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  • 1990-1994  (1,041)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1890-1899
  • 1993  (1,041)
  • Organic Chemistry  (969)
  • Electron microscopy
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  • 1990-1994  (1,041)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1890-1899
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 452-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Alveolitis ; Pulmonary fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lung specimens of 21 patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease were examined. The present ultrastructural study outlines the topography and distribution of inflammatory changes in the interstitium, endothelium, and in pneumocytes and phagocytes. Alveolitis is characterized by marked regenerative activity of type II pneumocytes (cuboid metaplasia), intraluminal macrophage accumulation, endothelial swelling, multilamination of the endothelial basement membrane, pericapillary edema, and primarily by cellular infiltrates in the interstitial space. The most prominent feature of the interstitium in pulmonary fibrosis is the lack of immunoinflammatory cells. In some areas there is a marked absence of alveolar lumen while only a small number of macrophages are present in the remaining alveolar lumen. Most of the capillaries in the fibrous septum have been destroyed. Ultrastructural studies of lung biopsies in patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease allow the differentiation between alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis and thus contribute to a therapeutic decision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 9 (1993), S. 246-249 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Infantile myofibromatosis, solitary type ; Intracranial myofibromatosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An unusual case of infantile myofibromatosis of the solitary type occurring in an intracranial location in a 48-day-old female infant is presented. To our knowledge, there are no other descriptions in the literature of infantile myofibromatosis with exclusively intracranial involvement. The immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings confirm the myofibroblastic origin of the proliferation.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst ; Freezing injury ; Acid rain ; Carbohydrate histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cellular structures of acid rain-irrigated needles of several provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings were studied after winter experimental freezing. Frost injuries and recovery were characterized by visual damage scoring and classification of mesophyll cell alterations, also using histochemical methods for carbohydrate fluorescent staining. The treatment with-30° C during the late dormancy period was sufficient to cause significant injuries and intracellular degradation in the tissues of the green needles. The most affected seedlings in terms of visual injury scoring were found among those treated with clean water or at pH 3, while freezing injury, defined as an occlusion of phenolic substances in the central vacuole of the mesophyll cells, was most abundant in the needles from spruces irrigated either with clean water or at pH 4 or pH 3. Electron microscopy revealed the details of the injury, e. g. thinning out of the cytoplasm and chloroplast stroma, darkening of the chloroplasts and eventually swelling of the chloroplasts and protoplast. PAS and ConA reactions in the needle tissue revealed intense starch accumulation in the mesophyll and transfusion tissues as early as in March, with a tendency to increase, especially in the untreated needles during the recovery period. Plasma membrane disturbances were indicated by histochemical identification of callose deposits in the mesophyll cell walls, these being most abundant in the acid rain-treated needles. All these findings suggest that freezing at −30° C was more deleterious to the seedlings pretreated with acid or clean water than to those not given additional irrigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Wound responses ; Hardwoods ; Xylem parenchyma ; Suberization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wound responses of xylem parenchyma by suberization were investigated in some hardwoods by light and electron microscopy. Suberized ray and axial parenchyma cells form a distinct boundary around the wound in all investigated species. Vessels and fibres within and close behind the suberized area appeared more or less occluded; vessels in Fagus, Quercus, and Populus contained suberized tyloses, those in Betula and Tilia contained amorphous and fibrillar deposits. A common mechanism for suberin deposition in the parenchyma cells became evident. Cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum were apparently involved in suberization. Suberin compounds are extruded by cytoplasmic vesicles, which fused with the plasma membrane, in order to release their content. The suberin layer exhibited the typical lamellated structure; cytoplasmic continuity between suberized cells by plasmodesmata was maintained through the suberin layer. Fagus revealed the most intense suberized area as compared with the other species. Within the reaction zone of Fagus and Quercus, some individual ray and axial parenchyma cells exhibited a subdivision into 2 or 3 compartments prior to suberization. Subdivision was achieved by the formation of a primary wall-like layer. Subsequently, the compartments became individually suberized. Wounding during winter did not induce suberization. Also, samples wounded and kept under water during the vegetation period showed no response. The role of suberization in the effectivity of wound-associated compartmentalization is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chromomycosis ; Skin ; Granuloma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cell-mediated immune reaction was studied in the cutaneous lesion of chromomycosis, using monoclonal antibodies against polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophage and lymphocyte subsets, endothelial and fibroblast cells. In addition, immunostaining of the main degradative enzymes (neutrophil elastase and interstitial collagenase) and certain important cytokines (transforming growth factor-β, tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ) suggested an explanation for the granulomatous reaction and the associated tissue remodelling. The distribution pattern of neutrophils and macrophage subsets, observed by computer-aided image analysis, suggests that the in situ persistence of fungi is the main pathological factor.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Solitary fibrous tumour ; Mesenchymal tumour ; Thyroid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe three cases of solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) arising from thyroid stroma. Grossly, the tumours were clearly delimited but only partly encapsulated. The following histomorphological growth patterns were observed: bundles of cells in storiform configuration; non-structured bundles; prevalence of fibrous matrix; highly cellular, non-structured; prevalence of loose, non-structured extracellular substance; cellular proliferation and vascular spaces in a haemangiopericytic configuration and a lipomatous component. Immunohistochemical investigation demonstrated intense, diffuse vimentin positivity and focal, less intense actin positivity in all three cases. At electron microscopy we observed a primitive cell of mesenchymal type, with cytoplasm poor in organelles and rich in filaments; this cell sometimes presented differentiation characteristics. SFT is at present the most correct term for the lesions presented here despite some morphological characteristics which differ from cases reported in the literature.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Multiple papillary adenomas ; Type II pneumocyte ; Von Recklinghausen's disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of multiple papillary adenomas of type II pneumocytes is reported. A 13-year-old boy with von Recklinghausen's disease had small nodular lesions in both lungs without symptoms. The biopsied lung contained greyish-white nodules ranging in size from 0.5 to 2 mm. Light microscopic examination revealed cuboidal to low columnar cells arranged in a papillary pattern. Elastic fibres were present in the tumour stroma. Electron microscopically, the cells had osmiophilic lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm and short microvilli along the free border. The tumour cells expressed immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen and surfactant apoprotein antibodies. More than 6 years after open lung biopsy, the patient is well but small nodular shadows can still be identified.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 469-476 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ciliary regulation ; Cytoskeleton ; Bronchial epithelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Observations of explanted bronchial mucosa show that ciliary function is maintained for 7 days subsequent to explantation. This finding demonstrates that non-neural mechanisms exist which regulate ciliary function. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies both for light and electron microscopy were performed on human bronchial biopsy material and lung resection specimens in order to recognize the morphological substrate of this regulatory mechanism. A complex system of cytokeratin filaments and microtubules radiate through the whole cytoplasm of ciliated cells with direct contact to the nucleus, cilia, microvilli, desmosomes and to the apical terminal adhesive complex. Between the basal bodies and the apical terminal adhesive complex microfilaments can be found. In the apical cytoplasm a dense filamentary network is seen in association with the adhesive complex. These morphological findings indicate that the cytoskeleton of the bronchial epithelium plays a key role in the co-ordination of ciliary function.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Muscle regeneration ; Myonuclei ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Muscle regeneration was studied by light and electron microscopy in a case of exercise-induced acute myoglobinuria in a young patient with carnitinepalmityl-transferase deficiency. Various stages of regeneration existed in the foci of necrosis scattered throughout apparently normal muscle. Activated satellite cells, myoblasts and myotubes were found, some of them containing myofibrils. Among the cells accumulating in the necrotic fibres, some apparently contained surviving myonuclei. In some fibres of normal size, developing myofibrils were abundant. Surviving myonuclei may be of significance in the reaction of muscle cells after injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Bacterial adherence ; Bronchial mucosa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The route of bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract is generally one of descent subsequent to colonisation of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa. The interaction betweenPseudomonas aeruginosa (wild type) and the bronchial epithelium was studied in bronchial mucosal probes cultured in tissue culture medium. It was possible to demonstrate that, even after loss of the mucus layer, adherence between the bacteria and the bronchial epithelium does not take place if ciliary function remains intact. Only after mechanical destruction of the bronchial epithelium, in proximity to squamous metaplasia or after loss or malfunction of the cilia of the bronchial epithelial cells was adhesion between bacteria and bronchial epithelial cells or basement membrane demonstrated by electron microscopy. After loss of the cilia following adenovirus-infection, adhesion betweenP. aeruginosa and the bronchial epithelial cells was visible. These results indicate that ciliary function must be of crucial significance in bacterial epithelial colonisation.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Parachordoma ; Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma ; Chordoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of parachordoma of the left calf in a 19-year-old Chinese female is reported. The tumour showed multinodular growth pattern and consisted of round or oval tumour cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and myxoid matrix. Tumour cells formed small nests and sometimes showed concentric arrangement. Physaliferous-like cells and undifferentiated spindle cells were occasionally observed among the cell nests. The myxoid matrix was positive for high-iron diamine stain, indicating the presence of chondroitin 4- and 6- sulphates and keratan sulphate. Ultrastructurally, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, abundant intermediate filaments, microvillous cytoplasmic processes, pinocytic vesicles, and desmosome-like junctional structures were found. Tumour cells were positive for S-100 protein and vimentin, but negative for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, and desmin. These results are consistent with the definition of parachordoma as a soft tissue neoplasm consisting of cells with histology and ultrastructure similar to those of chordoma cells but with immunohistochemistry similar to that of chondroid tumour cells.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Bladder dysfunction ; Electron microscopy ; Histology ; X-irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this research was to establish a small animal model for the functional and morphological study of post-irradiation bladder dysfunction. Young adult female Wistar rats were X-irradiated with single doses of 10, 15, 20 or 25 Gy. Filling cystometry was performed to assess changes in reservoir function: the volume infused to produce a rise in intravesical pressure of 5 cmH2O was calculated as an index of compliance. A biphasic reduction in this index was noted in animals receiving 15–25 Gy; the first reduction developed at about 4 weeks, and the second started at 3–4 months and persisted at 6 months. Bladder tissue was taken at this time (6 months post-irradiation) for morphological study. Histological examination demonstrated an increased mast cell density in the irradiated bladders, but was otherwise non-specific; fibrosis was discernible in only half of the 18 animals studied. Electron microscopy showed focal degeneration of smooth muscle cells, and in some areas there was selective degeneration of unmyelinated axon profiles. The biphasic reduction in the compliance index is consistent with the timing of the symptoms of the acute and late irradiation reactions reported by radiotherapy patients. Changes in axon profiles and mast cell density may be of functional significance.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 121 (1993), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Farmer's lung ; Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula ; Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure ofThermoactinomyces vulgaris andSaccharopolyspora rectivirgula is described by transmission electron microscopy. These two bacteria are the most common microbes causing farmer's lung. The fine structure of hyphae, germination of endospores and the details of conidial wall layers ofT. vulgaris, as well as the fine structure of septate hypha and globose, polygonal conidia ofS. rectivirgula are described. The conidial wall ofT. vulgaris consisted of an inner multilayered spore coat, intermediate spore coat and outer spore coat. The findings are important for the investigations to find fragments of these bacteria in the lungs of exposed patients and experimental animals.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Beak skin ; Quail ; Free nerve ending ; Merkel nerve ending ; Grandry corpuscle ; Herbst corpuscle ; Ruffini corpuscle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study is concerned with the distribution and ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the beak skin of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The following nerve endings were found: free nerve endings, clusters of dermal Merkel nerve endings, Herbst corpuscles and Ruffmi corpuscles. The latter were found only in the dermis of the tip of the upper beak. The remaining endings were present in the skin of all areas of upper and lower beak. Free nerve endings were supplied by either thin myelinated axons or unmyelinated C-fibers and were localized in the dermis close to the basal layer of the epidermis. Merkel cells formed clusters (up to 50) localized below and between the epidermal cones of the beak skin. Disc-shaped thickenings of nerve endings were squeezed between individual Merkel cells. Small Herbst corpuscles were found in the dermis close to the epidermal cones of the beak skin. Large Herbst corpuscles occurred in deep layers of the dermis. The Ruffmi corpuscles were cylindrical in shape (80 μm × 400 μm) and arranged in groups of up to ten corpuscles. Each corpuscle was surrounded by an incomplete fibrous capsule.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 323-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Creutzfeld-Jakob disease ; Electron microscopy ; Giant collagen plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report two cases of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease with clusters of giant collagen fibers. To our knowledge, these abnormally large collagen fibers have never been described in patients with degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The significance of the formation of such plaque-like large collagen fibers has as yet not been elucidated. It is felt that these represent a product of the degenerative process.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Streptozotocin diabetes ; Electron microscopy ; Giant axonopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of peripheral sensory nerves was investigated in adult Wistar rats suffering from experimental diabetes mellitus 6 and 10 weeks after the injection of streptozotocin. Giant axons were seen in sections from the nerves of streptozotocintreated rats; some contained masses of neurofilaments, others were predominantly filled with ill-defined vesicles. At the swollen axons, the myelin sheath was thinned or absent. In other regions, large intramyelinic vacuoles were observed. A number of nerve fibers broke down completely and underwent Wallerian degeneration. This was accompanied by Schwann cell proliferation and formation of Büngner bands. Concomitantly with axonal degeneration, nerve regeneration started from intact internodes. The pathomorphology of streptozotocin diabetic neuropathy closely resembles that of some toxic distal axonopathies. This points to a common metabolic basis of giant axonopathies of different etiology.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; Gigantism ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cell culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A pituitary adenoma was transsphenoidally removed from a 4.5-year-old girl suffering from gigantism. Prior to the operation both the growth hormone (GH) and the prolactin (PRL) levels in the serum were elevated. By light microscopy the tumor appeared to be an acidophilic adenoma. Two distinct cell types, the densely granulated and the sparsely granulated cells, could be distinguished by electron microscopy. Double immunolabeling revealed the presence of GH alone in some densely granulated cells and PRL alone in some sparsely granulated cells, as well as GH and PRL co-localized in both of the morphologically distinguished cell types. Both cell types were identified in the monolayer and the suspension cultures by electron microscopy. GH and PRL concentrations in the culture media were measured by radioimmunoassay. The basal secretion of growth hormone was almost uniform during the 3-week cell culture period. GH and PRL release was significantly inhibited by bromocriptine. Our studies revealed a bimorphous and bihormonal mixed adenoma in childhood.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dialysis encephalopathy ; Aluminium ; Silver staining ; Laser microprobe ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recently we described silver-staining variants for the demonstration of β/A4 amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles in senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT). The same methods allowed, for the first time, the visualization of characteristical patterns and distinct morphological changes in human dialysis-associated encephalopathy. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated typical silver-stained inclusions in the cytoplasm of choroidal epithelium, glia and neurons. Performing laser microprobe mass analysis on en-bloc silver-stained semithin sections, evidence for significant amounts of aluminum was obtained within the lesions. Prominent aluminum-signals were obtained additionally in adjacent structures and nuclei of sections which were stained with toluidin-blue exclusively. Silver-stained paraffin sections of ten patients with a history of long-term hemodialysis were evaluated. The choroidal epithelium-obviously the most sensitive structure-showed black inclusions ranging from a few dots to a complete black staining of cells. Glial cells presented massive silver-stained deposits, which were restricted to the gray matter. Finally, neurons revealed numerous fine-granular black inclusions, scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Brain stem nuclei were primarily affected, but neurons within cortex, subcortical gray matter and spinal cord were also involved to various degrees; inclusions were not evident in the nucleus dentatus and the oliva inferior. Vessel-related deposits were found frequently. By electron microscopy the cytoplasm of neurons was filled either with large amounts of small electron-dense granules, or with lipofuscin granules, containing numerous irregular, non-membrane-bound inclusions. Massive electron-dense depositions were seen in the cytoplasm of choroidal epithelia and in proximity to nuclei of cortical astro- and oligodendroglia. The described neuronal changes and, in particular, alterations of choroidal epithelium and glia are completely different from characteristic plaques and tangles in SDAT.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Human papillomavirus ; In situ hybridization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopic in situ hybridization (EMISH) of common warts (verrucae vulgares) of the hands was performed using a biotinylated human papillomavirus type 2a (HPV-2a) DNA probe and immunogold labelling of ultrathin sections of 2% glutaraldehyde-fixed, Lowicryl K4M-embedded tissues. It was first established that the warts contained HPV-2a DNA by light microscopic in situ hybridization. The HPV-2a probe chiefly labelled cells in the horny, granular and upper spinous layers of the epidermis, and labelling decreased towards the basal cell layer. The gold particles were located precisely on the viral particles in the nuclei of granular cells. The lower limit of detection by EMISH was found to be the keratinocytes of the third cellular layer above the basal cells. These keratinocytes showed evidence of a viral cytopathic effect, suggesting that vegetative DNA replication in infected keratinocytes occurs at least as early as this level of the epidermis.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chondrocytes ; High-density suspension culture ; Electron microscopy ; Matrix vesicle ; Apatite formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocyte cultures grown in centrifuge tubes with intermittent centrifugation differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes and form calcification. We examined chondrocytes cultured in this system electron microscopically. Rat growth-plate chondrocytes were seeded in a plastic centrifuge tube and cultured in the presence of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 μg of ascorbic acid per ml. Specimens were examined by using electron microscopy and selected-area electron-diffraction techniques. In the early stage of culture, a few chondrocytes were scattered and extracellular matrices were not observed. In the middle stage of the cultures, the chondrocytes resembled proliferative cells. Matrix vesicles appeared to be budding from the cell surfaces of chondrocytes and were observed sparsely in the extracellular matrices, which were well formed around the chondrocytes. Matrix vesicles increased substantially during the following cultures. In the mature stage of the cultures, crystal formation related to matrix vesicles was observed. In the 33-day cultures, several masses of calcified matrix were formed and it was confirmed to be apatite by selected-area electron diffraction analysis. The chondrocytes appeared hypertrophic during this same stage. The 56-day culture was similar to the 33-day culture. It was concluded that this culture system provides an extracellular-matrix mineralization which is produced by chondrocytes per se.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacterial glucoamylase ; Clostridium thermosacharolyticum ; Cellular location ; Activity states ; Macromolecular organization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By application of immunocytochemical techniques at the electron microscope level, glucoamylase was localized to the cell periphery in Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum during and following growth on starch, sucrose or glucose. Levels of immunolabelling were found to be relatively independent of growth substrate and of phase of growth, whereas previous studies had demonstrated strong dependence of glucoamylase activity on growth conditions; previously high levels of glucoamylase activity had been detected after growth on starch (i.e. during the stationary phase after growth) and only very low activities detected during exponential growth and following growth on glucose. The results presented demonstrate that levels of the glucoamylase protein are independent of measurable enzyme activity, and imply that the protein is constitutive. This indicates that the protein can exist in active and inactive states in the cell. By analogy with similar systems, we consider it likely that “maturation” or “activation” of newly synthesized glucoamylase occurs during (or following) transport through the cytoplasmic membrane. Electron microscopy of individual protein molecules which had been subjected to negative staining revealed that the enzyme consists of two domains of approximately equal size which are linked by a “hinge” region.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; Xylanase ; Ultrastructural localization ; Immunogold labelling ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular location of the “low-molecular weight, alkaline” xylanase (XYN II) of Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 was investigated during growth on xylan, using immunoelectron microscopy. A monoclonal antibody, produced against XYN II, was used for this purpose. The enzyme was found at the endoplasmic reticulum and in electron dense 0.2 to 0.8 μm vesicles, as well as in the vacuole, at the plasma membrane and in the fungal cell-wall. No staining occured in the cytoplasm, the mitochondria and the nucleus. No Golgi-like structures could be seen. Addition of the carboxylic ionophore monensin blocked xylanase as well as total protein secretion. The results are discussed with respect to XYN II being secreted by T. reesei via a pathway involving the endoplasmic reticulum and secretory vesicles and/or the vacuole.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Malonomonas rubra ; Propionigenium modestum ; Malonate decarboxylase ; Methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase ; Biotin ; Avidin ; Electron microscopy ; High pressure freezing ; Immunolabeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Malonate decarboxylase of Malonomonas rubra is a complex enzyme system involving cytoplasmic and membrane-bound components. One of these is a biotin-containing protein of Mr 120'000, the location of which in the cytoplasm was deduced from the following criteria: (i) If the cytoplasm was incubated with avidin and the malonate decarboxylase subsequently completed with the membrane fraction the decarboxylase activity was abolished. The corresponding incubation of the membrane with avidin, however, was without effect. (ii) Western blot analysis identified the single biotin-containing polypeptide of Mr 120'000 within the cytoplasm. (iii) Transmission electron micrographs of immuno-gold labeled M. rubra cells clearly showed the location of the biotinyl protein within the cytoplasm, whereas the same procedure with Propionigenium modestum cells indicated the location of the biotin enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the cell membrane. The biotin-containing protein of the M. rubra malonate decarboxylase enzyme system was not retained by monomeric avidin-Sepharose columns but could be isolated with this column in a catalytically inactive form in the presence of detergents. If the high binding affinity of tetrameric avidin towards biotin was reduced by destructing part of the tryptophan residues by irradiation or oxidation with periodate, the inhibition of malonate decarboxylase by the modified avidin was partially reversed with an excess of biotin. Attempts to purify the biotin protein in its catalytically active state using modified avidin columns were without success.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 159 (1993), S. 114-118 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus pulvifaciens ; Vegetative cells ; Spotes ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus pulvifaciens was studied by CTEM and SEM methods. The vegetative cells are rods, 1.6–4.5 μm long and 0.4–0.6 μm wide, exhibiting typical ultrastructural features of Gram-positive bacteria. The spores are of ellipsoidal shape, 0.6×1.2 μm in size, with six longitudinal ribs reaching up to 130 nm in height. There are satelite ribs on both sides of the longitudinal ribs, reaching up to 20 nm in height. Between the longitudinal ribs, additional transversal ribs were observed in SEM. A special tubular layer, separating the outer and inner coat of the spores, was revealed in ultrathin sections. This layer seems to be a typical ultrastructural feature of Bacillus pulvifaciens spores.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lactobacillus ; Medium composition ; Metal cations ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast-like forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of some locally isolated Lactobacillus strains forming D(-) or L(+) lactic acid, Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15009 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 was examined in different media. L. helveticus and Lactobacillus LBL strains formed atypical protoplast-like cells in LAPT medium, sensitive to SDS and proteinase. Specific morphological changes in the cell wall structure of these variants were revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of glucose and various salts on their appearance was investigated. The prevalent role of metal cations, especially of Mg2+, was established.
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  • 26
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    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 206-213 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Treponema denticola ; Spirochetes ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of quasi-multicellular bodies of Treponema denticola was analysed using different electron microscopical methods. These bacteria could develop four different conformations: (i) normal helical forms; (ii) twisted spirochetes, forming plaits; (iii) twisted spirochetes, forming club-like structures; (iv) spherical bodies in different size. Treponemes within spherical bodies, plaits, and clubs proved to be enclosed in a common outer sheath in which the normal arrangement of their axial flagella was lost. The development of the quasi-multicellular bodies starting from the monoforme spirochetes was elucidated and this morphogenetic process is illustrated by a schematic drawing. Factors which might be involved in the induction of the structures are discussed and their possible pathogenetic importance is considered.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory cells ; Taste organ ; Electron microscopy ; Bombina orientalis, Rana pipiens (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The taste disc of the red-bellied toad Bombina orientalis (Discoglossidae) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy and compared with that of Rana pipiens (Ranidae). Unlike the frog, B. orientalis possesses a disc-shaped tongue that cannot be ejected for capture of prey. The taste discs are located on the top of fungiform papillae. They are smaller than those in Ranidae, and are not surrounded by a ring of ciliated cells. Ultrastructurally, five types of cells can be identified (mucus cells, wing cells, sensory cells, and both Merkel cell-like basal cells and undifferentiated basal cells). Mucus cells are the main secretory cells of the taste disc and occupy most of the surface area. Their basal processes do not synapse on nerve fibers. Wing cells have sheet-like apical processes and envelop the mucus cells. They contain lysosomes and multivesicular bodies. Two types of sensory cells reach the surface of the taste disc; apically, they are distinguished by either a brush-like arrangement of microvilli or a rod-like protrusion. They are invaginated into lateral folds of mucus cells and wing cells. In contrast to the situation in R. pipiens, sensory cells of B. orientalis do not contain dark secretory granules in the perinuclear region. Synaptic connections occur between sensory cells (presynaptic sites) and nerve fibers. Merkel cell-like basal cells do not synapse onto sensory cells, but synapse-like connections exist between Merkel cell-like basal cells (presynaptic site) and nerve fibers.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurons ; Immunofluorescence ; Tubulin ; Electron microscopy ; Chemoreceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Aplysia californica (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The peripheral processes of the mechanoafferents that, when stimulated, initiate the much-studied tail withdrawal reflex of Aplysia californica have not been characterized. We show that immunofluorescence staining for class III β-tubulin highlights neurons and reveals nerve tracts and fine neuronal processes in Aplysia tissue. Coupled with transmission and scanning electron microscopy, class III β-tubulin immunofluorescence is consistent with the possibility that mechanoafferents in the receptive field of pleural ganglion mechanosensory neurons penetrate the tail epidermis and terminate as ciliated endings. This view is reinforced by comparisons among neuronal processes in several mechanosensory epidermal regions and in a chemosensory epidermis.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cells ; Cell isolation ; Stomach ; Polarity ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brush cells (BC) are highly polarized elements occurring in epithelia of endodermal origin. They have a preferential topographical distribution in the organs in which they reside. In the stomach of the rat, BC prevail near the transitional zone separating the forestomach from the glandular stomach. Thus, a method was developed to isolate and recover BC from this organ with the aim of investigating the changes they may undergo after dissociation. Strips of the rat stomach were severed from the very proximal border of the glandular region and incubated in Hanks' balanced salt solution containing pronase. After sedimentation of the dissociated cells (crude sediment containing all stomach epithelial cell types) two successive cell fractions were prepared on preformed Percoll gradient in an attempt to enrich BC in a defined layer. BC were recovered in a fraction at a density close to 1.03 g/ml where they represented about 2% of all cells. The isolated BC changed their form from columnar to pear-shaped; however, they maintained their structural polarity over 2 h as demonstrated by light microscopy, transmission-and scanning-electron microscopy. The fine structure of BC was always satisfactorily preserved. Maintenance of the structural polarity of isolated BC is contrary to the general rule according to which all conventional epithelial cells examined to date lose their polarity after isolation. This result is discussed in relation to morphological findings in isolated sensory cells (hair cells, photoreceptor cells) leading to the suggestion that BC are more similar to these than to conventional epithelial cells.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Electron microscopy ; Cathodoluminescence ; Lipid droplets ; Cholesterol esters ; Vitamin A esters ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cathodoluminescence (CL) from lipid droplets (LDs) in the rat testis was examined by analytical color fluorescence electron microscopy. The results show that (1) the Cl at wavelengths of 320 nm (CL320) and 450 nm (CL450) is derived from cholesterol esters and a mixture of lipids including vitamin A esters, respectively; (2) CL320 in the LDs of Leydig cells sharply decreases on postnatal day 21, while CL320 and CL450 in the LDs of Sertoli cells begin to be detectable; (3) the CL450-emitting LDs in seminiferous tubules, whose distributional patterns display cyclic changes during the spermatogenic cycle, are involved in spermatogenesis; and (4) the intensity of CL as well as the distributional patterns of CL-emitting LDs in testicular cells change after hypophysectomy, vitamin-A deficiency, and treatment with ethylene dimethane sulfonate and testosterone propionate. This study demonstrates that analytical color fluorescence electron microscopy is a useful tool for in-vivo observation of some specific compounds which cannot be visualized by other methods.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Galanin ; Neuromedin-U ; Corticotropes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Plasticity ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of galanin in rat lactotropes and human corticotropes is well established. Neuromedin U immunoreactivity is present in rat corticotropes but radioimmunoassay of thyroid-manipulated rat pituitaries has also linked it to the thyroid axis. We found galanin immunoreactivity in some rat corticotropes, so we have re-examined rat anterior pituitary galanin- and neuromedin U-like immunoreactivity by use of immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy in rats in the normal state and after estrogen administration or adrenalectomy. In normal rats galanin immunoreactivity was present in a few corticotropes and lactotropes, females showing more than males; neuromedin U-like immunoreactivity was present in some thyrotropes and most corticotropes, in both sexes. Where galanin, neuromedin U and ACTH immunoreactivities were colocalized in corticotropes they were present in the same granules. Estrogen administration caused an increase in number of galanin immunoreactive lactotropes, as previously shown. The proportion of neuromedin U-positive corticotropes was not affected. After adrenalectomy, only females showed a significant increase in the proportion of galanin-positive corticotropes. Neuromedin U immunoreactivity was significantly increased in both sexes, as previously shown. Thus, in rat, as in man, galanin can be present in corticotropes and its expression appears to be sexrelated. This finding, and the demonstration of thyrotrope neuromedin U (only examined in normal females), provide correlation with previous experiments. The influence of endocrine status on the expression of these novel peptides underlines the inherent plasticity of pituitary endocrine cells.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aorta ; Endothelium ; Anchoring filaments ; Microfibrils ; Elastin ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse (C57/BL)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural association of endothelial cells with the subjacent elastic lamina was investigated in the developing mouse aorta by electron microscopy. In the 5-day postnatal aorta, extensive filament bundles extend along the subendothelial matrix connecting the endothelial cells to the underlying elastic lamina. The connecting filaments form lateral associations with the abluminal surface of the endothelial cells in regions of membrane occupied by membrane-associated dense plaques. On the intracellular face of each plaque, the termini of stress fibers penetrate and anchor to the cell membrane in alignment with the extracellular connecting filaments. Both the stress fibers and the connecting filaments are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. High magnification electron micrographs of individual endothelial cell connecting filaments reveal features similar to those of elastin-associated microfibrils. Each connecting filament consists of a 9–10 nm linear core with an electron-lucent center and peripheral spike-like projections. From the filaments, small thread-like extensions span laterally, linking the filaments into a loose bundle and anchoring them to the endothelial cell membrane and the surface of the elastic lamina. The filaments also appear heavily coated with electron-dense material; often with some degree of periodicity along the filament length. During development, the number of endothelial cell connecting filaments decreases as the elastic lamina expands and the subendothelial matrix is reduced. In the aortic intima of mature mice, the elastic lamina is closely apposed to the abluminal surface of the endothelial cell and no connecting filaments are seen. These observations suggest that endothelial cell connecting filaments are developmental features of the aortic intima which, together with the intracellular stress fibers, aid to maintain the structural integrity of the endothelial cell layer during development by providing the cells with protection from intraluminal shear forces.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora allata ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Ovariectomy ; Juvenile hormone ; Cockroach, Diploptera punctata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphometric studies were made on corpora allata of the cockroach Diploptera punctata from animals in which increasing gland size is not coupled to hormone synthesis (ovariectomized mated females; last-instar larvae) and in which gland size is coupled to hormone synthesis (normal mated and virgin females; penultimate-instar larvae). Cell number, gland volume, and juvenile hormone synthesis were measured. From electron micrographs, nuclear, cytoplasmic, and extracellular volumes; and cell membrane area were calculated; and fine structure described. Low-activity glands of ovariectomized mated females resembled high-activity glands from mated females in high cell number, large overall and cytoplasmic volume, and low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio; they differed in having organelles typical of low-activity glands, mitochondria with dense matrices and large whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Inactive lastinstar larval glands resembled mated ovariectomized, female glands in increased cell number and organelles characteristic of inactive glands; however, their nuclearcytoplasmic volume ratio was much higher. Penultimate cytoplasmic volume ratio was much higher. Penultimate larval glands with high activity per cell resembled active glands of normal mated females. Ovariectomy did not change morphometric parameters of virgin female glands; thus mating results in increase in size of adult female glands whereas the growing ovary is needed for changes in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum associated with high juvenile hormone synthesis.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripolar cells ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Cytoplasmic granules ; Exocytosis ; Electron microscopy ; Sheep, newborn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the ultrastructural characteristics and positions of granulated peripolar cells in newborn lamb kidney. Following tissue fixation by vascular perfusion in situ, the vascular pole region of the glomerulus was exposed for examination by scanning electron micoscopy following removal of the glomerular tuft. Peripolar cells were recognized by their surface morphology enabling their quantification and an assessment of the relationship of their position in the renal cortex. The prominent expression of peripolar cells in this species was confirmed. Almost every vascular pole examined revealed peripolar cells (405 out of 407; 99.5%) and thus, throughout the cortex, the distribution of peripolar cells was the same as the distribution of renal corpuscles. Larger, more protruding peripolar cells were observed in the outer cortical renal corpuscles. The numbers of peripolar cells encircling each vascular pole ranged from 1 to 10. There was no correlation between number of granulated peripolar cells at the vascular pole and the position of the renal corpuscle within the renal cortex. As viewed by transmission electron microscopy, organelles of protein synthesis were abundant in the cytoplasm of peripolar cells. Exocytosis of cytoplasmic granules was observed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy implying that a process of regulative secretion occurs from these cells. The use of ultrastrural techniques has provided evidence supporting the concept that peripolar cells are prominent in the cuff region of each renal corpuscle of the newborn lamb and further-more that peripolar cells in this species most likely have a secretory function.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen fibril ; Three dimensional cell culture ; Ascorbate ; Aminopropeptide, type I ; Aminopropeptide, type III ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoelectron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to follow collagen fibril formation in a newly developed three dimensional cell culture system. Human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts were grown on a nylon mesh in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. Fibrillogenesis was initiated by the addition of 50 micrograms/ml ascorbate to confluent cultures. Sample meshes were processed for electron microscopy or immuno-electron microscopy. Fibrils ≈20–30 nm in diameter, with 67 nm periodicity, were first detected five days after the addition of ascorbate. As cultures progressed, cells organized into parallel layers between which collagen fibers continued to form and increase in diameter. By day 50, fiber diameter ranged from 30 to 80 nm and large bundles were seen. No collagen fibril formation occurred in control cultures to which no ascorbate was added. However, large amounts of microfibrils were observed. Antibodies against the aminopropeptide of type I procollagen were found to bind to fibrils with diameters less than 34 nm while antibodies against the aminopropeptide of type III collagen bound primarily to fibers which ranged from 35–54 nm in diameter. We believe that this system, which morphologically resembles a normal dermis, will werve as an excellent model for the study of collagen fibrillogenesis.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 447-457 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Horizontal cells ; Calcium-binding protein ; Synaptie input ; Inner plexiform layer ; Immunoreactivity ; Electron microscopy ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bovine retinae were stained immunocytochemically with antibodies against the calcium-binding protein, calbindin. Horizontal cells in the outer plexiform layer were heavily labelled. The processes of most horizontal cells were confined to the level of the outer plexiform layer, and the tips of their dendrites were positioned as the lateral elements of the cone triads, viz. the usual mammalian arrangement. However, some of the horizontal cells had additional thick processes descending to branch within the inner plexiform layer, where they were postsynaptic at bipolar cell dyads and where they also received input from amacrine cells. No output synapses of horizontal cells were observed in the inner plexiform layer.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basic fibroblast growth factor ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; In situ hybridization histochemistry ; Vibrissae ; Hair ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized an antiserum against basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by immunoblot, investigated the location of bFGF-like immunoreactivity (bFGF-IR) in the trigeminal sensory system and perioral skin endowed with vibrissae, and demonstrated the site of bFGF mRNA expression in the vibrissae by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that bFGF-IR is present not only in trigeminal ganglion neurons and their central and peripheral processes, but also in cells of the matrix, external root sheath and papillae of vibrissae and the stratum basale of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin. Electron microscopy has revealed intense bFGF-IR mainly in cytoplasmic regions, other than the lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, in trigeminal ganglion neurons, in fibroblast-like cells in the papillae, and in capsules of vibrissae. In contrast, actively proliferating and/or differentiating cells in the matrix of vibrissae have intensely stained euchromatin and weakly labeled cytoplasm that, unlike that of the aforementioned cells, contain immunoreaction products in discrete spots less than 100 nm in diameter, implying the generation of different molecular forms of bFGF in cells of the matrix and papillae. Moreover, the accumulation of bFGF in the euchromatin appears to take place in cells at non-mitotic stages (possibly interphases), characterized by a conspicuous nucleolus and well-developed nuclear envelope. A digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe for the demonstration of bFGF mRNA gives conspicuous hybridization signals mainly in the matrix of vibrissae. These findings suggest that bFGF is involved in the growth and differentiation of matrix cells during certain periods of the cell cycle and that it acts as a non-mitogenic mediator in the adult trigeminal sensory system.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal growth ; CRH ; ACTH ; Hypophysectomy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Within two weeks, hypophysectomy induced in rats a striking decrease in the level of circulating ACTH (the concentration of which was at the limit of sensitivity of our assay system), coupled with a net reduction in the plasma corticosterone concentration and an evident adrenal atrophy. Zona fasciculata, the main producer of glucocorticoids, was decreased in volume, due to a lowering in both the number and average volume of its parenchymal cells. Subcutaneous ACTH infusion (0.1 pmol·min-1), administered during the last week following hypophysectomy, restored the normal blood level of ACTH and completely reversed all effects of hypophysectomy on the adrenals. Subcutaneous infusion for one week with α-helical-CRH or corticotropin-inhibiting peptide (1 nmol·min-1), which are competitive inhibitors of CRH and ACTH, evoked a further significant lowering of plasma corticosterone concentration and markedly enhanced adrenal atrophy in hypophysectomized rats. These findings strongly suggest that an extrahypothalamic pituitary CRH/ACTH system may be involved in the maintenance of the growth and steroidogenic secretory activity of the rat adrenal cortex.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Alimentary canal, insect ; Stomatogastric neryous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Bioassay ; Electron microscopy ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical studies showed that the alimentary canal of Leptinotarsa decemlineata receives serotoninergic innervation from different neurons in the central and stomatogastric nervous system. The foregut is innervated by the frontal ganglion. Four of the 6–8 large neurons present in this ganglion have axons which run to the musculature of the oesophagus, crop, sphincter, and frontal area of the midgut. They are accompanied by axons from neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion, and by axons from as yet unidentified non-immunoreactive neurons in thebrain and/or the ventral nerve cord. The posterior part of the midgut is essentially devoid of serotoninergic innervation. The hindgut is innervated by two large neurons in the caudal tip of the last abdominal ganglion. The axons always run to the circular and longitudinal muscles of the crop, the circular muscles of the sphincter, and the longitudinal muscles of the hindgut. Immunohistochemical electron microscopy suggests that exocytosis of the immuno-labelled vesicles may occur at some distance from the muscle fibres, implying a neurohormonal release of this neurochemical. A bioassay used to demonstrate the type of effect of serotonin on isolated hindguts in vitro, indicated a clear inhibitory effect on spontaneous contractions at concentrations of 10-8–10-5 M. This effect was dose-dependent. Axons found in association with the cryptonephridial system on the hindgut might be involved in the control of diuresis although we have not tested this possibility experimentally.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5-HT) ; Neurohemal systems ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Targeted release ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the anatomy of two diffuse neurohemal systems for serotonin in the head of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata by means of immunohistochemistry. One system is formed by axons from two bilateral pairs of neurons in the frontal margin of the suboesophageal ganglion that enter the ipsilateral mandibular nerve, emerge from this nerve at some distance from the suboesophageal ganglion, and cover all branches of the mandibular nerve with a dense plexus of immunoreactive axon swellings. The other system is formed by axons from two large neurons in the frontal ganglion that enter the ipsilateral frontal connectives, emerge from these connectives, and form a network of axon swellings on the labroforntal, pharyngeal, and antennal nerves and on the surface of the frontal ganglion. Immunohistochemical electron microscopy demonstrated that the axon swellings are located outside the neural sheaths of the nerves and hence in close contact with the hemolymph. We therefore suggest that these plexuses represent extensive neurohemal systems for serotonin. Most immunoreactive terminals are in direct contact with the hemolymph, and other terminals are closely associated with the muscles of the mandibles, labrum, and anterior pharynx, as well as with the salivary glands, indicating that these organs are under serotoninergic control.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Barley yellow mosaic virus ; Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies ; Electron microscopy ; Hordeum vulgare ; Immunogold labeling ; RNA 2-encoded proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antisera were raised against the RNA 2-encoded proteins of 28 kDa and 70 kDa of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) by using the corresponding cDNA sequences of a German isolate for protein overexpression inEscherichia coli BL 21 and subsequent purification. The proposed processing of a 98 kDa precursor polyprotein encoded by the long open reading frame of RNA 2 to two proteins of 28 kDa and 70 kDa could be confirmed by immunoprecipitation of the in vitro transcribed and translated cDNA-clone of RNA 2 and Western blot analysis of fragmentated protein extracts of BaYMV-infected winter barley plants. In situ localisation studies of infected leaf tissue using immunogold labeling techniques for electron microscopy revealed that both viral proteins of BaYMV (RNA 2) were associated with the crystal-like cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. No other parts of the cells and no other inclusions (pinwheelstructures or aggregated virus particles) showed any gold labeling when the 28 kDa and 70 kDa antisera were used. We suppose that both RNA 2-encoded proteins take part in the formation of the crystal-like cytoplasmic inclusion bodies which are the most dominant structures in the cytoplasm of BaYMV-infected tissue. Possible functions of the 28 kDa and 70 kDa protein of BaYMV (RNA 2) are discussed.
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  • 42
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; celluloytic microorganisms ; termite gut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The major gut microflora colonizing the hind gut of a higher termite,Odontotermes obesus, included morphologically diverse bacteria, both coccoid and rod-shaped, along with spirochaetes, pseudomonads and actinomycetes. Flagellated protozoa were totally absent. When the gut extract was inoculated on plates containing carboxymethyl cellulose or cellobiose, higher numbers of bacteria grew than on plates without cellulosic sources. The gut homogenate exhibited strong hydrolytic activity when carboxymethyl cellulose,p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucoside or xylan were used as substrate, indicating the role of gut microbiota in the process of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion. Activities were highest in the hind gut, and the paunch was probably the major site of polysaccharide digestion in this higher termite.In vitro cultivation of some of the isolates revealed both cellulase and xylanase activities. To our knowledge, this is the first report on ultrastructural studies of the higher termiteOdontotermes obesus.
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  • 43
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    Documenta ophthalmologica 84 (1993), S. 351-363 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Cell culture ; Electron microscopy ; Human lens epithelium ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A system for culturing human lens epithelial cells in the laboratory was developed. The morphological appearances of the cells was studied using phase contrast, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell marker studies using monoclonal antibodies to cyto-keratin, vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen were also performed. There was a marked increase in cell size as a function of time in culture. After 3 to 4 weeks cells showed early signs of ageing. By 6 to 8 weeks the majority of the cells had become very irregular in shape and demonstrated irregularities of the plasma membrane and intra-cytoplasmic vacuole formation. The cells stained strongly for vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen. Staining with cytokeratin was somewhat weaker. This culture technique provides us with a suitable model for studying the growth behavior of these cells.
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  • 44
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 249 (1993), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Hypopharynx-Synovial sarcoma ; Supraglottic laryngopharyngectomy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synovial sarcoma in an extra-articular location is a very rare tumor, particularly in relation to childhood tumors. We report our experiences with an 11-year-old boy who suffered from swallowing difficulties caused by a polypoid tumor of the hypopharynx. Biopsy demonstrated a fusocellular carcinoma, while the epithelial components showed cytokeratin and neuron-specific enolase positivity. A correct final diagnosis could only be established by the histology of the surgical preparation following partial laryngopharyngectomy. The presence of spindle cells associated with glandular-like ones proved the synovial character of the tumor. The spindle cells were negative for epithelial marker but were positive for vimentin. S-100 protein positivity could only be demonstrated in the nerve elements encapsulated in the tumor. Ultrastructural examinations confirmed the presence of the different cell types. The spindle cells were rich in intermediate fibers, as demonstrated by electron microscopy.
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  • 45
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 250 (1993), S. 44-50 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cochlear glomeruli ; Guinea pig ; Corrosion casting ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cochlear glomeruli were studied in guinea pigs using scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and transmission electron microscopy of tissue sections. Two types of coiled vessels forming the cochlear glomeruli were found in the bony wall of the modiolus. First, upper glomeruli were seen situated in the bony wall next to the scala vestibuli; second, lower glomeruli were located in the osseous spiral lamina just above the spiral ganglion. Upper glomeruli gave rise to radiating arterioles which supplied capillaries of the stria vascularis, while lower glomeruli fed the capillaries of the spiral lamina and limbus. Unlike the main supplying arteries, smooth muscle cells were not present in the walls of the arterioles forming the glomeruli and a peculiar layer of lamellar pericytes was found. The arterioles were strikingly longer than their parent vessels and no autonomic nerves were found in close spatial relationship. Hence, these findings indicate that the cochlear glomeruli serve as efficient devices for reducing cochlear blood pressure.
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  • 46
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 250 (1993), S. 401-407 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Nasal concha ; Nasal mucosa ; Electron microscopy ; Immunofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic as well as immunohistochemical investigations were performed on the basement membrane (BM) of the nasal mucosa from the inferior nasal conchae of 20 patients, aged 15–50 years. Two of the patients served as controls. Clinical disorders requiring the turbinectomies were hyperplastic nasal inferior conchae (17 patients) and immobile cilia syndrome (1 patient). In all cases light microscopy demonstrated a 10–15 μm thick homogeneous BM underneath an intact epithelium. Electron microscopic findings revealed a typical subepithelial basal lamina (BL). The remaining parts of the BM consisted of single, isolated 25-mm-thick collagenous fibrils. Only a few cells and small unmyelinated nerves occurred in this layer. Immunohistochemical investigations showed BL components (collagen type IV, laminin, nidogen and heparan sulfate proteoglycan) directly underneath the epithelium. Collagen types I, III, V, and VI could also be demonstrated immunohistochemically in the remaining parts of the BM. Collagen type VII was allocated to the anchor filaments beneath the BL. This special BM is presumed to contribute to mechanical stabilization of the epithelium. The significance of the BL and the subepithelial connective tissue for the behavior of the epithelium — e.g. direction of differentiation - are discussed.
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  • 47
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 250 (1993), S. 412-417 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Sugar-binding site ; Guinea pig ; Middle ear ; Lipopolysaccharide ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucosamine-binding sites were detected in Lowicryl K4M-embedded guinea pig middle ear mucosa by electron microscopy, using glucosaminyl bovine serum albumin. Incubation of ultrathin tissue sections with gold-labeled glucosaminyl bovine serum albumin (GlcN/BSA/gold) resulted in binding mainly on cilia, microvilli, rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei. The sugar binding was not inhibited after ultrathin sections had been digested with trypsin or neuraminidase. Various carbohydrates and glycoconjugates were tested as competitive inhibitors of G1cN/BSA/gold labeling on the tissue sections. The sugar specificity range detected by the glucosamine-binding sites included glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, mannose and fucose, whereas N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and glucose were not detectable. A series of endotoxic substances such as Salmonella minnesota Re595 lipid A complex with BSA and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055: B5 or S. minnesota Re595 also competed with GlcN/BSA/gold binding. This indicates that the lipid A backbone glucosamine or other carbohydrate portions of LPS is a part of the structure recognized by glucosamine binding sites.
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  • 48
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 94-112 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The benzyl-protected glycosyl acetates 1, 6, 11, and 15 react with MeOPPh2 under catalysis by TMSOTf to yield diastereoselectively the glycosylphosphine oxides 2, 3, 8, 12, 13, and 16, with a strong preference for the 1,2-cis-configurated anomers. Hydrogenolysis of the major products gave the crystalline, unprotected phosphine oxides 4, 9, 14, and 17, of which 4 was transformed in to the acetate 5, and 9 into the benzoate 10. The benzylated phosphine oxides 4, 8, 12, and 16 were reduced with Cl3SiH in the presence of a tertiary amine to form the phosphines 18, 21, 24, and 26, which were transformed into the phosphine sulfides 19, 22, 25, and 27. Moreover, 18 and 21, were characterized as the borane adducts 20, and 23. The structure of the (arabinofuranosyl)phosphine oxide 12, the corresponding sulfide 25, and of the borane complex 20 were established by X-ray analysis. According to NMR spectroscopy, the equatorial pyranosylphosphine oxide 8, the sulfide 22, and the borane complex 23 adopt a 4C1 conformation. The axial phosphine oxide 2 is a flattened 4C1, the sulfide 19 exists as a B2,5, and the borane complex 20 is a flattened 4C1 in the solid sate and a B2,5 in solution. Thus, the conformational behavior of these α-D-glucopyranose derivatives reflects the steric requirement of the P-substituents.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 158-167 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-yield chemical syntheses of phosphoramidite building blocks of the four arabinonucleosides aUrd (1), aCyd (2), aAdo (3), and aGuo (4), suitable for (3′-5′)oligoarabinonucleotide synthesis are described. The problem of 2′-hydroxy group protection was solved by introduction of the versatile 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl (npeoc) residue, which was also used for aglycon protection.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 50
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formaldehyde reacts with substituted nitrosobenzenes giving the corresponding N-phenylhydroxamic acids. A mechanism involving three sequential steps in this reaction is proposed. The first step is the nucleophilic attack of the nitroso group on the carbonyl group which leads to the formation of the unstable tetrahedral zwitterionic intermediate. This step is followed by the proton transfer to the zwitterionic intermediate to form more stable nitrosocarbinolic cation intermediate, which in the subsequent step undergoes the rate-controlling elimination of proton from the C-atom of nitrosocarbinolic group, leading to the final product, hydroxamic acid. The first and the second step appear to be reversible. The experimental evidence obtained, which is the basis for such a description of the investigated reaction, includes: (a) the order of reactivity of substituted nitrosobenzenes, as demonstrated by the plot of log kobs vs. σ Hammett parameters with slope of -1.74; (b) the observation of a general-acid catalysis; (c) the observation of the inverse solvent deuterium isotope effect of ca. 1.8 in the reaction; (d) the observation of kinetic primary deuterium isotope effect of ca. 8 related to the ‘water’ reaction in the reactions of formaldehyde with substituted nitrosobenzenes; (e) the observation of general-base catalysis in the reaction; (f) the observation of the kinetic primary deuterium isotope effect of ca. 2.1 for the acetate-ion-catalyzed reaction.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Diels-Alder adducts 8 of furan to 1-cyanovinyl acetate were converted into (Methyl 3-chloro)-5-O-(3-chlorobenzoyl)-2, 3-dideoxy-α-dl-arabino-hexofuranosid)uronic acid ((α)-18a) and into (methyl 3-azido-5-O-(3-chlorobenzoyl_-2,3-dideoxy-α-dl-ribo-hexofuranosid)uronic acid ((α)-41a). These compounds were condensed to (3S)-3-[(1′S)-1′-amino-3′-methylbutyl]-3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxyisocoumarin hydrochloride ((-)-2); the resulting mixtures of diastereoisomeric amides were transformed and separated to give the gastroprotective substance AI-77-B((-)-1) and analogues.
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  • 52
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aryl-halo-diazirines react under basic conditions with 1,3-cis-, 1,2-cisand 1,2-trans-diols to give acetals. Yields are high. Diastereoselectivities depend upon the diol and upon the reaction conditions. Thus, reaction of the 1,3-cis-diol 1 (Scheme 1) with 2 gave 3 as a single diastereoisomer. The 1,2-cis-diols 4 and 7 led to the endo- and exo-acetals 5/6 (93:7) and 8/9 (ca.10:1), respectively, The 1,2-trans-diols 10, 16, and 19 reacted with 2 to afford 11/12 (90:10), 17/18 (1:1), and 20/21 (6:1), respectively. Reaction of the (4-nitrophenyl)diazirine 13 with 10 at higher temperatures yielded 14/15 (6:4). The uracil moiety, the acetamido group, and the enol-ether moiety are compatible with the reaction conditions. The diastereoselectivity is rationalized on the basis of a reaction sequence involving alkoxy-halogen exchange, which is regioselective or not, thermolysis of the ensuing alkoxydiazirine(s), protonation of the alkoxycarbene to form an (E)-configurated oxycarbenium ion, and attack of the neighboring oxy or hydroxy group, which is only possible for a limited range of conformers.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Chiral Cobalt Complexes with Planoid-Tetradentate Ligand SystemThe synthesis of a series of Cbl-related, achiral CoIII complexes 9a-c as well as enantiomerically pure, C2-symmetric CoIII complexes 15 and 18, is reported (Schemes 3, 5, and 7). The crystal structures of 9c and 15 were determined. Complex 18 acts as an enantioselective catalyst in the isomerization of 1,4-epiperoxides to hydroxycycloalkenones.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 402-406 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allyl- and Propargylamines via Nucleophilic 1,2- Addition to Chiral AldininesThe asymmetric Synthesis of allylamines and propargylamines 5 in high enantiomeric purity (e.e. ≤ 97%) is described. Key step is the 1,2-addition of organocerium reagents to chiral α,β-unsaturated aldimines 3 to produce secondary animes 4. The Chiral auxiliary (S,S)-2 is removed in three steps, affording the title compounds 5, useful bifunctional building blocks and compounds of pharmaceutical interest.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 55
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a series of novel acetylenic compounds 1-7, isolated recently from the fungus Eutypa lata, is described. The crucial step is the coupling reaction between a protected aryl halogenide and the acetylenic chain as a cuprous acetylide (Scheme 1). A more efficient method using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride ([Pd(PPh3)2Cl2]) as catalyst was also carried out with success.
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  • 56
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 441-450 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fumaramides 3b and 3c bearing the C2-symmetrical pyrrolidine moieties (2R,5R)-2,5-bis(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine (2b) or 1,3:4,6-di-O-benzylidene-2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-L-idit (2c), respectively, as a chiral auxiliary lead to high diastereoselectivities in radical reactions (‘tin method’;Scheme 1). Removal of the chiral auxiliaries affords the corresponding alkylated fumaric acids Scheme 2. Single-crystal X-ray structures of 3b and 3c support arguments that lead to the model of 1,4-stereoinduction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 14O-Ethyl-5m-ethylnaloxone (7) and 14O-ethyl-5-methylnaltrexone (8) have been prepared starting from 14O-ethyl-5-methyloxycodone (9) in several steps. Both, 7 and 8, were found to be opioid antagonists in vitro and in vivo. Compound 7 exhibited some selectivity for μ opioid receptors, whereas compound 8 did not show selectivity for any of the receptor types. In the AcOH-writhing antagonism test, 8 was not able to antagonize morphine-induced antinociception, but antagonized fentanyl- and sufentanil-induced antinociception.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reported here are the novel free porphyrins corallistin B, C, D, and E, isolated as methyl esters 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a, respectively, from the sponge Corallistes sp. (Lithistida) collected at the basis of the south New Caledonian coral reef. A protocol is also established for formylation of their NiII complexes, which show a different reactivity pattern toward DMF/POCl3 from metal complexes of deuteroporphyrins. Together with corallistin A, Previously isolated as the methyl ester 1a, and the known deuteroporphyrin IX (isolated as 6a) also present in the sponge, the new corallistins, which may be thought to derive from protoporphyrin via heme, account for an amazing 60% of the EtOh extract from the sponge.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 59
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1511-1519 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Selectively N-Functionalized Polyamine DerivativesA threefold differently protected derivative 8 of the triamine spermidine (2) has been prepared in three steps starting from propane-1,3-diamine (1). The protected spermidine derivative 8 was converted to its spermine analogue 12, a useful polyamine intermediate. In a convergent way, the fourfold differently protected derivative 18 of the tetraamine spermine (3) has been obtained by coupling the two different and separately prepared propane-1,3-diamine units 15 and 17. Spermidine derivative 19 and spermine derivative 20, both selectively protected at both primary amino groups, have been Prepared from the free polyamines 2 and 3, respectively, in a direct approach.
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  • 60
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1497-1510 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cucl2-Induced oxidative coupling of 2-(tert-butyl)-6,6-dimethylpentafulvenyl anion 9 predominantly takes place at C(7) and C(5) to give [7-7] and [7-5] coupling products 15 and 16 in 35 and 47% yields, respectively (Scheme 3) whose structures are elucidated from 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis. Compared with the product distribution observed for 6,6-dimethylpentafulvenyl anion 2 (Scheme 1), no coupling at C(2)/C(3) of 9 is observed. This means that, besides electronic effects, steric effect are also important in oxidative couplings of fulvenyl anions. The same couplings occur in the case of 2,3-bis(6,6-dimethylfulven-2-yl)-2,3-dimethylbutane dianion 10 as well but, due to electronic as well as conformational effects (Scheme 5), intermolecular coupling (to give polymers 17, Scheme 4) is strongly favored over intermolecular coupling. Mechanisms explaining base-catalyzed isomerization 15a ⇄ 15b ⇄ 15c (Scheme 6) as well as isomerization 16a ⇄16b (Scheme 7) are proposed.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rh1(diolefin)complexes [Rh(nbd)(2)][PF6] [Rh(1,5-cod)(2)][PF6], and [Rh((Z)-α -acetamidocinnamic acid)(2)][PF6] (2 = the chiral P,N-ligand (S)-1-[bis(p-methylphenyl)phospino]-2-[p-methoxybenzyl)amino]-3-methylbutane have been prepared and characterized. These complexes exit as a mixture of isomers arising from different five-membered-ring conformations and diastereoisomers due to both the prochiral nitrogen and olefin ligands. The three-dimensional solutions structures of these complexes have been studied with the specific aim of understanding how the chiral pocket is built. Aspects of the exchange dynamics and their possible relevance to homogeneous hydrogenation are discussed The solid-state structure for the nbd complex, [Rh(nbd)(2)][PF6], as well as detailed one- and two-dimensional 31P-, 13C-, and 1H-NMR results are presented.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-2-oic acid (1), 8-(aminomethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-2-oic acid (2), and 8-(aminomethyl)naphth-2-oic acid (3) were synthesized in their protected forms as turn-inducing dipeptide mimics. Two of them (2 and 3) were incorporated into a novel type of cyclic, peptide-based structures (see 21 and 34-36) designed as templates for the synthesis of TASP molecules.
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  • 63
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1591-1607 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stereospecific synthesis of the monoterpene alkaloids (-)-α-skytanthine ((-)-2), (-)-N -demethyle-δ-sky-tanthine((-)-7), and (+)-epidihydrotecomanine (+)-4 was achieved from a common intermediate 22, which in turn was obtained from (1R,4S,1′S)-2-(1′-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene (10),via a ketene aza-Claisen rearrangement. The piperidine derivative (+)-31, formally the aza-analogue of (+)-isoiridomyrmecin, was also obtained from the same intermediate 22.
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  • 64
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1619-1625 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A kinetic study on the alkaline hydrolysis of cephaloridine (1) at pH 10.5 and 37° was carried out using ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC. The main resulting degradation products, the 7-epimer 2 of 1, the Δ2-isomer 3 of 1, and the 3-methylidene compound 4 were identified. The presence of a pyridinio group at C(31) results in a slightly increased formation constant for the 3-methylidene compound 4 and the 7-epimer 2, and introduces a new reaction: the isomerization of the double bond at C(3) in the dihydrothiazine ring to C(2).
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of ten monocyclic dienols 8-11 with an excess of fluorosulfonic acid in 2-nitropropane at -90° afforded diastereoisomeric mixtures of racemic tricyclic ethers 12-14 in 81-91% yield (see tables 1 and 2). These transformations represent further examples of biomimetic acid-mediated cyclisations in which an OH group serves as the internal nucleophilic terminator. A non-synchronous process is postulated, and the examples described strongly re-inforce our working mechanistic hypothesis, whereby the stereochemical course of cyclisation is directed by the orientation of the side chain vicinal to the intermediate cyclohexyl cation (see Schemes 4 and 5). It is also demonstrated that the efficiency of this process is independent of the nature of the OH group, which may be primary, secondary, or tertiary. In addition, the organoleptic properties of 12-14, Me homologs of known odorants such as Ambrox® ((-)-3a) and its diastereoisomer, are briefly discussed.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Strong bases (lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or BuLi) convert cyclosporin A (CS) to hexalithio derivative containing a Li alkoxide, four Li azaenolate, and one Li enolate units. The Li6 compound is solubilized in tetrahydrofuran (THF) by addition of excess LDA or LiCl. Reactions with electrophiles (alkyl halides, aldehydes, ClCO2R, CO2, (RS)2, D2O) at low temperatures give products containing new side chains in amino-acid residue 3 of the cyclic undecapeptide (see 1-13, Schemes 1, and 2, and Figs. 1 and 2) in moderate to high yields and, with Re- or Si-selectivities, depending upon the conditions of lithiation of up to 7:1, Pure CS derivatives (Scheme 2, Table 1 in the Exper. Part) can be isolated by column chromatography. N-Alkylations or cleavage of the peptide backbone by carbonyl addition occur only at higher temperatures and/or with prolonged reaction times (see 14 and 15 in Scheme 4). Very little or no epimerization of stereogenic centers occurs under the conditions employed. Possible reasons for the feasibility of these surprizing conversions of CS are discussed (Schemes 4 and 5 and Fig. 3). For comparision, [MeAla3]CS (2b) and [D-MeAla3]CS (2a) were also prepared by conventional peptide synthesis in solution (Schemes 6 and 7). Their 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra are compared with those of CS (Table 2 in the Exper. Part).
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  • 67
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1626-1631 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On Diels-Alder Reactions of the C60-FullereneWe report on the regioselective [4+2] cycloaddition of Buckminsterfullerene C60(1) at room temperature with 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene and with the monoterpene 7-methyl-3-methylideneocta-1,6-diene (= myrcene) and on the spectroscopic characterization of the corresponding crystalling monoadducts 2 and 3. According to these experiments, 1 acts as a reactive dienophile, which can be functionalized regioselectively under mild and controlled conditons.
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  • 68
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1636-1648 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Mass Spectral Loss of Water from Macrocyclic Amino-ketonesMacrocyclic oxo-lactams containing an N-alkylamino side chain are stable natural products. Their electron-impact mass spectra are characterized by intensive [M - H2O]+ signals, the molecular ion signal itself is missing. Under electrospray ionization conditions, on the other hand, the [M + 1]+ ion is the only detected signal. The loss of water is explained in terms of an internal (thermal) Schiff-base formation, leading to a e.g. bicyclo[11.9.4]-system. The alcohol corresponding to the macrocyclic ketones and/or lactams show an expected mass-spectral behavior following well known rules.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rigorous regio- and stereospecific labeling experiments are performed to demonstrate the operation of the previously suggested operation of ‘isotopically sensitive branching’ in FeI-mediated C—H bond activation. For the hexane-1,6-diol/Fe+-complex, it is shown that dehydrogenation involves specifically the central C(3)/C(4) position, and the study of the stereospecifically labeled D,L- and meso-[3,4-D2]-isotompomers 1e and 1f demonstrates that dehydrogenation proceedes via two competing pathways (i.e. ‘anti’- vs. ‘syn’-route). The contribution of these routes to the product formation is - due to a kinetic isotope effect - controlled by the relative configuration at the labeled positions C(3)/C(4). For the D,L-form 1e, we estimate a ratio of 49:1 in favor of the ‘anti’-route; due to an isotope effect, this ratio drops to 4.3:1 for the meso-form 1f.
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  • 70
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1667-1673 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation of PQQ in the kag ScaleThe improvement of the PQQ synthesis according to the method of Corey and Tramontano allows the preparation of the triester of this cofactor in the kg scale with an overall yield of 13% (average 78% per step), without a bottleneck in the sequence and with crystalline, analytically pure intermediates. The new purification of free PQQ from conc. H2SO4 is remarkable with respect to the application as well as to the stability of this natural product.
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  • 71
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1649-1666 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cyclic octapeptide cyclo(-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Val-ProLeu-Ile-Ile-) (1), isolated from the Hymeniacidon sponge, was synthesized and examined conformationally using NMR and molecular-dynamics simulations. Most structural parameters of synthetic 1 are in accord with those reported for the isolated material. Our study indicates some small but significant differences in the assignment of the 1H- and 13C-NMR resonances from those of the natural material. The Conformation was determind in both CHCl3 and DMSO using 1H-NMR and molecular-dynamics simulations. Both NOE's and coupling constants were used as experimental restraints during the simulations which utilized explicitly the same solvent as in the NMR study. The differences in the interaction of the solvent with 1 were examined, providing insight into the observed differenced in conformation. The dominant conformation contains a ßVIa turn about Ile8-Tyr3 including a Pro1-Pro2 cis-peptide bond and a ßI or ßII turn about Val4-Ile7 in CHCl3 and DMSO, respectively.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Diazo-quinone of PQQ as a Possible Reagent for Mapping Quinoproteins by Photo-affinity LabelingPQQ is an organic redox cofactor found in a class of enzymes called quinoproteins. The synthesis and the photochemistry of the diazo-quinones of PQQ and PQQ-triester are described. The photogenerated Wolff-rear-rangement products have been caught with water and methanol as model nucleophiles. The products show a strong fluorescence. The diazoquinone of PQQ may be considered as possible reagent for mapping quinoproteins by photo-affinity labeling.
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  • 73
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1687-1701 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variety of 2-deoxy-1-O-diphenoxylphosphoryl-hexopyranoses were generated in situ by a radical 2→1 migration of the phosphate group. The structures of the reactive rearrangement products were fully elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Rate constants for this new rearrangement were determined fro a variety of substrates.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formation of derivatives of PQQ and PQQ-Triester for the Detection of PQQPQQ is an organic redox/cofactor found in a class of enzymes called quinoproteins. It has been reported that materials like milk, egg yolk, vinegar, beer, serum, urine, and biological tissues contain little amounts of PQQ. To facilitate studies on PQQ, a simple detection of PQQ could be extremely useful. For this purpose, we describe in this paper some adducts of PQQ or PQQ-triester with 1,2-diamines, 2,4-dihydroxyaniline, pyrrole, indole as well as an oxidation product of PQQ. UV and fluorimetric detections of these colored products show that this method is relatively sensitive. The reaction of PQQ-triester with (MeO)3P to the phosphole adduct 13 is of great importance: the use of [32P]-labeled trialkyl phosphites will make this reaction an extremely sensitive method to detect PQQ.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 75
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1702-1714 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The elimination of H2O from serine residues in peptides was found to be feasible by the following two steps: O-acylation with AcCl/pyrideine in CH2Cl2 and treatment with an imidine base (DBU or DBN) in THF in the presence of large amounts of LiClO4 (10 examples). Other Li salts such as LiBr and LiCl can also be used. No epimerization of the amino acid residues in te peptide could be detected under these conditions. Thus, a simple method for the preparation of peptides with dehydroalanine residues in high yield, directly from serine-containing precursors, is available.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses of (±)-2-exo-cyano-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-endo-yl acetate (1) and of (±)-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (2) are reported. The additon of PhSeCl to 1 afforded (±)-5-endo-chloro-2-exo-cyano-1-methyl-6-exo-(phenylselenenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-endo-yl acetate (6), whereas 2 added to PhSeCl with the opposite regioselectivity giving (±)-6-endo-chloro-1-methyl-5-exo-(phenylselenenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one (7). These adducts were converted into 5-chloro-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (9) and 6-chloro-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (10), respectively.
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  • 77
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1027-1027 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of a 1,2-trans-Configurated, Equatorial Glycosylphosphonate Analogue of D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-TrisphosphateThe diphosphonate analogue 3 of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1), a 1,2-trans-configurated, equatorial glycosylphosphonate, was synthesized and characterized as its hexasodium salt 3a. In a first approach, the silylated galactal 4 (Scheme 1) was transformed into the oxirane 5 and hence, by treatment with Me3SiP(OMe)2, into a mixture of the glycosylphosphonate 6 and its silyl ether 7. This mixture was desilylated and then treated with acetone and FeCl3 to yield 8 and 9 (64 and 22%, resp., from 4). In a second approach, the acetates 11/12(Scheme 2) were treated with P(OMe)3/Me3SiOTf in MeCN to afford the anomeric glycosylphosphonates 16/17 (1:1, 60%), while the trichloroacetimidate 10 gave mostly the αD-anomer 16. The αD-anomer 20 was obtained from 12 and P(OPh)3. The highest yield of a β-Dphosphonate was realized by treating 12 with the cyclic phosphite 15 (→ 18/19, 40% each). The β-D-phosphonate 17 was debenzylated (→21) and protected to give 8. Transformation of 8 into the bromide 22 (43%) proved difficult due to the facile demethylation of thephosphonate, and was best followed by treatment of the crude product with CH2N2 and 2,2-dimethoxyporpane. Phosphorylation of 22 yielded 41% of the (dimethoxyphosphoryl)phosphate 23. The conditions of the Arbuzov reaction slowly converted the bromide 23 into the bis(phosphoryl)phosphate 24 (69%), which was then deprotected. The resulting 3 was purified via the ammonium salt and transformed into 3a (72%).
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  • 79
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1167-1181 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthetic Analogues of Low-Molecular-Weight Acyl-polyamine Spider ToxinsLow-molecular-weight spider and wasp toxins are selective inhibitors of glutamate receptors of the central nervous system and consist of a polyamine backbone and one or several carboxylic acids and/or amino acids linked by a peptide-like bond. The syntheses of twelve analogues of spider and wasp toxins are described (10a-c, 15a-c, 20a-c, 25a-c) having the general structure of acyl, arylacyl, or heteroarylacyl → DL-alanyl → ω-aminoacyl → N1-spermidine, with variation in the acyl and the ω-aminoacyl part.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin and certain aliphatic aldehydes affords 1:1 or complex 2:2 adducts besides (or in place) of the expected 2:1 bis(coumarin) adducts. Reaction with heptanal, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, and pivalaldehyde are reported as representative. The structure of the reaction products was established by spectroscopical techniques, including X-ray analysis, and their formation was mechanistically rationalized. Some of the 1:1 adducts are synthetically useful for the preparation of 3-alkyl-4-hydroxycoumarins.
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  • 81
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1219-1230 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantioselective copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds was studied with the following CuI compounds as catalyst precursor and 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-thio-α-D-glucofuranose (Hsiig) as chiral ligand: CuI, iodo[bis(dibutylsulfide)]copper(I), [Cu(siig)], [Cu(siig)(pp)] (pp =1,2-bis)(diphenylphosphinoethene), and tetrakis[iodo(tributylphosphine)]copper(I). The addition of BuMg halides to cyclohex-2-en-1-one was tested under several reaction conditions. The chemical yields and regioselectivities for this reaction were, in all cases, larger than 90 and 98%, respectively, and independent of the experimental conditions. The enantioselectivity was strongly dependent on the reaction conditions and reached a maximum of 60%. Several other substrates were also tested in the above reaction. The X-ray crystal structure for [Cu(siig)(pp)] was determined by X-ray crystallography.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: From the aerial parts of Scrophularia ilwensis, four new triterpene saponins, ilwensisaponins A-D (1-4) were isolated. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using chemical and spectral data as 13β, 28-epoxy-3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-oxy} olean-11-en-23-ol (1), 3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}oxy}olena-11, 13(18)-diene-23, 28-diol (2), 3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-Dfucopyranosyl}oxy}-11α-methoxyolean- 12-ene-23, 28-diol (3), and 3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyransoyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}oxy}olean-12-ene-11α,23,28-triol(4).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 150-157 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Prelactones C (3) B (8) were isolated from the concanamycin-producing Streptomyces sp. (strain Gö 22/15) and bafilomycin-producing Streptomyces griseus (strain Tü 2599), respectively, by chemical screening methods. The constitution and relative configuration of 3 and 8 were established by one- and two-dimensional NMR methods. The absolute configuration of 3 was determined using the Helmchen method and that of 8 by CD spectra. The structural properties and absolute configuration of these new δ-lactones reveal strong similarities to the hemiacetal portion of the corresponding macrolide antibiotics. Their possible role in the early polyketide formation of unusual macrolactones is discussed.
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  • 84
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 168-177 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that azulene (1) and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) in a fourfold molar excess react at 200° in decalin to yield, beside the known heptalene- (5) and azulene-1,2-dicarboxylates (6), in an amount of 1.6% tetramethyl (1RS,2RS,5SR,8RS)-tetracyclo[6.2.2.22,501,5]tetradeca-3,6,9,11,13-pentaene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate(‘anti’-7) as a result of a SHOMO (azulene)/LUMO(ADM)-controlled addition of ADM to the seven-membered ring of 1 followed by a Diels-Alder reaction of the so formed tricyclic intermediate 16 (cf. Scheme 3) with a second molecule of ADM. The structure of ‘anti’-7 was confirmed by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Similarly, the thermal reaction of 5,7-dimehtylazulene (3) with excess ADM in decalin at 120° led to the formation of ca. 1% of ‘anti’- 12, the 7,12-dimethyl derivative of‘anti’-7, beside of the corresponding heptalene- 10 and azulene-1,2-dicaboxylated (cf Scheme 2). The introduction of Me groups at C(1)and C(3)of azulene (1) and its 5,7-dimethyl derivative 3 strongly enhance the thermal formation of the corresponding tetracyclic compound. Thus, 1,3-dimethylazulene (2) in the presence of a sevenfold molar excess of ADM at 200° yielded 20% of ‘anti’-9 beside an equal amount of dimethyl 3-mehtylazulene-1,2-dicarboxylate (8;cf. Scheme 1), and 1,3,5,7-tetramethylazulene (4) with a fourfold molar excess of ADM AT 200° gave a yield of 37% of‘anti’-15 beside small amount of the corresponding heptalene- 13 and azulene-1,2-dicarboxylates 14 (cf.Scheme 2).
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The para-substituted tridentate ligands 2,6-bis[1-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]-4′-X-phenyl)-pyridine (X = H: L3; X = NO2: L4; X = NEt2: L5) have been synthesized in six steps using Kröhnke reactions. Spectroscopic results show that the electronic properties of the ligands are strongly influenced by the nature of the substituent bound to the pyridine ring and extended Hückel calculations performed on 4-(X-phenyl)pyridine fragments give a qualitative insight into the factors responsible for the striking differences observed in the absorption spectra. Upon complexation to FeII, the ligands L2-L5 give intensely coloured pseudo-ocatahedral low spin [Fe(Ln)2]2+ (n = 2-5) complexes in acetonitrile solution. Electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements show that the particular electronic characteristics associated with each substituent strongly influence the properties of the resulting FeII complexes as demonstrated by the very intense MLCT transition (∊ 〉 50000 M-1 cm-1) observed in the green complex [Fe(L5)2]2+.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Why Pentose-And Not Hexose-Nucleic Acids? Part III. Oligo(2′,3′-dideoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)nucleotides. (‘Homo-DNA’): Base-Pairing PropertiesSummary in collaboration with Prof. Dr. C. E. Wintner, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041-1392.The paper presents results of a comprehensive investigation on the pairing properties of homo-DNA oligonucleotides, the preparation of which has been described in Part II of this series [2]. The investigation was carried out by using established methods described in the literature for the characterization of oligonucleotides in the natural series, such as determination of melting temperatures of oligonucleotide duplexes by temperature-dependent of melting temperatures, determination of pairing stoichiometry by ratio-dependent UV spectroscopy of binary mixtures of pairing partners, temperature-dependent CD spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions, and - in selected cases - 1H - and31P-NMR spectroscopy.The systematic comparison of the paring properties of homo-DNA oligonucleotides with corresponding DNA nucleotides (up to dodecamers) indicates that homo-DNA is a highly efficient, autonomous, artificial pairing system with a pairing behavior that is in part similar to, but also, in part, strikingly different from, the pairing behavior of DNA. The pairing properties established so far are listed below in a manner that reflects the sequence of subtitles in Chapt.2 of the text; they were determined under the conditions: H2O, 0.15M NaCl, 0.01M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7, oligonucleotide concentrations in the μM range, 1:1 ratio of single strands in the case of non-selfcompementary sequences.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of thiazole and fused thiazolo derivatives 2-4, 6-8, 10a-11b, 13-16 from heterocylic isothiocyanates 1, 5, 9, and 12 bearing an ortho ester group and bifunctional reagents, such as substituted propargylamines, is described. Different regioselectivity of intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the thiourea S-atom on the C ≡ C bond, resulting in the formation of both thiazolo and thiazino derivatives, as well as NMR structure elucidation are discussed.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An N methylated residue at the n - 3 position of the chain was used to reduce the maximum number of H-bonds realizable y some D,L-alternating oligopeptides in β4.4-, ↑↑5.6- and ↑↓5.6-helices and thus increase for the oligopeptides, the relative stability of larger β-helices. With D, L-alternating oligoleucines of the series Boc-Leun-OMe, however, this approach did not produce the helices expected. Although ↑↓7.2-helices with only one free NH per strand would theoretically be possible, the N-methylated oligoleucines formed instead flawed β4.4-helices having three free NH's in CHCl3 as well as in other solvents of low polarity. These observations confirm that the stability of β-helices does not depend only on the number of intra-or interstrand H-bonds, and corroborate the idea that β-helices with large cavities are inherently unstable.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stabilities of Zn complexes of cysteine and histidine have been determined together with those with those of three derivatives of each n which one of their three donor functions (carboxyl, amino, and mercapto and imidazole, respectively) has been blocked. Using potentionmetric titrations of aqueous solutions, the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of all for cysteine- and all four histidine-derived ligands are observed among te various species present (ligands, 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, and protonatd derivatives thereof). All cysteine-derived complexes are more stable than the corresponding histidine-derived complexes by 1-2 orders of magnitude for the 1:1 composition and by 1-6 order of magnitude for the 1:2 composition. For the cysteine series, the sequence of stabilities is cysteine 〉 cysteine ethyl ester ≫ N(α)-acetylcysteine ≫ SMethylcysteine. For the histidine series, the corresponding sequence is histidine 〉 histidine methyl ester 〉 N,N (imidazole)-dimethylhistidine 〉 N(α)-acetylhistidine. The order of stabilities can be explained by the relative strengths of the Zn-S vs. Zn-N coordination, y charge effects, and by chelate ring sizes.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stability constants of the Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, pb2+, and Cd2+ complexes with 1,4,7-triazacylononane-1-acetic acid (noma) were determined at 25° and 0.5M (KNO3) by potentiometric titrations. The species [ML] and [ML(OH)] were found in al cases except for Ni2+, whereas [ML2] was only detected for Cd2+. For the complexes [ML], the order of stability is Mn2+ 〈 Cd2+ 〈 pb2+ 〈 Zn2+ 〈 Zn2+ 〈 Ni2+ 〈 Cu 2+, which is consisten with the Irvin-Williams Series.
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  • 91
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 596-606 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tetrameric Cu(β-diketonate) alkoxide complex [Cu(thd)(OCH2CH2OCH3)]4 (thd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate; 1a) reacts with the alkaline earth metal alkoxides [M(OCH2CH2OCH3)2] (M = Ca, 2a; M = Sr, 2b; M = Ba, 2c) to yield the heteronuclear compounds [Cu2M(thd)3(OCH2CH2OCH3)3] (M = Ca, 6a; M = Sr, 6b). These heterometallic complexes were also obtained in the reaction of 1a and the mixed Ca and Sr complexes of β-diketonate-alkoxide [Mx(thd)y(OCH2CH2OCH3)2x-y] (M = Ca, x = 7, y = 6, 3; M = Sr, x = 5, y = 3, 4), respectively. In comparison, 1a reacts with the analogous [Ba(thd)(OCH2CH2OCH3)] (5a) to yield a[Ba2Cu2(thd)4(OCH3)4(HOCH2CH2OCH3)2] species (8a.) The in situ prepared mixed-ligand Ba Compounds [Ba(thd)OR)] (R = CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3, (5b); R = CH2CH2CH2OCH3 (5c) react with the corresponding Cu complexes [Cu(thd)(OR)]n (R = CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3), n = 4 (1b); R = CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3 (8b); R = CH2CH2CH2OCH3 (8c). However, [Cu(hfd)(OCH2CH2OCH3)]4 (hfd = 1,1,1,5,5,5,-hexafluoroacetylacetonate; 1e) is converted in the presence of 2a-c to the simple metathesis products [M(hfd)2] (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) and [Cu(OCH2CH2OCH3)2]. Crystalline [Ba2Cu2(hfd)2(thd)2(OCH2CH2CH2OCH3)4(HOCH2CH2CH2OCH3)2] (9) was isolated from the reaction of 1a with in situ prepared [Ba((hfd)OCH2CH2CH2OCH3)] (5d) in 2-, methoxyethanol. X-Ray crystallographic structure determinations are reported for 6a, 6b, 8b, and 8c.
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  • 92
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 93
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 804-809 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Mechanism of Sequential Radical Cyclization of (Bromomethyl)silyl Ethers of Terpernoid AlcoholsThe cyclic products of the Bu3SnH-promoted radical reaction of (E)-1-[(bromomethyl)dimethylsilyloxy]-2-methylhept-2-ene (6) consists to 98% of a 1:2 mixture of (±)-(4RS,5RS)- and (±)-(4-RS,5SR)-4-butyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1-oxa-2-silacyclohexane (8a and 8b, respectively). It is, therefore, concluded that the 6-‘endo’→5-‘exo’ tandem cyclization of the 5-mehtyl-3-oxa-2-siladeca-5,9-dien-l-yl radical (reaction 1 → 2) is not necessarily a concerted process, but may be explained as a sequence of individual steps via free-radical intermediates.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Mixture of (3S,6R)- and (3R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)dec-9-enyl acetate (1a and 1b, respectively)-1a being a pheromone of the California red scale - is synthesized in 14 steps from (+)-(R)-limonene (4). The key step is the reductive vitamin-B12-catalyzed coupling of (R)-5-(2-iodoethyl)-6-mehtylhept-6-en-2-one ethylene acetal (8) and methyl crotonate (3).
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 884-892 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general way for the functionalization of ribonucleosides is described. The method involves the synthesis of the methyl-ribofuranoside derivative 6 equipped with a linker at the 2-hydroxy group (Scheme 2). After introduction of the nucleic-acid bases under standard conditions (Scheme 3), the resulting β-D-ribonucleosides 8 and 10 are further transformed to derivatives with lipophilic, intercalating, and aminoalkyl residues at the linker moiety. In this way, 2′-modified 5-methyluridines 12, adenosines 13, and 5-methylcytidines 15 and 16 were prepared (Scheme 4).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1026-1026 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Labeling experiments provide evidence that the Fe1- and CO1-mediated losses of H2 and 2 H2 from tetraline are extremely specific in that both reactions follow a clear syn-1,2-elimination involving C(1)/C(2) and C(3)/C(4), respectively. In the course of the multi-step reaction, the metal ions do not move from one side of the π-surface to the other. Independent experiments confirm that the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) associated with the loss of the first H2 molecule is indeed larger than the KIE for the elimination of the second H2 molecule.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The highly active immunosuppressive antibiotic rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of a signal transduction pathway that results in exocytosis and transcription. We report the results of the homo- and heteronuclear NMR experiments of rapamycin in DMSO leading to a complete assignment of the 1H- and 13C-NMR signals. With exception of one CH2 group, all diastereotopic assignments could be achieved using heteronuclear long-range coupling constants. Restrained molecular-dynamics simulation in the same solvent as the NMR experiments led to a well defined conformation of the rapamycin molecule in solution. Differences between the solution and crystal structures are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (o-Hydroxyphenyl)methylphosphonic acids are readily obtained from o-(bromomethyl)- or o-(hydroxymethyl)phenols and trialkyl phosphites. Subsequent hydrolysis leads to the corresponding phosphonic acids. For a series of such compounds, the pKa values have been determined by potentiometry. Their dependence on additional substituents in the aromatic ring is discussed in terms of electronic and steric effects.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crystalline N-hydroxyamino-acid derivatives 4, readily available from non-chiral acyl chlorides 2 and sultams 1, were treated with aldehydes in the presence of NaBH3CN to give N-alkylhydroxylamines 5. N,O-Hydrogenolysis of 5 and saponification of 6 furnished (S)-N-alkylamino acids 7 in high optical purity. Similarly, (R)-N-alkylamino acids 12 were obtained from the antipodal acylsultams 8.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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