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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (201)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1990  (201)
  • Genetics  (143)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (201)
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 579-587 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Genetics ; polymorphism ; reproductive isolation ; hovering behavior ; Tabanus nigrovittatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The salt marsh horse fly, Tabanus nigrovittatusMacquart, exhibits two nonoverlapping daily periods of hovering and mating activity, which are correlated with different environmental temperatures. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of hovering males collected during the two periods were compared by electrophoresis of three polymorphic enzyme loci. Approximately 26% of early-hovering males possessed a Pgmallozyme that was absent in our sample of late-hovering males. However, based on other allozyme loci, we found no evidence for reproductive isolation between early and late hoverers. All the genetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Pgmpolymorphism is associated with behaviorally and physiologically distinct groups of males that, by all other criteria, form a single Mendelian population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 5 (1990), S. 359-360 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Hirschsprung's disease ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three male children with identical short-segment Hirschsprung's disease born to a young married couple are reported. There was no positive family history despite an extensive search. There were no associated abnormalities. Although sex-modified multifactorial inheritance, with males having a lower threshold of genes for expression of Hirschsprung's disease, is accepted, the identical expression of the disorder in the three siblings presented suggests a dominant, possibly X-linked gene with variable penetrance. Another possibility is that an identical micro-environmental factor was present prenatally resulting in all three boys having Hirschsprung's disease. This is the first report of three siblings with identical short-segment Hirschsprung's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 4 (1990), S. 533-541 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Henoch-Schönlein purpura ; Pathogenesis ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies of the pathophysiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) have become more numerous in recent years with the recognition of the disease's links with the mucosal immune system in general and IgA nephropathy in particular. There are weak genetic associations with C4 null phenotypes and with HLA B35 and DR4. Studies of plasma proteins in HSP patients show an increased IgA concentration, activation of the alternative pathway of complement and consumption of factor XIII. High molecular weight (polymeric) IgA has been detected in affected individuals, which some investigators have called “immune complexes”. Many patients synthesise an IgA rheumatoid factor in the acute phase, but other autoantibodies are largely absent. In vitro studies of lymphocytes from HSP patients have demonstrated an increased number of IgA-bearing and secreting B-cells, with altered T-cell regulation of antibody synthesis. While these observations point to immune dysregulation — primarily of IgA production — as a consistent feature of acute HSP, there is as yet insufficient information available to allow a consistent theory of pathogenesis to be formulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 3 (1990), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Mucoraceae ; Zygomycetes ; Homothallic ; Genetics ; Nutritional complementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic strains of Mucor genevensis and Zygorhynchus exponens were crossed and the resulting zygospores germinated. The presence of a true sexual cycle in both species was demonstrated by the recovery of recombinant genotypes. Expected Mendelian ratios were not realized, however. The presence of selfed zygospores among those isolated makes this observation understandable. It was possible to demonstrate nutritional complementation when young mating mycelium was transferred to minimal medium and forced heterokaryons were recovered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Collagen type I ; Radiology, classification ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Congenital osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) was diagnosed by ultrasound in a 31-week-old fetus, and the diagnosis confirmed after delivery by caesarean section at week 36. The baby survived the neonatal period, but failed to thrive, had recurrent respiratory infections and ultimately died at 8 months. Cultured fibroblasts synthesized both normal type I collagen and unstable type I collagen harbouring a structural defect in the α1(I) cyanogen bromide-derived peptide number 8 (CB8) region of the molecule, indicating a heterozygous dominant mutation. A+ birth, the radiological picture was that of the “thin bone”-type of congenital OI (OI type IIB/III in the Sillence classification); at the age of 12 weeks ribs and long bones had undergone a marked expansion giving a very different picture, that of the “thick bone”-type congenital OI (OI type IIA). The mechanism responsible for this change in bone structure is not known, but fractures and callus formation are unlikely to be the only factors. Caution is needed in the interpretation of radiographs of newborns with OI for prognostic or genetic purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1990), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Honeybees ; Learning ; Classical conditioning ; Selection ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four strains of the honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis), which were selected for high (N=2) or low (N=2) performance levels in classic conditioning of olfactory and mechanosensory stimuli, were examined in two instrumental visual learning tasks. Bees were trained to coloured cardboards either at the hive entrance or at the feeding station. Positive correlations were detected between olfactory/mechanosensory conditioning and visual learning. Good and poor learners from strains selected for olfactory conditioning differed significantly in their visual learning values. These strain differences reflect genetic differences in a common learning system rather than task specific differences in sensory, motor or motivational components. Parameters that were influenced by activity of the colony (duration of stay at the feeding place, time between visits) also differed among selected strains. These effects were not due to selection. Instead, they reflect a specific genetic background produced in each strain independently of selection. The results indicate that associative learning has a genetic basis which is independent of the sensory stimuli associated with reward, the learning procedure (classical conditioning or instrumental learning) or the motor patterns used to execute the learned behavior (proboscis extension, control for flight behavior, open field orientation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 239 (1990), S. 290-292 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We analysed six multiplex pedigrees of schizophrenia for linkage to two DNA probes mapping to the chromosome 5q11–q13 region where linkage to a gene for schizophrenia was recently reported. Analyses were conducted using three penetrance models and considering the affected state to be schizophrenia, the schizophrenia spectrum, and all psychiatric diagnoses. All analyses gave consistently negative lod scores. Although the region was not formally excluded, no evidence for linkage was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar degeneration ; Friedreich's disease ; Diagnostic criteria ; Genetics ; Natural history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical and genetic features of 80 patients with Friedreich's disease from 64 families are described. Diagnostic criteria were: no evidence of dominant inheritance, onset by the age of 20 years, progressive unremitting ataxia of limbs and gait, and absence of knee and ankle jerks. Furthermore, at least one of the following accessory signs was present: dysarthria, extensor plantar response and echocardiographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Two peaks of onset age were evident at 6–9 and 12–15 years. Analysis of intrafamily variation of onset age and absence of clustering of cardiomyopathy and diabetes did not suggest genetic heterogeneity. Peripheral nerve impairment was an early finding and showed slight further progression, whereas involvement of the cerebellar and corticospinal pathways appeared later and mainly accounted for the progressive worsening of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1343
    Keywords: Analysis of variance ; Choropleth map ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Geography ; Permutation test ; Spatial autocorrelation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article présente une solution au problème de l'analyse de variance, pour certains cas où la variable à analyser est spatialement autocorr élée alors que le critère de classification représente des sous-régions connexes du territoire à l'étude. On sait que les méthodes classiques d'analyse de variance ne sont pas applicables dans ce type de situation puisque la condition d'indépendance des échantillons n'est pas respectée; l'autocorrélation positive réduit la variabilité intragroupe, si bien que la quantité relative de variabilité intergroupe s'en trouve artificiellement augmentée. Cette situation correspond en réalité à une vaste catégorie de problèmes en génétique des populations, en écologie et dans d'autres branches de la biologie, ainsi qu'en épidémiologie, en géographie, en géologie, en science économique, en science politique et en sociologie. Ce nouveau test appartient à la famille des tests par permutation. Nous calculons la somme des dispersions intragroupes et testons contre une distribution de référence obtenue en permutant les régions géographiques un grand nombre de fois sur la carte. La véritable difficulté de ce test est d'ordre algorithmique, puisqu'il n'est pas facile de permuter des régions sur une carte, de façon à ce que chaque groupe demeure connexe, et que la carte permutée occupe le même espace total que la carte d'origine. Cet article présente la théorie, les algorithmes, ainsi que des résultats obtenus par cette méthode. Un programme écrit en PASCAL est disponible.
    Notes: Abstract The classical method for analysis of variance of data divided in geographic regions is impaired if the data are spatially autocorrelated within regions, because the condition of independence of the observations is not met. Positive autocorrelation reduces within-group variability, thus artificially increasing the relative amount of among-group variance. Negative autocorrelation may produce the opposite effect. This difficulty can be viewed as a loss of an unknown number of degrees of freedom. Such problems can be found in population genetics, in ecology and in other branches of biology, as well as in economics, epidemiology, geography, geology, marketing, political science, and sociology. A computer-intensive method has been developed to overcome this problem in certain cases. It is based on the computation of pooled within-group sums of squares for sampled permutations of internally connected areas on a map. The paper presents the theory, the algorithms, and results obtained using this method. A computer program, written in PASCAL, is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Coevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the relationship between nodulation restriction by the Rj4 allele of soybean, rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis, and taxonomic grouping of bradyrhizobia, 119 bradyrhizobial isolates were tested in Leonard jar culture for nodulation response and chlorosis induction. In addition to strain USDA 61, the strain originally reported as defining the Rj4 response, eight other isolates (i.e., USDA 62, 83, 94, 238, 252, 259, 260, and 340) were discovered to elicit the nodulation interdiction of the Rj4 allele. Only 16% of all the bradyrhizobial strains tested induced chlorosis, but seven of the nine strains (78%) interdicted by the Rj4 allele were chlorosis-inducing strains. Furthermore, in tests for antibiotic resistance profile, eight of the nine interdicted strains (89%) were classed in DNA homology group II. This evidence suggests that the Rj4 allele has a positive value to the host plant in shielding it from nodulation by certain chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia of a DNA homology group with impaired efficiency of nitrogen fixation with soybean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Pollen fertility restorer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase isozymes were controlled by multiple gene systems. Three genes coding for dimeric enzymes segregated in a dependent fashion (NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2, NADP-Mdh 3). A fourth gene (NADP-Mdh 4), also coded for dimers, but was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris. A fifth gene (NADP-Me 1) coded for enzymes active as monomers. Two genes were found to control the main zone of NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase: one coded for dimers (Mdh 1), while a second (Mdh 2) was not polymorphic in the assessions studied. 6-P-Gluconate dehydrogenase was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris; the two types detected on SGE1 electrophoresis were due to developmental expression of the different systems. No genetical segregations could be detected in progeny of crosses of the distinct phenotypes. A shikimate dehydrogenase gene (Skdh 1) that coded for monomers was identified. The diaphorase system was rather complex, but one gene (Dia 1) coding for monomeric enzymes could be identified. Aconitase was found to be controlled by two independent genes (Aco 1, Aco 2), both polymorphic and coding for proteins active as monomers. Tight linkage was found between the genes NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2 and NADP-Mdh 3. Linkage was also found between a pollen fertility restorer (Z) and the Mdh 1 gene. The identification of linkage with Aco 1 needs further investigation. R segregated independently from Mdh 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1. Independent segregations were scored for isozyme genes Pgm 2, Icd 1, Ak 1, Gpi 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 5 (1990), S. 349-371 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Genetics ; gene structure ; hereditary unit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Definitions of the term ‘gene’ typically superimpose molecular genetics onto Mendelism. What emerges are persistent attempts to regard the gene as a ‘unit’ of structure and/or function, language that creates multiple meanings for the term and fails to acknowledge the diversity of gene architecture. I argue that coherence at the molecular level requires abandonment of the classical unit concept and recognition that a gene is constructed from an assemblage of domains. Hence, a domain set (1) conforms more closely to empirical evidence for genetic organization of DNA regions capable of transcription and (2) has ontological properties lacking in the traditional unit definition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Demography ; Genetics ; Geographic variation ; Stochasticity ; Fluctuating environments ; Allele frequencies ; River ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of unpredictable environmental fluctuations on the demographic and genetic structure of Fundulus zebrinus populations. Collections of F. zebrinus were taken from three rivers in the Arkansas River basin: the Arkansas, Chikaskia, and Ninnescah. Fish were sampled from three sites on each river on nine collection dates throughout 1984 and 1985. Totals of 2100 fish and 6000 fish were included in electrophoretic and demographic analyses, respectively. The results of the study indicate that within a limited geographic region (i.e. within rivers) spatial differences and temporal changes in both demographic and genetic population characteristics occur frequently and are primarily stochastic. However, on a larger spatial scale (i.e. across rivers), general trends emerge for demographic and especially for genetic population characteristics. These results illustrate the importance of sampling scale for conclusions of life-history evolution in fluctuating environments. In addition, it was found that regulation of Fundulus zebrinus populations includes an important density-independent component. Stochastic demographic differences across space and changes through time and spatially and temporally heterogeneous allele frequencies, are both indicative of density-independent regulation. Variation in population parameters, both demographic and genetic, was observed between populations sampled from each river. These population differences were attributed to differences between the rivers themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2935-2946 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Genetics ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend emitted by the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was examined by crossing individuals from a field-derived population (P1) with individuals from a long-maintained laboratory colony (P2). These colonies differed in the emission rate and relative proportions of four of the five known minor pheromone components, but not in the emission rate of the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). These differences in pheromone blend were quantitatively small but biologically significant, because in the field, males responded preferentially to traps baited with a pheromone blend that is similar to that emitted by P1 females relative to a blend similar to that emitted by P2 females. In initial crosses, variation in the quantity and quality of pheromone blends among families of P1, P2, and F1 hybrid females was examined. In F1 females the relative proportions (quantity relative to the major component) of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶Ac) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶Ac) were intermediate to parental lines. In a second more extensive set of crosses, analyses included P1, P2, F1, F2, and selected backcrosses. The relative proportion of Z5-12∶Ac, Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac emitted by F1 females were intermediate to parental lines. The frequency distributions of relative proportions of these components emitted by females were not consistent with those expected under a single autosomal or sex-linked gene hypothesis, suggesting that more than one gene is involved in the quantitative differences in the pheromone blend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formaldehyde is produced industrially from methanol by partial oxidation of oxidative dehydrogenation. In these processes, water is formed as a by-product. Anhydrous formaldehyde is required for many syntheses and, therefore, its production is of potential interest. In the present study, catalysts based on alkali compounds were found to be active in the dehydrogenation of methanol if absence of oxygen. Sodium carbonate doped with indium shows a selective of up to 75% for methanol conversion not exceeding 60%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Copper and potassium containing Fe/Mn oxide catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were investigated by X-ray microprobe technique, scanning electron microscopy, low-temperature argon sorption and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide chemisorption at -80°C. The specific surface areas of the catalysts depend on the preparation method, e.g. addition of K or Cu by coprecipitation leads to an increase while impregnation results in a decrease in surface area. The resulting samples are inhomogeneous, as shown by all method. Mn and especially K accumulated on the surface of the catalysts. Addition of Cu and K considerably altered the selectivity and activity of the Fe/Mn oxide catalyst. High potassium contents produced high olefin to paraffin ratios but these catalysts became rapidly deactivated. Copper and a very small addition of potassium led to a very low olefin to paraffin ratio but showed a high and constant activity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new model of suspended bed of droplets for describing the vaour or gas the vapour or gas velocity at the flooding point in packed of columns for rectification and absorption under vacuum and normal pressure is presented metallic, ceramic and plastic packings with diameters of 8-90 mm as well on sheet metal and gauze packings, in a wide range of liquid and vapour loads. Approximately 650 literature measurements and own data were evaluated. The mean relative error in determining the gas velocity at flooding point is less than ±5%. On the basis of the double layer model, a new equation was derived for the hold-up at flooding point, which is needed for the calculation of the flooding gas velocity. An example of calculations for sample applications is also included.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new laboratory plant for batch cooling crystallization is described, which allows to maintain the supersaturation at a constant level during an experimental run. A method for continuous supersaturation measurements has been developed, using a density meter and a hydrocyclone. Experimental results obtained from a seeded solution in constant supersaturation cooling mode and at constant cooling rate are compared. In the case of a constant cooling rate, the supersaturation passes through a sharp maximum, whereby effective nucleation is enhanced. As a consequence, a smaller median crystal size is obtained than for cooling at constant supersaturation. Equation for controlled cooling at a constant supersaturation require an accurate description of the effective rate of nucleation. Therefore, the mechanical stress, to which the crystals are subjected, must be included as the main source of new nuclei. This is shown by the influence of stirrer on batch time.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 241-251 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pyrolysis of 2,3-dimethyl butane (DMB) was carried out in a quartz flow reactor in the temperature range from 740 to 1032 K at normal pressure. The input concentration of DMB was 3.3 × 10-3 mol/1 using argon as diluent. Reaction time ranged between 3.1 and 3.9 s. The following products were analyzed by two-column gas chromatography: hydrogen, methane, ethene, propane, propene, butenes, butadiene, 2-methyl-2-butene, isoprene, benzene and toluene. Compared to thermal decomposition of n-hexane under similar experimental conditions, the main difference concerned the formation of ethylene, ethane and branched alkanes. A reaction model, based on elementary reactions, was developed to predict the experimental results and to verify our data basis of elementary reactions under different conditions. The model gives a quantitative description of the complex chemistry of the process. In addition, an algorithm is presented for model reduction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 264-272 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes general, asymptotic and speculative relationships which can be deduced directly from the time-averaged form of the basic, partial-differential model for the conservation of mass and momentum in fully developed turbulent flow of constant-property fluids through round and parallel-plate channels. Such relationship are shown to provide insight as well as useful forms for correlation. Several analogies for flow in round tubes and between parallel plates which have generally been overlooked are reexamined and extended. A generally overlooked anomaly which occurs for flow in concentric, circular annuli, for flow between plates of non-identical roughness, and for the combination of forced and wall-Ind.uced flow between parallel plates is also is noted. The data needed to test the above analogies and to quantify the deviations, if any identified, as well as those needed to generalize the anomalous behavior.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 298-303 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorption isotherms for n-hexane and methanol in mordenite and ZSM5 in the temperature range from 323 K to 473 K were found to be of type 1. The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction (C1) and adsorbate-adsorbate interaction (C2) wee computed according to Bradley and Wilkins model, whereas the Rees and Williams model predicts the adsorption characteristics. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔGo, ΔSo, ΔHo, K, K+ have been evaluated for the sorption of n-hexane in mordenite and ZSM5.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Incineration processes are critical for the environment. SO2 and NOX removal with processes is nowadays commonplace. Up to now, heavy metal were recovered via precipitation. The alternative use of liquid ion exchange techniques offers an easy re-use of the heavy metals, which are obtained as concentrates. A separation process is described, starting from laboratory experiments and ending with pilot plant field tests. A cost comparison for extraction, permeation and precipitation gives the scope of the necessary expenses for such environmentally controlled processes.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In industrial processes, the reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia on activated carbons is carried out at temperatures between 90 and 190 °C. Adsorption of NO and NH3 on the catalyst was investigated separately. Reactions models for NO-reduction by carbon and ammonia were derived from experiments carried out in an integral reactor. In each case, the formation of an adsorbed (NO2)-complex is an important step. The kinetics of both reactions was described by modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood equations.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new stage-to-stage method has been developed for the calculation of NXx absorption columns. Each stage of the absorption column is simulated as a combination of a bubble column reactor (absorption) and an adiabatic plug for reactor (oxidation). The bubble column reactor is modelled as two single stirred tank reactors, one as a gas-phase and one as a liquid-phase reactor, both coupled by mass and heat transfer. In this hydrodynamic model, a dynamic approach is adopted, in which the gas-phase transport of N2O4 is the limiting step for the absorption. A gas-phasepseudo-enhancement for factor for N2O4 is therefore introduced. The balance equations for a single phase of the bubble column are solved with a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The entire column calculation is divided into a gas and a liquid side. On both sides, the stage-to-stage method is applied in such way that the overall calculation is performed as a loop process. The direction of the loop calculation follows that of the flow: gas-side upwards and liquid-side downwards.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 376-383 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study of the electrohydrodimerization process to produce adiponitrile is used to determine an appropriate reaction model. From numerical simulations of five proposed reaction schemes and subsequent comparison with experimental data, the most favoured route is via an anion, intermediate of acrylonitrile. This route, a five step reaction involving electrochemical and chemical reaction in a diffusion/reaction layer, gives good predictions of product distributions over a wide range of current densities and acrylonitrile concentrations of product distributions over a wide range of current densities and acrylonitrile concentrations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 397-402 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method of transforming the non-liner regression problem in the kinetic study of complex heterogeneous catalytic reactions into a linear regression problem. Application of this method reduced the number of parameters to be estimated by n-1, where n is the number of independent reactions. In addition, a stepwise model discrimination strategy in introduced to reduce the number of equation sets ad equations in the set undergoing parameter estimation. These two new approaches are very advantageous in reducing the computation effort, especially when the number of independent reactions is large. The linear regression method and the stepwise model discrimination strategy are successfully applied in the kinetic study of the methanol synthesis system in which the formation rates of methanol, methane, ethanol and ethane are considered.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents the mechanical data of high performance carbon fibres currently available on the market, based on experimental studies on stabilization and pyrolysis of PAN (SAF) from Courtaulds. The effects of stabilization and carbonization temperatures on the properties as well as on the ultra- and crystalline structures of the fibres are shown in more detail.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution in liquid phase was measured in a cocurrent upflow packed bed reactor for the system methanol-hydrogen at low Reynolds numbers and at elevated pressure. The plug flow with axial dispersion model was used to describe mixing in the system. The imperfect pulse method was used to measure the system response to a tracer pulse input. The parameters were calculated using the weighted moments method. The influence of the weighting factor was investigated. The experimental and theoretical outputs, as calculated by convolution, agreed very well. Different types of correlations were used for the Bodenstein number and liquid hold-up. From these correlations, the optimal one was selected for each parameter. A comparison was made between the ordinary moments and the weighted moments methods which led to the conclusion that the latter method is superior with respect to the accuracy of the estimated parameters and therefore strongly recommended.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this paper, a mathematical model is presented for a liquid fluidized bed bioreactor using immobilized enzymes with reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model is based on the axial dispersion model for the bulk liquid phase. Inter- and intraparticle mass transfer as well as enzyme catalyzed reaction inside the porous beads are considered. The overall efficiency of the biocatalysts is calculated by a numerical routine. For the calculation of the concentration profile inside the reactor, a semi-analytical solution is derived which takes into account the height dependence of the effectiveness factor.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Even though the influence of solids concentration in the feed on the separation efficiency of hydrocyclones has long been recognized, a systematic research on the change in pressure drop across the hydrocyclone and the latter's separation characteristics has thus far been lacking. If all other operating parameters are kept constant, an increase in feed concentration generally leads to a coarser cut size, reduced sharpness of separation and a rise in pressure drop. Apart from the particles hindering one another's radial motion, the limited capacity of the apex valve and the changes in the flow field within the hydrocyclone cause additional particles to be entrained by the overflow. The flow ratio thus becomes an additional parameter in determining the cyclone efficiency. A theoretical model, which takes these effects into account, has been developed and successfully tested against experimental data.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bench scale experiments and computer simulations of transient crystal size distributions obtained in a 1.4 m3 sucrose crystallizer, which prove the existence of nuclei stock, are presented. This stock represents a large number of non-growing nuclei, which can be activated at increased supersaturations. The nuclei stock attenuates the dynamic behaviour of crystallization process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Supersaturation is the driving force for crystallization from solution. For design and operation of crystallization processes, it is necessary to apply a set of criteria for the determination of appropriate or even optimum supersaturation. In this paper we present and discuss the results of our experimental and theoretical investigations on supersaturation during crystallization from solution. While the determination of the metastable zone width of the solution is frequently applied as a fast check on solution behaviour, we demonstrate that the determination of the induction period of the supersaturated solution is a useful aid in ascertaining the maximum allowable supersaturation. Theoretical considerations and experiments confirm that the induction period dependssoley on growth kinetics if secondary nucleation is the predominant mechanism. In order to avoid uncontrollable spontaneous value of between 70 and 130 μm during crystallization. Since growth kinetics turns out to be the only important system property for the determination of maximum possible supersaturation, we conclude the paper with some arguments concerning a closed representation of growth kinetics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An airlift-loop reactor with a fluidized bed was used for the microbiological removal of a complex mixture of aromatic substances originating from coal tar process waters. A specially adapted mixed microbial culture derived from several soil and sludge samples was immobilized on fluidized sand particles and retained in a reactor at high biomas concentrations of 3 to 16 g dry matter per liter, depending on the COD-load. In a two-stage pilot plant, those aromatic substances which passed through the first stage either unaltered or only partially oxidized were effectively eliminated by the immobilized biomass in the second stage. Whereas most of the waste water components such as phenols and quinoline were already degraded by a conventional activated sludge system in the first stage, the majority of nitrogen-containing aromatic bases could be sufficiently eliminated with specially adapted micro-organisms in the second stage. Although the COD-feed load was increased to 12 and 15 kg m-3 d-1 in the first and second stages, respectively, it was removed to the extent of 87% on the average with an overall residence time varying between 11.5 and 29 h.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 86-96 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The first part of this paper presents a relationship for the minimum velocity of rotating installations for foam breaking. The derivation is based on equilibrium of inertia and surface forces. Inertia forces occur during the acceleration of foam bubbles and act mainly at the plateau borders. High and definite acceleration can be obtained with a deformer composed of a rotor and a stator. The surface force is due to the dynamic surface tension because surface-active solutions react to a rapid change in surface area by altering their surface tension. The theoretical relationship is compared with experimental results of minimum velocities needed to break foams produced from aqueous solutions of detergents. The equation presented here explains why measured minimum velocities often range between 10 and 20 m/s. The second part of the paper deals with condensation of continuously generated foam in a closed system. In the process of condensation, foam is not completely separated into liquid and gas phase but turns into foam with small bubbles and high density. The collapse of this condensed foam must be considered for the control of persistent foams in a closed system. The collapse of foams made of aqueous solutions of different surface-active agents has been investigated. Different highly surface-active agents show small variations in times of coalescence. A relationship for the lifetime is given, which is based on laminar flow along plateau borders. Recommendations are made with respect to the geometry of the foam breaker, scale-up and operating variables such as rotational speed of the foam breaker and gas flow rate.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 349-356 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Owing to imperfect mixing, the theoretical prediction of CSD for an MSMPR crystallizer deviates from the experimental results. In the present work, different modelling approaches were adopted to account for incomplete mixing in DTB and FC crystallizers. For DTB crystallizers, compartmental model, based on an earlier work of Nyvlt et al. has been proposed. For FC crystallizers, a mixed model comprising perfectly mixed and plug flow regimes has been put forward. This is based on the tracer response studies reported by de Jong. Predicted results were compared with experimental data of Bennett and van Buren for continuous urea crystallizers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Compared to chemical reactors, there are additional requirements to be considered when selecting and designing a bioreactor. The cultivated organisms and most of the desired products are to a greater or lesser extent sensitive to temperature, pH and Shear stress. Furthermore, sterilization often plays an important role in maintaining a monoseptic process. Many design procedures for chemical reactors can be applied but requirements which are relevant to the biological system are sometimes decisive. Consequently, it is useful to first consider the essential features of the organisms with respect to the selection and design of bioreactors. Attention must be paid to the fermentation medium because its flow behaviour can range from slightly viscous and Newtonian to highly viscous, non-Newtonian. Many papers deal with low viscosity fermentation broths [1-5]. However, little is known about the design of bioreactors for highly viscous non-Newtonian liquids. Fundamentals for the design of bioreactors are presented. It has been attempted to apply theoretical equations suitable for both, low viscosity Newtonian and high viscosity non-Newtonian fermentation broths. Apart from the calculation procedure for the OTR-values, the difference between global and local values within bioreactor is demonstrated by means of velocity and shear stress profiles. Special requirements for bioreactors such as prevention of excessive foaming, shear sensitivity of micro-organisms and cell-lines and effective sterilization are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 392-397 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Monte Carlo simulation scheme is proposed for transient crystal size distribution in a continuous crystallizer. The suggested scheme can taken into account dispersion effects of growth rate, shape factor and birth size on crystal size distribution. This method is simple and more versatile than solution of the number balance equation or the finite-state Markov chain model. The proposed algorithm of the process has a very simple structure and can be easily implemented on a personal computer. The present contribution is extension of an earlier work of Sen Gupta and Dutta.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The presented contribution reports on comprehensive hydrodynamic investigations in two pulsed sieve-plate extraction columns (PSE) on a pilot scale. The experiments were conducted with three different sieve plate geometries employing test systems recommended by EFCE, under varying pulsation conditions and throughputs. The results of the investigation add to the existing knowledge of relationships between hydrodynamic parameters, drop size, hold-up, flooding throughput and mixing and operating parameters. They also provide useful information for scale up, selection of sieve-plate geometry, most favorable operating range, and constructive design of equipment. On the basis of measurements, analytical methods are recommended for prediction of PSE hydrodynamics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 304-312 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some properties of carboxylic acids are reviewed, with emphasis on recent experimental data, Qualified, consistent latent heat of vaporization data were developed for the series and a two-population viewpoint is suggested. The equation of state formulated by Grenzheuser [1] is also recommended as a practical tool, and its further development is urged.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 328-332 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The linear algebraic character of the formal representation of chemical species and their reactions is compared with the procedure of searching for dimensionless numbers in a set of physical quantities. A straightforward algorithm is presented to find a finite set of solutions to the relevant system of “balance equations”, the so-called minimal (or simple) solutions. At the third stage of the hierarchy thus established, “mechanisms” among reactions as well as “representations” among dimensionless group can also be defined.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heterogeneous fluid dynamic model has been developed to describe the complex flow structure of two-phase in bubble columns. The equation of continuity and momentum balances form the basis of the model. Coupling of the two phases occurs via an interaction force, deduced by a force balance around a single rising bubble. Multiphase flow mixing processes are taken into consideration by introducing turbulent viscosities of the two phases involved. The Simulation program was extended to reactive system, taking into account the mass balances of a second order gas-liquid chemical reaction as well as the different absorption/reaction regimes. The gas phase concentration profiles show pronounced axial and radial dependences, while the liquid phase can be regarded as a CSTR with respect to the liquid component. With reference to the gaseous component, which is being absorbed in the liquid phase, the degree of back mixing does not show CSTR behaviour as the influence of different absorption conditions in different axial and radial reactor positions is superposed on that of turbulent motion of the liquid carrier of the dissolved gaseous component.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 43
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic mathematical model has been developed which is suitable for thermally coupled distillation processes. An algorithm known as the equation-decoupled method was used for simulation. EPISODE software and LU decomposition method were adopted to solve the ordinary differential and algebraic equations of the model, respectively. The initial conditions, viz. a solution for the steady state of the process in dynamics simulation were obtained by means of modified Naphtali-Sandholm algorithm. Research on the dynamic behaviour of thermally coupled distillation processes was carried out on two examples. It was found, via the dynamic simulation, that a disturbance in the distribution of vapour coupled stream has a large effect on the composition of vapour side withdrawal and, similarly, for liquid coupled stream, on that of liquid side withdrawal when the fraction of side withdrawal is fixed, and a smaller effect when the quantity of side withdrawal is fixed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 196-202 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Random Crystal Growth (RCG)model is proposed to predict CSD in a continuous MSMPR crystallizer when the crystals exhibit growth rate dispersion. RCG model links two well-known models of growth rate dispersion, namely the Random Fluctuation (RF) and Constant Crystal Growth (CCG) Models. Monte Carlo simulation has been employed to solve the model equations. Predicted results are compared with experimental CSD data on sucrose reported by Bennett.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The well-known formulae for efficiency and mean temperature difference of a heat exchanger as functions of its numbers of transfer units, or dimensionless lengths, can be written in a more compact form by introducing the auxiliary function ϕ(x) = x/(1 - e-x). The resulting new formulae show a number of advantages: They are shorter, easier to memorize, and in many cases the limiting values can be seen more directly. They may therefore contribute to easier and faster heat exchanger design, and to reduced probability of errors in the relevant calculations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 258-264 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deasphaltization of heavy crude oils and distillation residues may reduce the metal content of these oils to such an extend that the upgrading of deasphaltized oil in a catalytic process becomes economically feasible. Experimental results of deasphaltization of Boscan crude from Venezuela, using subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide as deasphaltizing agent, are presented. Deasphaltization and demetalling with CO2 in the supercritical state is more effective. Under favorable conditions, the deasphaltized oil contains practically no asphaltenes and the metal content is reduced by 690 wt-%. The influence of n-heptane or n-pentane addition to the crude, which lowers viscosity and promotes flocculation, is also discussed. Furthermore, a multistage deasphaltization process is more efficient than a single stage process.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper is a case study of an application of sensitivity analysis in chemical kinetics. Emphasis is laid upon chemical interpretation of sensitivity information and on identification of the most important model important model parameters. The kinetic model for reforming of C6 hydrocarbons proposed by Mobil [14] is extended to the analysis of the behavior of n-hexane conversion in an adiabatic reactor. The importance of six initial conditions (feed composition and initial temperature) is analyzed by the computation of normalized first order sensitivity gradients (y1o/y) (δyi/δy1o). The relative importance of 21 model parameters αj is estimated by the computation of normalized sensitivity gradients of the type (αj/yi) (δyi/δαj). The influence of the decisive model parameters ΔH6o and ΔH3o (activation enthalpies of benzene hydrogenation and methyl cyclopentane isomerization, respectively) as well as operating parameters is presented. The problem of uncertainly in the value of ΔH6o and its influence on the model solution is also sown. Finally, some advantages of the application of normalized gradients of the explanation of process behavior are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 48
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on experimental results is set up for a typical model reaction of hydrocarbon reforming, namely the dehydroisomerization of methyl cyclopentane. Computer simulations shows that the existing theory about the reaction path of hydrocracking reactions involving bifunctional catalysts may be only partly valid.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 322-327 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deposition of particles from gas flows on ribbons in normally expected on the front side. Collision efficiencies of ribbons are presented for this case, obtained by means of single particle trajectory computation, which is based on numerically determined flow fields in the Reynolds number range between 2 and 50 and on the potential flow model. Further, it is shown, that deposition of particles on the rear side can be caused by eddylike motion of the fluid in the wake of the ribbon. For this to occur, two conditions must be fulfilled: the free shear layer between the wake and the outer flow must be turbulent to cause lateral transfer of particles into the wake and the Stokes number may not exceed 0.5.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 50
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution of 0.1 M 1,2-dichloroethane in 1 M H2SO4 was anodically converted to CO2, Cl2 and HCIO4 as the main products at smooth platinum. The current efficiency for CO2 exceeds 60% at low current densities, while HClO4 is obtained with about 20% current efficiency. Chlorinated products such as 1,2′,2-trichloroethane are formed in negligible amounts. Platinum plays a distinctive role as anode material and shows a reaction limited anodic prewave. Our experimental findings lead to a mechanism, whereby DCE is initially hydroxylated to form chloroacetaldehyde chlorohydrin which releases HCl and becomes rapidly further oxidized to monochloroacetic acid. The cleavage of the C—C bond proceeds via its anodic decarboxylation. Possible practical applications in the field of anodic water purification and in the direct electrosynthesis of vinyl chloride are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The collection of reactive and therefore extremely adhesive and cohesive fine particles (〈 1 μm) by means of bag filters with pulse-jet cleaning may present problems. The electron-beam dry scrubbing (EBDS) process, used to remove SO2 and Nox in a power plant of the Badenwerk AG, Karlsruhe, serves as an example. To solve the occurring problems and achieve a satisfactory filter performance, extensive know-how of process engineering is necessary. This contribution deal with the following aspects: construction of the cleaning system, selection of filter medium, precoating, and dosage of an auxiliary dust during filtration.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Holographic interferometry is used for the determination of surface deformation of items of equipment. The material failure which caused the surface deformation can then be identified. Because a double-pulsed laser is used to plot the hologram, non-vibration stabilized holographic equipment is necessary. Thus, non-destructive testing of equipment components is also possible during plant operation. In this report, we present the experimental results of non-destructive testing of composite materials. We examined centrifugally cast pipes and filament wound pipes, which were made from glass fibre reinforced plastic and carbon fibre reinforced graphite. As a rule, the severity of failure is characterized by the apparent perturbation of its holographically stored fringe pattern. In this report, we present the experimental results which yield the relationship between the perturbation of interference fringes and the extent of the specific types of failure. Measurement results were compared with displacements calculated by the finite element method. By using the interferogram, and with the knowledge of tension stress beneath the surface, the size of the crack can be estimated. The size of the smallest detectable flaw was clearly smaller than the critical flaw size. Thus, holographic interferometry is suitable for detecting damage to cylindrical containers.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution reports on the breakthrough behaviour of binary gas mixtures with ideal and non-ideal multicomponent adsorption equilibria. Investigations were carried out on mixtures CO2/C2H4 and C2H4/C2H6, both adsorbed on molecular sieve 5A (ms5A). The adsorption equilibrium of the system CO2/C2H4/ms5A may exhibit azeotropic behaviour, which subsides with decreasing active pressure (= sum of partial pressures of adsorbable components) or on raising the temperature. In contrast, the system C2H4/C2H6/ms5A maintains its ideal behaviour also at higher active pressures or lower temperatures. Attempts to calculate the non-ideal adsorption equilibrium from measured single component isotherms have failed when known models were applied. The investigation of the effect of azeotropic equilibrium on the fixed bed adsorption led to intersecting breakthrough curves of the two components. This behaviour is due to a displacement of equilibrium caused by the change in the active pressure and partial pressures, and a superposed temperature effect. This can be shown by calculating the breakthrough curves with the equilibrium model.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this contribution, a mathematical model was presented for a liquid fluidized bed using immobilized enzymes, with reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This part is focused on the experimental results. The reaction kinetics of native and immobilized enzymes was determined in continuous stirred tank reactors under comparable conditions. The influence of external mass transfer was investigated in a fixed bed reactor column. The extend of pore diffusional resistance was examined in a continuous stirred tank reactor and with a numerical simulation. Hydrodynamics was measured in different reactor columns (diameter dt = 0.052 - 0.225 m; length L: 1.0-2.0m) and with a static mixer. Further, the concentration profile was determined in a fluidized bed reactor with side stream analysis for different biocatalyst samples, fluid velocities and bed heights. The simulation of experimental results indicates that they are well described by the developed model. Furthermore, the model is well suited to predicting the influence of specific parameters on the effective kinetics of the biocatalyst and the expansion of the fluidized bed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laboratory-scale measurements were performed on the absorption of NO2 gas into diluted nitric acid. The concentration of NO2 gas, which represents an NO2/N2O4 equilibrium, varied from 1000 to 20000 ppm, the carrier gas being nitrogen. The concentration of nitric acid ranged from 15 to 60 mass-%. The absorption experiments were carried out in a double stirred cell, with a defined gas/liquid interface as the mass transfer area. The liquid phase was conducted periodically and the gas phase continuously. Mass flow rates were determined. The well-known film model of absorption was used for analyzing the experimental results. Only the N2O4 species was considered to pass the gas/liquid interface. The measured data yielded values of HN2O4(k D1)1/2 as well as their variation with temperature and nitric acid concentration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The BF-Uhde-Mitsui Process uses active coke for SO2- and NOx-removal from flue gases in the temperature range between 100 and 190 °C, Experimental methods of thermal regeneration were applied to the evaluation of the state of the adsorbent after use in flue gas cleaning and of the parameters for disrober design. A reaction model was derived from experiments carried out in differential and back-mix reactors. The parameters were evaluated by adaptation of the model to the adsorption spectra. The model was successfully applied to the regeneration of active coke in a fluidized bed reactor.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics in countercurrent, cocurrent and liquid batch operations with various Newtonian liquids were studied experimentally using the same bubble column. Taking the effect of gas sparger geometries, operating variables and liquid properties into account, empirical correlations were obtained for the gas hold-up and the volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Critical temperatures and pressures have been determined experimentally for the four lowest n-alcohols, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol, and are given in the penultimate line of Table 3. The last line of Table 3 lists the weighted mean critical pressures, with the corresponding critical temperatures obtained from he vapour pressure equation. Comparison with the corresponding data from standard reference books reveals deviations from the experimental data in some [2, 4] and incorrect critical pressure for ethanol in all five reference books quoted in Table 3. In addition, vapour pressure data were obtained for the same alcohols in the temperature range approaching the critical point. The measurements are reproduced by the simplified Clausius-Clapeyron equation with the constants and standard deviation given in Table 2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide oxidation process in a fixed bed catalytic reactor is simulated in the case of cyclic change in the direction of the reaction mixture feed. It is shown that, for transient condition, the amount of catalyst in the reactor may be substantially reduced by its partial substitution with inert material of suitable form, dimensions and thermophysical properties, at the end of the layer. This makes the direct regenerative heat transfer process in these zones controllable, producing the same conversion and overall height of the layer. The results are significant for sulphuric acid production from gases poor in sulphur dioxide.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 136-143 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the dimensioning of condensers in film condensation, the heat transfer coefficient between film surface and cooled tube wall must be known. Generally, Nusselt equations are used which have been verified by experiments. When there is no significant gas flow, a large number of equations correlate the experimental. data very well. The description of heat transfer enhancement by a significant gas flow is not sufficiently covered by the available literature. For film wise condensation in a vertical tube, a calculation method is presented which reproduces this phenomenon characterized by the interfacial shear stress at the film surface. This method is based on the assumption that, in the proximity of gas flow, the condensation process also affects the interfacial shear stress. A comparison with known experimental local Nusselt numbers showed a good agreement with water as the fluid. For test fluid MWA, which was used by Blangetti, the measured values show only a moderate agreement with theoretical calculations. Possibly, this is related to entertainment which occurred during measurements at film Reynolds numbers of over 80.
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  • 61
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 150-156 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental set-up is presented for the measurement of steady-state reaction rates in the liquid phase methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) synthesis from isobutene and methanol using ion exchange resin as catalyst. This apparatus was used for a separate investigation of the main side reaction, i.e., the formation of isobutene dimers (DIB), in the temperature range between 60 and 90°C. The reaction catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 (A15) showed no steady-state behaviour, but the catalytic activity declined at a rate dependent on the reaction conditions. Time constants for activity loss were determined in the range from 3.5 to 30 h. The deactivated A15 catalyst could be regenerated through MTBE synthesis experiment. Deactivation is assumed to be caused by blocking of the microparticle gel phase by higher isobutene oligomers. The DIB formation, using 1-butene as solvent, was of 2nd order with respect to isobutene and showed an apparent activation energy of about 40 kJ/mol.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 161-171 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of modelling and computer simulation is an essential prerequisite for type design and operation of packed bed systems. Unfortunately, the existing models are based on a number of weak assumptions of which plug flow can be considered as a common deficiency. Such a simplification would inevitably have a noticeable bearing on the accuracy of the final design and consequently calls for the development of a coherent mathematical description of the packed bed systems so that reliable design information can be explored. A two-dimensional heterogeneous transient model has been developed which allows for the radial variations of velocity and void age. The model equations have been solved using numerical approximation. The simulated results reveal significant differences between the present refined data and those established from existing plug flow models.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many experimental studies reveal that suspended solids considerably alter the coalescence behaviour and hydrodynamic functions of wo-phase flow. But no systematic efforts have yet been undertaken to separate the effects of different particle properties on local gas hold-up, bubble size and interfacial area gas/liquid. The aim of this paper is to present the local values of these parameters in three-phase fluidized beds of different solids, using miniaturized optical fiber and conductivity needle probes. It is shown that particle concentration, size and, in particular, density are decisive for the change in coalescence behaviour. Ranges of normal (ϱS 〉 ϱL) and inverse fluidization (ϱS 〈 ϱL) must be distinguished and the flow regime also exerts a strong influence on the interactions between the dispersed phases, the transition point itself being a function of particle properties can be observed, This effect is evaluated for different column diameters, between 0.1 and 0.3 m.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerated emulsions are gaining significance in fermentation as well as in inorganic and organic chemistry. In these processes, liquid-liquid mass transfer can be the limiting step. Therefore, the effect of gassing rate on droplet size was investigated as a function of dispersed liquid phase concentration and power input in different vessels. At high power inputs, the droplet size decreased. With increasing dispersed phase concentration and gassing rate, the droplet size increased and its dependence on power input subsided.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 214-220 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental investigations of thermal bulk polymerization of styrene in pilot plants of different sizes have been performed. Each pilot plant is composed of a tubular recycle reactor, connected in series with a tubular reactor, both completely filled with Sulzer motionless mixers. Kinetic, reactor and viscosity models have been verified in a wide range of styrene conversions (up to 96%) temperatures (up to 210 °C) and polystyrene molar masses (up to 360 000). Scale-up studies were carried out which confirmed that multitubular reactors of special design can be applied for industrial polymerization process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Warm concentrated industrial wastewaters are preferably treated in an anaerobic reactor for reasons of energy generation and low surplus sludge production. Problems to be solved in the practical application concern a low growth rate of the micro-organisms, their low settling rate, process instability and the need for after treatment of the noxious anaerobic effluent which often contains NH4+ and HS-. The use of biomass immobilized on small suspended carriers (〈 0.5 mm) has proven to be a suitable means to overcome most of these problems. Results are presented on pilot and full-scale pretreatment of industrial wastewater in an anaerobic 2-state fluidized bed reactor for CH4-production and laboratory and pilot scale post-treatment of the anaerobic effluent, which contains NH4+ and HS- in an aerobic air-lift suspension reactor for the production of NO3- and SO42-.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of dioxins/furans during waste incineration, and particularly the development of measures for minimizing the amount of generated pollutants, continue to command a considerable scientific as well public interest. Experiments are reported which were performed at the TAMARA municipal solid waste pilot incineration, erected on the premises of the karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre. These experiments show that the solid waste mass flow rate and moisture content influence the dioxin/furan formation, Good removal efficiencies of dioxins/furans have been In wet cleaning. Hydrogen peroxide added to the crude gas is an interesting “killer” reagent for dioxins/furans.
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  • 68
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 251-258 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regeneration of diesel particulate filters can be accomplished by complete combustion of a collected particulate. A reactor has been developed for study of the regeneration in the presence of catalysts, additives and ignition aids. This reactor allows an accurate measurement of soot ignition temperatures and a kinetic study of soot oxidation with an undisturbed soot layer and under a defined gas composition. Results of various investigations carried out with this reactor are presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The majority of the fluidized-bed reactor models are models are rooted in the tacit assumption that transport between the bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases occurs in series with chemical reaction. A more realistic model that anticipates simultaneous transport and reaction is presented in terms of a fluid-bed effectiveness factor which embraces the limits between chemical and mass transport control. Analysis of the predictive capacity of this model vis-a-vis the Kunii-Levenspiel model reveals signal differences in chemical conversion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 70
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 384-392 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements of power consumption P and heat transfer coefficient α for a jacketed, baffled, agitated vessel of diameter D = 0.45 m, equipped with a conical turbine, were carried out. The following geometric parameters of the agitator were tested: diameter d, blade width b and number Z, and distance from the bottom of the vessel to the lower edge of the blade h. The results of these investigations were generalized mathematically. On the basis of optimization, the best geometric parameters with respect to heat transfer are proposed for the conical turbine agitator.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 422-425 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Markov process approach, as used in the modelling of particle residence time distribution in a flow system of interlinked compartments, has been compared with the deterministic model of a complex reaction system of the first order. In the latter model, interfacial reactions take place between flowing phases, corresponding to the compartments in the stochastic model. It has been demonstrated that the two approaches are equivalent. A direct method of calculating the higher moments of the residence time distribution has been verified.
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  • 72
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 426-431 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general model is proposed to predict the crystal size distribution from multistage MSMPR Crystallizers taking into account shape factor, birth size and growth rate dispersions. Two cases, namely nucleation in the first crystallizer and the same process in all crystallizers have been considered. The developed equations can be solved easily by the Monte Carlo technique. The model represents an extension of the earlier work of Sen Gupta and Dutta.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 73
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 27 (1990), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Motility ; Genetics ; Sex chromosome ratio ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, we address the relationship between motility and genetic content of mouse sperm. The chromosome complements of highly motile mouse sperm, selected using the swim-up technique, were analyzed after in vitro fertilization, at the first cleavage state. They were compared to those of unselected sperm. Identification of male and female chromosome sets was possible because of their differential condensation at the first mitotic division. In vitro fertilization, swim-up separation, chromosome preparation, and staining were carried out using standard techniques. The results indicate that highly motile mouse sperm did not differ in types and frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities from those not selected for motility. Moreover, separation of motile sperm does not deviate the sex ratio from the theoretical 1:1.
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  • 74
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    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 88-96 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; segmentation ; gap genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: L(1)giant is a zygotic lethal mutation which affects the embryonic development of both the labial/thoracic segments and a subset of posterior abdominal segments. Using antibodies specific for proteins encoded by several Drosophila genes to identify the compartmental origin of the defects, we show that the requirement of giant activity is different in these two embryonic domains. Anteriorly, the posterior compartment of the labial segment is missing at the blastoderm stage. Posteriorly, cells are specifically deleted by cell death within the anterior compartments of abdominal segments 5-7 during germ band elongation. In mature embryos, posterior compartment structures of the peripheral nervous system of A5-7 are fused. In addition to a different pattern of defect in the two parts of the embryo, the kind of action appears different. Anteriorly, giant resembles a gap mutation in that a particular region is missing from the blastoderm fate map, whereas in the abdominal domain, giant affects the development of anterior compartment-specific structures.
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  • 75
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    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 123-123 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 76
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Heat shock promoters ; HSP70-CAT ; microinjection ; linker-scanner mutations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Microinjected human HSP70 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) chimeric genes are constitutively expressed immediately after the midblastula transition of Xenopus embryogenesis. Analysis of a series of 5′-deletion mutants in the HSP70 promoter revealed that sequences within 74 bases of the transcriptional start site were sufficient for strong basal activity. We investigated the role of specific sequences in the basal promoter by injecting HSP70-CAT vectors containing linker-scanner mutations in the basal elements (CCAAT, purine-rich element, GC-element, ATF/AP1, and 1ATA). Our data reveal that deletion of any of these cis-acting elements in the basal promoter prevents expression after the midblastula stage of development. Furthermore, we have identified specific binding activities in embryonic nuclear extracts that complex with basal promoter elements (CCAAT, ATF, and GC) of the heterologous HSP70 promoter. These trans-acting factors are detectable in nuclear extracts of early blastula embryos, and their respective binding activity increases dramatically after the midblastula transition. The expression of the human HSP70 gene after the midblastula transition of Xenopus embryogenesis requires an array of cisacting elements, which interact with specific Xenopus transcription factors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 110-122 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Embryonic cell surface ; glycoconjugates ; monoclonal antibodies ; developmental expression of glycoconjugates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Molecular markers for specific cell lineages would be useful in studies of cellular differentiation. To isolate such markers monoclonal antibodies (MoABs) were raised against plasma membranes isolated from gastrulating Xenopus embryos. Those antibodies that recognized subsets of cells within the embryo were selected by indirect immunofluorescence. The analysis of eight such MoAbs is presented. Western blot analysis showed that all but one MoAb recognized a complex pattern of glycoconjugates associated with glycoproteins. All the antigens recognized by the MoAbs were maternal in origin and displayed similar spatial patterns of pregastrular expression. This pattern of immunoreactivity at the apical surface was inherited passively during cleavage by the resulting superficial blastomeres suggesting that ectodermal specific markers of maternal origin are pre-localized to the cortical ooplasm in mature oocytes. We suggest that these maternal components may be specific glycosyl transferases. Three different patterns of expression were observed during gastrulation as exemplified by MoAbs 1F10C1, 3A4D1, and 6F10B6. MoAb 6F10B6 was specific for both neural and non-neural epithelium. MoAb 3A4D1 was specific for non-neural epidermis. MoAb 1F10C1 appeared to recognize a protein epitope on an extracellular component expressed by the superificial and involuting epithelial cells. The pattern of expression for the 1F10C1 antigen suggests that it may play a role in facilitating the movement of the involuting cells during gastrulation.
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  • 79
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    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Flow cytometry ; polytenization ; C value ; fluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to analyze the development of the endosperm in Zea mays L. during the period from 8 to 20 days after pollination (dap). Nuclear size, DNA content per nucleus, and frequencies of nuclei with varying properties were measured in preparations that included all of the endosperm nuclei of single kernels of the inbred strain Al88. Characteristics of nuclear populations from different kernels on the same ear showed minimal variation. The dynamic changes of non-mitotic cells involved in endosperm development consisted of alternating periods of DNA replication with non-replication. Seven rounds of DNA replication had occurred in some nuclei in the later developmental stages with the rate averaging approximately one round per 24-hour period. Analysis of the DNA levels in the nuclei showed an exact doubling pattern indicating an endoreduplication process, that is, replication of the entire genome during each round. The loosely organized polytenization of the chromatin occurred to varying extents among the nuclei within an endosperm. A weak positive correlation existed between DNA content and size of nuclei suggesting that DNA increases and nuclear growth may not be highly coordinated in this tissue. Increased proportions of the larger nuclei occurred in the later stages of endosperm development. Considering the entire endosperm, the average DNA content per nucleus at the 15-dap peak level was approximately 12.8 C constituting a 2.7-fold overall increase from 8 dap.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Direct gene transfer ; transgenic plants ; expression of transgenes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Direct gene transfer to protoplasts is one of several methods developed for the production of transgenic plants. This method utilizes the efficient uptake of DNA from the surrounding medium by protoplasts (cell wall-less plant cells). Where a suitable protoplast system exists large numbers of transformant clones can be efficiently produced and often regenerated to normal fertile plants. This review concentrates on the fate of the DNA which is taken up into the protoplasts. Particular emphasis is given to the factors which can influence the integration and form of the transferred DNA, the expression of transferred genes, and the inheritance in further generations of those genes. The information available suggests (1) that DNA is taken up by a large proportion of the cells in a transformation mixture, (2) that this DNA forms complexes sometimes involving carrier DNA, (3) that fewer cells actually take up DNA into the nucleus, and (4) that the complex may be rearranged and/or amplified and then integrated into the genome. If the DNA is arranged in such a way that a gene can be expressed it does so in a normal manner and is stably inherited both mitotically and meiotically.
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  • 81
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    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Light-regulated genes ; transgenic plants ; enhancer ; silencer ; regulatory elements ; trans-acting factors ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transgenic plants have been particularly useful in studying nuclear genes encoding for photosynthetic functions. The expression of these genes and their chimeric constructs in transgenic plants faithfully mimics their natural counterparts. The use of sensitive chimeric reporter genes has enabled localizing the activity of genes encoding photosynthetic proteins to individual cells. Cab and rbcS transgenes have been shown to retain sensitivity to light quality, which is modulated by phytochrome. Conditional light activation under the influence of a circadian rhythm has been shown for Cab transgenes. Transgenic plants containing truncated promoters have helped delineate cis-regulatory positive and negative elements involved in light-mediated transcriptional induction and tissue specificity.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: nodulins ; leghemoglobin ; glutamine synthetase ; Enod2 ; cis-acting elements ; transacting factors ; Agrobacterium turnefaciens ; A. rhizogenes ; binary vectors ; plant transformation ; chimeric genes ; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ; glucuronidase ; cytokinin induction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nodulin genes are plant genes specifically activated during the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on leguminous plants. These genes are interesting to study since they are not only induced in a specific developmental fashion by signals coming directly or indirectly from the rhizobial symbiont, but are also expressed in a tissue-specific manner. By examining the expression of chimeric nodulin-reporter genes in transgenic legume plants it has been shown that nodule specific expression is mediated by DNA sequences present in the 5′upstream region of several nodulin genes. Here we summarize the available data on these cis-acting elements and the trans-acting factors interacting with them. We also review experiments designed to identify rhizobial “signals” which may play a role in nodule specific gene expression.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA ; cell cycle gene expression ; cis-acting element ; wheat histone H3 gene ; trnas-acting factor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A majority of histone genes are expressed in the S phase during the cell cycle. Using the gene expression system of transformed sunflower cells into which wheat histone H3 gene was introduced by the Ti-plasmid gene transfer technique, we determined three cis-acting control sequences (hexameric, octameric, and nonameric motifs) which seemed to confer the S-phase-specific transcription of wheat histone genes. Furthermore, as candidates for regulatory transcription factors, three nuclear DNA-binding proteins HBP-la, HBP-lb, and HBP-2 that interact with the hexameric and nonameric motifs were identified. The structural analysis of the cDNA of HBP-la revealed that a nuclear protein has the leucine-zipper structure and a DNA-binding motif. The hexameric motif in the H3 gene was also seen in cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter and shown to function as a regulatory element of this promoter. The wheat HBP-1b can interact with the hexameric motif of the CaMV 35S promoter. Much attention has been paid to the significance of the hexameric sequences within the H3 and CaMV 35S promoters and the DNA-binding proteins HBP-la and HBP-lb.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: lux ; luc reporter genes ; light emission ; gene expression ; single photon imaging in vivo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genes encoding light-emitting luciferase were recently isolated from luminous marine bacteria and fireflies. Expression of luciferase genes in diverse organisms is a unique way for studying gene expression by simple and sensitive measurement of light. Recent advances in application of luciferase reporter genes are reviewed and documented by examples of in vivo visualization of their expression in transgenic plants.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 214-223 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Gene interactions ; cytosine methylation ; epigenetic variation ; transgenic plants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Unusual gene interactions were observed in several doubly transformed tobacco plants which were obtained following sequential transformation steps using two T-DNAs encoding different selection and screening markers. The expression of T-DNA-I, which encoded kanamycin resistance (Kanr) and nopaline synthase (NOS), was suppressed in some, but not all, of the double transformants after the introduction of T-DNA-II, which encoded hygromycin resistance (Hygr) and octopine synthase (OCS). Double transformants in which T-DNA-I had been inactivated could produce KanrNOS+ progeny, but these were shown to lack T-DNA-II, thus establishing the role of this T-DNA in the suppression of T-DNA-I. Reversible cytosine methylation of the promoters of T-DNA-I genes was shown to correlate with their activation/inactivation cycle. In this paper we pursue further the questions of the mechanism of suppression of T-DNA-I genes by T-DNA-II, and also the timing and extent of demethylation of T-DNA-I promoters in Kanr progeny following the loss of T-DNA-II. We propose that the suppression is due to the competition between homologous regions on each T-DNA for binding to nuclear sites with fixed locations. We further suggest that incomplete demethylation patterns of T-DNA-I promoters in Kanr progeny reflect the existence in the shoot apex meristem of two cell populations, which have either methylated or unmethylated T-DNA-I promoters, respectively. Thus, Kanr progeny are epigenetic chimeras with respect to the expression of T-DNA-I genes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 233-247 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Chromatin structure ; foreign gene expression ; transgenic plants ; Nicotiana tabacum ; position effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The chromatin structure of foreign genes in transgenic tobacco plants was investigated by digestion of nuclei with DNase I and micrococcal nuclease, respectively, followed by restriction and Southern analysis of the digestion products. The results were compared to the differential expression of the different transgenes. Two model systems were used: plants harbouring vector DNA derived from the disarmed vector pGV 3850 and plants harbouring the light-regulated and organ-specifically expressed potato ST-LS1 gene and the cotransferred ncpaline synthase (nos) reporter gene. Our results show that transferred genes are located in DNase l-sensitive domains in all transformants. Slight variations of DNase l-sensitivity of the transferred ST-LS1 constructs in different transformants neither reflected the between-transformant variability of expression nor the organ-specific activity of the transgenes. A deletion event was found responsible for silencing the ST-LS1 gene but not the nos gene in one of the transformants. Whereas no DNase l-hypersensitive sites were found within the 3850-T-DNA and the ST-LS1 gene, one prominent site was mapped to the nos promoter within the ST-LS1 construct in all transformants. Digestion of chromatin harbouring 3850-T-DNA with micrococcal nuclease resulted in a blurred nucleosomal pattern as compared to nucleolar and bulk chromatin, the extent of blurring being independent of the expression of transferred genes. The present results favour the “permissive domain” hypothesis which capitalizes on the chromatin surrounding the integration site as the determining factor for the chromatin structure of incoming alien genes. However, between-transformant variability of expression is not reflected by differential sensitivity to DNase I. Hence, other factors than chromatin structure must be involved in creating “position effects”.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; embryonic development ; sex differentiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the first practical application of a genetic scheme devised for the purpose of obtaining large quantities of embryos of a specific sex. The scheme, which is based on the meiotic drive system Segregation Distorter, results in the production of populations of zygotes that are almost exclusively of one sex. We have used this scheme to determine that the steady-state levels of transcripts of X-linked genes are the same in early male and female embryos, establishing that these genes are dosage compensated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Penetrance ; reciprocal effects ; suppressor genes ; developmental cycle in mammals ; initialization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The phenomenon of gametic imprinting in mammals has raised developmentally relevant questions concerning the manifestation and inheritance of genes with variable penetrance. The dominant fused (Fu) gene located on chromosome 17 is one of the few good cases demonstrating the phenomenon in mice. The Fu mutation has a maternal effect.We have previously shown that the † 12 haplotype significantly lowers the penetrance of Fuin ♀ ♀ Fu/†12 offspring. Results of recipiocal matings of the heterozygotes for Fu indicated that the Fu of maternal origin has a lowered level of penetrance. The dominant suppressors locotad outside chromosome 17, in contrast to †12 residing in it, had stronger effects on the manifestation of Fu, decreasing its penetrance to 8-17%. Experimental evidence is presented that the pathway via which Fu passes to the zygote nucleus during gametogenesis through successive generations has a marked effect on its penetrance. Based on this evidence, patterns of genetic imprinting are described. A survey of genetic imprinting allowed us to distinguish two developmental phases, gametic and zygotic. The hypothesis for the gametic phase of the development of multicellular organisms suggests that it proceeds from initialization, a process thought to ensure the freeing of chromosomes from redundant epigenetic information and their preparation for the consecutive developmental cycle.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 318-325 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mice ; housekeeping genes ; liver ; tissue specificity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In situ hybridization using nucleic acid probes was used to detect cell- and tissue-specific transcript(s) of embryonic genes during development and differentiation. This highly sensitive technique has the potential to provide valuable information on the regulation of low-abundance housekeeping genes during development. We have determined the experimental conditions required to detect the catalase message in adult mouse liver. Catalase effects the breakdown of H2O2 to O2 and H2O and offers protection against the toxic effects of oxygen radicals. We used a cloned 550 bp BamHI-Pstl fragment from a mouse catalase cDNA (pMCT-1) to generate 35S-labeled sense and antisense riboprobes. The experimental conditions used were sensitive enough to quantitate the abundance of silver grains generated by the antisense riboprobe on the adult liver, a tissue known to be positive for this message. The hybridization protocol was applied to serial sections of 13- and 18-day-old mouse embryos. The results suggest that the catalase expression in the liver and brain begins with somite formation and increases with development and differentiation. On the other hand, this message appears to be absent in mesenchyme, particularly in day 13 embryos. The message in positive tissues appears evenly distributed throughout the cell. The observed expression of the catalase message in the adult liver is approximately six times that in the embryonic liver. It is compatible with the enzyme activity results and emphasizes the sensitivity of the in situ hybridization method (over northern blot, etc.) used in this study.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 328-332 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; cytoskeleton ; actin-binding proteins ; review ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is becoming the premier system for the explication of the biochemical and cellular events that occur during motile processes. Proteins associated with the actin cytoskeleton, in particular, appear to play key roles in cellular responses to many external stimuli. This review summarizes our present understanding of the actin-associated proteins in Dictyostelium, including their in vitro activities and their structural and/or functional analogues in mammalian cells.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 333-340 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; actin ; ABP-120 ; elongation factor 1 alphc ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this work we evaluate the cartical expansion model for amoeboid chemo-taxis with regard to new information about molecular events in the cytoskeleton following chemo-tactic stimulation of Dictyostelium amoebae. A rapid upshift in the concentration of chemoattrac-tant can be used to synchronize the motile behavior of a large population of cells. This synchrony presents an opportunity to study the biochemical basis of morphological changes such as pseudopod extension that are required for amoeboid chemotaxis. Changes in the composition and activity of the cytoskeleton following stimulation can be measured with precision and correlated with important morphological changes. Such studies demonstrate that activation of actin nucleation is one of the first and most crucial events in the actin cytoskeleton following stimulation. This activation is followed by incorporation of specific actin cross-linking proteins into the cytoskeleton, which are implicated in the extension of pseudopods and filopods. These results, as well as those from studies with mutants deficient in myosin, indicate that cortical expansion, driven by focal actin polymerization, cross-linking and gel osmotic swelling, is an important force for pseudopod extension.It is concluded that whereas three forces, frontal sliding, tail contraction, and cortical expansion may cooperate to produce amoeboid movement, the cortical expansion model offers the simplest explanation of how focal stimulation with a chemoat-tractant causes polarized pseudopod extension.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 362-368 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; filopodia ; actin binding proteins ; calcium ; cell motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Dictyostelium discoideum 30,000 dalton actin-binding protein is an actin cross-linking protein that organizes formation of parallel bundles of actin filaments in vitro, and is present in filopodia in living cells. This protein binds calcium directly and exhibits a decreased affinity for actin filaments in the presence of micromolar calcium. In this work, the existence of antigenic homologs of the 30,000 dalton protein in Physarum polycephalum, Schistosoma mansoni, Chara carolina, and Drosophila melanogaster is detected by use of affinity purified antibody and electrophoretic blotting methods. The expression of this protein during development of Dictyostelium is also analyzed, revealing a progressive 3-fold decrease in the level of this protein in amoebae between the vegetative and slug stages. A highly ordered structure of bundles of actin and the 30,000 dalton protein formed in vitro is inferred from the presence of transverse striations on the bundles with a minor periodicity at 11.4 nm and a major periodicity at 33.9 nm. Finally, we propose a working model of the interaction of this actin cross-linking protein with actin filaments to form bundles.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; capping proteins ; genamic structure ; Dictyostelium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The two subunits of the het-erodimeric protein cop32/34, an actin-binding protein, are encoded by separate single-copy genes. We have established the genomic structure of both genes. A sequence comparison of cap32/34 with capZ from chicken skeletal muscle and two partially known sequences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis show that heterodimeric capping proteins belong to a highly conserved group of actin-binding proteins. This conclusion is supported by the cross-reaction of polyclonal antibodies against cap32 and cap34 with proteins from lower and higher eukaryotes. In addition, a system is presented that allows the expression of truncated cap34 polypeptides under the control of the cap34 promoter.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 388-390 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Transformation ; electroporotion ; gene targetting ; antisense RNA ; complementation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: DNA mediated transformation is a critical technique for uniting genetic, molecular genetic and reverse genetic approaches to a wide range of problems in cell and molecular biology. In Dictyostelium, there is now the capability not only to manipulate DNA sequences in vitro and put them back into the cell, but also to alter the sequences of endogenous chromosomal genes through high frequency homologous recombination. This means that the range of gene manipulation techniques that have made yeast such a useful system should now be applicable in Dictyostelium. For studying problems such as cellular motility, morphogenesis, and gene regulation, few organisms have the combination of features offered by Dictyostelium.
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  • 96
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Lipofectin ; slime mould ; transformation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied the transient expression, in Dictyostelium cells growing on a bacterial food source, of a construct containing the coding region of the firefly luciferase gene inserted downstream of a Dictyosteliumactin promoter. The fusion gene is not detectably expressed when DNA is introduced by calcium phosphate precipitation or by electroporation, but it is expressed when introduced using cationic liposomes (lipofectin). Using this latter procedure, we are able to transform cells with a G418 resistance vector and select stable, drug-resistant transformants at a relatively low, but workable, efficiency. This technique will allow molecular genetics to be applied to the many important nonaxenic Dictyostelium strains.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cell-cell ; adhesion molecule ; cell binding site ; cell aggregation ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During development of Dictyostelium discoideum, cells acquire EDTA-resistant cell-cell adhesion at the aggregation stage. The EDTA-resistant cell binding activity is associated with a cell surface glycoprotein of Mr 80,000 (gp80), which mediates cell-cell binding via ho-mophilic interaction. Analysis of the structure of gp80 deduced from cDNA sequence reveals the presence of three internally homologous segments in the NH2-terminal domain, which also contains regions with homology to the neural cell adhesion molecule. Secondary structure predictions show an abundance of β-structures and very few α-helices. This is confirmed by circular dichroism measurements. It is likely that the homologous segments are organized into globular structures, extended from the cell surface by a Pro-rich stalk domain. The cell binding activity of gp80 resides within the first globular repeat of the NH2-terminal domain and has been mapped to a 51 amino acid region between Val123 and Leu 173. Synthetic oligopeptides corresponding to sequences within this region have been prepared and assayed for their ability to bind to cell surface gp80. Results lead to identification of the homophilic binding site to an octapeptide sequence within this region. Synthetic peptides containing this octapeptide sequence and univalent antibodies directed against this site block the formation of organized cell streams during aggregation. Although cell aggregates are eventually formed, most fail to undergo further development to give rise to slugs and fruiting bodies, indicating that cell-cell adhesion involving gp80 is an important step in normal morphogenesis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Transformation ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; UMP-synthase/ura-complementation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Whereas transformation ofDictyostelium discoideum now can be done routinely and reliably, there is increasing demand for a system that allows selection of cells that have gone through repeated transformation cycles. Such a system is presented here. Selection is based on resistance to 5-fluoro-orotic-acid (5-FOA). D. discoi-deum is highly sensitive to this drug, and cells can survive only in the presence of 5-FOA if they carry a defective UMP-synthase gene. After transformation with a plasmid carrying a cloned version of the UMP-synthase gene, 5-FOA resistant cells are obtained at high frequency. Because 5-FOA-resistant cells depend on exogenously added uracil, these cells can be taken through a second round of transformation. A plasmid-borne UMP-synthase gene renders 5-FOA-resistant cells phenotypically ura +. Finally, cells can be further transformed using the standard G418 selection system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 425-426 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 403-409 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Electroporation ; soft-agarose ; G418 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new method for clonal growth of Dictyostlium axenic amoebae has been developed. Cells are plated in growth medium containing 1% ultra-low gelling temperature agarose. Cells grow normally in the agarose and form colonies up to several millimeters in diameter. When the colonies have grown to a sufficient size, they begin multicellular development. Pseudoplasmodia are formed, migrate to the surface of the agar, and then undergo fruiting body formation. Cells can be removed from the soft agarose colonies with a toothpick or by picking spores from the fruiting bodies. This method should be useful for drug, auxotrophic, and temperature selections where clonal maintenance of axenic colonies is important.This method has been used in combination with a selection for resistance to G418 to isolate independent colonies following DNA-mediated transformation. Several parameters in the calcium phosphate and electroporation transformation protocols have been optimized and the transformation frequency qualified. Independent transformed colonies are obtained at a frequency of 1 in 104 to 1 in 105 cells when integrating plasmids are introduced using calcium phosphate coprecipitation. The frequency is about tenfold higher when extrachromosomal shuttle vectors are introduced into cells.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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