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  • 1980-1984  (1,143)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1980  (1,143)
  • General Chemistry  (890)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (252)
  • Nuclear reactions
Source
Material
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,143)
  • 1960-1964
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributed parameter model of an airlift fermentor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1189-1211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A distributed parameter model for an airlift fermentor is presented. A riser represents the airlift fermentor, with plug flow in both gas and liquid phases, a well-mixed section that acts as gas separator, and a downcomer with plug flow. The set of equations proposed makes possible both the understanding and design of the system. Macroscopic balances shows a behavior that is very close to conventional continuous stirred tank fermentor from the viewpoint of biomass production. In addition, the model predicts concentration profiles of biomass, substrate and oxygen in the liquid, and oxygen in the gas phase. This allows estimation of optimal gas flow rate for sufficient oxygen transfer with minimum energy input.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220607
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and composition of Escherichia coli subjected to square-wave perturbations in nutrient supply: Effect of varying amplitudes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1213-1224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of regular variations in the input limiting nutrient concentration at different cycle amplitudes on the growth and composition (elemental and macromolecular) of Escherichia coli ML30 in chemostat culture is described. The cycle time was maintained constant at 2.0 hr. The basal level of nutrient fed to cultures was also maintained constant but the concentration amplitude was varied over a range from 0.2 to 5.0 g/liter. A lag between the stimulus and organisms response was observed and found to be independent of cycle amplitude over most of the range examined. Increasing the cycle amplitude did not effect the cell yield from glucose or the elemental composition of the organisms. However, large variations in the macromolecular composition of the cells (on a dry weight basis) were found; at 4.0 g/liter amplitude the cells contained some 82% protein. The relevance of this type of reactor operation in large-scale fermentations is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220608
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mobile self-contained off-gas analysis units for fermentation pilot plants (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1273-1276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220613
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of glucose sensor performance with immobilized glucose oxidase-glucose isomerase system (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1287-1291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220616
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function of the Bacillus thuringiensis protein crystal (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1305-1333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The structural chemistry of the Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal protein crystal is discussed in terms of purification techniques, removal of contaminating proteases, crystal subunit size, crystal shape, interchain crosslinks, the ultimate toxin, and lysinoalanine. The alkaline pH cleavage of disulfide bonds is stressed in relationship to this role in crystal solubilization and toxin formation. The future implication s of plasmid-coded crystal formation and B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (effective against mosquitoes and black flies) are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220704
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible commercial formulations of insect-parasitic nematodesMention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1407-1414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: At least two experimental nematode biological insecticide formulations are currently being produced in small quantities around the world, These formulations are efficacious and people are willing to pay money for them. Advantages for the use of these parasites can be: nonpolluting, self-perpetuating, safe, and not harmful to beneficial organisms. The disadvantages are: relatively short shelf-life, acceptability, moisture, price, and dispersal techniques. One of the preparations is a nematode that vectors a bacterium. It can be produced at the rate of 100 × 106 infective nematodes/2 liter container at a cost of 2 cents/106. It can kill over 1000 species of insects. The other product kills over 60 species of mosquitoes and has been sold as mermithid nematode eggs in moist sand. This mosquito parasite can be established in the new site and self-perpetuate to suppress mosquito parasite can be established in the new site and self-perpetuate to suppress mosquito populations. It kills the mosquito before pupating. Increased research activity, using these parasites in the last ten years, has stimulated interest in these organisms for pest insect control.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220708
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production and efficiency of protozoa (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1415-1440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Despite the chronic and debilitative nature of the infection they cause, several species of microsporidia and neogregarines offer a good potential as microbial control agents, particularly against insect pests of high economic thresholds. Techniques for mass production of protozoa have usually involved per os, inoculation or injection of the protozoa into their usual or alternate hosts. The spores are harvested subsequently from heavily infected host tissues by grinding, filtration, and differential centrifugation. Although fresh spores are used in most field tests, the spores of many species can be stored with high survival either frozen or in water at low temperatures (0-4°C) for up to several months. Sunlight or ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a serious factor limiting spore persistence. However, the protozoa do not appear to be significantly limiting spore persistence. However, the protozoa do not appears to be significantly more susceptible to UV radiation than other insect pathogens and persistence can be prolonged with UV protectants. Most field tests with protozoa have involved the application of spores in sprays and have usually resulted in a high degree of infection in the target host species. The potential for control of few species has been improved by formulation of spores in to baits, and the potential of other species will likely increase if suitable bait formulation can be devised in the future. One species, Nosema locustae, formulated as a bait, has been successfully used to control grasshoppers on rangelands. Limited laboratory and field studies have also suggested that increased short-term control might be obtained if candidate protozoan species can be combined with certain insecticides. While recent and increased efforts have been devoted to assess the potential of protozoa as microbial control agents, potential hazards to nontarget organism have been investigated for only three species. Their close relation taxonomically to protozoa pathogenic for mammals will necessitate careful evaluation of the safety of candidate control species for nontarget organisms.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220709
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic approaches to production of sucrose from starch (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1501-1507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220715
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saccharification of cellulose by the cellulolytic enzyme system of Thermomonospora sp.On the basis of cell-wall analysis and other characteristics, 26 this organism, previously identified as belonging to the genus Thermoactinomyces, is now correctly identified as a Thermomonospora. II. Hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1527-1542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A saccharification of cellulosic material using culture filtrate from the stationary phase of a culture of Thermomonospora sp. produced primarily cellobiose up to levels inhibitory to further saccharification, while the use of whole broth resulted in the production of glucose as well. Glucose production was enhanced and continued throughout the saccharification (24-36 hr) by several additions of cellobiase activity in the form of culture solids. Using Solka-Floc as substrate, the “difference sugar” level (total soluble sugar minus glucose) rapidly rose to the same relatively stable concentration under various hydrolysis conditions, which was independent of the total sugar and glucose concentrations. A rapid hydrolusis rate was observed initially during saccharification, followed by a much slower rate of sugar production. Repeated centrifugation of the reaction mixture and replacement of the supernatant with fresh enzyme solution resulted each time in the reinitiation of a rapid hydrolysis rate. Saccharifications using A vicel microcrystalline cellulose, acid-swollen cellulose, and cotton as substrates were also studied. A modified method of making phosphoric-acid swollen cellulose is described. Saccharification of this substrate by culture filtrate and sequential additions of culture solids resulted in an inverse relationship between the attained glucose concentration and cellobiose-cellotriose concentrations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220803
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen transfer and mycelial growth in a tubular loop fermentor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1613-1635 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 22 m long. 20 liter tubular loop fermentor (TLF) has been tested for oxygen transfer characteristics and as a reactor for mycelial growth. Model calculations show that the flow pressure drop has an important influence on the axial oxygen profiles. A design model that accounts for this influence is presented. Using the model, KLa values are calculated from the results of sulfite oxidation experiments. These are correlated with power consumption and aeration rates. The KLa dependence on aeration rate was found to be less than found with tank reactors. The growth kinetics of three metabolite-producing mycelial organisms in the TLF are presented: a Streptomyces, a Fusarium, and a Acrophialophora. In order to determine the influence of reactor type on the growth and product formation, these cultures have been grown in tanks and shake flasks. The antibiotic, product spectrum of Streptomyces is compared on the basis of inhibition tests and it is shown that the distribution of products is reactor dependent. The Fusarium culture produced a previously unknown metabolite, whose concentration in the loop fermentor was four times higher than in a shake flask. The Acrophialophora culture grew twice as fast in the loop fermentor, but produced essentially none of the specific product. Power Consumptions of up to 8 kW/m3 in the tubular fermentor did not appear to harm the mycelia.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220807
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis for exotoxin production: Process analysis study (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1707-1724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The exotoxin produced by certain serotypes of Bacillus thuringiensis was used as a means of microbiological control of the larval development of flies. The optimal batch cultivation conditions with respect to pH, temperature, aeration, agitation, and initial concentration of growth-limiting substrate were determined. A dynamic model describing the process was designed and fitted to the experimental data. The application of a method for estimating exotoxin and bacterial concentrations from on-line measurable quantities such as oxygen consumption and heat production is presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220812
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of immobilized glucoamylase-β-amylase and glucoamylase-fungal amylase mixtures to produce high-maltose syrups (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1753-1758 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220816
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of high-fructose syrup by a heat-fixed Lactobacillus sp. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1957-1977 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Lactobacillus sp. isolated from soil and capable of growing on xylose-containing medium exhibited high glucose isomerase activity. The enzyme was thermostable, stable toward dialysis, and activated by heat treatment. It did not show the presence of xylose or ribose isomerase activities; the Km for glucose and xylose substrates were 0.48M and 0.513M, respectively. The heat treatment of ultrasonic crude extract gave insoluble fixed active glucose isomerase enzyme. The properties of free and immobilized enzyme in heat-fixed whole cells differed in many respects. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity changed from 70 to 85°C, the optimum substrate concentration changed from 1.0M to 2.4M, and the optimum pH from 7.4 to 6.0. Co2+ and Mg2+ ions activated the enzyme when used singly, but in combination they inhibited the enzyme and Mn2+ had no effect on the enzyme. Free and immobilized enzymes, when used in the used in the conversions of corn and bagasse hydrolysates to fructose, gave 58, 25.6%, and 50, 27.6% conversions, respectively. Immobilized enzyme retained a significant activity for more than 30 hr and was able to operate at higher glucose concentrations showing less products inhibition effect as compared to free enzyme. In the batch process it was able to operate for about eight cycles.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220913
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production of L-alanine using Pseudomonas dacunhae Immobilized with Carrageenan (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2045-2054 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous production of L-alanine from L-aspartic acid using immobilized Pseudomonas dacunhae was investigated. Pseudomonas dacunhae cells were immobilized with carrageenan gel. The L-aspartate β-decarboxylase activity of immobilized cells was enhanced by incubating the immobilized cells with a solution of 1M ammonium L-aspartate (pH 5.5) containing 0.1mM pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) at 37°C over 20 hr. The enzyme activity of immobilized cells was 59% that of intact cells. The pH profile of the enzyme reaction was broader in the immobilized cells than in the free cells. The enzyme activity of immobilized cells was maintained through repeated uses when a substrate solution containing 0.1mM PLP was used. Complete conversion of L-aspartate to L-alanine was attained when a solution of 2M ammonium L-aspartate (pH 6.2) containing 0.1mM PLP was passed upward through the immobilized cell column at a retention time of 8 hr at 37°C. Glutaraldehyde treatment of the immobilized cells resulted in a slight decrease of the enzyme activity but a marked increase of the operational stability. The half-life of enzyme activity was 46 days in glutaraldehyde-treated immobilized cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221005
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substrate utilization kinetic model for biological treatment process (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2081-2095 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The applicability of Contois' kinetic equation to aerobic and anaerobic treatments of organic wastes is investigated. A refractory coefficient to account for the nonbiodegradable portion of the organic substrates in the digester is incorporated into the kinetic equation. The kinetic equation is applied to the data for aerobic digestions of organic substrates and for anaerobic treatment of dairy wastes. They all show a very good fit of the kinetic equation to the data. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters and the refractory coefficients are shown to be independent of influent organic substrate concentration. This study confirms previous reports that the effluent quality of biological treatment systems for organic wastes depends on influent organic waste concentration. The effect of temperature on the kinetic parameters and the refractory coefficient for anaerobic treatment of sewage sludge are studied. It shows that the kinetic parameters vary with temperature, while the refractory coefficient remains fairly constant. Equations to predict biodegradable treatment efficiency and volumetric substrate utilization rate are also briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221008
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of immobilized invertase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2155-2167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five kinds of immobilized invertases (IMI) - covalently of porous glass and ion-exchange resins and ionically on ion-exchange resins - have been prepared and their kinetic characteristics for sucrose hydrolysis, such as Km, K, pH profile, and thermal stability were studied. Comparing the values of Km and activation energy and the entropy of IMI with those of native invertase, it was concluded that the immobilization influences not binding but kinetic specificity. The effects of the immobilization method on thermal stability were also discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221012
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous conversion of sucrose to fructose and gluconic acid by immobilized yeast cell multienzyme complex (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2179-2189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multienzyme complex consisting of invertase, glucose oxidase, and catalase was reconstituted by binding glucose oxidase using concanavalin A (Con A) to the cell wall of Sacchararomyces cerevisiae, previously induced for maximal activities of invertase and catalase. The cell flocculate obtained was stabilized by entrapment in polyacrylamide using γ irradiation at 100 kR. This complex showed a shortening of the lag period and enhancement in gluconic acid production as compared to a similar mixture of soluble enzymes. The efficacy of the multienzyme complex has been compared with that of mixed multienzyme system composed of individually immobilized enzymes. The immobilized multienzyme complex in a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor system could be operated for continuous conversion of sucrose to fructose and gluconic acid. The reactor system did not show any loss in efficiency in a continuous operation over 20 days.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221014
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of enzymes immobilized by graft copolymerization to different polysaccharides (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2251-2272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of enzyme immobilization by graft copolymerization on polysaccharides is reported. Glycidylmethacrylate was used as a vinylating reagent and the reaction product with enzymes (HRP, GOD, Am, ChT) was copolymerized with different matrices (cellulose, Sepharose, Sephadex, Starch). Various factors affect the final activity of copolymers; these include the redox system, the type of support, and the quantity and type of vinyl monomer added. Using a fixed quantity of enzyme and support (3 mg enzyme, 100 mg support), the coupling efficiency varied from 2 to 50%. The most important characteristics in these immobilized systems were tested (stability in continuous washing, kinetic characteristics, storage, thermal, and lyophilization stability). Immobilized-enzyme graft copolymers have very similar kinetic behavior to that of the free enzyme. Diffusion is not seriously limited, as shown by kinetic parameters and energy activation values, and this indicates that the immobilization reaction does not alter the enzymatic activity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221105
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional evaluation of the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum as a feedstuff to rats, pigs, and sheep (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2285-2303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of single-cell protein (SCP) based on cheap carbon sources such as spent liquor from paper mills is of interest for different reasons. The White-rot fungus (Sporotrichum pulverulentum) has earlier been shown to degrade cellulose and lignin. The nutritive value of this fungus was investigated with rats, pigs, and sheep. The effect of different drying process was evaluated on rats. Experiments with piglets, growing pigs, and sheep were aimed at getting primary information on nutritive parameters with domestic animal species, Chemical analysis of S. pulverulentum showed that the sum of the amino acids corresponded to 70% and ammonia, GABA, and glucosamine to 20% of its crude protein content. Differences between drying treatments in their effect on protein digestibility were not noted. From a protein quality viewpoint, a tendency toward superiority was noted for two of the drying processes. The amino acid digestibility of S. pulverulentum was inferior to values for soybean oil meal given in textbooks. The piglet experiment confirmed the lower nutritive value of S. pulverulentum compared with soybean oil meal. in the piglet stage a content of metabolizable energy of S. pulverulentum was found which corresponded to 60% of that for soybean oil meal. With increasing age the ability of pigs to utilize the fungus increased. The limited nutritive value for monogastric animals is most certainly caused by the cell-wall structure of S. pulverulentum with poor digestibility of the carbohydrates. The experiment with sheep showed more satisfactory results than with monogastric species, with digestibility of crude protein of 82% and a content of metabolizable energy of 70% of soybean oil meal.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221107
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power dissipation and heat production in bubble columns: Approach based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2399-2404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221115
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  • 121
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    Alcoholic Fermentation in an Aqueous Two-Phase SystemThis study was supported by a grant from the Swedish Board for Technical Development. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2393-2398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221114
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and properties of an insolubilized phosphotransferase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2419-2424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221119
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  • 123
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    Morphological and ultrastructural study of the cell envelope of thermophilic and acidophilic microorganisms as compared to Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2543-2555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cell envelope of a Sulfolobus-like microorganism has an arrayed hexagonal subunit structure, a double-layered cytoplasmic membrane, and a hollow periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the outermost arrayed layer. A dense peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane found in the case of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was not seen. The cell envelope of a thermophile isolated from a leaching environment has a well-defined envelope with two well-stained layers distinclty seen. While the peptidoglycan layer is also not seen in this thermophile, a long flagellum similar to that in the case of T. ferrooxidans is present. The presence of pili in the Sulfolobus-like organism and its arrayed subunit cell envelope structure could account for the organism's selective attachment to sulfide phases in the leaching of low-grade ores. The observations of a well-defined cell envelope in the two thermophiles is consistent with the structure-function relationship previously established for T. ferrooxidans.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221205
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  • 124
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    Relationship between phosphate stress, effluent quality, and observed cell yield in a pure-oxygen activated-sludge plant (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2591-2606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of continuous and discontinuous phosphate stress on the observed cell yield coefficient was investigated in a petrochemical pure-oxygen wastewater treatment plant. A continuous phosphate stress in the activated-sludge system resulted in a reduction of sludge production by 36%, but no improvement of the effluent quality was noticed compared with that of nonstress treatment. However, discontinuous phosphate stress produced a high-quality effluent due to the excellent setting settling properties of the sludge flocs. In addition, the observed cell yield coefficient and concomitantly the sludge production remained 45% below normal. The introduction of the discontinuous phosphate stress in the pure-oxygen activated-sludge plant at the BP Chemicals works in Antwerp resulted in a 24% reduction of the total wastewater treatment operating costs.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221208
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  • 125
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    Kinetic study of a membrane enzyme reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2633-2642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A flat-membrane dialyzer was used as enzyme reactor by introducing enzyme solution into one of the membrane-separated chambers. The apparent Michaelis constant Km(app) of urease was always larger (ten times at [urease] = 1 mg/ml) than that of free enzyme because the permeation of substrate through the membrane was rate determining. Km(app) for urease decreased from 125 to 20mM with increasing flow rate of the substrate solution because of the turbulent flow near the membrane. In the case of glucose oxidase or creatine kinase, the reaction rate was limited by the permeation of less permeable substrates such as oxygen or ATP. Therefore, Km(app) of more permeable substrates such as glucose or creatine became smaller than that of free enzyme. The reaction amount calculated from the permeation data agreed well with experimental results. By designing spacers for the reactor to give turbulence to the solution, the effectiveness of the reactor was improved fivefold.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221211
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  • 126
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    Product formation in the continuous culture of microbial populations grown on carbohydrates (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1857-1875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental studies of the growth of a natural microbial population on a synthetic liquid effluent containing sugar, sodium alginate, and nutrients showed that: (I) the concentration of substrates in the feed to an activated sludge process exerts a significant effect upon its effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and (ii) there is an optimum sludge age for achieving minimum effluent COD, given by the relationship: optimum growth rate ∝ (feed COD)0.5. These were explained by incorporating the concept of product formation into existing activated-sludge theory, which showed that at sludge ages longer than optimum, effluent COD increased due to product formation; at shorter sludge ages, the effluent COD increased owing to an increased concentration of degradable substrates.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220907
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  • 127
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    Factors influencing fungal degradation of lignin in a representative lignocellulosic, thermomechanical pulp (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This research examined culture parameters influencing the rate of degradation of lignin in lignocellulosic substrates by the Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Thermomechanical pulps prepared from western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and red alder (Alnus rubra) were chosen as model substrates. Degradation of lignin in shallow, liquid-phase, stationary cultures was 10 times as rapid as in agitated cultures. Lignin degradation was at least 50% more rapid in cultures under 100% O2 than in those under air. Addition of 0.12% nutrient N (dry pulp basis) increased the rate of lignin degradation two- to fivefold; 1.2% added N at first suppressed, then stimulated, lignin degradation. Lignin in the alder pulp was degraded over five times as rapidly as in the hemlock pulp. Addition of glucose (35% of dry pulp) to the pulps containing 0.12% added N completely suppressed polysaccharide depletion during two weeks, but did not influence lignin degradation. The maximum rate of lignin degradation was 3%/day over a two-week incubation, or approximately 2.9 mg/mg fungal cell protein/day. The influence of the examined parameters was in complete accord with those found earlier for synthetic 14C-lignin metabolism by P. chrysosporium.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220106
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  • 128
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    Steroid transformation at high substrate concentrations using immobilized Corynebacterium simplex cells (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 119-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steroid transformation of hydrocortisone to prednisolone, combining the two techniques of immobilized whole cells and high steroid concentrations, was investigated and found to be a feasible process. Freeze-dried Corynebacterium simplex cells were immobilized in collagen, tanned with glutaraldehyde, and cast into a membrane. The reaction was studied at hydrocortisone concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 mg/ml. The following aspects of the system were examined: (1) the substrate concentration effect upon the reaction; (2) the effect of enzyme concentration; (3) the rate-concentration relationship; and (4) the product inhibition characteristics of the system. The optimal substrate concentration was found to be 15 mg/ml of a membrane concentration of 80 mg/ml. This reaction attained an 80% conversion in 48 hr. A liner relation was found between the initial reaction rate and membrane concentration. One can thus increase the net production of steroid per unit volume and time by increasing the membrane levels. A physical limit to this increase occurred at membrane concentrations greater than 125 mg/ml. The rate-concentration relationship was linear when graphed on a Line weaver-Burk plot: giving a Km′ and Vm′ value of 5.39 mg/ml and 0.556 mg/ml/hr, respectively. When the data were tested for competitive product inhibition, the curves fitted the experimental points fairly well and produced Km′ and Vm′ values of 4.52 mg/ml and 0.566 mg/ml/hr, respectively. Product inhibition experiments showed that the inhibition was not purely competitive. At low substrate concentrations, product inhibited the enzyme; at high substrate concentrations, the enzyme was first stimulated and then depressed by increasing levels of products. This behavior has been analyzed and shown to be possibly a result of the information of a tertiary intermediate produced during the reaction.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220110
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  • 129
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    On-line estimation of kLa by an analog computer (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method was developed for estimating the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa, in a fermentor. Various methods were investigated for the on-line estimation of kLa with an analog computer employing a steepest-descent calculation technique. The method by which kLa is estimated (by minimizing the error residue of the model) was found to be very applicable. A method for the simultaneous estimation of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient and respiration rate in biological systems is also presented.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220114
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  • 130
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    Performance of an enzyme reactor utilizing a magnetic field (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220120
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  • 131
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    Quantitative physiology of Penicillium chrysogenum in penicillin fermentationThis paper was, in large part, presented at the 174th American Chemical Society Meeting, Chicago, IL, 1977. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using continuous and fed-batch penicillin fermentation systems some important metabolic parameters have been determined for the purpose of achieving process improvement and better process control. The specific uptake rates determined under the optimal conditions are: 0.33 mmol hexose/g cell/hr, 1.6 mmol oxygen/g cell/hr, 2mg NH3-nitrogen/g cell/hr, 0.6 mg PO4-phosphorus/g cell/hr, 2.8 mg SO4-sulfur/g cell/hr, 1.8 mg phenyl acetic acid/g cell/hr. It was also found that during the production phase, or idiophase, the specific growth rate should be maintained at about 0.015 hr-1 in order to support the maximum penicillin productivity of the given strain. Based on the results of this study a significant process improvement has been achieved through proper control of the supply and demand of the important nutrients and oxygen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220204
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  • 132
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    Biomass elemental composition and energy content (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 451-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220215
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  • 133
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    On interfacing different types of dissolved oxygen probes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 473-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220218
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  • 134
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    Kinetics of microbial death by combined treatment with heat and antimicrobial agentsPresented at the First International Congress on Engineering and Food, Boston, Massachusetts, August 1976. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were made of the death kinetics of Escherichia coli cells heated at 46 to 56°C in 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing either an amphoteric surfactant (Tego 15DL, 1-10 μg/ml) or sorbic acid (0.5 to 3%). A linear relationship was obtained on the Arrhenius plot for the death of cells heated with each antimicrobial agent. The kinetics of the action of the surfactant, however, differed from that of sorbic acid. With the amphoteric surfactant, the activation enthalpy of the death reaction decreased from 108 to 51 kcal/mol as the concentration of surfactant was increased in the range tested although the death rate remained high; whereas with sorbic acid the activation enthalpy remained fairly constant (104 ± 9 kcal/mol) independent of its concentration and the death rate was similarly high. Further, in the action of the amphoteric surfactant, a thermodynamic compensation effect was observed, the compensation temperature being 334°K (61°C), i.e., relatively close to the observed temperatures. For sorbic acid, however, this temperature seemed to be too high to observe when determined from the Arrhenius plot. The data of the dependency of the death-rate constant upon the concentration of antimicrobial agent indicated a similar difference in the action of the two agents. Based on our results and on data obtained by other workers, we propose that antimicrobial agents that enhance cellular death induced by heating can be characterized into two types.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220109
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  • 135
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    Process hydrolysis of starch with enzyme catalysts (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220316
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  • 136
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    Single-cell protein production by trichoderma longibrachiatum on treated sugar-cane bagasse (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 689-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220320
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  • 137
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    Suggested kinetic model for the fluidized-bed biofilm reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 667-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220317
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  • 138
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    Yield regulation of lysine biosynthesis in Brevibacterium flavum (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 897-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A scheme for lysine biosynthesis using variants of the Brevibacterium flavum intermediary metabolite synthesis is discussed. The main precursor of lysine that we are concerned with here is oxalacetate, which can be synthesized through the TCA or glyoxylate cycles or by carboxylation of PEP. Material energy balances for the main pathways of lysine biosynthesis from glucose and acetate have been formulated. Energy consumption, in the from of ATP - PATP (number of mol ATP consumed/1 mol lysine synthesized), was calculated for the main pathways of lysine biosynthesis. Theoretical conversion yields Ypmax (g product/g substrate) were estimated. Experimental data were presented concerning the increase of Yp by means of metabolism regulation: (a) by TCA-and glyoxylate-cycle enzyme induction; (b) by maintaining PEP carboxylase activity; (c) by eliminating by-product synthesis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220413
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  • 139
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    Studies on the immobilization of trypsin on sand (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 919-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was immobilized on sand using five different methods. Attempts were made to attach amino-functional groups onto sand using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, hexamethylenetetramine, hexamethylenediamine, and melamine. Glutaraldehyde was used as a bifunctional agent in all the methods. Methods for the estimation of the proteolytic 1activity and protein content of immobilized trypsin were standardized. The maximum retained activity was observed for trypsin immobilized on sand via 3-aminopropytriethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde. Immobilized trypsin showed a shift in the pH optimum toward the acidic side over that of soluble trypsin in all five cases. The optimum temperature for both native and immobilized trypsin prepared by the silane-glutaraldehyde method was found to be 45°C. However, the pH and thermal stabilities of immobilized trypsin were observed to be better than that of the native enzyme.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220502
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  • 140
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    Biologically active fluidized beds: Mechanistic considerations (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1007-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A postulated model of a biologically active fluidized bed is given, subject to various constraints.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220509
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  • 141
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    Adsorption and recovery of cellulases during hydrolysis of newspaper (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1037-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of cellulases from Trichoderma viride was studied during the hydrolysis of newspaper. By measuring individual enzyme activities it was found that in the early stage of hydrolysis enzyme components showing CxA; were adsorbed preferentially to those showing C1A; afterwards ths situation was inverted. Electrophoretic resolution of proteins in hydrolysates showed a continuous decrease of enzyme proteins in solution, and furthermore suggested that the enzymes once adsorbed remained immobilized on the substrate (even after extensive digestion). Experiments to recover the enzyme that had remained in solution after typical hydrolysis showed a potential saving of up to 40%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220512
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  • 142
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    Amperometric determination of choline with use of immobilized choline oxidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1071-1086 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Choline oxidase (choline: oxygen oxidoreductaserpar; was immobilized on a partially aminated polyacrylonitrile membrane. The enzyme electrode, consisting of an immobilized-enzyme membrane and an oxygen probe, was employed for the determination choline. Dissolved oxygen consumption by the enzymatic reaction was measured amperometrically. The rate assay method was used for the choline determination. The response time of the sensor was 7 sec for choline. The choline assay was done within 1 min. The choline calibration curve was linear from 0 to 0.1mM. The response was reproducible within an average relative error of 2.3% when 0.2mM choline was employed for experiments. The choline in the fermentation media was determined by the sensor. Furthermore, phospholipids in the serum were also determined with native phospholiphase D and the enzyme electrode.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220514
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  • 143
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    Continuous production of bacitracin by immobilized living whole cells of Bacillus sp. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1015-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Bacillus sp., a bacitracin-producing bacteria, were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The continuous production of bacitracin by an immobilized whole-cell-containing air-bubbled reactor was examined with 0.5% peptone solution. The bacitracin productivity (28 units/ml/hr) obtained with this system was higher than that with a batch system. The effluent bacitracin concentration increased with increasing aeration rate and reached a steady-state maximum above the aeration rate of 3.0 liter/min. A high bacitracin productivity was retained for at least eight days when the gel was washed with sterilized saline at a flow rate of 250 ml/hr for 2 hr once a day. The half-life of the immobilized whole-cell system was about 10 days. Bacitracin productivity by the immobilized whole-cell reactor was higher than that by a conventional continuous fermentation process at high dilution rates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220510
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  • 144
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    Consistency between rate expressions for enzyme reactions and deactivation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1087-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220515
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  • 145
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    Method for the statistical treatment of elemental and energy balances with application to steady-state continuous-culture growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 426 in the respiratory region (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1097-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220517
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  • 146
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    Growth of yeast on n-alkanes. II. Adsorption- desorption phenomena (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 597-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the stochastic as well as in other models that describe the growth of yeast on liquid hydrocarbons, the adsorption and desorption of cells to drops influence to a very great extent the growth rate of the cells. In this paper a method is presented and equipment is described by which it was possible to measure the cell-drop interaction directly. While analyzing the results of these measurements it was found that the adsorption and desorption of cells are rather complicated processes. The size distribution of the oil drops is one of the parameters that has to be taken into account. The analysis of the results yields a fairly accurate value for the initial adsorption rate. Departing from a somewhat speculative description of the influence of drop size distribution on the adsorption rate, the order of magnitude of the desorption rate constant could be calculated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220310
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  • 147
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    Rapid ethanol fermentation in immobilized yeast cell reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1489-1496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220713
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  • 148
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    Oxygen uptake of trichoderma reesei (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 693-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220321
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  • 149
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    Pulse response in an immobilized-enzyme column: Theoretical method for predicting elution curves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 779-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical method for predicting the elution profile of a pulse response in an immobilized-enzyme column is proposed. The method is based on a mass balance model, which is extensively used in gel chromatography. To test the method, a pulse of sucrose solution was applied to a column of spherical acrylamide gel in which was entrapped invertase from yeast, and it was eluted with 0.05M acetate buffer at pH 5.0. The elution curves of the substrate and the product were in fairly good agreement with the theoretically calculated ones. The method was extended to the system of reversible as well consecutive reactions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220405
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  • 150
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    Saccharification of cellolulose by the cellulolytic enzyme system of Thermonospora sp.On the basis of cell-wall analysis and other characteristics,27 this organism, previously identified as belonging to the genus Thermoactinomyces, is now correctly identified as a Thermomonospara I. Stability of cellulolytic activities with respect to time, temperature, and pH (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1515-1526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stabilities and optima with respect to temperature and pH of the β-glucosidase, Avicelase, and carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity of Thermomonospora sp., in the culture filtrate, culture whole broth, and filtrate after sonication of culture solids, are reported. The β-glucosidase is cell associated and has an optimal activity at about pH 6.5 and 55°C. In the whole culture broth, it has a half-life of about 8 hr at 55°C and less than 1 hr at 60°C, while the half-life of the activity in the sonicated, cell-free filtrate is less than 1 hr at 55°C. The Avicelase and CMCase activities occur in the extracellular culture fluid and have optima at about pH 7.0 and 5.9, and 65 and 70°C, respectively. The CMCase activity is stable over 24 hr at 60°C, but declines by 50% in the same period at 65°C. The Avicelase activity declines by 15% over 24 hr at 55°C, and by 50% at 60°C. The highest pH studied (pH 7.3) was the most destabilizing for all three activities. The thermostable characteristics of the cellulases from Themomonospora appear to make them suitable for commercial saccharification processes operating at elevated temperatures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220802
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  • 151
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    Conversion of cellulose to glucose with cellulase of Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1601-1612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 secretes a cellulase complex that is rich in β-glucosidase and therefore well suited for the saccharification of cellulosic materials. The cellulase was investigated with respect to optimum conditions of reaction and enzyme stability. Avicelase, CMCase, and β-glucosidase differed considerably in their physicochemical properties. At temperatures above 50°C, β-glucosidase is not very stable. Therefore, as a compromise the conditions of hydrolysis were chosen to be 50°C and pH 4.5. With the crude culture filtrate of T. viride ITCC-1433 a nearly pure glucose solution of 4% is reached from a 10% cellulose suspension. Wood pulp and newsprint are hydrolyzed to a much smaller extent. With an enzyme concentrate up to 8% glucose accumulated in the reaction fluid within 48 hr. At this time the glucose-cellobiose ratio was 75:1. Glucose was demonstrated to be the most potent inhibitor of total hydrolysis. The addition of glucose to the enzyme-substrate solution at zero time completely stopped its own formation and cellobiose and reducing groups (oligosaccharides) accumulated. By removing glucose through an ultrafilter device about 90% saccharification of cellulose to glucose was achieved in 48 hr without any accumulation of cellobiose.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220806
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  • 152
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    Ultraviolet-sensitive photographic process using enzymes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1725-1734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unique silver-free and ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive photographic process using enzymes has been developed. It utilizes α-chymotrypsin acylated to a light-sensitive stereoisomeric ester as the basic photographic material. When UV light is exposed to the file, the signal is registered by the appearance of melanin pigment through the chymotrypsin-mediated activation of pre-tyrosinase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220813
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  • 153
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    Ethanol production in an immobilized-cell reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1735-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass can be converted to sugars by hydrolysis with enzymes or mineral acids. These sugars can be converted into a number of chemical intermediates in biological reactors. Biological reactions are generally slow and selection of the most efficient reactor is important in these applications. Immobilized-cell reactors allow high cell densities and high throughput by attaching the microorganisms to a fixed support. This paper examines the rate of production of ethanol from glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisia in a packed column. These rates are compared with those for the same reaction in a stirred reactor.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220814
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  • 154
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    Immobilized mitochondrial electron transport particle for NADH determination (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1769-1783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonphosphorylating electron transport particles (ETP) prepared from beef heart mitochondrion were immobilized in agar gel. The immobilized ETP showed an oxidase activity to both NADH and succinate. The immobilized ETP was reusable. An electrochemical device for the determination of either NADH or succinate was assembled consisting of the membrane-bound ETP and an oxygen probe. The response to succinate was specifically inhibited by the addition of malonate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220902
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  • 155
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    Partition of hexadecane to the cell surface of Candida tropicalis: Mechanism for the transport of water-insoluble substrates (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1829-1841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The partition of hexadecane to the cell surface of Candida tropicalis was measured by incubating heat-inactivated cells with hexadecane-1-14C on a gyratory shaker. The free hexadecane was separated by centrifuging the cells through a 15% sucrose solution, and the partitioned hexadecane was quantified by scintillation spectrometry of the samples from the resulting cell sediment. Heat-inactivated cells did not take up hexadecane as determined by a membrane filtration technique involving organic solvent washing. The partitioning was a time-dependent process. The velocity increased by increasing the shake rate of te shaker. At 360 rpm and with baffled flasks, saturation of the cell surface with hexadecane was obtained after a 20 min incubation period. The amount of hexadecane partitioned depended on the initial hexadecane-to-cell concentration ratio. At a ratio of 5 μmol/mg cell protein the highest amount of hexadecane partitioned was measured at 2100 μmol/mg cell protein. At ratios higher than 6 μmol/mg cell protein the cells were no longer sedimentable by centrifugation. The partition of hexadecane to the cell surface was affected by removing the surface layer of the cell wall by Pronase treatment and by using detergents in the partition assay. Pronase treatment lowered the amount of hexadecane partitioned as a consequence of the removal of the lipophilic layer of the cell surface. Detergents influence the partition coefficient and also lowered the amount of hexadecane partitioning to the cell surface. At a low shaking intensity (280 rpm, unbaffled flasks), after Pronase treatment, and in the presence of detergents he uptake of hexadecane by the cells was limited by the partitioning.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220905
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  • 156
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    Batch and multistage continuous ethanol fermentation of cellulose hydrolysate and optimum design of fermentor by graphical analysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1907-1928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch and single-flow four-stage continuous ethanol fermentations of bagasse hydrolysate have been investigated at pH 4.0 and 30°C with a strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The studies were carried out in the laboratory four-stage cascade continuous stirred-tank fermentors at varying feed glucose concentrations (10, 14, 18, and 22%). The range of dilution rates employed varied from 0.05 to 0.2 hr-1. The hydrolysate was supplemented with a cheap nitrogen source (CNS), CaCl2·H2O and MgSO4·7H2O. A 2% (v/v) CNS concentration was found to be sufficient to avoid growth limitation at a glucose concentration of 116 g/liter. The conditions of continuous culture in a multistage system are predicted by a graphical method based on batch-culture data. The results thus obtained are compared with those predicted by kinetic models and with the experimental results. The variations between the results obtained experimentally and those computed either by a kinetic model or by graphical analyses were found to be within the limits of experimental error. The solutions based on the concept of minimum residence time necessary to achieve the desired biomass or product concentrations are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220910
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  • 157
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    Kinetics of biphasic growth of yeast in continuous and fed-batch cultures (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1805-1827 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of dilution rate on the production of biomass, ethanol, and invertase in an aerobic culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was studied in a glucose-limited chemostat culture. A kinetic model was developed to analyze the biphasic growth of yeast on both the glucose remaining and the ethanol produced in the culture. The model assumes a double effect where glucose regulates the flux of glucose catabolism (respiration and aerobic fermentation) and the ethanol utilization in yeast cells. The model could successfully demonstrate the experimental results of a chemostat culture featuring the monotonic decrease of biomass concentration with an increase of dilution rate higher than 0.2 hr-1 as well as the maximum ethanol concentration at a particular dilution rate around 0.5 hr-1. Some supplementary data were collected from an ethanol-limited aerobic chemostat culture and a glucose-limited anaerobic chemostat culture to use in the model calculation. Some parametric constants of cell growth, ethanol production, and invertase formation were determined in batch cultures under aerobic and anaerobic states as summarized in a table in comparison with the chemostat data. Using the constants, a prediction of the optimal control of a glucose fed-batch yeast culture was conducted in connection with an experiment for harvesting a high yield of yeast cells with high invertase activity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220904
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  • 158
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    Bed expansion characteristics of liquid fluidized particles with attached microbial growth (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1843-1856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bed expansion behavior of liquid fluidized beds of char particles coated with attached microbial growth of denitrifying mixed bacteria was studied experimentally to obtain an expression that relates the bed expansion to the liquid velocity for liquid fluidized beds of composite particles. As for liquid beds of homogeneous spheres, the bed voidage and the liquid velocity vz for liquid fluidized beds of biomass-coated particles were found to be related as vz/Vi = ∊n. The correlations recommended by Richardson and Zaki for homogeneous spheres are found to be satisfactory for the estimation of the constant n, but only under certain conditions for the constant Vi.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220906
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  • 159
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    Oxygen supply to bacterial suspensions of high cell densities by hydrogen peroxide (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1877-1894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The supply of heterotrophically growing suspensions of Alcaligenes eutrophus PHB-4 with oxygen formed by the continuous addition of H2O2 in the presence of bovine liver catalase was found to be restricted to well-defined conditions. The catalase-H2O2 system proved to be suitable during the growth at low cell densities equivalent to 2 g dry weight/liter. When under these conditions the oxygen concentration was held constant at 1.8 mg O2/liter, the cells grew for 6-8 hr at a rate almost identical to that observed with conventional aeration. However, aeration with H2O2 for longer durations (10-20 hr) and at higher cell densities (5-20 g dry weight/liter) led invariably to cell damage and retardation of growth. The impairment of growth observed during the oxygen supply by the catalase-H2O2 system was traced back to the formation of gradually increasing steady-state concentrations of H2O2 in the medium. Possible sites of cell damage by H2O2 such as membrane function, excretion and function of siderophores, and synthesis of cell polymers have been studied, and the cytotoxic mechanism of low concentrations of H2O2 was discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220908
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  • 160
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    Influence of very small bubbles on the dynamic kLA measurement in viscous gas-liquid systems (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1945-1956 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments reveal a fraction of tiny bubbles (≪1 mm) in viscous gas-liquid systems. It is plausible that the oxygen tension is these bubbles will be in equilibrium with that in the liquid within seconds. This means that, as regards to such oxygen concentration changes as occur on kLA determination by the dynamic method, the “liquid-small bubble dispersion” can be considered as a homogeneous phase. This leads to major corrections and, therefore, the application of the dynamic kLA method in viscous gas-liquid systems will be problematic.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220912
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  • 161
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221001
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    The Brazilian ethanol programPresented at the 178th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., September, 1979. This report is based on the papers: “The Ethanol Based Economy” written by a group of specialists under the coordination of Professor Walter Borzani,1 presented at the First World Conference on Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials - Chemrawn in Toronto in July 1978 and “The National Alcohol Program and the Brazilian Energy Context,” by Dr. Israel Gochnarg,2 presented at the “Biomass for Energy” technical meeting at the Royal Society in London in July 1979. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1989-2012 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Brazilian needs for petroleum as a primary energy source grew from 13.2% in 1940 to 41.7% in 1977. This resulted in a much greater dependence on foreign sources and prompted the Government to initiate a detailed study of alternatives. The National Alcohol Program established in 1975 is just one of the options being examined. The National Energy Balance forecast shows that annual anhydrous alcohol consumption for automotive purposes should increase from 1.74 × 106m3 to 4.7 × 106 m3 in the period from 1978 to 1987. This paper presents the main objectives of the National Alcohol Program in the context of the overall Energy Program, points out the problems connected with alcohol production and utilization, and reviews the serious problems related to its distribution to the consuming centers. Finally, the indirect benefits resulting from the implementation of the National Alcohol Program are shown, underlining the saving of foreign currency, the substantial increase in employment opportunities, the reduction in regional and individual income discrepancies, and the expansion of capital goods production, together with the improvement of national technology in the agricultural and industrial sectors.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221002
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  • 163
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    Batch- and continuous-culture studies of a methane-utilizing mixed culture (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2097-2118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A methane-utilizing mixed culture isolated from activated sludge by selective enrichment at 45°C was found to consist of three interacting species: a methaneutilizing bacterium, a citrate-utilizing bacterium, and a methanol-utilizing bacterium. All three species grew well at 45°C. Three different stable mixed cultures were reconstituted by various combinations of these pure cultures. The nutritional requirements and substrate ranges for each pure culture were determined. The nutritional requirements and substrate ranges for each pure culture were determined. The saturation constant for the methane-utilizing bacterium on methane (KCH4) and for the methanol-utilizing bacterium on methanol (KCH3OH) were 1.73 × 10-6M and 4.51 × 10-7M, respectively. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient for methane (KLa) was determined to be 65.6 hr-1.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221009
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  • 164
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    Alcohol production by Yeast in whey ultrafiltrate (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1277-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220614
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  • 165
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    Production and utilization of Bacillus thuringiensis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1297-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biological insecticide formulations based on the entomogenous bacterium. Bacillus thuringiensis, have begun to be used widely in agriculture. This spore-forming bacillus can be grown in submerged culture and formulated to provide stable agricultural formulations compatible with aerial and ground application systems. The safety of these products to nontarget organisms and man is responsible for the growing interest in their use on a variety of crops including pastures and forests. No longer a laboratory curiosity, B. thuringiensis is an economic alternative to chemical insecticides.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220703
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  • 166
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    Hydroxylamine as a competitive inhibitor for the kinetic enzymatic assay of ethanol in relatively concentrated solutionsResearch sponsored by the Division of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract W-7405-eng-26 with the Union Carbide Corporation. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2437-2439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221123
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  • 167
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    Comments on the influence of diffusive effects on the lineweaver-burk plot (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2455-2456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221127
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  • 168
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    Convenient method of preparing microbial cells for bomb calorimetry (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2417-2418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221118
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  • 169
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    Potential health hazard in cellulose bioconversions by thermophilic actinomycetes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2443-2447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221125
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  • 170
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    Oxidation of D-glucose in the presence of glucose oxidase and catalase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2515-2527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of oxidation of glucose solution by dissolved oxygen in the presence of glucose oxidase and excess catalase were studied both theoretically and experimentally. The kinetic model used was based on the detailed mechanism of the reaction. The description of the model is given by the Michaelis-Menten equation for the case of two substrates. The experiments were carried out in a closed reactor at a temperature of 25°C and pH 5.55. Commercial enzymes were used. Kinetic constants of the reaction were evaluated by fitting the oxygen concentration profiles calculated from the model to those found experimentally, by the method of nonlinear regression. The rate of D-glucose mutarotation to α and β form, and distortion of data caused by the dynamics of the applied oxygen probe were taken into account. The determined kinetic constants of the reactions are in good agreement with those given in the literature for purified enzymes. Adoption of literature kinetic data of this reaction to the determination of aeration capacity of fermentors by means of glucose oxidase systems has proved possible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221203
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  • 171
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    Dynamics of commensalistic systems with self- and cross-inhibition (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2557-2577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Up to three stable steady states are possible in a simple commensalistic system, taking place in an open-loop mixed reactor when the growth rates of the two species are inhibited by the substrates they prey on (Self-inhibition). Two stable states are possible in a system with noncompetitive inhibition of the species by the substrate they are not preying on (cross-inhibition). A large number of steady states as well as oscillatory states are possible when both self- and cross-inhibition are strong. Multiplicity of steady states is also possible in a reactor with biomas recirculation for these kinetics. Yet, the latter is more stable than the open-loop reactor in the sense that the domain of steady-state multiplicity is narrower. The stability of steady states and the dynamics of the systems for each of the investigated kinetics are summarized in a qualitative phase plane. The importance of the analysis for improving the selectively and yield of the system and for predicting the response of the system to changes in the operating conditions, is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221206
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  • 172
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    Microrecirculation reactor system for characterization of immobilized enzymesApproved for publication as paper No. 6177 in Journal Series of the North Carolina Agriculture Research Service. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agriculture Research Service, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2617-2631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A differential microrecirculation reactor was developed for kinetic analysis of both soluble and immobilized enzymes. The reactor system was easliy fabricated with in the laboratory from readily available materials. The disposable, small reactors allowed for in situ weight determination of the enzyme beads. Routinely, only a 1 ml liquid volume of substrate was used for each kinetic assay. The reactor system was also used for determination of partition coefficients. Both uses of the reactor system required only 5-10 min for completion of a given determination.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221210
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  • 173
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    Photochemical system for regenerating NADPH from NADP with use of immobilized chloroplasts (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2655-2665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Spinach chloroplasts were immobilized in 2% agar gel. Crude ferredoxin and NADP-ferredoxin oxidoreductase isolated from spinach were used as electron carriers. The activity of the NADP reduction by immobilized chloroplasts increased with increasing ferredoxin concentration and the maximum activity was obtained at 8μM ferredoxin. The saturation of NADP reduction was observed at a light intensity of over 1000 lx. The optimum pH and temperature of NADP reduction were 8 and 25°C, respectively. The reduced NADP in a reaction medium increased linearly with increasing reaction time under illumination. NADP was continuously reduced for 2 hr with a hollow-fiber reactor containing immobilized chloroplasts. NADPH and NADP were separated with a hollow-fiber dialyzer from ferredoxin and NADP-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which were reused. The conversion ratio of NADP to NADPH was from 40 to 80%.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221213
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  • 174
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    Immobilized catalase-containing yeast cells: Preparation and enzymatic properties (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2191-2205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cell of Saccharomyces cerevisiae previously induced for catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity were immobilized by entrapment of intact cells in acrylamide polymerized by γ irradiation (100 kR). Yeast cells showed an enhancement in catalase activity on entrapment, an effect similar to that observed on treatment with organic solvents like toluene. The cells pretreated with toluene, however, showed complete loss of catalase activity on entrapment. The entrapped enzyme exhibited a narrow pH optimum, reduced Km for H2O2, and a decrease in thermostability. The temperature optimum of catalase was also decreased from 60 to 40°C on immobilization. A tenfold decrease in the activation energy was also observed. The enzyme in the entrapped cells was, however, stable toward inactivation by γ irradiation. Unlike the intact cells, the entrapped yeast cells did not have the ability to induce catalase.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221015
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  • 175
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    Increased production of cellulase of Trichoderma sp. by pH cycling and temperature profiling (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2237-2250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cultivation of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 on 3% (w/v) cellulose medium (C/N ratio = 8.5) produced 4.5 IU/ml celulase 180 hr at a cell growth of 8.0 g/liter (0.266 g cell/g cellulose). It corresponded to an average cellulase productivity 25.0 IU/liter/hr (3.5 IU/g cell/hr). In the same medium 9.5 g/liter cell mass (0.316 g cell/g cellulose), 6.2 IU/ml cellulase, and 38.75 IU/liter/hr (4.0 IU/g cell/hr) cellulase productivity could be obtained using pH cycling condition during cultivation. Cell mass, cellulase yield, and productivity were further increased to 10.0 g/liter, 7.2 IU/ml, and 44.0 IU/liter/hr (4.5 IU/g cell/hr), respectively, by simultaneous pH cycling and temperature profiling strategy. Results are described.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221104
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  • 176
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    Extracellular microbial polysaccharides: Kinetics of Pseudomonas sp., Azotobacter vinelandii, and Aureobasidium pullulans batch fermentations (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2321-2342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The generality of a fermentation kinetic model (developed earlier for xanthan gum production by Xanthamonas campestris) is tested by application to several other polysaccharide-producing fermentations. With literature batch data for exopolysac-charides from Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas sp., and Aureobasidium pullulans, the model is shown to provide a reasonable description for biomass (X), product (polysaccharide, P), and substrate (S) evolution in time. Thus a general kinetic model for microbial fermentations that produce exopolysaccharides is established.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221109
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  • 177
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    Inhibition of alcoholic fermentation by substrate and ethanol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2375-2381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of ethanol and sugars on rates of fermentation was studied. We used a strain of Canadida pseudotropicalis. The specific rate of fermentation was determined by using the Warburg manometer. The effect of ethanol was formulated as an exponential function of ethanol concentration, but the empirical constant was different when glucose or lactose was used as a substrate. The effects of both ethanol and substrate were formulated. It was demonstrate that when lactose and glucose were present in the medium with a small amount of alcohol, a synergistic effect on the rate of fermentation appeard. This phenomenon considerably limits the rate of fermentation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221112
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  • 178
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    Use of the haldane equation for steady-state substrate inhibition in biodegradation kinetics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2405-2409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221116
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  • 179
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    Production of fuel ethanol by solid-phase fermentation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2425-2427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221120
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  • 180
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    Immobilization of β-glucuronidase on inorganic supports (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2441-2442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221124
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  • 181
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221201
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  • 182
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    Application of macroscopic principles to microbial metabolism (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2457-2514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: General expressions for mass, elemental, energy, and entropy balances are derived and applied to microbial growth and product formation. The state of the art of the application of elemental balances to aerobic and heterotrophic growth is reviewed and extended somewhat to include the majority of the cases commonly encountered in biotechnology. The degree of reduction concept is extended to include nitrogen sources other than ammonia. The relationship between a number of accepted measures for the comparison of substrate yields is investigated. The theory is illustrated using a generalized correlation for oxygen yield data. The stoichiometry of anaerobic product formation is briefly treated, a limit to the maximum carbon conservation in product is derived, using the concept of elemental balance. In the treatment of growth energetics the correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics for growing organisms is emphasized. For aerobic heterotrophic growth the concept of thermodynamic efficiency is used to formulate a limit the substrate yield can never surpass. It is combined with a limit due to the fact that the maximum carbon conservation in biomass can obviously never surpass unity. It is shown that growth on substrates of a low degree of reduction is energy limited, for substrates of a high degree of reduction carbon limitation takes over. Based on a literature review concerning yield data some semiempirical notions useful for a preliminary evolution of aerobic heterotrophic growth are developed. The thermodynamic efficiency definition is completed by two other efficiency measures, which allow derivation of simple equations for oxygen consumption and heat production. The range of validity of the constancy of the rate of heat production to the rate of oxygen consumption is analyzed using these efficiency measures. The energetic of anaerobic growth are treated - it is shown that an approximate analysis in terms of an enthalpy balance is not valid for this case, the evaluation of the efficiency of growth has to be based on Gibbs free energy changes. A preliminary analysis shows the existence of regularities concerning the free energy conservation on anaerobic growth. The treatment is extended to include the effect of growth rate by the introduction of a linear relationship for substrate consumption. Aerobic and anaerobic growth are discussed using this relationship. A correlation useful in judging the potentialities for improvement in anaerobic product formation processes is derived. Finally the relevance of macroscopic principles to the modeling of bioengineering systems is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221202
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  • 183
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    Some observations on immobilized hydrogen-producing bacteria: Behavior of hydrogen in gel membranes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2607-2615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A hydrogen-producing bacterium, Clostridium butyricum, was immobilized in polyacrylamide gel membrane, agar gel membrane, and collagen membrane. The apparatus consisted of a compartment(I or II) and a whole-cell-entrapped gel membrane which was placed in the center of the two compartments. The behavior of hydrogen through whole-cell-entrapped gel membrane was examined for improving the sensitivity of a microbial BOD sensor and the efficiency of biochemical fuel cells. The bacteria-polyacrylamide gel membrane produced a higher amount of hydrogen in compartment II than the other bacteria-entrapped gel membranes. The apparent diffusion constant decreased with increasing bacteria contents in the gel membrane. As a result, 100 mg wet cells/g gel was the maximal bacteria content in the membrane for the production of hydrogen. Twenty percent of the hydrogen evolved by the whole cells diffused to compartment II, and there was a linear relationship between the glucose concentration in a bulk solution (compartment I) and the rate of hydrogen diffused to compartment II.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221209
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  • 184
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220101
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  • 185
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    Preparation of immobilized phosphodiesterase from calf spleen and its use in oligonucleotide analysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The phosphodiesterase from calf spleen (EC 3.1.4.18) was immobilized on several supports. Some properties of the most suitable enzyme support system - calf spleen phosphodiesterase bound to agarose-Concanavalin A - were investigated, e.g., pH dependence, influence of ionic strength of the buffer medium, and Zn2+-ion inhibition. The immobilized spleen phosphodiesterase showed about 60% of the activity of the free enzyme: the activity toward several oligonucleotide test substrates was unchanged for two months.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220105
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  • 186
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    Gas Production by immobilized microoganisms: Theoretical approach (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 681-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220319
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  • 187
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    Chelating, film-forming, and coagulating ability of the chitosan-glucan complex from Aspergillus niger industrial wastes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 885-896 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Waste mycelia of Aspergillus niger from a citric acid production plant are simply treated with boiling 30-40% NaOH aqueous solutions for 4-6 hr to obtain the insoluble chitosan-glucan complex whose infrared, ESR, and x-ray diffraction spectra are reported. A number of transition- and post-transition-metal are chelated and collected by chitosan-glucan with higher yields than by animal chitosan. Immediate flocculation occur upon mixing chitosan-glucan dispersions with alginate and polymolybdate solutions. Membranes are also obtained from chitosan-glucan dispersions in acetic acid or in chloral and dimethyl formamide mixtures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220412
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  • 188
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    Data consistency, yield, maintenance, and hysteresis in batch cultures of Candida lipolytica cultured on n-hexadecane (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 421-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida lipolytica was cultured batchwise using n-hexadecane as the main carbon source. Biomass production, n-hexadecane consumption, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide evolution were measured to follow the fermentation. The consistency of the measured data was examined using integrated and instantaneous available electron and carbon balances. Values of the “true” growth yield, ηmax, and maintenance coefficient, me were estimated using three different sets of data (biomass and n-hexadecane, oxygen and biomass, and CO2 and biomass), and the results were compared with estimates obtained from literature data. Hysteresis patterns were observed in plots of specific rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide evolution versus specific growth rate.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220214
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  • 189
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    Monolayer cultures of animal cells with the gyrogen equipped with tubes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 477-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gyrogen with tubes has been the object of repeated trials carried out over a period of some years. The aim of these trials was essentially to multiply BHK cells in monolayer and to reproduce the FMD virus in one operation. At the laboratory stage, the gyrogen represented three roller flasks; at the pilot stage, 100 roller flasks; and at the industrial stage, 500 flasks. Culturing cells on a glass support, is not in itself new, but the difficulty appeared when replicating the virus in order to obtain the high parameters necessary for vaccine production. Everything was accomplished so that finally the cell culture and viral multiplication could be carried out in situ in the same apparatus.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220302
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  • 190
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    Effect of external mass transfer of activation energy of hydrolysis of BAEE and casein by trypsin immobilized on molecular sieve type 4A (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 543-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this investigation, the activation energies of the hydrolysis of N-(α)-benzol-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and casein have been determined using trypsin immobilized on molecular sieve type 4A. There is a complete absence of intraparticle diffusion in the system, and the temperature dependence of the reaction has been studied only under external diffusional limitation. While the hydrolysis of BAEE by bound trypsin in found to be controlled by external diffusion, that of casein is kinetically controlled.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220307
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  • 191
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    Hydrolysis of raffinose in a hollow-fiber reactor using an unrefined mixture of α-galactosidase and invertase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Raffinose was converted enzymatically in a hollow-fiber reactor to melibiose, sucrose, galactose, glucose and fructose. The enzymes were a crude extract of α-galactosidase and invertase produced by Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 on a solid substrate, Wheat bran. With a concentration of raffinose, C0, entering the reactor at a flow rate Q, and with C being the concentration of raffinose exiting the reactor, the conversion (C/C0), was studied as a function of Q at two level of C0. The data could be fairly well fitted using the analysis of Waterland et al. even though a mixed crude enzyme system was being investigated. It was found empirically that In (C/C0) was linear in Q-1, with the absolute value of the slope decreasing with increasing C0. The linearity of such plots were predicted by Lewis and Middleman from Waterland et al. for a single enzyme system obeying first-order kinetics, the slope being independent of C0. Although the assumptions involved in this approximate analytical solution are not valid, the observed linearity of the In (C/C0) vs. Q-1 plots is excellent and should prove useful in reactor design considerations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220306
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  • 192
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    Infectivity and mode of action of Baculoviruses (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1377-1405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The genus Baculovirus contains three subgroups of viral types: (1) nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs), (2) granulosis viruses (GVs), and (3) nonoccluded baculoviruses. While little information is available for viruses from the third subgroup, several aspects of the infectivity and mode of action of NPVs and GVs have been studied. The most common route of entry of a virus into an insect host is per os, and both virus types enter midgut cells (primary site of infection) by membrane fusion. However, two distinct mechanisms of virus uncoating occur among the baculoviruses: NPVs uncoat within the nucleus, whereas GVs uncoat at the nuclear pore complex. Baculoviruses of subgroup 3 appear to uncoat by either mechanism. In addition to replicating within the nucleus, NPV inoculum virus may pass through the intestinal epithelium immediately after ingestion, thereby establishing a systemic infection of the hemocoel prior to virus replication in midgut cells. The GVs do not appear to pass through midgut cells as rapidly as NPVs and in general, the developmental cycle of GVs is longer than that of NPVs. NPVs have been grown in cell culture while GVs have not.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220707
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  • 193
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    Measurement of small volumetric flow rates in small-scale chemostats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 655-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220315
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  • 194
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    Effect of lignin and some of its components on the production and activity of cellulase(s) by Trichoderma reesei (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1497-1500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220714
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  • 195
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    Biological method for the measurement of the maximum oxygen transfer rate of a bioreactor at definite conditions (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1509-1512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220716
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of fermentors with various contacting devices (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 799-820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, earlier published work on the development and investigation of fermentors with various contacting arrangements is reviewed. Methods and results of investigations on optimal construction of contacting plates are presented, and mass transfer and other characteristics of the performance of the equipment are discussed. Comparative estimates of various methods of determining mass transfer coefficients are presented. The construction and basic operating characteristics of several column fermentors with various contacting arrangements are described.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220406
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  • 197
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    Extracellular microbial polysaccharides. I. Substrate, biomass, and product kinetic equations for batch xanthan gum fermentation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 859-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various biomass (X), product (P), and substrate (S) rate equations are considered in order to synthesize a general xanthan fermentation model from literature data. Analytical forms that provide reasonable descriptions for the X, P, and S behaviors reported by Moraine and Rogovin are shown to be the logistic equation, the Luedeking-Piret equation a modified Luedeking-Piret equation, respectively. The autonomous logistic equation allows the serial evaluation of parameters for all thee equations, rather than a simultaneous determination required by nonautonomous models.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220410
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  • 198
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    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular microbial polysaccharides. II. Evolution of broth Power-law parameters for xanthan and pullulan batch fermentation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 875-883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The shear viscosities of xanthan batch fermentation broths obey a power-law relation τ = K (P)[ẏ]N(P), where the power-law parameters are functions of xanthan concentration P. within the shear rate range of 1.15 to 384.0 sec-1. Cell-free solutions prepared from these samples exhibit the same values of K and N as the corresponding cell-bearing broth. Further, in the course of the fermentation time, t, it was found that K(P) and N(P) were related by an equation of the form ln K[P(t)] = ln τ0 - N[P(t)]·ln ẏ0, leading to a dimensionless power-law equation valid over the entire fermentation: (τ/τ0) = (ẏ/ẏ0)N[P(t)]. The resulting power-low from[(τ/τ0) = [ẏ/ẏ0]N(t)] indicates that all related samples will exhibit power-low plots passing through the common point, (τ0γ0). These equations have previously been observed with other polysaccharide solution. They are also shown here to be applicable to the pullulan fermentation data of Leduy et at. The parameter K is related to polymer concentration (P) with the correlation K = A PB, where B = 1.75 ± 0.25 for xanthan solutions. With X(t), S(t), and P(t) available from paper I, the correlations of this paper (hereafter referred to as II) [K(t) = f(P)(t) and N(t) = g(K(t))] provide a predictive description of the shear viscosity evolution of polysaccharide-producing fermentation broths.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220411
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  • 199
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    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study on thermal stability of immobilized invertase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2169-2178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic study of the thermal stability of three kinds of invertases: native, immobilized on porous glass covalently, and on ion-exchange resin ionically, has been carried out, measuring their enzymatic activity for sucrose hydrolysis. Thermal deactivations of all invertases obeyed first-order kinetics, being independent of substrate concentration, with kd and ΔEd, ΔSd* as shown in Tables I and II, respectively. Based on these parameter values, the effects of immobilization and pH at deactivation on the stability have been considered, and it was suggested that the ionic bond gives a more loosely deformed enzyme than the covalent bond.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221013
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  • 200
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    Electronic Resource
    Human antibody immunosorption of hepatitis B surface antigen from blood and plasma (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2207-2217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from whole blood and blood products, using human antibody (HBAb) immunosorbent, was studied and kinetics of complexing were monitored using radioimmunoassay (RIA). An intermittent complexing process was developed that minimizes damage to the cellular components of blood. HBsAg concentration in blood was reduced 1.5 to 2 logarithmic cycles in 3 hr with this system. Free HBsAg remaining in solution at equilibrium was further reduced by transferring the blood to a vessel containing unused immunosorbent. Through multiple stage treatment of a blood sample, it may be possible to reduce the probability of contamination with HBsAg to below the infectious level. This process may be applied to the selective removal of other proteins from blood and plasma.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221102
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