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  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (159)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1890-1899
  • 1840-1849
  • 1989  (159)
  • Genetics  (139)
  • gene expression
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the genes of interferons and other cytokines in normal and diseased tissues of man (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 526-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Interferon ; cytokines ; interleukins ; gene expression ; transcription ; autoimmune ; disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific interferon genes are transcribed at low levels in the spleen, liver, and peripheral blood leukocytes of normal individuals in the apparent absence of virus infection while other interferon genes remain unexpressed in the same tissues. In contrast, the genes of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF are expressed at relatively high levels in the organs of normal individuals. The level of expression of the IL-1, IL-6 and TNF genes is markedly reduced in the livers of patients with autoimmune liver disease compared to the level of expression in the liver of normal individuals, whereas the expression of interferon genes is similar in both normal and diseased liver, suggesting that a defect in the expression of specific cytokines is associated with severe liver disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990502
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The apolipoprotein multigene family: Structure, expression, evolution, and molecular genetics (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Apolipoprotein ; Gene expression ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Gene duplication ; Lipid binding ; DNA polymorphism ; Hypercholesterolemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma apolipoproteins can be classified into two subgroups: the soluble apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II, A-IV, C-I, C-II, C-III, and E, and the apoBs including apoB-100 and apoB-48. The soluble apolipoproteins have very similar genomic structures, each having a total of three introns at the same locations; apoA-IV is an exception in that it has lost its first intron. Using the exon/intron junctions as reference points, we can obtain an alignment of the coding regions of all the soluble apolipoprotein genes. The mature peptide regions of the genes are almost completely made up of tandem repeats of 11 codons. The part of mature peptide region encoded by exon 3 contains a common block of 33 codons, whereas the part encoded by exon 4 contains a much more variable number of internal repeats of 11 codons. On the basis of the degree of homology of the various sequences, and the pattern of the internal repeats in these genes, an evolutionary tree has been proposed for the soluble apolipoprotein genes. ApoB-100 differs considerably from the soluble apolipoproteins. It is the largest apolipoprotein containing 4536 amino acid residues. Two types of internal repeats are identified in apoB-100: amphipathic α-helical repeats and proline-containing repeats with high β-sheet content. The apoB gene contains 29 exons and 28 introns. Its evolutionary relationship to the soluble apolipoprotein genes is unclear. The 3′ end of the apoB gene contains a region of variable number of tandem 12–16-base pair repeats. We have applied the polymerase chain reaction technique to characterize this highly polymorphic locus. The same technique can be used to accurately type other variable number of tandem repeats loci. Finally, apoB-48 was shown to be the product of an RNA editing mechanism involving an intestinal mRNA that has an in-frame UAA stop codon resulting from a C→U change in the codon CAA encoding Gln-2153 in apoB-100 mRNA. Using a molecular approach to apolipoprotein synthesis, structure and genetic analysis, we have generated information important to our understanding of lipoprotein metabolism; we also uncovered unexpected experimental results that are relevant to general cell and molecular biology and molecular evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01717324
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetic predisposition to fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; insulin gene ; DQβ gene ; fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (previously known as tropical pancreatic diabetes) is a rare cause of diabetes confined to countries within the tropical belt. The aetiology of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes is thought to be environmental although the agent(s) is unknown. We have investigated a possible genetic basis of this disease by looking for restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes implicated in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus. Seventy-six Dravidian patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes were studied, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms obtained compared to racially matched control subjects (n=94), patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=87) and Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=58). No association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene. Although no association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with polymorphism of the HLA DRα/DQα/DXα genes, an association was found with the Taq 1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DQβ gene (DQβ T2/T6 present in 39% of patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes compared to 19% in control subjects; p=0.01; corrected p value=0.04) which is similar to that found in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes. An association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was also found with the hypervariable region in the 5-prime flanking region of the insulin gene; 40% of patients possessed the class 3 allele compared to 9.5% of control subjects p=0.0001; corrected p value=0.0008). In Type 2 diabetes, similar results were obtained with 33% subjects possessing the class 3 allele (p value compared to control subjects=0.0005; corrected p value=0.004). This study suggests that fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes has a genetic component in its aetiology. Furthermore, its origin might be related to an individual with part of the genetic predisposition to diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) who additionally has evidence of chronic calcific pancreatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265403
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population biology of two land snails (Mesomphix spp.): variation among six southern appalachian sites with differing disturbance histories (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 372-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Logging disturbance ; Land gastropods ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ecological and genetic properties of two North American terrestrial gastropods (Mesomphix spp.) were characterized in paired control and previously logged watersheds in two North Carolina forests (Coweeta and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park) of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Cluster. Shell growth was greater in the control sites, but density and mortality were largely independent of prior logging history and forest reserve. Based on starch gel electrophoresis data, both species showed their highest levels of genetic diversity in the Coweeta forest, the component of the reserve cluster which had the most extensive and variable history of logging disturbance. M. subplanus also exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity in logged than in control watersheds, and M. andrewsae showed over twice as many rare alleles in disturbed sites as in control sites. F-statistic analysis depicted both excess levels of homozygosity and moderate genetic differentiation among the populations, reflecting the effects of small population size and perhaps drift and inbreeding. Estimated gene flow was relatively low. These results correspond to the recent finding by Bryant et al. (1987) and others on the effects of bottlenecks, and to the contrasting history of habitat instability of the two major study forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384317
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convulsant properties of GABA antagonists and anticonvulsant properties of ethanol in selectively bred Long- and Short-Sleep mice (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 544-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Bicuculline ; Picrotoxin ; Seizures ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The convulsant potency of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, was shown to be greater in Short-Sleep (SS) mice than in Long-Sleep (LS) mice. LS mice, selectively bred for lengthy ethanol-induced narcosis, had longer latencies to myoclonus and clonus following administration of bicuculline and picrotoxin than did ethanol-resistant SS mice. SS mice were also more susceptible to pentylenetetrazol-induced myoclonus, but not clonus. F1 hybrids showed bicuculline seizure sensitivity intermediate to the two parent lines. Ethanol weakly inhibited bicuculline-induced myoclonus in both LS and SS mice. Clonus was clearly antagonized by ethanol in both lines, but to a similar degree. These data provide evidence for a GABAergic role in geno-type-dependent sensitivity to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441957
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine produces low dose locomotor depressant effects in mice (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor activity ; CNS depression ; Cocaine ; Mice ; Behavior ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cocaine produces several behavioral effects, most notably locomotor stimulation. Biochemically, cocaine is known to inhibit reuptake at the three monoamine transporter sites, and may have highest affinity at the serotonin transporter. Serotonin augmentation has been associated with decreases in behavioral activity, but cocaine has not been reported to produce behavioral depressant effects except at high doses which cause stereotypy and disruption of behavior. This study examined the effects of relatively low doses of cocaine, in the range of 0.1–10 mg/kg, on locomotor activity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. A biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both strains. At the lowest doses, activity was depressed. As the dose of cocaine increased, activity returned to baseline, and at the highest doses, increases in locomotor activity were found. DBA/2J mice were depressed at a lower dose of cocaine than were C57BL/6J mice; however, C57BL/6J mice showed locomotor depression over a broader range of doses. Activity was maximally depressed at 0.1 mg/kg for DBA/2J mice, and maximally depressed at 0.3 mg/kg for C57BL/6J mice. Thus, low doses of cocaine are shown to produce significant decreases in locomotor activity in two strains of mice. It is postulated that these low doses of cocaine which depress locomotor activity do so via inhibition of serotonin uptake, resulting in potentiation of serotonergic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442799
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotype-dependent effects of GABAergic agents on sedative properties of ethanol (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 518-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two lines of mice, selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the soporific effects of ethanol (ETOH), were administered GABAergic drugs in an effort to evaluate a role for GABA in ETOH sensitivity. ETOH sensitive Long-Sleep mice (LS) showed potentiated ETOH sedation when administered bicuculline, muscimol and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). ETOH-insensitive SS mice exhibited reduced ETOH sedation in the presence of the antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, and potentiated sedation in the presence of muscimol and AOAA. These changes in narcosis duration were interpreted as central effects, since blood ethanol levels at waking from ETOH sedation varied with GABAergic drug treatment. Picrotoxin antagonized pentobarbital-induced nacrosis in both lines, but to a greater extent in SS mice. These and other experiments with a genetically heterogeneous stock suggest GABA involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity, but do not support a simple role of GABA receptor involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441952
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of ethanol effects by bicuculline: genotype-dependent responses and inheritance (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 549-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol (ETOH) ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic influences on the interaction between ethanol (ETOH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter systems were eveluated with a survey of responses to coadministration of ETOH and a GABA antagonist, bicuculline, in a battery of inbred mouse strains. The selectively bred ETOH-sensitive Long-Sleep (LS) mice, the relatively ETOH-resistant Short-Sleep (SS) mice, and a genetically heterogeneous stock (GHS) were also evaluated. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-induced sedation, hypothermia, and blood ethanol content upon recovery from sedation was assessed. Inheritance of these responses was also examined using F1 hybrids. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-produced narcosis varied widely among stocks and included antagonism, potentiation, and no effect. Changes in ETOH-induced narcosis produced by bicuculline were accompanied by changes in blood ethanol concentrations consistent with an hypothesis of altered central nervous system sensitivity to ETOH. Knowledge of a strain's seizure susceptibility to the GABA antagonist or of its sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ETOH were of no predictive value in estimating the outcome of coadministration studies, suggesting at least partially separate genetic influences on each phenotype. In cross-breeding studies there was commonly dominance toward a profile of bicuculline antagonism of ETOH narcosis but different patterns of dominance were observed for seizure susceptibility, again inicating separate genetic control. The results suggest considerable complexity of GABAergic involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441958
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homology and distribution of CO dehydrogenase structural genes in carboxydotrophic bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Plasmids ; CO dehydrogenase subunits ; N-terminal sequences ; Oligonucleotides ; Hybridization ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 17 (S), 30 (M) and 87 kDa (L) subunits of CO dehydrogenases from the CO-oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena and Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 were isolated and purified. The N-terminal sequences of same subunits from different bacteria showed distinct homologies. Dot blot hybridization employing oligonucleotide probes derived from the sequences of the S-subunit of P. carboxydovorans OM5 and the M-subunit of P. carboxydohydrogena and DNA of the plasmid-containing CO-oxidizing bacteria Alcaligenes carboxydus, Azomonas B1, P. carboxydoflava, P. carboxydovorans OM2, OM4 and OM5 indicated that all genes encoding these subunits reside on plasmids. That in P. carboxydovorans OM5 CO dehydrogenase structural genes are located entirely on plasmid pHCG3 was evident from the absence of hybridization employing DNA from the cured mutant strain OM5-12. CO dehydrogenase structural genes could be identified on the chromosome of the plasmid-free bacteria Arthrobacter 11/x, Bacillus schlegelii, P. carboxydohydrogena and P. carboxydovorans OM3. There was no example of a plasmid-harboring carboxydotrophic bacterium that did not carry CO dehydrogenase structural genes on the plasmid. The N-terminal sequences of CO dehydrogenase structural genes were found to be conserved among carboxydotrophic bacteria of distinct taxonomic position, independent of the presence of plasmids. It is discussed whether this might be the consequence of horizontal gene transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425170
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of eye movement dysfunctions in exploring the genetic transmission of schizophrenia (1989)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 239 (1989), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Eye movements ; Genetics ; Twins ; Latent trait
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eye movement dysfunctions have been found in a large number of schizophrenic patients and in about half of their first-degree relatives. The distribution of these traits within the families of schizophrenic patients suggests a model of genetic transmission that fits an autosomal dominant model, which we have called the “genetic latent trait model.” The model, with seven parameters, was fitted to a U.S. population and the model was cross-validated on an independent Norwegian sample. Although the model does not invalidate other, more conventional solutions to the puzzle of schizophrenic transmission, such as multifactorial transmission, the latent trait model does more easily permit linkage studies and therefore will allow refutation or support from the use of molecular genetics techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01739743
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and tissue-specific variation in the expression of a closely linked murine multigene family on chromosome 15 that encodes salivary and lacrimal proteins (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 613-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mouse ; salivary protein ; lacrimal protein ; gene expression ; Spt locus ; multigene family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The murine submandibular gland (SMG) produces a novel class of highly acidic salivary proteins encoded by one or more highly abundant mRNA transcripts. In inbred mice, these transcripts are encoded by members of a multigene family comprising approximately 8–12 homologues. Most, and probably all, of these homologues are clustered at a new locus near belted (bt) on chromosome 15, which we designateSpt (salivary protein). Although physically closely linked,Spt genes differ in their patterns of expression both in strains of mice and in their tissues. One gene,Spt-1, is expressed at high levels in the SMG of all inbred strains examined. This gene is also expressed at significant levels in the lacrimal gland. A second gene,Spt-2, appears to be present as a single copy in some strains and as two copies in others. This gene is expressed at high levels only in the SMG of those strains carrying two copies, andSpt-2 mRNA is not detectable in the SMG of strains carrying only one copy. In contrast toSpt-1, theSpt-2 gene is not expressed at detectable levels in the lacrimal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553636
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and tissue-specific variation in the expression of a closely linked murine multigene family on chromosome 15 that encodes salivary and lacrimal proteins (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 613-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mouse ; salivary protein ; lacrimal protein ; gene expression ; Spt locus ; multigene family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The murine submandibular gland (SMG) produces a novel class of highly acidic salivary proteins encoded by one or more highly abundant mRNA transcripts. In inbred mice, these transcripts are encoded by members of a multigene family comprising approximately 8–12 homologues. Most, and probably all, of these homologues are clustered at a new locus near belted (bt) on chromosome 15, which we designateSpt (salivary protein). Although physically closely linked,Spt genes differ in their patterns of expression both in strains of mice and in their tissues. One gene,Spt-1, is expressed at high levels in the SMG of all inbred strains examined. This gene is also expressed at significant levels in the lacrimal gland. A second gene,Spt-2, appears to be present as a single copy in some strains and as two copies in others. This gene is expressed at high levels only in the SMG of those strains carrying two copies, andSpt-2 mRNA is not detectable in the SMG of strains carrying only one copy. In contrast toSpt-1, theSpt-2 gene is not expressed at detectable levels in the lacrimal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02396156
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of human and murine complement: Comparison of 5′ structural and functional elements regulating human and murine complement factor B gene expression (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: complement ; factor B ; gene expression ; interferon-ψ ; interleukin-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The serine protease complement factor B (Bf), an acute phase plasma protein, is a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Previous studies revealed that several cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-1 are involved in mediating acute phase Bf expression. To determine the molecular details of Bf expression we isolated, sequenced and characterized the 5′ flanking regions of the human and murine Bf genes. In both species the Bf transcriptional start site in liver was located 〈400 by 3′ to the polyadenylation site of the upstream C2 gene. This upstream intergenic region contained 〉65% nucleotide homology between species. Within this region, an IRS and three heat shock consensus elements were found in the murine sequence in an identical position to that of the human. To examine the functional details of Bf expression, a series of mouse and human Bf promoter - chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) chimeric gene constructs were transfected into mouse L or human HepG2 cells. Analysis of expression of these fusion gene constructs revealed that 1) cis-acting DNA sequences identified, at least in part, in the 3′ untranslated region of the C2 gene (within the 400 by upstream of the Bf cap site) mediate responsiveness to IL-1 and IFN-γ, 2) the responsiveness to each mediator appears to be conferred by separate upstream regions similar in position and homologous in man and mouse, and 3) the IL-1 responsive region in both species appears to have the characteristics of an enhancer element. The results of this analysis suggest a selective pressure to conserve the intergenic sequence between C2 and Bf genes and that further studies of these sequences will be useful in elucidating mechanisms controlling the acute phase response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228274
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential early activation of defense-related genes in elicitor-treated parsley cells (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: differential cDNA screening ; gene expression ; hybrid-select in vitro translation ; nuclear run-off transcription ; RNA blot hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA library from cultured parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cells was differentially screened using labeled run-off transcripts derived from nucleic of elicitor-treated and untreated cells. This resulted in the isolation of 18 independent cDNA families representing putative defense-related genes. All genes are rapidly and transiently activated after elicitor application, but the time courses of transcriptional activity exhibit considerable variations, indicating differences in the mechanisms of gene regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020507
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A unified matrix hypothesis of DNA-directed morphogenesis, protodynamism and growth control (1989)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 9 (1989), S. 157-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: matrix hypothesis ; morphogenesis ; protodynamics ; growth control ; DNA ; genome organisation ; gene expression ; gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical concept is proposed, in order to explain some enigmatic aspects of cellular and molecular biology of eukaryotic organisms. Among these are the C-value paradox of DNA redundancy, the correlation of DNA content and cell size, the disruption of genes at DNA level, the “Chromosome field” data of Lima de Faria (Hereditas 93∶1, 1980), the “quantal mitosis” proposition of Holtzeret al. (Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 7∶229 1972), the inheritance of morphological patterns, the relations of DNA and chromosome organisation to cellular structure and function, the molecular basis of speciation, etc. The basic proposition of the “Unified Matrix Hypothesis” is that the nuclear DNA has a direct morphogenic function, in addition to its coding function in protein synthesis. This additional genetic information is thought to be largely contained in the non-protein coding transcribed DNA, and in the untranscribed part of the genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01115994
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of an active spinach acyl carrier protein-I/protein-A gene fusion (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acyl carrier protein ; fatty acid synthesis ; gene expression ; gene fusion ; protein A ; spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A synthetic gene encoding spinach acyl carrier protein I (ACP-I) was fused to a gene encoding the Fc-binding portion of staphylococcal protein A. This gene fusion, under the control of the λPR promoter, was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli producing a 42 kDa fusion protein. This fusion protein was phosphopantethenylated in E. coli. In vitro the ACP portion of the fusion protein was able to participate in acyl ACP synthetase reactions, plant malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase (MCT) reactions, and plant fatty acid synthetase (FAS) reactions. Inhibitory effects of high ACP concentrations on in vitro plant FAS were observed with the unfused ACP-1 but not with the fusion protein. As with unfused ACP-I, the fusion protein was a poor substrate for E. coli FAS reactions. When injected into rabbits, the fusion protein was also able to generate antiserum to spinach ACP-I.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017452
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cDNA sequence and differential expression of the gene encoding the glutamine synthetase γ polypeptide ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 553-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; gene expression ; glutamine synthetase ; legume-Rhizobium symbiosis ; nitrogen metabolism ; Phaseolus vulgaris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequence of an essentially full-length glutamine synthetase (GS) cDNA clone (pcGS-γ1) isolated from a root nodule library ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. The polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has been producedin vitro by transcription/translation and shown to co-migrate on two-dimensional gels with the previously identified major cytosolic GS polypeptide (γ) of nodules. Two previously identified GS cDNA clones, pR-2 and pR-1 (see Gebhardtet al., EMBO J 5: 1429–1435, 1986) have similarly been shown to encode the α and β cytosolic GS polypeptides respectively. An RNase protection technique has been used to analyse specifically and quantitatively the abundance of mRNA related to these three GS cDNAs and to the cDNA (pcGS-δ1) encoding the chloroplast-located GS, during nodulation. Differences in the abundances of these mRNAs at different times suggest that they are not coordinately regulated. Moreover, using this technique mRNA specifically related to pcGS-γ1 was found at high levels in nodules but not in roots or leaves. Surprisingly the expression of this gene is not nodule-specific as previously suggested, as its mRNA was also detected, but at lower levels, in stems, petioles and in green cotyledons. By comparison, mRNA related to a leghaemoglobin gene was detected only in nodules. Comparisons of the relative abundances of the pcGS-γ1 mRNA and the γ polypeptide in different organs and at different stages during nodulation, suggest that the appearance of the γ polypeptide is largely under transcriptional control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036969
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antisense RNA inhibition of β-glucuronidase gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 13 (1989), S. 399-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antisense RNA ; β-glucuronidase ; tobacco ; transgenic plants ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antisense RNA was used to specifically inhibit the expression of a GUS gene introduced in a transgenic plant. A tobacco transformant containing a single intact copy of the GUS gene and showing relatively high constitutive levels of GUS activity (GUS+) was re-transformed with an Agrobacterium Ti-derived binary vector containing an antisense version of this reporter gene. The sense and antisense GUS genes were each under the regulation of the CaMV 35S promoter. Re-transformed plants contained 1–5 copies of the antisense construct and all showed a greater than 90% reduction in GUS activity relative to the original GUS+ plant. This reduction in GUS activity correlated closely with the levels of GUS enzyme and steady state GUS mRNA observed in these plants. The relatively low levels of sense and antisense GUS transcripts found in the re-transformed plants may indicate a rapid degradation of the RNA:RNA duplex in the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015552
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation genes in gene expression in pea root hairs (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 157-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: deformation factor ; gene expression ; pea ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; root hairs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mRNA population in pea root hairs was characterized by means of in vitro translation of total root hair RNA followed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the translation products. Root hairs contain several mRNAs not detectable in total RNA preparations from roots. Most of these root hair-specific mRNAs occur in elongating root hairs at higher levels than in mature root hairs. The expression of some genes in pea root hairs is typically affected by inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum. One gene, encoding RH-42, is specifically induced while the expression of another gene, encoding RH-44, is markedly enhanced. Using R. leguminosarum mutants it was shown that the nodC gene is required for the induction and enhancement of expression of the RH-42 and RH-44 genes, respectively, while the Rhizobium chromosomal gene pss1, involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis, is not essential. After induction of the nod genes with apigenin the bacteria excrete into the culture medium a factor that causes root hair deformation. This deformation factor stimulates the expression of the RH-44 gene but does not induce the expression of the gene encoding RH-42.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020501
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytochrome control of multiple transcripts of the phytochrome gene in Pisum sativum (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; multiple transcripts ; phytochrome ; Pisum sativum ; red/far-red reversible effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The reversible effect of red and far-red light on the level of two RNA transcripts of the single-copy phytochrome gene in pea was investigated using the primer extension assay. In dark-grown seedlings, a brief irradiation with red light markedly reduced the level of one of the phytochrome transcripts, RNA1. This red light effect was reversed by subsequent irradiation with far-red light. The other phytochrome transcript, RNA2, was only slightly influenced by light. In light-grown seedlings, a brief irradiation with far-red light increased the content of both RNA1 and RNA2 when the seedlings were transferred from light to darkness. This far-red light effect was reversible by subsequent red light irradiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043206
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and expression of the maize gene encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isozyme involved in C4 photosynthesis (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 579-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; gene structure ; gene expression ; genetic variation ; silent substitution ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the structure of the maize (Zea mays L. subsp.mays line B73) nuclear gene encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase isozyme involved in C4 photosynthesis. The gene is 5.3 kb long and has ten exons that range in size from 85 to 999 bp. The nine introns vary from 97 to 872 bp. The sequence of 663 bp of 5′-flanking and 205 bp of 3′-flanking DNA is reported along with the entire gene sequence. Several short repetitive sequences were found in the 5′-flanking DNA that have characteristics similar to elements important in the light regulation of pea genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. In addition, some 5′-flanking sequence similarities were found in a comparison with other light-regulated genes from maize and wheat. The level of DNA sequence variation among different PEP carboxylase alleles is similar to the allelic variation observed for several other maize nuclear genes. The data suggest modern maize variaties have retained much of the genetic variation present in their ancestral forms. Finally, accumulation of transcripts encoding the PEP carboxylase isozyme involved in C4 photosynthesis is quite high in several structures besides leaves, including inner leaf sheaths, tassels and husks. This indicates that expression of this gene is not leaf-specific and may not necessarily be coupled to the development of Kranz anatomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036971
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bifunctional α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor of barley: nucleotide sequence and patterns of seed-specific expression (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 673-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; barley ; cDNA sequence ; gene expression ; hormonal regulation ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned and sequenced a full-length cDNA from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds encoding the bifunctional α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI). The nucleotide sequence predicts an open reading frame coding for a protein of 203 amino acids. The first 22 amino acids exhibit the sequence characteristic of a signal peptide, as found in several other plant protease inhibitors. Northern blot hybridization experiments indicate that BASI mRNA accumulation is strictly tissue-specific and is developmentally programmed. BASI mRNA transcripts were only identified in 1) developing starchy endosperm tissue from 14 days after flowering and 2) aleurone tissue of germinating seeds. In this latter tissue, BASI mRNA accumulation is enhanced by abscisic acid and abolished by gibberellic acid. Expression of BASI mRNA was also studied in the lys 3a high-lysine barley mutants Risø No. 1508 and Piggy. These high-lysine barleys show 2–4-fold higher levels as well as prolonged accumulation of BASI mRNA compared to the normal motherline Bomi. This correlates with the increased deposition of BASI protein in lys 3a barley mutants. Genomic blot analysis of barley DNA suggests that there are one or two BASI structural genes per haploid genome. Possible roles of BASI as part of a defence mechanism against precocious germination and pathogens are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044158
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cadmium on gene expression in cadmium-tolerant and cadmium-sensitiveDatura innoxia cells (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 487-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cadmium ; Datura innoxia ; gene expression ; heat shock ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Cd on gene expression in suspension cultures of twoDatura innoxia cell lines with differing Cd tolerance was studied.In vivo labeling experiments using [3H] leucine showed that Cd induced the synthesis of a similar range of proteins in both cell lines at a concentration which will kill the sensitive but not the tolerant cells. Corresponding changes in levels of translatable mRNA were also observed. The induction of the synthesis of proteins by Cd was transient since Cd-tolerant cells growing continuously in 250 μM CdCl2 contained a similar set ofin vitro translation products to cells growing in the absence of Cd. Although Cd had a similar effect on gene expression in both cell lines, Cd-tolerant cells possess two abundant mRNAs which are constitutively produced. These mRNAs encode proteins of low molecular weight (about 11 kDa) and are either absent or present at a low level in Cd-sensitive cells. The functions of these proteins are not known but they may be involved in the tolerance mechanism. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis ofin vitro translation products showed that many of the Cd-induced proteins are also induced by heat shock. A 42°C heat shock resulted in agreater range and more intense induction of translatable mRNAs than 4 h exposure to 250 μM CdCl2. However a subset of mRNAs were induced specifically by Cd while other mRNAs were heat shock-specific. There was no difference in the ability of the two cell lines to tolerate heat shock. This was also reflected by the same pattern of major proteins induced by heat shock in the two cell lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036963
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of Anabaena ferredoxin genes in Escherichia coli (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 667-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin ; gene expression ; heterocyst ; Anabaena 7120 ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genes for ferredoxin from heterocysts (fdx H) and vegetative cells (pet F) of Anabaena sp. strain 7120 were subcloned into plasmid pUC 18/19. Both genes were expressed in Escherichia coli at high levels (≈10% of total protein). Pet F could be expressed from its own promoter. The ferredoxins were correctly assembled to the holoprotein. Heterocyst ferredoxin was purified from E. coli extracts on a large scale. Its biochemical and biophysical properties were identical to those of the authentic ferredoxin, isolated from Anabaena heterocysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044157
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation, characterization and sequence analysis of a full-length cDNA clone encoding NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase from cucumber (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 13 (1989), S. 139-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; gene expression ; hydroxypyruvate reductase ; light regulation ; peroxisomal enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA encoding NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR), a photorespiratory enzyme localized in leaf peroxisomes, was isolated from a λgt11 cDNA library made by reverse transcription of poly(A)+ RNA from cucumber cotyledons. In vitro transcription and translation of this clone yielded a major polypeptide which was identical in size, 43 kDA, to the product of in vitro translation of cotyledonary poly(A)+ RNA and subsequent immunoprecipitation with HPR antiserum. Escherichia coli cultures transformed with a plasmid construct containing the cDNA insert were induced to express HPR enzyme activity. RNA blot analysis showed that HPR transcript levels rise significantly in the first eight days of light-grown seedling development. This closely resembles the pattern seen for HPR-specific translatable mRNA. DNA blot analysis indicated that a single HPR gene is likely present per haploid genome. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1146 bases which encodes a polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 41.7 kDa. The derived amino acid sequence from this open reading frame is 26% identical and 50% similar to the amino acid sequence of the E. coli enzyme phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes a similar reaction and functions in a related pathway. Statistical analyses show that this similarity is significant (z〉10). The derived amino acid sequence for HPR also contains the characteristics of an NAD-binding domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016133
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetical control and linkage relationships of isozyme markers in sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five isozyme systems were genetically investigated. The different separation techniques, the developmental expression and the use as marker system in sugar beet genetics and breeding is discussed. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was controlled by two genes. The gene products form inter- as well as intralocus dimers, even with the gene products of the Icd gene in B. procumbens and B. patellaris. Adenylate kinase was controlled by one gene. Three different allelic forms were detected, which were active as monomeric proteins. Glucose phosphate isomerase showed two zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic. Three allelic variants, active as dimers, were found. Phosphoglucomutase also showed two major zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic and coded for monomeric enzymes. Two allelic forms were found in the accessions studied. The cathodal peroxidase system was controlled by two independent genes, of which only one was polymorphic. The gene products are active as monomers. Linkage was found between red hypocotyl color (R) and Icd 2. Pgm 1, Gpi 2, Ak 1 and the Icd 2-R linkage group segregated independently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299761
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimising visual selection in early clonal generations of potato based on genetic and economic considerations (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 665-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; Genetics ; Breeding ; Plant appearance ; Economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1985, 1986 and 1987, 600 clones were visually assessed at harvest on plant appearance. The clones were harvested 80 days after planting in the first year, in the following years after approximately 80 days as well as after 145 days. The correlation coefficients between years and between harvest times were low to medium. Simulating different selection intensities using the performance of these 600 clones in two successive years, the relation between selection pressure in the first year and the retained proportion of well performing clones in the second year was described. Including the costs of testing, the most economic selection procedure was calculated. This procedure consisted in testing 1,579 first-year clones and 499 second-year clones for every 100 third-year clones required. The optimal period of the main evaluation in the second clonal year is at ware potato harvest time. This selection procedure also provides good selection possibilities for underwater weight and foliage maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262562
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of muscle precursor replication in crush-injured skeletal muscle of Swiss and BALBc mice (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myogenesis ; Muscle regeneration ; Genetics ; Autoradiography ; Tritiated thymidine ; Mouse (Swiss;BALBc)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle precursor replication in Swiss mice, in which muscle regeneration is exceptionally vigorous, was compared with previous data for regeneration in BALBc mice. The tibialis anterior muscles of 23 male and 15 female inbred Swiss SJL/J mice were crush injured, and tritiated thymidine injected into mice at various times after injury to label replicating muscle precursors. Lesion samples were taken 10 days after injury, processed for autoradiography, and grain counts of myotube nuclei analysed. Muscle regeneration was more vigorous in male compared with female Swiss mice, and in both was strikingly greater than that in BALBc mice in which there was extensive fibrous connective tissue throughout the lesions. Autoradiographic analysis showed that muscle precursor replication started at 24 hours in Swiss mice, 6 hours earlier than the onset at 30 hours in BALBc mice. Muscle precursor replication appeared to be more active 96 hours after injury in female Swiss compared with male BALBc and male Swiss mice respectively, although numbers of precursor cells replicating at other times were similar. It is not known whether the slight difference in onset of muscle precursor replication can alone account for the more complete muscle regeneration seen in Swiss mice. Similar studies were carried out in 11 male and 10 female F1 hybrid (SJL/J x BALBc) mice. Analysis of labelled myotube nuclei showed that muscle precursors did not synthesise DNA prior to 30 hours after injury, and regeneration resembled that of the parental BALBc strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224122
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in gene expression in the rat brain induced by Zajdela's ascites hepatoma (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 108 (1989), S. 999-1001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: brain ; gene expression ; mRNA ; transplantable hepatomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00839794
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurons containing cholecystokinin mRNA in the mammillary region: ontogeny and adult distribution in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 9 (1989), S. 281-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: cholecystokinin ; mammillary region ; development ; gene expression ; hybridization histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The ontogeny and adult distribution of neurons containing cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA in the premammillary and mammillary nuclei and supramammillary region of the rat brain were studied using hybridization histochemistry. 2. The earliest detection of CCK mRNA in the mammillary region was on E14, followed by a marked increase in transcript levels during the next 4 days, a time during which neurons in this region still divide. During the first 2 weeks of life, few changes in the levels of CCK transcripts were seen, and an adult-like pattern of expression was seen on the twenty-first day of life. 3. Low levels of transcripts were present in numerous neurons located in all divisions of the medial nucleus and in the posterior nucleus known to project ipsilaterally to the anteroventral and anteromedial thalamic nuclei. In contrast, none of the neurons in the lateral nucleus (projecting bilaterally to the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus) had detectable transcripts. 4. Many neurons in the supramammillary nucleus had low, moderate, or high levels of transcripts. Some nearby nuclei (such as the dorsal premammillary nucleus) had smaller numbers of neurons with low levels of CCK mRNA, whereas others (such as the ventral premammillary nucleus) had none.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713035
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tryptophan auxotrophic mutants in Aspergillus niger: Inactivation of the trpC gene by cotransformation mutagenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 282-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; Genetics ; Transformation ; trpC lacZ gene fusion ; Gene replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus niger tryptophan auxotrophic mutants have been isolated after UV irradiation of conidiospores. The mutants belong to two different complementation groups, trpA and trpB, which complement each other in heterokaryons. Neither of the mutations could be complemented with the cloned A. niger trpC gene. To obtain A. niger trpC mutants in a direct way, gene inactivation by cotransformation was performed. For this purpose an in-frame gene fusion between the A. niger trpC and Escherichia coli lacZ genes was constructed and shown to be functionally expressed after introduction into A. niger by cotransformation with the pyrA gene as selective marker. Among the β-galactosidase expressing cotransformants, obtained with either circular or linearized vectors, no trpC mutants were detected, even after enrichment. Such mutants, however, could be obtained by cotransformation of A. niger with specific fragments of the fusion gene. Biochemical analysis of the cotransformants indicated that in nearly all cases the fusion gene had replaced the wild-type trpC gene. Genetic analysis showed that the trpC mutation is not linked to any of the A. niger loci described so far. The trpC mutants can be complemented by the cloned A. niger trpC gene as well as by the A. nidulans trpC gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261189
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional mapping of the activity of the R region in the human T-cell leukemia virus type I long terminal repeat to increase gene expression (1989)
    Springer
    Virus genes 2 (1989), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-994X
    Keywords: BAL31 nuclease ; CAT assay ; gene expression ; HTLV-I ; R region ; 5′ untranslated sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We previously demonstrated the activity of the R fragment in the long terminal repeat of human T-cell leukemia virus type I for elevation of the level of gene expression. In this study, the fragment was deleted with BAL31 nuclease to determine its functional domain. Series of the shortened R fragments were linked to the simian virus 40 promoter unit, which regulated expression of a reporter gene. Examination with the R fragments deleted from the 5′ and 3′ ends showed that borders of the functional domain were mapped within nucleotide positions 458 to 473 for the 5′ end and nucleotide positions 559 to 594 for the 3′ end, respectively. Thus we conclude that a 136-base-pair fragment corresponding to the second half of the R region was sufficient to allow elevation of the level of gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315258
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic effects of overexpression of PKCβ1 in rat liver epithelial cells (1989)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 41 (1989), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: protein kinase C ; TPA ; cell transformation ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: We have used a previously described retroviral expression vector pMV7-PKCβ1 to develop derivatives of two rat liver epithelial cell lines, K16 and K22, that stably express about tenfold-higher PKC activity than control cells. Despite these high levels of PKC, these cells did not exhibit gross morphologic changes, anchorage-independent growth, or tumorigenicity. K16PKC-4 and K22PKC-2, two lines with the highest PKC enzyme activity, were studied further in terms of several responses to the phorbol ester tumor promoter TPA. When treated with 100 ng/ml of TPA, the control K16MV7 and K22MV7 cells displayed a slight change in morphology, whereas the K16PKC-4 and K22PKC-2 cells displayed a marked change in morphology. Northern blot analyses demonstrated that TPA induced increased levels of fos, myc, phorbin, and ODC RNAs in control K16MV7 and K22MV7 cells, with maximum induction occurring at about 0.5, 1, 8, and 8 h, respectively. In K16PKC-4 and K22PKC-2 cells, TPA induction of phorbin and ODC RNAs was markedly enhanced, but this was not the case for myc and fos RNAs. In addition, the levels of myc RNA were constitutively higher in both K16PKC-4 and K22PKC-2 cells than in the control cells. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that PKC plays a critical role in modulating the expression of myc, phorbin, and ODC RNAs. On the other hand, overexpression of PKCβ1 is not itself sufficient to cause cell transformation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240410403
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100101
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex-, tissue-, and stage-specific expression of a vitelline membrane protein gene from region 32 of the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Eggshell ; Gene family ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study isolated cDNA clones from egg-chamber and adult female Drosophila cDNA libraries using as probe a DNA fragment from a 200-kb “chromosome walk” in region 32E of the second chromosome of D. melanogaster. The present authors believe that these clones correspond to a new vitelline membrane protein (VMP) gene because (1) cDNA clones in Northern blots identify a transcript expressed in a tissue- and stage-specific manner: stage 10 egg-chambers; (2) the sequence of cDNAs and of the genomic subclone shows homology with the other VMP genes that have been identified to date; (3) the amino acid composition of the translational product has the high content of proline and alanine characteristic of VMPs. Two aspects emerging from this study are worth stressing: (1) the presence of a hydrophobic domain that is highly conserved in all the VMP genes; and (2) the particularly narrow period of expression of the isolated gene, which could be related to the mechanism of vitelline membrane assembly.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100106
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100201
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA methylation in fungi (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100202
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    The role of polyfusomes in generating branched chains of cystocytes during Drosophila oogenesis (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 70-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Arrested cleavage ; Centrosome ; contractile ring ; Fusome ; Germarium ; Models of dividing cells ; Oocyte/nurse cell syncytium ; Ovarian tumor mutation ; POlytrohic meroistic ovary ; Ring canal ; Spindle elongation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three-dimensional models were constructed utilizing the information gained from electron micrographs of serial sections of two clones of cystocytes undergoing their terminal divisions. In each clone a polyfusome connected all eight cystocytes together. Each of the spindles was oriented so that one pole touched the polyfusomes, while the other pointed away from it. This positioning of spindles ensures that one cell of each dividing pair retains all previously formed canals, while the other receives none. The two cells that eventually come to contain the maximum number of canals and fusomal material are the ones that differentiate as pro-oocytes, while the others become nurse cells. The orientation of each spindle suggests that the polyfusome formed at one division determines the placement of the cytoskeletal fibers that anchor the spindles formed at the next division. There is a centripetal gathering together of new canals following each cycle of cystocyte division, which is thought to result from the subsequent contraction of the polyfusomal system. Females homozygous for the otu1 mutation are characterized by ovarian tumors, which result when germarial cystocytes undergo supernumerary divisions and fail to differentiate into either nurse cells or oocytes. An analysis of electron micrographs taken of serially sectioned, mutant germaria showed that most germ cells were single or belonged to clusters of two or three interconnected cells. Therefore otu1 cystocytes are unable to undergo a sustained series of arrested cleavages. These cystocytes contain fusomal material that shows ultrastructural differences from normal polyfusomes. We conclude: (1) that a normal polyfusomal system is a necessary prerequisite for the production of a branched chain of cystocytes and for their subsequent differentiation into pro-oocytes and nurse cells; and (2) that a product encoded by the otu+ gene is essential for the construction of a functional polyfusome.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100203
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100301
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  • 40
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    Introduction (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100302
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  • 41
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    A genetic switch, based on negative regulation, sharpens stripes in Drosophila embryos (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 124-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cell determination in Drosophila ; Pair-rule gene expression ; Negative transcription control ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The pair-rule genes hairy, runt, even-skipped, and fushi tarazu express their mRNAs and proteins in striped patterns in the Drosophila embryo at the blastoderm stage. Previous studies have shown that the generation of these patterns depends upon products of the gap genes and upon interactions between the pair-rule genes themselves. Here we show that blocking protein synthesis induces expression of each of the pair-rule mRNAs in virtually all regions of the embryo. Our observations together with genetic studies carried out in other laboratories suggest that negative feedback between the pair-rule genes plays a key role in striped expression of pair-rule genes. We propose that stable proteins, present in all regions of the embryo, first activate transcription ofthese pair-rule genes constitutively. Then, various combinations of unstable proteins repress their transcription in a patterned fashion; each stripe of accumulated products of a given pair-rule gene marks a region where it was not repressed. We develop this idea in mathematical form and demonstrate that a network of mutual repression by pair-rule genes can make each blastoderm nucleus into a genetic switch with two stable states. If preexisting gap gene patterns provide initial bias to the blastoderm nuclei, then the “bistable switch behavior” of the nuclei can refine an initially weak spatial bias into a final pattern of sharp stripes.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100303
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    Molecular genetics of transformer, a genetic switch controlling sexual differentiation in Drosophila (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 143-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Alternative splicing ; Drosophila development ; Sex determination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The transformer gene is one of a set of regulatory genes that form the hierarchy controlling all aspects of somatic sexual differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. The gene transformer occupies an intermediate position in this hierarchy. Analysis of this gene has allowed us to determine the mechanism by which it is regulated in a sex-specific manner and to examine the way in which the regulatory hierarchy is organized. The female-specific expression of the tra gene, previously inferred from genetic observations, is bused on sex-specific alternative splicing of tra pre-mRNA and is not the result of sex-specific transcriptional activation. The female-specific RNA produced by this alternative splicing is the functional mediator of tra activity. Multiple genetic, molecular, and transformation experiments show that female-specific activation of genes or gene products occurs in the order Sex lethal 〉 transformer 〉 transformer-2 〉 doublesex · intersex 〉 female differentiation. The results do not distinguish the level at which transformer might regulate the downstream gene transformer-2. Neither transformer nor any of the downstream genes feedback on, or participate in, alternative splicing of transformer RNA. The mechanism by which Sex lethal regulates transformer splicing appears to be a repression of the use of one of a pair of splice acceptor sites.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100304
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    Histochemical analysis of extracellular matrix material in embryonic trisomy 1 mouse eye (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Robertsonian translocation chromosomes ; Lens ; Optic cup ; Triplication of chromosomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Trisomic animals produced from mice doubly heterozygous for Robertsonian translocation chromosomes [Rb(1.3)/Rb(1.10)] consistently show eye defects (e.g., aphakia, micro-phakia, and retention of lens stalk). To determine if changes in distribution or composition of extracellular matrix material may be a factor in development of these defects, eye structures of tnsomy (ts) 1 embryos and normal littermates were studied his-tochemically using the following methods: Alcian blue 8GX, pH 2.5; periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue/PAS combined; high-iron diamine (HID); and HID/Alcian blue combined. Eye development was divided into stages to account for the known delay in ts 1 mouse development.Differences were found in staining patterns as early as stage 1. In later stages, the most consistent difference was an increased period of contact between lens and optic cup due to retardation of interface matrix dissolution between these rudiments in ts 1 embryos. Eyes in which this occurred had abnormally shaped lenses. Overall, the ts 1 optic cup appeared to have fewer staining abnormalities and dysmorphology than did the lens or interface matrix.Triplication of a chromosome may indirectly alter temporal and spatial organization of extracellular matrix through action on cells responsible for the production of this material. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100402
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    5-Azacytidine-induced tumorous transformation and DNA hypomethylation in Nicotiana tissue cultures (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 298-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: 5-Azacytidine ; DNA methylation ; Plant tumorogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The phenomenon of habituotion is considered in plant tissue cultures to be a real process of chemical tumorogenesis: the cultures acquire the capacity of autonomous growth in a hormone-free medium under the influence of a variety of chemical and physical agents. Treatments with 5-azacytidine (AzaC) of in vitro cultured cells of the Nicotiana glauca × N. langsdorffii nontumorous hybrid (NNT)during the culture cycle led to the induction of a habituated phenotype. The repetitive DNA sequences showed a significant lower level of endogenous methylation in the treated cells in comparison with the normal ones. It is worth noting that it was impossible until now to habituate this strain by conventional methods and that the treatments were effective only in the first 5 days of subculturing; various evidence (cytological and biochemical) pointed out a phenomenon of DNA amplification, occurring in the same period. Moreover, analysis of DNA from control and treated cells shows the induction of variations in the endogenous methylation pattern by AzaC in a critical period of cell culture. These results suggest that demethylation can act as a switch from hormone-dependent to autonomous proliferation by activation of genes coding for or regulating the synthesis of growth factors.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100404
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  • 45
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    Differential expression of the maize catalase genes during kernel development: The role of steady-state mRNA levels (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 304-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Maize ; Catalase ; Kernel ; Gene expression ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In maize three isozymic forms of catalase, CAT-1, CAT-2, and CAT-3 are encoded by three distinct and unlinked structural genes (Catl, Cat2, and Cat3). Catalase activity profiles and zymogram analysis were used to examine the spatial and temporal expression of the three genes during kernel maturation. Three developmental stages of catalase expression were observed in the growing kernel. During stage 1 (6-12 days after pollination), both Catl and Cat3 were expressed; during stage 2 (15-18 days after pollination) only Cat1 expression was observed; and during stage 3 (21-30 days after pollination), Cat1 and Cat2 were expressed. The major constituent tissues of the kernel were examined to determine their contribution to total kernel catalase expression. Each of the tissues was found to have a unique pattern of catalase gene expression. RNA blot analysis, using catalase gene-specific nucleic acid probes, suggests that the differential expression of the three catalase genes observed in the kernel is regulated by controlling the distribution of steady-state mRNA species for the three genes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100405
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    Connexin32, a gap junction protein, is a persistent oogenetic product through preimplantation development of the mouse (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 318-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mouse embryos ; Gap junctions ; Connexin43 ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gap junctions appear de novo during compaction in the eight-cell stage of mouse development. This is a critical event in the life of the embryo, because gap junctional intercellular communication is an essential requirement for maintaining compaction and, hence, for development of the blastocyst. Recently, a family of genes encoding gap junction proteins (connexins) has been identified and cloned, and we have taken advantage of the availability of antibodies and cDNA probes to investigate the expression of these genes in early development. We found that a protein with antigenic and size similarity to the “liver” gap junction protein, connexin32, is present throughout preimplantation development from the zygote through the late morula. Connexin32 mRNA, however, could not be detected in any preimplantation stage. This, and the presence of connexin32 in zygotes before activation of embryonic transcription, leads us to conclude that this protein is inherited as an oogenetic product that persists well beyond the transition from the oogenetic to embryonic program of gene expression. Furthermore, we found that mRNA for another gap junction protein, connexin43, is fairly abundant in preimplantation embryos. We conclude that it is more likely connexin43, and not connexin32, that is used to assemble new connexons as the level of intercellular coupling increases after compaction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100407
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    Hemin increases production of β-like globin RNA transcripts in human erythroleukemia K-562 cells (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: β-globin ; Human erythroleukemia cells ; RNA transcripts ; K562 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous studies have indicated that control and hemin-treated human eryth-roleukemia K-562 cells fail to produce adult-type β-globin mRNA transcripts and to translate them into nascent β-globin chains. Expression of the β-globin DNA sequences in K-562 cells can occur, however, under certain conditions. To readdress this issue and to examine the possibility of whether these cells produce immature and untranslatable β-globin RNA transcripts, we prepared total cyto-plasmic RNA from control and inducer-treated cells and performed Northern blot hybridization analysis using 5′ end-labeled fragments of the human β-globin DNA rather than 3′ end fragments as probes. Although hybridization of both cytoplasmic and nuclear K-562 RNA with a32P-labeled 3′ end fragment (1.6kb Bam H1 cut) coding for a large part of the first exon of β-globin failed to detect β-globin RNA transcripts, hybridization with a 5′ end 32P-labeled 2.0kb Bam H1 fragment (coding for the third exon and part of the second) revealed the presence of relatively small (〈7S) RNA molecules both in nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction. S1 nuclease mapping of both cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA with the use of 5′ end-labeled 2.0 kb Bam H1 fragment of human β-globin DNA indicated protection of a small portion located 64bp 5′ upstream from the Bam H1 site of the second exon. The amount of protected portion was relatively higher in K-562 cells undergoing erythroid maturation. These findings suggest that control and differentiating K-562 cells synthesize β-globin-like RNA transcripts that are 3′ end short, immature, and unable to give rise to adult β-globin chains. These results also indicate that K-562 cells may lack factors that are unique for transcription and processing of the human β-globin RNA transcripts.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100406
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    Heat-shock proteins during pollen development in maize (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 324-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Heat-shock proteins ; Pollen ; Development ; Maize ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In contrast to sporophytic tissues, mature pollen of higher plants does not synthesize the typical set of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in response to a marked temperature upshift. Immature grains, however, seem able to do so, at least partially. We investigated the characteristics of HSP synthesis throughout the male gametophytic phase in maize and compared gametophytic and sporophytic heat-shock responses. One-dimensional Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis technique (SDS-PAGE) of newly synthesized proteins revealed that immature pollen synthesizes HSPs, some of which are not induced in sporophytic tissues. The heat-shock response appeared to be related to microgametophytic developmental stages. The strongest response was found in uninucleate microspores: at this stage, in addition to the sporophytic 102, 84, 72, and 18 kD HSPs, three other polypeptides of 74, 56, and 46 kD were observed. In the binucleate and trinucleate stages, only a reduced synthesis of few HSPs could be induced, and differences between genotypes were observed. In germinating pollen, HSP synthesis was not induced under a voriety of heat-stress conditions; however, the consti-tutive synthesis of two polypeptides of the same molecular weight, 72 and 64 kD, as two HSPs was observed. The biological significance of these results is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100408
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    Stage-specific gene expression in early chick embryo (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 333-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cell migration ; Aphidicolin ; Blastula-Gastrula ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin in the chick morula interferes with its progression to a normal blastula and prevents induction of the first morphogenetic cell movements of primitive streak formation. Embryos in aphidicolin synthesize some polypeptides typical of blastula but do not display all the characteristic features of morula to blastula transition. Inhibition of DNA replication inteferes with the sequential synthesis of maternally coded polypeptides and with the activation of the embryonic genome in the chick embryo.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100409
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  • 50
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    Erratum (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 345-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100411
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    Announcement (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 347-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100412
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100501
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  • 53
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    Regulation of catalase-specific mRNA and its processing during development in mice (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Delayed processing ; Splicing ; Transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study deals with the pattern of developmental expression of the catalase gene in mice. We have used a mouse catalase 2 kb cDNA (pMCT-1) and its 1.4 kb 5′ fragment as probes to characterize the transcripts during embryonic development and differentiation. Total RNA was isolated from 8 days postconceptus (p.c.) whole embryos and from livers and carcasses of 13, 15, and 18 day p.c. embryos as well as from the livers of newborn and adult mice of the S.W. strain. The RNA was applied on slot blots, and run on agarose gels to generate northern blots. Blots were hybridized with the 32P-labeled cDNA probe under different stringency conditions. Autoradiograms were scanned with a densitometer to quantify relative hybridization signals of RNA samples obtained from two or three individual mice representing each stage of development.The catalase transcript is detectable as early as 8 days p.c. with the beginning of somite formation. At this stage, it is primarily in the form of a 12.2 kb transcript. One additional band (2.4 kb) is also apparent at this stage although at a very low intensity. The intensity of the two bands increases with development, particularly during 13-18 days p.c. in liver and carcass. The 2.4 kb RNA band increases sharply from day 8 through 13, 15, and 18 days p.c. and is confined primarily to the liver. Interestingly, only the 2.4 kb RNA band is seen at and after birth. The 2.4 kb RNA is the known mature message of the catalase gene in mice. The presence of large catalase-specific RNA species (seen during development in utero only) is interpreted as the primary transcript of this gene. The complete and efficient processing of this primary transcript takes place only after birth and primarily in the liver, which may be related to the physiological role of this enzyme in oxygen metabolism, particularly stressful superoxides, expected with independent respiration. At a lower stringency wash of the northern blots, a 9.5 kb RNA was seen during a narrow window of in utero development. This 9.5 kb band may represent an uncharacterized catalase-related gene with a possible role in development and differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100410
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    Expression of a methotrexate resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene in transgenic mice (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 349-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: SV40 promoter ; Expression vector ; Drug resistance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously demonstrated systemic resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in transgenic mice carrying a foreign, mutant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, E.C. 1.5.1.3) gene. The new gene was introduced as a cDNA cloned into an expression vector driven by the simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter. Previous physiologic studies suggested that transgenic mice tolerated drug doses invariably lethal to controls on the basis of gastrointestinal (GI) resistance to MTX. In the present study we evaluated foreign gene expression at the RNA level in the three major sites of MTX toxicity: intestine, liver, and bone marrow.The transgene was transcriptionally active in small bowel, and levels of expression were high in animals tolerating the largest doses of MTX. The gene was also expressed in the liver in some pedigrees, but was not detected in hemopoietic tissues of any of the pedigrees tested. Our studies correlate the site of expression of a drug resistant dhfr gene with an altered physiologic response to MTX, and demonstrate that transgenic mice can be used as a test system for expression of genes considered for use in somatic gene therapy.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100502
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    Hyperinsulinemia in transgenic mice carrying multiple copies of the human insulin gene (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 356-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Glucose intolerance ; Insulin resistance ; Diabetes mellitus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We are investigating human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice. An 8.8 kilobase (kb) human genomic DNA fragment, including the insulin gene (1.4 kb) and 2 kb of 5′ human flanking sequences, was introduced into mouse embryos by pronuclear microinjection. Two lines of transgenic mice have been established, both of which carry the intact human gene in multiple copies. Animals from both lines have significantly higher insulin levels than control mice, and the degree of hyperinsulinemia shows a positive correlation with human gene copy number in the two lines. Expression of the human gene is confirmed by the detection of human C-peptide in plasma. Tissue specificity of expression is maintained, with human insulin mRNA detectable only in the pancreas. The transgenics maintain normal fasting blood glucose in spite of their high insulin levels, but preliminary studies show them to be glucose intolerant when given a glucose load. These mice provide a model system for further studies on the regulation of insulin gene expression and on the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia on glucose homeostasis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100503
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100601
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    Introduction (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 411-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100602
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    Stepwise aggregation, compaction, and differentiation of uncompacted F9 cells (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 402-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: F9 ECC ; Aggregates ; Embryoid bodies ; Endoderm ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To study the relationship between compaction and differentiation in aggregates of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, a subline was developed which grows mostly uncompacted in monolayer culture in medium containing a low concentration of calcium (about 0.05 mM). When these cells were trypsinized and cultured in suspension in the same medium, they formed loose, open aggregates, which failed to differentiate into embryoid bodies after exposure to 10 nM retinoic acid, confirming the requirement of compaction for differentiation. If, after culture for 3 days, the uncompacted F9 aggregates were exposed to additional calcium (4 mM), all compacted within an hour. The number of days necessary for aggregates to acquire this ability to compact rapidly was reduced if the monolayer of cells from which the aggregates were derived had been exposed to additional calcium to cause compaction for several days prior to trypsinization and aggregation. Next, treatment of the compacted F9 aggregates with 10 nM retinoic acid was followed by differentiation into embryoid bodies. The number of days required for this was also reduced if the aggregates were formed from previously compacted cells, presumably because compaction of the aggregates occured sooner.The acceleration in compaction and differentiation in aggregates formed from previously compacted cells suggests that some of the proteins important for compaction, which are synthesized in a monolayer of compacted cells, persist through trypsinization and are carried over from monolayer to aggregates. Alternatively, an inhibitor of compaction is decreased in the compacted monolayer. Thus, the process of compaction in its entirety, including its relationship to subsequent differentiation, cannot be studied in aggregates formed from F9 cells grown as usual in the compacted state in monolayer culture. This work provides an alternative system in which aggregation, compaction, and differentiation of F9 cells can be made to occur in stepwise fashion and can be examined separately.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100508
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    Yeast taxonomy (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. S339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050706
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    Plenary lectures (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. S505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050709
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  • 61
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    Yeast biology (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. S303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050705
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  • 62
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050101
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    Calendar (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050102
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    Analysis of chromosomal DNA patterns of the genus Kluyveromyces (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; genome size ; orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis ; mitochondrial DNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using an improved procedure of pulsed field gel electrophoresis, yeast chromosomes were separated over a wide range of molecular size (250-4000 kbp) on single gels. The chromosomal DNA patterns of all the species belonging to the genus Kluyveromyces were examined. Within the species K. marxianus, the varieties lactis, drosophilarum and vanudenii showed closely related patterns; very different from them, the varieties bulgaricus and marxianus were related to each other, forming a distinct group; the strains commonly called ‘K. lactis’ and ‘K. fragilis’ were unambiguously different from each other in chromosome patterns. These differences were correlated with the presence of characteristic repetitive sequence elements in the mitochondrial DNA of the former group and not in the latter. Analysis of Candida macedoniensis, which had been considered to be an anamorph of K. marxianus var. marxianus, showed that these two yeast species were indeed similar in chromosome patterns and in mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050103
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    Yeast KEX2 protease and mannosyltransferase I are localized to distinct compartments of the secretory pathway (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Secretion ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Golgi apparatus ; protein targetting ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The KEX2 protease (product of the KEX2 gene) functions late in the secretory pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cleaving the polypeptide chains of prepro-killer toxin and prepro-α-factor at paired basic amino acid residues. The intracellular vesicles containing KEX2 protease sedimented in density gradients to a position distinct from those containing mannosyltransferase I (product of the MNN1 gene), a marker enzyme for the Golgi complex. The recovery of intact compartments containing these enzymes approached 80% after sedimentation. We propose that the KEX2 protease and mannosyltransferase I reside within distinct compartments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050105
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  • 66
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    Cloning and characterization of Baker's yeast α-glucosidase: Over-expression in a yeast strain devoid of vacuolar proteinases (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; α-glucosidase ; nucleotide sequence ; expression ; proteinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two α-glucosidase (maltase) genes, designated GLUCPI and GLUCPII, have been cloned from an industrial strain of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by complementation of a maltase-negative mutant strain. The different genes were identified according to their alternatively expressed isoenzymes PI and PII in transformants after isoelectric focusing and activity staining in separated cell lysates. The gene encoding α-glucosidase PI (GLUCPI), which was not present in laboratory strains of S. carlsbergensis with a defined MAL1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 locus, was sequenced and compared with the recently published MAL6S gene. This comparison revealed single amino acid deviations at three positions in the predicted polypeptide sequence. In addition, the divergent promoter region of GLUCPI differed from MAL6S by a triple repeated 147-bp DNA segment. Maltose induction and glucose repression of α-glucosidase PI were not affected by the deletion of the repeated DNA segment. However, the absolute expression of α-glucosidase PI increased two- to four-fold. In addition, a two-fold increase in the maltase synthesis occurred when the cloned positive regulator gene MAL2-8cp was on the same plasmid. Furthermore, stability of the α-glucosidase in cultures in the stationary growth phase was greatly enhanced using a host strain lacking the proteinases A and B and the carboxypeptidases Y and S. Promoter trimming, MAL2-8cp stimulation and the use of a host strain deficient in four vacuolar proteinases resulted in α-glucosidase PI expression of about 13% of the soluble protein.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050104
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  • 67
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    Cloning and analysis of the Kluyveromyces lactis TRP1 gene: A chromosomal locus flanked by genes encoding inorganic pyrophosphatase and histone H3 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 35-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: TRP1 ; histone H3 ; histone H4 ; pyrophosphatase ; Kluyveromyces ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The TRP1 gene of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has been cloned from a genomic library by complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae trpl-289 mutation. The gene was located within the clone by transposon mutagenesis and the coding region identified by DNA sequencing. This has indicated that K. lactis TRP1 encodes a 210-amino acid polypeptide which shows 53% identity to the homologous S. cerevisiae protein. The K. lactis TRP1 gene has been disrupted by substituting the S. cerevisiae URA3 gene for a large part of the TRP1 coding sequence. Replacement of the chromosomal TRP1 locus with this construction has enabled the production of non-reverting trp1- strains of K. lactis, while a genetic analysis of the disrupted allele confirmed that the TRP1 gene had been cloned. DNA sequencing has also shown that the K. lactis TRP1 sequences is flanked by genes encoding inorganic pyrophosphatase and histone H3, which we have designated IPP and HHT1 respectively. Hybridization studies have shown that in common with S. cerevisiae, K. lactis has two copies of the histone H3 gene. Each H3 gene is closely linked to a gene encoding histone H4 and in both yeast species the IPP gene is tightly linked to one of the histone gene pairs.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050106
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    Extraction and rapid inactivation of proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by trichloroacetic acid precipitation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 51-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; protein ; extract ; trichloroacetic acid ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Methods currently used for the extraction of proteins from yeast involve relatively long time periods between sampling cells from a culture and analysis of their proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-sodium dodecylsulphate. Often it is desirable to inactivate cellular metabolism rapidly after sampling and here we show that trichloroacetic acid precipitation techniques, often used for rapid extraction and inactivation of proteins from higher eukaryotes, can be adapted for use with organisms which have cell walls.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050107
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  • 69
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050201
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  • 70
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    Calender (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050202
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    Sequence and mutational analysis of ESS1, a gene essential for growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 55-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Gene disruption ; genetic mapping ; nonsense suppression ; multibudded phenotype ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A newly isolated gene, ESS1, was shown to encode a protein required for vegetative growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence of ESS1 revealed a 172 amino acid open reading frame predicting a highly basic, 19·5 kilodalton product. Although the gene was isolated by cross-hybridization with the vertebrate v-sis oncogene, the primary amino acid sequence bears only a slight resemblance to the p28sis protein. ESS1 was shown to be single copy in the yeast genome and transcriptionally active during logarithmic growth. It is located on the right arm of chromosome X, 6 centimorgans distal to ilv3. The genetic map location indicates it is not allelic to any previously characterized mutation in this organism. Both inactivation of ESS1 by gene disruption and overexpression by fusion to a heterologous promoter were detrimental to growth in both haploid and diploid cell types. Under non-permissive conditions, the terminal phenotype of strains containing a suppressible amber mutation within ESS1 was one of aberrant multibudded structures. Examination of this morphology indicates that loss of ESS1 function may lead to a defect in cytokinesis or cell separation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050108
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  • 72
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    Vanadate inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and H+ ATPase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: vandate ; mitochondria ; H+ ATPase ; S. cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of vandate on mitochondrial respiration and H+ ATPase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. A 50% inhibition of oxygen uptake in isolated mitochondria was produced by 4·4 mM-V2O5. Activity of H+ ATPase in whole mitochondria was inhibited by 50% by 5·5 μM-V2O5, in submitochondrial particles by 55 μM-V2O5; and in the chloroform-released H+ ATPase by 0·5 mM-V2O5. Vandate was also found to relieve growth inhibition caused by the mitochondrial H+ ATPase inhibitors NN′-decyclohexylcarbodiimide and oligomycin. These results imply that vanadate could affect mitochondrial respiration by interacting with the H+ ATPase in S. cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050109
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  • 73
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    Cloning of CDC33: A gene essential for growth and sporulation which does not interfere with cAMP production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: CDC33 ; cell division cycle ; cyclic AMP ; start gene ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The CDC33 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to the class II ‘START’ genes. Its product is required for the initiation of a new cell division cycle (Hartwell, 1974). Many results suggest that the cAMP signalling pathway is one of the major controlling elements of ‘START’. Components of this pathway are encoded by class II ‘START’ genes. The aim of the present study is to determine whether or not the CDC33 gene interferes with the cAMP signalling pathway. We report here the molecular cloning of the CDC33 gene by complementation of the cdc33-1 thermosensitive mutant. The identity of the cloned gene is confirmed by site-specific reintegration and segregation analysis. This gene is transcribed into a 900-nucleotides mRNA and appears to be relatively abundant in the cell. We also show that the CDC33 gene product is essential for sporulation. cdc33-1 mutant cells are able to enter into the resting state. The cAMP intracellular pool is not modified when the cdc33-1 mutant is shifted to the restrictive temperature. The cdc33-1 mutation is not suppressed by other known elements of the cAMP cascade. All these results suggest that the CDC33 ‘START’ gene does not interfere with the cAMP signalling pathway which controls cell division.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050203
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  • 74
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    Increase in gene expression by respiratory-deficient mutation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; respiratory-deficient mutants ; increased gene expression ; mRNA level ; human lysozyme ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Respiratory-deficient mutants (rho- cells) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced about 10 times as much human(h-) lysozyme as did wild-type strains (rho+ cells) when the GAL10 promoter was used in an expression plasmid with the h-lysozyme gene. Introduction of intact mitochondria into the rho- cells resulted in a significant decrease in the production of h-lysozyme, indicating that the rho- mutation increased the expression of the h-lysozyme gene. The copy number of the expression plasmid was not responsible for the increased expression. The level of h-lysozyme mRNA in the rho- cells was also much higher than that in the rho+ cells especially at the stationary phase. The increased expression of the h-lysozyme gene was also observed when a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter and the PHO5 promoter were used in the expression plasmid. The rho- mutation also increased the expression of the PHO5 gene under the control of the HIS5 promoter in a plasmid and the ACT1 gene in the yeast chromosome, but did not increase the expression of the ribosomal RNA gene. In contrast to the rho- mutants, pet mutants did not show higher gene expression compared with wild-type strains.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050204
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    Size distribution and general structural features of N-linked oligosaccharides from the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia pastoris ; glycoproteins ; invertase ; oligosaccharides ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The secreted glycoproteins of Pichia pastoris contain more than 35% of their N-linked oligosaccharides as structures smaller than Man14GlcNAc2 (Man = mannose; GlcNAc = N-acetylglucosamine). On heterologous invertase produced in P. pastoris, approximately 85% of the oligosaccharides are in the size range Man8-14GlcNAc2. The structures appear to contain α-linked mannose. In addition, one-third of the structures contain net negative charge and can be radio-labelled in vivo with 32P. The largest oligosaccharides isolated from P. pastoris are significantly shorter than the hypermannosylated structures typical of S. cerevisiae, indicating that the factors which influence the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides in P. pastoris are different from those which influence processing in S. cerevisiae. The smaller N-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by P. pastoris resemble high-mannose oligosaccharides synthesized by animal cells, and this finding increases the utility of P. pastoris as a host for the production of heterologous glycoproteins.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050206
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    RAG1 and RAG2: Nuclear genes involved in the dependence/independence on mitochondrial respiratory function for growth on sugars (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; mitochondrial respiration ; erythromycin ; sugar metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The analysis of five independent isolates of Kluyveromyces lactis shows that CBS 2359, CBS 683 and CBS 4574 could grow in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors (antimycin A, oligomycin or erythromycin) and that CBS 2360 and CBS 141 were unable to grow in the presence of drugs. The resistant growth was observed only on glucose and not on other fermentable carbon sources (galactose, lactose).The phenotype ‘growth on glucose in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors’ was called Rag+. This phenotype was found to be controlled by two unlinked nuclear genes: RAG1 and RAG2. Either of their recessive alleles, rag1 and rag2, led to the Rag- phenotype (i.e. the failure of growth on glucose in the presence of antimitochondrial drugs).Rag- strains represent the case in which fermentative growth becomes absolutely dependent on the functioning of the normal respiratory chain.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050205
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  • 77
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050301
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    Calendar (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050302
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    Two pathways of DNA double-strand break repair in G1 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; γ-irradiation ; post-irradiation recovery ; radiosensitive mutants ; DNA double-strand break repair ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: G1 cells of the diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are known to be capable of a slow repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) during holding the cells in a non-nutrient medium (Luchnik et al., 1977; Frankenberg-Schwager et al., 1980). In the present paper, S. cerevisiae cells γ-irradiated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle are shown to be capable of fast repair of DNA DSB; this process is completed within 30-40 min, of holding the cells in water at 28°C. For this reason, the kinetics of DNA DSB repair during holding the cells in a non-nutrient medium are biphasic, i.e., the first ‘fast’ phase is completed within 30-40 min, whereas the second, ‘slow’ phase is completed within 48 h. Mututions rad51, rad52, rad54 and rad55 inhibit the fast repair of DNA DSB, whereas mutations rad50, rad53 and rad57 do not significantly influence this process.It has been shown that the observed fast and slow repair of DNA DSB in the G1 diploid cells of S. cerevisiae are separate pathways of DNA DSB repair in yeast.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050208
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    Mapping and characterizing a new DNA replication mutant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cell cycle ; synchronization ; DNA replication ; killer ; in vitro replication ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A detailed characterization of the mak 1-3 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been made possible by modifying its genetic background. The mak1-3 mutation, which confers temperature sensitivity for growth, was originally identified as one of four mak1 mutations (Wickner and Leibowitz, 1976). Mak1-1, 1-2 and 1-4 mutants are deficient in DNA topoisomerase I activity and thus have been renamed ‘top1’ (Thrash et al., 1984). Studies presented here show that the map position of MAK1-3 on chromosome XVI distinguishes it from TOP1 which maps on chromosome XV (Wickner and Leibowitz, 1976). An investigation of in vivo macromolecular synthesis in the mak1-3 mutant shows that it is deficient in DNA replication at the restrictive temperature. Experiments in which DNA synthesis was measured in synchronized cell populations indicate that the mak1-3 mutant is deficient in the initiation step of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, crude extracts from the mak1-3 mutant cells support temperature-sensitive in vitro DNA synthesis on yeast chromosomal DNA replication origin containing plasmid pARS1, suggesting that the MAK1 gene product is directly required for in vitro DNA replication. The conclusion that mak1-3 is a newly identified DNA replication mutation is based on the observations that it (1) complements all DNA synthesis mutants examined, (2) maps to a previously undetected chromosomal location and (3) has a distinct terminal morphology. In light of these distinctions and of the role mak1-3 plays in DNA replication, it has been renamed ‘dnal’.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050207
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    Structure and nuclear localization signal of the SK13 antiviral protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Superkiller ; double-stranded RNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The yeast chromosomal genes SK12, SK13, SK14, SK16, SK17 and SK18 repress the replication of double-stranded RNA viruses, protecting the host from the otherwise lethal effects of the virus. We cloned and sequenced the SK13 gene and found that it encodes a 163 kDa protein including a typical nuclear localization signal. Cell fractionation experiments show that the SK13 gene product is indeed tightly associated with nuclei and that the putative nuclear localization sequence directs β-galactosidase into the nucleus. However, fusion of a part of the SK13 protein lacking this signal with β-galactosidase directs β-galactosidase into the nucleus, suggesting the presence of a second nuclear localization signal. The SK13 gene is only essential in the presence of an M double-stranded RNA virus.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050304
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    Induction of cytochrome P-450 and catalase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by UV and X-ray irradiation. Possible role for cytochrome P-450 in cell protection against oxidative damage (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; cytochrome P-450 ; UV and X-ray irradiation ; oxidative damage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cytochrome P-450 was induced both in the diploid wild-type D7 strain and in two isogenic DNA-repair-deficient strains (rad3 and rad56) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae following UV- and X-irradiation. The induction occurred only in logarithmic growth phase cells and it was transient showing a peak 3 h after irradiation. The maximal amount of cytochrome P-450 was directly proportional to the radiation does applied. Under the same experimental conditions an increase of the catalase activity was also observed, suggesting that activated oxygen species produced by irradiation might be implicated in the induction of both enzymes. The sensitivity to H2O2 of cells containing high cytochrome P-450 levels was enhanced when this enzyme was specifically inhibited by tetrahydrofuran and metyrapone. This supports the hypothesis that cytochrome P-450, as well as catalase, might be involved in cell protection against oxidative damage.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050303
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    Kinetics of growth and glucose transport in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Crabtree effect ; sugar transport ; growth kinetics ; yeast ; chemostat ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The glucose transport capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was studied in aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures. Two different transport systems were encountered with affinity constants of 1 and 20 mM, respectively. The capacity of these carriers (Vmax) was dependent on the dilution rate and the residual glucose concentration in the culture. From the residual glucose concentration in the fermenter and the kinetic constants of glucose transport, their in situ contribution to glucose consumption was determined. The sum of these calculated in situ transport rates correlated well with the observed rate of glucose consumption of the culture.The growth kinetics of S. cerevisiae CBS 8066 in glucose-limited cultures were rather perculiar. At low dilution rates, at which glucose was completely respired, the glucose concentration in the fermenter was constant at 110 μM, independent of the glucose concentration in the reservoir. At high dilution rates, characterized by the occurrence of both respiration and alcoholic fermentation, the residual substrate concentration followed Monod kinetics. In this case, however, the overall affinity constant was dependent on the reservoir glucose concentration.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050305
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  • 84
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    Structural comparison of the Pichia pastoris alcohol oxidase genes (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Methylotrophic yeasts ; alcohol oxidase ; Pichia pastoris ; genome evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In methylotrophic yeasts, alcohol oxidase is the first enzyme in the methanol-utilization pathway. The genome of one such yeast, Pichia pastoris, contains two alcohol oxidase genes, AOX1 and AOX2. Sequence analysis indicated that each gene encodes a similar protein of 663 amino acids. The protein-coding regions of the genes were 92% and 97% homologous at the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence levels, respectively. In contrast to homology observed within the protein-coding portions of the AOX genes, no homology was found in either the 5′ or 3′ non-coding regions. Although alcohol oxidase is found in peroxisomes of P. pastoris, the AOX amino acid sequences did not contain a peptide sequence similar to the peroxisomal transport sequence found at the C-terminus of some peroxisomally located proteins in higher eukaryotes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050306
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  • 85
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    Mutants of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pinus defective in C2 metabolism (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia pinus ; yeast ; mutants ; ethanol metabolism ; methanol oxidation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A collection of mutants of Pichia pinus which are unable to grow on ethanol but retain the ability to grow on glucose and methanol, was obtained. Genetic and biochemical analysis of these strains revealed mutations in seven nuclear genes affecting activities of isocitrate lyase (icl1), malate synthase (mls1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pck1), ‘malic’ enzyme (mdd1) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (acs1, acs2 and acs3). All mutations except acs1-acs3 have no effect on the activities of other enzymes involved in C2 metabolism. Mutations acs1, acs2 and acs3 have a pleiotropic action, leading to partial reduction in activities of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Ethanol-induced repression of the synthesis of the methanol oxidative enzymes, alcohol oxidase and catalase, is not impaired in these seven mutant classes. On the other hand, C2 compound-induced inactivation of alcohol oxidase and catalase is impaired in mutants acs1, acs2, acs3 and icl1. It was suggested that glyoxylate and acetate (or acetate precursors) act as low molecular weight effectors, ‘switching on’ inactivation and repression, respectively, of alcohol oxidase and catalase in the medium containing ethanol or acetate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050307
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  • 86
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    5′-Secondary structure formation, in constrast to a short string of non-preferred codons, inhibits the translation of the pyruvate kinase mRNA in yeast (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; messenger RNA ; translation ; codon bias ; RNA secondary-structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of poor codon bias and secondary structure formation upon the translation of the pyruvate kinase (PYK1) mRNA have been investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Following insertion mutagenesis at the 5′-end of the PYK1 coding region, the gene was transformed into yeast, and translation assessed directly in vivo by determining the distribution of the modified PYK1 mRNAs across polysomes fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The chromosomally-encoded (wild-type) PYK1 mRNA, and the actin, ribosomal protein L3 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNAs were used to control for minor differences between polysome preparations. An insertion containing 13 non-preferred codons at the 5′-end of the coding region was found to have no significant effect upon PYK1 mRNA translation. In contrast, translation was inhibited by an insertion which increased the formation of secondary structures at the 5′-end of the mRNA (overall ΔG = -36·6 kcal/mol). Control insertions were also analysed to exclude the possibility that alterations to the amino acid sequence of pyruvate kinase affect the translation of its mRNA. These insertions, which introduced preferred codons or restored wild-type levels of secondary structure formation, did not significantly influence PYK1 mRNA translation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050308
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  • 87
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    Cloning and sequencing of the gene for apocytochrome b of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis strains WM27 (NRRL Y-17066) and WM37 (NRRL Y-1140) (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; lactose-fermenting yeast ; cytochromes ; mitochondrial genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The apocytochrome b genes from two strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, have been isolated and sequenced. The coding sequences in strains WM27 (NRRL Y-17066) and WM37 (NRRL Y-1140) were identical but the upstream noncoding regions were slightly different. The sequences demonstrated the presence of a continuous open reading frame with no introns. The amino acid sequence, derived from the coding strand, showed 82% homology to the apocytochrome b of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D273-10B and only 58% homology to the protein from Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain 50. CUN and CGN codon families were absent from the K. lactis gene. Codon usage was very similar to that of other mitochondrial genomes with mostly U or A in the third position. There were two unusual features. All threonines were coded by ACA(U) and all arginines by AGA.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050310
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  • 88
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    Transport of L-leucine in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: L-Leucine ; amino-acid transport ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transport of L-leucine into Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells from the stationary phase of growth (after preincubation for 60 min with 1% glucose) proceeds uphill, practically unidirectionally, and is mediated by at least two systems: a high-affinity system with a KT of 0·045 mmol 1-1 and Jmax of 3·3 nmol min-1 (mg dry weight)-1 and a low-affinity system with a KT of 1·25 mmol 1-1 and Jmax of 16·0 nmol min-1 (mg dry weight)-1. The high-affinity system has a pH optimum at 3.2, the accumulation ratio is highest at a cell density of 2-4 mg dry weight per ml and decreases with increasing leucine concentration. Transport of leucine by the high-affinity system is strongly inhibited by proton conductors, ammonium ions and by most amino acids, but only L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine, L-valine and L-cysteine behave as fully competitive inhibitors. Systems of L-leucine transport in S. pombe are not constitutive. Transport activity appears only after preincubation of cells with a suitable source of energy. If cycloheximide is added during preincubation with glucose, no transport systems for leucine are synthesized. After removal of glucose, the activity of transport systems decays with a half-time of about 20 min. The presence of cyclic AMP increases the initial rate of leucine uptake only in cells preincubated with glucose and in the absence of cycloheximide.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050309
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  • 89
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050401
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  • 90
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    Announcement (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050402
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  • 91
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    Calendar (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050403
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  • 92
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    Chromatin structure of yeast genes (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 219-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050404
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  • 93
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    Messenger RNA stability in yeast (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 239-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050405
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  • 94
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    Functional exploration of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome: Use of a mini-mu transposon to analyse randomly cloned DNA sequences (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA sequence ; gene function ; ORF ; S. cerevisiae ; transposon ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The development of mega-sequencing techniques requires new methods for global functional analysis of cloned DNA fragments. We have developed a mini-Mu transposon adapted to yeast cloned DNA fragment analysis. This transposon allows us to do the following in a single construction: (i) to probe yeast cells for the presence of expressed open reading frames (ORFs) in the cloned DNA fragment; (ii) to localize these ORFs in the fragment and determine their transcription orientation; (iii) to use β-galactosidase protein fusions to study regulation of these ORFs; and (iv) to disrupt the corresponding chromosomal genes.On a 5-kb yeast DNA sequence, we have verified the reliability of this new tool by comparing the data obtained with the mini-Mu transposon to those obtained by classical methods.This transposon should be of immediate use in the yeast genome sequencing programme.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050406
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  • 95
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    Overproduction of glycolytic enzymes in yeast (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 285-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; glycolysis ; metabolic flux ; ethanol production ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eight different enzyymes for glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation were overproduced in a common Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by placing their genes on multicopy vectors. The specific enzyme activities were increased between 3·7-and 13·9-fold above the wild-type level. The overproduction of the different glycolytic enzymes had no effect on the rate of ethanol formation, even with those enzymes that catalyse irreversible steps: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Also the simultaneous increase in the activities of pairs of enzymes such as pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase or pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehyrogenase, did not increase the rate of ethanol production. The levels of key glycolytic metabolites were also normal, compared to the reference strain.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050408
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  • 96
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in chromosome segregation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 271-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have devised a genetic screen to identify trans-acting factors involved in chromosome transmission in yeast. This approach was designed to potentially identify a subset of genes encoding proteins that interact with centromere DNA. It has been shown that mutations in yeast centromere DNA cause aberrant chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. We reasoned that the function of an altered centromere should be particularly sensitive to changes in factors with which it interacts. We constructed a disomic strain containing one copy of chromosome III with a wild-type centromere and one copy of chromosome III bearing the SUP11 gene and a mutant CEN3. This strain forms white colonies with red sectors due to nondisjunction of the chromosome bearing the mutant centromere. After mutagenesis we picked colonies that exhibited increased nondisjunction of the mutant chromosome as evidenced by increased red-white sectoring. Using this approach, we have isolated three trans-acting chromosome nondisjunction (cnd) mutants that are defective in maintaining chromosomes during mitosis in yeast.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050407
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  • 97
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    Characterization of the adr1-1 nonsense mutation identifies the translational start of the yeast transcriptional activator ADR1 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; translation ; protein synthesis ; mRNA stability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have characterized a nonsense mutation in the ADR1 gene that identifies the translational start of the ADR1 protein. The ADR1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for synthesis of the glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2). The adr1-1 mutation, which inhibits ADH2 expression, was identified as a C to G transversion at base pair +32. This alteration would result in a UGA nonsense codon in place of a serine codon that would lead to termination of the ADR1 polypeptide after the 10th amino acid. The effect of the adr1-1 mutation was partially reversed by UGA-tRNA suppressors, indicating that the adr1-1 mutation affects ADR1 expression at the translational level. These observations establish that the first available AUG in the ADR1 sequence is used as the translational start site of ADR1. Tyrosine or leucine UGA-tRNA-suppressors resulted in levels of adr1-1 activity similar to that found for a serine UGA-tRNA-suppressor, suggesting that serine residue-11 is not essential to ADR1 function. Northern analyses showed that the 5·1 kb ADR1 mRNA was two- to three-fold more abundant when isolated from a strain carrying the ADR1 allele than from an isogenic strain containing the adr1-1 allele. These data confirm that the 5·1 kb mRNA is the ADR1 mRNA and suggest that inhibition of adr1-1 mRNA translation results in more rapid degradation of the adr1-1 mRNA.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050409
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  • 98
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050501
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  • 99
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    Secretion and glycosylation of Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase A encoded by the celA gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Heterologous gene expression ; protein secretion ; S. cerevisiae ; glycosylation ; cellulases ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Clostridium thermocellum celA gene encoding endoglucanase A is expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but the enzyme produced from the native celA gene is not secreted. After removal of the bacterial signal peptide-coding sequence, the gene was fused to the promoter and prepro segment of the S. cerevisiae MFα1 gene. This construction directs secretion of active endoglucanase A into the culture medium when introduced in yeast on either replicating or integrating vectors. Secretion of endoglucanase A required growth of transformants on rich medium. The secreted enzyme is a 97 000 Da glycoprotein containing about half of its molecular weight as carbohydrate. This new gene fusion could facilitate further research on protein secretion in yeast by using a cellulase as a marker enzyme.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050410
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  • 100
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    Announcement (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050502
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