutions: suspension of protein micelles (casein), cell debris (E. coli) and catalase solution. None of the four systems considered is found to be generally superior for all the suspensions and solutions. Vibration systems were most effective when relatively large particles were involved, while laminar flow recycling systems with high wall shear rates were best for dilute suspensions and proteins in solution. It was found that shearing inactivates enzymes in both recycle and vibration systems. It was also observed that vibration actually reduces flux in dilute solutions.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 293-308 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mode of ethanol action on both the steady-state and the dynamic properties of K. aerogenes was investigated using a nitrogen-limited chemostat. Reduction in the maximum growth rate (μm) suggests that noncompetitive enzyme inhibition could occur, but Lineweaver-Burk analysis showed the inhibition to be more complex. A consistent mechanism of inhibition was established for 0-3% v/v ethanol. Warburg manometric experiments indicated that inhibition occurred in pathways located in the intact cell wall. Frequency response analysis, using sinusoidal variations in the dilution rate showed that ethanol increased the time constant of the metabolic parameter, QAC. The system was stable in the presence of ethanol and showed no evidence of oscillations following a disturbance.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partially purified glucoamylase from Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112 was immobilized on diethylaminoethyl cellulose in the presence of low ionic-strength acetate buffers at pH 4.2. The active enzyme-cellulose complex was used to convert starch substrates continuously to glucose in stirred reactors. Substrate concentrations as high as 30% could be quantitatively converted to glucose at a rate of more than 25 mg/min/liter at 55°C for periods of 3 to 4 weeks in a 4-liter reactor. Shutdowns were due to mechanical problems and not to loss of enzymes, which could be recovered with no appreciable loss of specific activity. Transfer products, such as isomaltose and panose, were present in immobilized enzyme-produced syrups but to no greater degree than in soluble glucoamylase digests of starch.
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The catalytic activity of amyloglucosidase covalently attached to DEAE-cellulose was studied in a packed bed reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for the reaction maltose → glucose. At low flow rates mass-transfer limitations in the bed reactor lead to lower conversions for this reactor compared to the CSTR. Simple theoretical expressions for these reactors were compared with the experimental results. There are significant differences between the kinetic parameters and pH profile of the immobilized and free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme also showed greater stability at 50°C than did free amyloglucosidase. The temperature dependence of the reaction rate was the same for immobilized and free enzyme.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 713-718 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 721-739 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A respirometer suitable for continuous operation over extended periods of time is described. Oxygen is supplied to the culture by the electrolysis of water. The quantity of oxygen produced by electrolysis within any specified time interval is automatically printed on a tape. This record is combined with a continuous recording of the concentration of dissolved oxygen entering and leaving the reactor to produce a mass balance for oxygen in the system. Details on respirometer construction and operation are presented.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 795-813 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady-state and transient behavior of a chemostat-type continuous culture of Aerobacter aerogenes was investigated with special reference to temperature. Experimentally determined kinetic parameters of the fitted steady-state model were found to be strong functions of temperature. The transient response of the culture to a step change in temperature exhibited a dynamic lag whose magnitude depended on the nature and direction of step change.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 335-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 371-379 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radioactive labeling experiments have shown that radioactivity from L-leucine-U-14C is incorporated into the L-N, β-dimethylleucine residue of the antibiotic etamycin, and that the N-methyl and β-methyl groups of this latter amino acid appear to be derived from L-methionine.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 82
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 843-864 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for the production of gramicidin S in batch and continuous culture is proposed. It is based on the division of the age of a cell into two phases - an immature and a mature one. A nongrowth associated product, such as an antibiotic, is assumed to be produced when the organism is in the older of these two phases, the mature state. The parameters describing the model were evaluated from batch and single stage transient continuous culture of Bacillus brevis, which produces the antibiotic gramicidin S. The predictive value of the model was studied in steady-state single stage continuous culture and in a transient two stage system. Good agreement between the theoretical curves and the experimental results was found in the transient response of both the first and second stage systems, although at high dilution rates (0.34 hr-1) in the first stage, deviations from the predicted response were observed in the second stage. These may have been due to chemostat instability at dilution rates close to washout, lags in cell growth, and a metabolic lag on going from stage one to stage two.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 83
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 919-922 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 84
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single cell protein production was studied in a mixed bacterial culture grown in methane using batch and continuous culture techniques. Overall productivity was found to be higher in the continuous culture which gave a maximum productivity value p = 0.15 g/l/h. Methane and oxygen were consumed in the relation 1 : 1.7. Yield coefficients for methane, oxygen, and ammonium chloride were YCH4 = 0.90, YO2 = 0.26, and YNH4Cl = 0.14. The crude protein content of the biomass was 71%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 85
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A combination of Fickian diffusion and Michaelis-Menten kinetics is proposed to describe the rate of diffusion-coupled biochemical reactions. This postulate leads to a nonlinear mathematical model which is solved by a perturbation technique. The result is a relation which permits identification of zones of relative diffusion or reaction influence. The conversion of cellulose to protein by Myrothecium verrucaria is a heterogeneous process that is well-suited to this type of analysis, although the data requirements are severe.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 86
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 877-892 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An inexpensive scale-up of the cyclone column apparatus (Can. J. Microbiol., 11, 893 (1965)) is described which is suitable for pilot plant studies on the 10 liter scale. Details of its construction and operation are given.Experimental with phased cultures of C. utilis growing in the equipment are reported during which studies of dissolved oxygen and oxygen uptake were made over the cell cycle. Changes in both oxygen parameters occurred during the cycle and were useful as monitors of the growth. Cell of C. utilis were found to be very sensitive to changes in oxygen supply during the early stages of the cell cycle.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 923-929 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 88
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 77-97 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extensive screening studies on cellulolytic bacteria and fungi led to the selection of Myrothecium verrucaria as the organism producing the maximum rate of protein biosynthesis from ball-milled newspaper. Studies in aerated stirred-jar fermentors were carried out to determine the conditions for maximum protein synthesis rate and maximum final protein concentration. The optimum aeration rate was 250 to 374 mM of oxygen at 300 to 400 rpm stirring rate. The pH optimum was broad, from 3.9 to 6.5. Urea at 0.03% and yeast autolysate at 0.1% stimulated growth rate and protein production. The maximum rate of protein biosynthesis and the maximum protein yield were 0.3 g/liter/day and 1.42 g/liter, respectively, from medium G3 with 4% ball-milled newspaper. The final product, obtained by evaporation of the total culture, was 33.7 g from one liter of medium which originally contained 40 g of ball-milled newspaper and 11.3 g of other dissolved materials. The protein content of this final product was 3.3 g, calculated from total organic N × 6.25 or 1.42 g calculated from the biuret method. Both the synthesis rate and the final cell yield are below those obtainable by growing Fungi Imperfecti, yeasts or bacteria on soluble materials such as glucose.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 165-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process for the bacterial oxidation of isobutyric acid to L(+) β-hydroxyisobutyric acid has been developed. The strain of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 21244) used in this fermentation was isolated from local soil. The process was carried out in a 15-liter fermentor over a period of 70 hr and produced L(+) β-hydroxyisobutyric acid in conversions as high as 48%. Hydroxylation of the methyl group of isobutyric acid has special interest because it is difficult to perform chemically. The useful chemical syntheses of β-hydroxyisobutyric acid available at present do not start with isobutyric acid and are not stereospecific.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 91
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interaction between male-specific RNA phages and bacterial cells as well as the complete life cycle of RNA phages in the host cells are complicated phenomena. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed to describe the kinetics of RNA phage production in batch culture. The model consists of several important considerations: (1) adsorption and desorption of phages on cell pili, (2) injection and transport of viral RNA, (3) viral protein synthesis, (4) phage maturation, and (5) cell lysis.Experimental data of MS2 RNA phage production in E. coli C 300o bacteria culture were used to evaiuate the model parameters. Reasonably good fit was obtained between the model and one set of data. However, simulation study based on the estimated parameter values revealed a discrepancy between experimental observation and model prediction. It seems that variation both in F-piliation and in the competence of cells to be infected by phages through different phasae of growth must be taken into account in order to make the model useful.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were undertaken on the production of ergot alkaloids in saprophytic culture employing two strains of C. purpurea. In an attempt to improve the yield of the alkaloids and to develop a cheaper medium, the commonly used carbohydrate source, mannitol, was replaced with different types of starches and starchy materials as these are comparatively much cheaper than mannitol. Results indicated that, in stationary cultures, certain starches enhanced the yield greatly, while in shaker cultures starches could replace mannitol for equivalent yields.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 93
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To a Sepharose gel the pyridine nucleotide NAD(H) has been bound using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. In order to improve the steric availability of the nucleotide for added soluble enzymes such as dehydrogenases, a spacer molecule, ε-amino caproic acid, was inserted between the carbohydrate matrix and the nucleotide. The obtained preparation contained 56 μmoles NAD+/g dry polymer. The obtained matrix-bound NAD(H) was accepted as coenzyme by added lactate dehydrogenase. These preparations were still active after storage for several weeks at 4° C and could be used repeatedly without loss of activity. This represents the first necessary step taken in the preparation of compact closed systems consisting of “enzyme-coenzyme-coenzyme-regenerating enzyme” bound to individual polymer beads; such systems eliminate the need for continuous coenzyme addition.
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 569-579 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model based on diffusion mechanisms accounts for oxygen transfer from flowing nutrient medium into a film of organisms in slime. Profiles of dissolved oxygen concentration are generated at distances downstream from the start of the slime. In these studies, the nutrient medium was assumed rich, thus the rate of oxygen transport limited microbial respiration. Parameter sensitivity tests were performed for flow rate, oxygen concentration in the medium, and mass transfer coefficients.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 589-589 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 419-429 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen transfer coefficient estimated by both sulfite and dynamic methods and some of the rheological properties of fermentation broths derived from the batch cultivation of a mutant of U. maydis in a sugar cane juice substrate, are used in a scaling-up procedure on the basis of the power consumption per volume unit concept. The fluid was of the Binham plastic type; the Np-NRE correlations showed that the modified Reynolds numbers of the flat-blade turbine impellers were low, near to or in the laminar region; the Na-Pg/P relations were established and then used in the calculation regardless of the geometrical dissimilarities of the vessels. A change of scale from 5 to 50 liters was calculated and operated keeping the power per volume value constant. Reproduction of lysine yields, 2.5-3.2 g/liter, was repeatedly reached in 8 successive runs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 741-760 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida lipolytica (strain ATCC 8661) was grown on a simple defined medium with n-dodecane as sole carbon source under batch and continuous fermentation conditions. The composition of cellular material recovered from the fermentations, the oxygen demand of the cells, and the effect of operating conditions on cell growth were evaluated experimentally. These basic data are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 98
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 815-824 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of continuous cultures of yeast was investigated following step disturbances in glucose feed rate and dilution rate.The responses of the culture to the stimuli were oscillatory. The oscillatory responses were explained in terms of cell synchrony which was induced by the step change. An understanding of continuous cultures to stimuli was made possible with an appreciation of the inherently oscillatory events occurring in the single cell cycle between one mitosis and the next. Step changes in glucose feed rate and dilution rate induced a partial synchrony, which enabled the inherently oscillatory behavior of the individual cells to be made observable in the culture as a whole.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 22-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Arthropoda ; Acarina ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgewählte Borsten am Tarsus der Zecke Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina; Ixodidae; Nymphenstadium) wurden mit dem Durchstrahlungs- und Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht. Alle Sensillen sind mehrfach innerviert; die dicke Cuticulawandung besitzt entweder ein ausgeprägtes Porenkanalsystem oder eine schlitzförmige Öffnung nahe der Spitze. Diese Sensillen haben oft zusätzlich zwei mechanoreceptive Dendriten an der Borstenbasis angeheftet und dienen dann offenbar zwei Funktionen: Mechano- und Chemoreception. Die Feinstruktur jedes Sensillums ist ähnlich wie in anderen Arthropodensinneshaaren, mit Ausnahme der Ciliärregion des Dendriten. Statt der herkömmlichen 9 Doppeltubuli besitzen Zeckensensillen gewöhnlich 11 (“11+0”). Verglichen mit den tarsalen Borsten von Insekten und Spinnen erscheinen Zeckensensillen zwar weniger zahlreich, dafür strukturell komplexer und von größerer Vielfalt.
    Notes: Summary Selected tarsal bristles of the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae; nymphal stage) were studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All sensilla are multi-innervated and have thick cuticular walls containing either an elaborate pore canal system or a single slit opening at the tip. These sensilla, often equipped with two mechanoreceptive dendrites attached to the bristle base, apparently serve a dual function: mechano- and chemoreception. The fine structure of each sensillum is similar to that of other arthropod setae except for the ciliary region of the dendrite. Instead of the common 9 double-tubules, the tick sensilla usually have 11 (“11+0”). Compared to insect or spider tarsal bristles, tick setae are less abundant but more complex in structure and of greater variety.
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  • 100
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 262-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electroceptor epidermis ; Ultrastructure ; Mormyridae (Teleostei, Pisces)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die schwachelektrischen Mormyridae haben eine dreischichtige Epidermis, deren innere Schicht aus nur etwa 0,22 μm dicken sechseckigen Zellen von ca. 60 μm Durchmesser besteht. Die etwa 2 μm dicken, linsenförmigen Kerne von 7,6 μm Durchmesser liegen am Zellrand. Die Zellen sind zu Säulen aufgeschichtet. Ihr Rand ist ausgezackt und dort, wo er die Säulengrenze erreicht, auf etwa 0,34 μm verdickt. In der Nähe der Säulengrenzen sind die Zellen über Desmosomen mit den Nachbarn in der eigenen und in der angrenzenden Säule verbunden. Diese Epidermisschicht ist auf die Körperpartien beschränkt, in denen auch Elektrorezeptoren ausgebildet sind. Die beiden anderen Epidermisschichten haben den üblichen Aufbau einer Fischepidermis, abgesehen vom Fehlen der Becherzellen.
    Notes: Summary The weakly electric fish of the family Mormyridae have a three layered epidermis, with a medium layer consisting of hexagonal cells of only 0.22 μm in thickness and about 60 μm in diameter. The lens-shaped nuclei are about 2 μm thick and 7.6 μm in diameter and are situated near the border of the cells. The cells are piled up to hexagonal columns. Their margin is serrate and where it reaches the boundary of the column, it has a thickness of about 0.34 μm. Close to the boundaries of the columns, the cells are linked to their neighbours within the column and of the adjoining column by desmosomes. This layer of the epidermis is confined to those regions of the body surface which also contain electroreceptors. The other layers of the epidermis have a structure as usual in fish, except for the lack of goblet cells.
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