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  • 1990-1994  (1,750)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1890-1899
  • 1993  (1,750)
  • Organic Chemistry  (969)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (727)
  • Gas chromatography
  • Nuclear reactions
  • Physics
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  • 1990-1994  (1,750)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1890-1899
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Abies alba ; Abscisic acid ; Damage ; Gas chromatography ; Needles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amount of abscisic acid (ABA) in needles of silver fir from a natural location was investigated with regard to position in the crown, damage, seasonal variation, and needle age. Because of problems of quantification of ABA in coniferous needles, which contain numerous secondary plant products, a method for reliable determination of both isomers cis-trans-ABA (c-ABA) and transtrans-ABA (t-ABA) was developed. By means of gas chromatography (GC) using an electron capture detector (BCD) and a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) injector complete separation of both compounds was achieved. Two different pairs of fir were investigated — in each case a damaged and a healthy tree. Needles from both trees from the first and the second pair collected in September contained 500–1100 ng c-ABA/g fresh weight (FW), and the concentrations of t-ABA varied from 400 to 700 ng/g FW. Investigations from the second pair show highest amounts of 2900 ng/g Fw c-ABA and 1800 ng/g FW of t-ABA in May and June. For the first pair a higher c-ABA content was found in needles from the top of the crown than in those from the middle and the base. This difference could not be confirmed in the analysis of the second pair. Because of the strong natural deviation no statistically significant difference between the healthy and the damaged tree was found. The first pair of firs examined showed a higher t-ABA concentration than the second one. In this case the highest amount was found in the top of the crown. Methodical mistakes during the clean-up procedure and in quantification by gas chromatography could be excluded. The presence of c- and t-ABA in the purified extract was corroborated by mass spectrometry. With regard to the seasonal variation both isomers of ABA show an unequivocal trend. The maximum concentration is achieved in May to June, whereas the content is minimal in August/September. In any case the level of t-ABA is lower than that of c-ABA. No correlation between the amount of ABA and the needle age could be established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1993), S. 503-507 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; Carbon disulphide ; Dithiocarbamate ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood carbon disulphide (CS2), both free and total, was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 112 “normal” subjects and in 20 subjects employed in a dithiocarbamate factory, comprising ten blue-collar workers involved in dithiocarbamate production and ten white-collar office staff. The ten production workers were examined over two workshifts, the first at the beginning of the week (Monday) and the second after an intervening period of at least 1 day. Three blood samples were taken for each shift studied, one prior to starting work, one at the end of the shift and the third 16 h after the end of the shift (on the following morning). The mean CS2 blood levels measured in the 112 normal subjects was 663 ng/l for the free fraction and 3178 ng/l for the total. In 16 blood samples taken from the ten dithiocarbamate factory office workers, the mean free and total CS2 blood levels were 846 and 4140 ng/l, respectively, i.e. not significantly different from those observed in the normal subjects. At the end of the first 8-h shift, the ten dithiocarbamate factory production workers had free and total CS2 values of 1070 and 8471 ng/l, respectively, which were significantly higher than those observed prior to starting work (240 and 4738 ng/l). All the total CS2 levels measured in the shop-floor workers, with the sole exception of the values recorded prior to the start of the Monday shift (4738 ng/l), ranged from 7047 to 8471 ng/l and were significantly higher than those measured in the white-collar staff (4140 ng/l).
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Acrylonitrile ; Adducts ; Biological monitoring ; Gas chromatography ; Hemoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new, simple and fast procedure of measuring acrylonitrile (ACN) in ACN derived mercapturic acids such as S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine(CyEC), and in hemoglobin (Hb) and plasma protein adducts and urinary metabolites in rats and humans exposed to ACN was developed. ACN in mercapturic acids or proteins was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) by liberating ACN at a high-temperature in the injector port of GC with or without oxidizing sulfur atoms of the ACN-bound cysteines into sulfoxide form by hydrogen peroxide in vitro. At 350 °C, more than 90% of ACN in authentic CyEC was recovered by this method. Increasing a single ip dose of ACN from 5 to 50 mg/kg produced proportional increases in ACN bound to Hb 24 hr after the treatment. The alkylation of plasma protein with ACN was about 1/10 as low as that of Hb. After repeated daily ip doses of 1–10 mg/kg, ACN in Hb decreased with a half-life of about 9 days. ACN was also detected in the blood of workers exposed to ACN for 1 to 10 years at a Siberian synthetic rubber factory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Pigment Yellow 17 ; 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine ; Biotransformation ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed by inhalation to the technically highest administrable concentration of 230 mg Pigment Yellow 17/m3 air for 4 h. Inhalability of the dust was guaranteed by a mass-median aerodynamic diameter of 1.0–1.1 μm. For 14 days after exposure, urine and serum samples were analysed for 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine, the parent carcinogenic amine of the test compound. No 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine could be detected either in urine or blood, the detection limit being 5 ng/ml for both media. Based on the results of this study there is no evidence for metabolic cleavage of Pigment Yellow 17 to 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine in the rat.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 649-652 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Triglycerides in cheese ; Programme temperature (PTV) injection ; Silica capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid gas chromatographic method for the analysis of triglycerides in cheese on a capillary column with a programmed temperature vaporizer has been developed. Fat were extracted with hexane to dryness. The reproducibility of the method was assessed and the coefficient of variation for the total triglycerides was 2.50%. Recovery of individual triglycerides ranged between 87 to 105%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Curie-point pyrolysis ; Multivariate analysis ; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Multivariate analysis can be applied to quantitative analysis of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) by pyrolysis gas chromatography. The pyrograms obtained from mixtures of DBS and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (PEG) were normalized for the peak heights and areas of several internal standards which appeared in every pyrogram, against the characteristics peaks for DBS and PEG. This normalization method gave smaller experimental errors than when using one internal standard. The normalization values were used for cluster analysis unchanged. The values were calculated correlation coefficients and principal component analysis was performed using 11 data base and a set of sample data simultaneously. One calibration curve was calculated from the principal component scores. The DBS content of a sample was obtained from the calibration curve. Calculated values were in fair agreement with theoretical values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 36 (1993), S. 187-190 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction disks ; Pesticides ; Soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A systematic study comparing the methodology and analytical results obtained in an investigation of seven pesticide residues (Molinate, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Pirimicarb, Prometryn, Malathion and Tetrachlorvinphos) in soil samples is reported. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using glass columns and 47 mm disks of octyl and octadecyl-bonded silica was used in the pesticide analysis. The best extraction efficiency and clearest extracts are obtained with C8 disks. The analyses were carried out by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen and phosphorus detection. Recovery experiments were performed at ppb levels in spiked soil samples. The average recoveries of the compounds were 53–77%. Detection limits are between 5 and 30 ng g−1 based on 5 g moist soil sample. The method was validated by comparing it with conventional liquid-liquid extraction.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid methyl esters ; Diesel fuel substitute ; Glycerol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A GC method for the determination of free glycerol in vegetable oil methyl esters used as diesel fuel is described. The sample preparation includes dissolving in dimethylformamide, silylation with bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and separation on a methyl silicone capillary column using either FID or MS detection. The recovery was tested using standard samples containing known amounts of glycerol. The results of the analysis of different samples were compared with those obtained by enzymatic determination. The method described offers a far more sensitive and quick determination of free glycerol compared to other methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detection ; Trichothecenes ; Cereal grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Various analytical methods developed for trichothecene determination, including TLC, HPLC, GC, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and enzyme immuno assay (EIA) are reviewed. In addition a new method is described for the simultaneous determination of the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and T-2 triol (TRIOL), in Austrian wheat and corn samples by GC-ECD. A clean-up procedure has been developed using a combination of liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extraction. Trichothecenes were detected as their heptafluorobuturyl esters or alternatively as trimethylsilyl ethers (only sensitive for deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) using nandrolone or chloramphenicol as internal standard. Four derivatization techniques using HFBI, HFBA+DMAP on polystyrene, TMSI and TMSI+BSA+TMCS have been studied and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Quantification of trichothecenes from 10 to 1000 ppb in cereals could be accomplished routinely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 215-217 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Unified retention indices ; Dimethylsiloxane stationary phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic, unified retention-indices of 56 alkylbenzenes up to C15 on dimethylsiloxane OV-101 and SE-30 stationary phases are given. These values agree well with the corresponding experimental values used in the statistical treatment of the experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 259-263 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Quantitative analysis ; Ethylene oligomer by-products ; n-Alkanes, n-alkenes and 2-alkyl-1-alkenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method using temperature-programmed poly-dimethylsiloxane OV-101 and poly(pheny ether) (5 rings) capillary columns was developed to separate and quantify the reaction by-products in ethylene oligomers. It was found that the content of 2-alkyl-1-alkenes, 2-alkenes and n-alkanes in the C8−C18 α-olefin fractions amounts to 29, 10 and 2.6% respectively.
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  • 12
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organic solvents ; Routine analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of organic solvents in chemical products is described. The analysis is performed by the use of a polar column, Supelcowax 10, and a non-polar column CP-Sil-5CB. Samples containing a non-volatile matrix or water were analysed by headspace analysis. The identification of the solvents in a sample, based on GC retention times on one column, is confirmed by GC of the sample on the second column. The method has been found to be suitable for the routine analysis of solvent mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 264-270 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temperature programmed ; Peak widths ; Polynomial interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Isothermal chromatographic measurements lead directly to ΔH v o and A (entropy term) of solutes, and three constants of an empirical relationship between peak width and column temperature. From the thermodynamic parameters ΔH v o and A retention temperatures have been computed by means of a theoretical model including temperature dependence of carrier gas viscosity, and subsequently retention times; programmed retention indices have been determined by linear and polynomial interpolations. By substituting the value of the calculated retention temperature in the above-mentioned relationship, peak width at half-height for a linear temperature may be estimated. Predicted retentions correlate with observed data, with a P-value ≤0.01; simulation accuracy is generally 6–10% for peak widths. Retention indices of some organochlorine species, separated on an OV-101 capillary column, may differ by as much as 26 units depending on the method of calculation. Polynomial-calculated indices are more consistent with the retention index scheme, and have smaller standard deviations and better constancy at different heating rates.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Inverse gas chromatography ; Poly(ethylene glycol) 20M ; Retention mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The properties of poly(ethylene glycol) 20M (PEG 20M) coated on the hydroxylated surface of Chromaton N AW were investigated by inverse gas chromatography. It was found that the solid form of PEG 20M exhibits partition as the retention mechanism even below its melting range. The contribution of adsorption to the specific retention volume was also determined. It was demonstrated that inverse gas chromatography establishes the existence of a polymer surface layer but precise determination of its thickness is difficult. The limitation of the applicability of inverse gas chromatography results from the structure of the investigated surface layer which is thin and not coherent so that solute molecules can penetrate it.
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Crown ether polysiloxane phases ; Selectivity mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The phase recognition mechanism of nine groups of position isomers on four crown ether polysiloxanes, OV-1701 and PEG 20M has been investigsated by measuring various thermodynamic parameters. The high selectivity of crown ether polysiloxane phases is due to hydrogen bonding and the extent of fitting between the analytes and the crown ethe cavity. The effects on selectivity of cavity size, heteroatoms and substituent groups on the crown ether are discussed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Equilibrium headspace sampling ; Partition coefficient determination ; Theory of chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The new phase ratio variation method is described which represents a convenient way for the determination of gas-liquid partition coefficients for practical purposes, utilizing equilibrium headspace-gas chromatography (EHS-GC). This method is based on the relationship between reciprocal peak area and the phase ratio in the vial containing the sample solution; it involves regression analysis of the EHS-GC measurements of a number of sample vials containing the same sample solution but with a wide variation of phase ratios. Examples are given for both aqueous systems and systems consisting of a stationary (liquid) phase used as the solvent; comparison of the measured values with results obtained by other methods shows satisfactory agreement. A critical discussion of the conditions influencing the accuracy of the analytical results is given.
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  • 17
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 109-110 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Unified retention index ; Correlation of data ; Hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic unified retention indices for 43 hydrocarbons (alkanes and cycloalkanes) are given for squalane and OV-101. Comparison of these values and unified retention index increments are presented as linear regression equations with high correlation coefficients and acceptable standard deviations.
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 160-166 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Neural networks ; Classification ; Pattern recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Artificial Neural Networks are proposed for the classification of vegetable oils submitted to gas chromatography analysis through their FAME profiles. Three important neural networks are evaluated here: the Hopfield model as a content-addressable memory (CAM), the Hamming model and the multi-layer perceptron. A brief description of these nets is first presented and further implemented for the classification of known vegetable oils. After the learning step, unknown samples are presented to the nets and the identification step performed. The performances of these nets are compared for the recognition of popular vegetable oils, including several edible oils.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Atomic emission spectroscopy ; Pulp mill effluents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Three chlorinated dimethyl sulfones and five chlorinated thiophenes have been identified in the alkaline extraction liquor from a bleach plant by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) and with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The information on elemental content obtained by GC-AED enabled a rapid screening of the sulfur compounds and provided important structural information complementary to the mass spectral data. Quantitation was accomplished by GC-AED based on universal calibration.
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  • 20
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Tagetes ; Plant volatiles ; Extractions ; Natural insecticides ; Mosquitos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Volatiles from three species of the genustagetes, commonly called marigold have been isolated and characterized. Simultaneous steam distillation extractions (SSDE) produced consistently extracts of higher insecticidal activity than Soxhlet extractions. Methylene chloride was the best solvent. Volatiles isolated from theminutae species showed higher activity than those frompatula anderecta. Comparison of extracts from the flower, foliage and roots of the plant showed that most of the activity is located in the flower. The volatiles are highly effective toward both larvae and adult mosquitoes.
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  • 21
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 237-240 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Enantioselectivity ; Polysaccharide chiral stationary phase ; Amylose tris(n-butylcarbamate) ; Grob test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Seven aromatic and alkyl amylose and cellulose carbamates have been tested as chiral stationary phases in gas chromatography. One of them, amylose tris(n-butylcarbamate) can be used for enantiomer separation.
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  • 22
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 290-294 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Organochloride pesticides ; Water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatography of chlorinated pesticides in water is carried out after adsorption of a 50 mL sample using a cartridge containing 100 mg CN-bonded porous silica and extraction with 500 μL pentane. The average recovery for eight organochloride pesticides at 1 ppb was 〉95%. The procedure described is simple, selective and reproducible.
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  • 23
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preconcentration techniques ; Trace gas analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The blanks in preconcentration methods for determining trace amounts of impurities in ultra-pure gases, which include the preconcentration volume of sample gases, carrier gas impurities and atmospheric contamination are discussed and three concentration methods for eliminating blank errors are proposed. These are, the differential volume method by concentrating at the same flow-rate but different times (DVMSF), the differential time method by concentrating the same volumes at different flow-rates (DTMSV) and the differential volume method by concentrating for the same times but different flow-rates (DVMST). DVMST is proposed as the best method for its ability to eliminate all blank errors described. The methods are used to determine trace amounts of Ar+O2 and N2 in ultra-pure hydrogen. Calculations demonstrate that the methods can effectively improve analytical accuracy.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns ; Retention behavior ; LC silica packing materials ; Silanol groups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic retention of cyclohexane and benzene on microcolumns packed with silica-based materials for liquid chromatography has been investigated to elucidate the relationship with the surface properties of the packing materials. Differences in capacity factors (Δk′) for these two hydrocarbons were related to the surface area of the packing materials. For untreated silica gels, the Δk′ value increased with increasing total surface area of the column employed and measurement of Δk′ for chemically-bonded stationary phases allowed estimation of accessible residual silanol groups.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pesticides in groundwater ; Solvent extraction ; Multiresidue analysis ; Selective detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple multi-residue procedure has been developed and applied to the analysis of pesticides in groundwater samples from the Comunidad Valenciana, a predominantly agricultural area on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. The procedure includes a liquid-liquid extraction, after addition of NaCl on the samples, and a subsequent analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a dual detection system with electron capture and nitrogen-phosphorous detectors. This allows the determination of more than 30 compounds (organophosphorous, organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides) at the low ppb (μg l−1) levels. Detection limits obtained varied between 0.01 μg l−1 (lindane, fonofos) and 0.5 μg l−1 (cypermethrin). An additional injection of the sample extracts into a gas chromatograph equipped with a column of different polarity and electron capture detector is used for the confirmation of chromatographic peaks. The recommended procedure has been applied to 66 ground water samples. Pesticides, including organophosphorus and organochlorine compounds were detected in 31 of them, in levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.7 μg l−1.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; PTV-System ; Ethephon in drinking water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An indirect GC method is described for the determination of Ethephon in drinking water on the basis of the headspace analysis of the ethylene formed from Ethephon. In order to reach the necessary detection limit, the entire volume of the static headspace distribution is transferred into a cold injection system (CIS). There, the ethylene is adsorbed on Carbosieve SIII at 10°C and, subsequently, desorbed at 300 °C. The water vapour included in the headspace is completely eliminated through the splitting system. By means of this technique, a detection limit of 0.05 μg/l water was reached.
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  • 27
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    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 399-401 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Viscosity ; Carrier gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Equations are derived for viscosities of H2, He, N2 and Ar for use at chromatographic temperatures which are accurate to within 0.3% for H2, and 0.1% for the other gases. The effect of pressure is usually negligible but may increase the viscosity of N2 or Ar by as much as 0.5% at 25°C or lower and 5 atm or higher.
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  • 28
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    Pharmacy world & science 15 (1993), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Calcium phosphates ; Drug compounding ; Excipients ; Particle size ; Physics ; Powders ; Tablets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ten commercially available calcium phosphates used for direct tableting were evaluated. The particle size distributions, powder properties, Sorption isotherms and pH values of aqueous slurries were compared. All samples showed good or at least sufficient flowability. Scanning electron micrographs illustrated the different kinds of manufacturing and gave hints on their expectable behaviour under compaction pressure. The sorption isotherms of identical chemical substances, which had been manufactured by different methods, differed strongly. This can be related to their specific surface areas. Most of the hydroxylapatites have large surface areas and can absorb up to more than 15% water at 93% relative humidity. Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate was non-hygroscopic and absorbed less than 1% water. With the exception of monobasic calcium phosphate monohydrate all calcium phosphates behaved quite neutral in water. Monobasic calcium phosphate monohydrate can be regarded as a solid acid. Although the calcium phosphates are usually stable substances, the role of crystal water in the case of dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate and monobasic calcium phosphate monohydrate is problematic due to possible interactions with active ingredients.
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  • 29
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 94-112 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The benzyl-protected glycosyl acetates 1, 6, 11, and 15 react with MeOPPh2 under catalysis by TMSOTf to yield diastereoselectively the glycosylphosphine oxides 2, 3, 8, 12, 13, and 16, with a strong preference for the 1,2-cis-configurated anomers. Hydrogenolysis of the major products gave the crystalline, unprotected phosphine oxides 4, 9, 14, and 17, of which 4 was transformed in to the acetate 5, and 9 into the benzoate 10. The benzylated phosphine oxides 4, 8, 12, and 16 were reduced with Cl3SiH in the presence of a tertiary amine to form the phosphines 18, 21, 24, and 26, which were transformed into the phosphine sulfides 19, 22, 25, and 27. Moreover, 18 and 21, were characterized as the borane adducts 20, and 23. The structure of the (arabinofuranosyl)phosphine oxide 12, the corresponding sulfide 25, and of the borane complex 20 were established by X-ray analysis. According to NMR spectroscopy, the equatorial pyranosylphosphine oxide 8, the sulfide 22, and the borane complex 23 adopt a 4C1 conformation. The axial phosphine oxide 2 is a flattened 4C1, the sulfide 19 exists as a B2,5, and the borane complex 20 is a flattened 4C1 in the solid sate and a B2,5 in solution. Thus, the conformational behavior of these α-D-glucopyranose derivatives reflects the steric requirement of the P-substituents.
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  • 30
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 158-167 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-yield chemical syntheses of phosphoramidite building blocks of the four arabinonucleosides aUrd (1), aCyd (2), aAdo (3), and aGuo (4), suitable for (3′-5′)oligoarabinonucleotide synthesis are described. The problem of 2′-hydroxy group protection was solved by introduction of the versatile 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl (npeoc) residue, which was also used for aglycon protection.
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  • 31
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formaldehyde reacts with substituted nitrosobenzenes giving the corresponding N-phenylhydroxamic acids. A mechanism involving three sequential steps in this reaction is proposed. The first step is the nucleophilic attack of the nitroso group on the carbonyl group which leads to the formation of the unstable tetrahedral zwitterionic intermediate. This step is followed by the proton transfer to the zwitterionic intermediate to form more stable nitrosocarbinolic cation intermediate, which in the subsequent step undergoes the rate-controlling elimination of proton from the C-atom of nitrosocarbinolic group, leading to the final product, hydroxamic acid. The first and the second step appear to be reversible. The experimental evidence obtained, which is the basis for such a description of the investigated reaction, includes: (a) the order of reactivity of substituted nitrosobenzenes, as demonstrated by the plot of log kobs vs. σ Hammett parameters with slope of -1.74; (b) the observation of a general-acid catalysis; (c) the observation of the inverse solvent deuterium isotope effect of ca. 1.8 in the reaction; (d) the observation of kinetic primary deuterium isotope effect of ca. 8 related to the ‘water’ reaction in the reactions of formaldehyde with substituted nitrosobenzenes; (e) the observation of general-base catalysis in the reaction; (f) the observation of the kinetic primary deuterium isotope effect of ca. 2.1 for the acetate-ion-catalyzed reaction.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Diels-Alder adducts 8 of furan to 1-cyanovinyl acetate were converted into (Methyl 3-chloro)-5-O-(3-chlorobenzoyl)-2, 3-dideoxy-α-dl-arabino-hexofuranosid)uronic acid ((α)-18a) and into (methyl 3-azido-5-O-(3-chlorobenzoyl_-2,3-dideoxy-α-dl-ribo-hexofuranosid)uronic acid ((α)-41a). These compounds were condensed to (3S)-3-[(1′S)-1′-amino-3′-methylbutyl]-3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxyisocoumarin hydrochloride ((-)-2); the resulting mixtures of diastereoisomeric amides were transformed and separated to give the gastroprotective substance AI-77-B((-)-1) and analogues.
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  • 33
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aryl-halo-diazirines react under basic conditions with 1,3-cis-, 1,2-cisand 1,2-trans-diols to give acetals. Yields are high. Diastereoselectivities depend upon the diol and upon the reaction conditions. Thus, reaction of the 1,3-cis-diol 1 (Scheme 1) with 2 gave 3 as a single diastereoisomer. The 1,2-cis-diols 4 and 7 led to the endo- and exo-acetals 5/6 (93:7) and 8/9 (ca.10:1), respectively, The 1,2-trans-diols 10, 16, and 19 reacted with 2 to afford 11/12 (90:10), 17/18 (1:1), and 20/21 (6:1), respectively. Reaction of the (4-nitrophenyl)diazirine 13 with 10 at higher temperatures yielded 14/15 (6:4). The uracil moiety, the acetamido group, and the enol-ether moiety are compatible with the reaction conditions. The diastereoselectivity is rationalized on the basis of a reaction sequence involving alkoxy-halogen exchange, which is regioselective or not, thermolysis of the ensuing alkoxydiazirine(s), protonation of the alkoxycarbene to form an (E)-configurated oxycarbenium ion, and attack of the neighboring oxy or hydroxy group, which is only possible for a limited range of conformers.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Chiral Cobalt Complexes with Planoid-Tetradentate Ligand SystemThe synthesis of a series of Cbl-related, achiral CoIII complexes 9a-c as well as enantiomerically pure, C2-symmetric CoIII complexes 15 and 18, is reported (Schemes 3, 5, and 7). The crystal structures of 9c and 15 were determined. Complex 18 acts as an enantioselective catalyst in the isomerization of 1,4-epiperoxides to hydroxycycloalkenones.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 402-406 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allyl- and Propargylamines via Nucleophilic 1,2- Addition to Chiral AldininesThe asymmetric Synthesis of allylamines and propargylamines 5 in high enantiomeric purity (e.e. ≤ 97%) is described. Key step is the 1,2-addition of organocerium reagents to chiral α,β-unsaturated aldimines 3 to produce secondary animes 4. The Chiral auxiliary (S,S)-2 is removed in three steps, affording the title compounds 5, useful bifunctional building blocks and compounds of pharmaceutical interest.
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  • 36
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a series of novel acetylenic compounds 1-7, isolated recently from the fungus Eutypa lata, is described. The crucial step is the coupling reaction between a protected aryl halogenide and the acetylenic chain as a cuprous acetylide (Scheme 1). A more efficient method using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride ([Pd(PPh3)2Cl2]) as catalyst was also carried out with success.
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  • 37
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 441-450 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fumaramides 3b and 3c bearing the C2-symmetrical pyrrolidine moieties (2R,5R)-2,5-bis(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine (2b) or 1,3:4,6-di-O-benzylidene-2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-L-idit (2c), respectively, as a chiral auxiliary lead to high diastereoselectivities in radical reactions (‘tin method’;Scheme 1). Removal of the chiral auxiliaries affords the corresponding alkylated fumaric acids Scheme 2. Single-crystal X-ray structures of 3b and 3c support arguments that lead to the model of 1,4-stereoinduction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 14O-Ethyl-5m-ethylnaloxone (7) and 14O-ethyl-5-methylnaltrexone (8) have been prepared starting from 14O-ethyl-5-methyloxycodone (9) in several steps. Both, 7 and 8, were found to be opioid antagonists in vitro and in vivo. Compound 7 exhibited some selectivity for μ opioid receptors, whereas compound 8 did not show selectivity for any of the receptor types. In the AcOH-writhing antagonism test, 8 was not able to antagonize morphine-induced antinociception, but antagonized fentanyl- and sufentanil-induced antinociception.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reported here are the novel free porphyrins corallistin B, C, D, and E, isolated as methyl esters 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a, respectively, from the sponge Corallistes sp. (Lithistida) collected at the basis of the south New Caledonian coral reef. A protocol is also established for formylation of their NiII complexes, which show a different reactivity pattern toward DMF/POCl3 from metal complexes of deuteroporphyrins. Together with corallistin A, Previously isolated as the methyl ester 1a, and the known deuteroporphyrin IX (isolated as 6a) also present in the sponge, the new corallistins, which may be thought to derive from protoporphyrin via heme, account for an amazing 60% of the EtOh extract from the sponge.
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  • 40
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1511-1519 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Selectively N-Functionalized Polyamine DerivativesA threefold differently protected derivative 8 of the triamine spermidine (2) has been prepared in three steps starting from propane-1,3-diamine (1). The protected spermidine derivative 8 was converted to its spermine analogue 12, a useful polyamine intermediate. In a convergent way, the fourfold differently protected derivative 18 of the tetraamine spermine (3) has been obtained by coupling the two different and separately prepared propane-1,3-diamine units 15 and 17. Spermidine derivative 19 and spermine derivative 20, both selectively protected at both primary amino groups, have been Prepared from the free polyamines 2 and 3, respectively, in a direct approach.
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  • 41
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1497-1510 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cucl2-Induced oxidative coupling of 2-(tert-butyl)-6,6-dimethylpentafulvenyl anion 9 predominantly takes place at C(7) and C(5) to give [7-7] and [7-5] coupling products 15 and 16 in 35 and 47% yields, respectively (Scheme 3) whose structures are elucidated from 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis. Compared with the product distribution observed for 6,6-dimethylpentafulvenyl anion 2 (Scheme 1), no coupling at C(2)/C(3) of 9 is observed. This means that, besides electronic effects, steric effect are also important in oxidative couplings of fulvenyl anions. The same couplings occur in the case of 2,3-bis(6,6-dimethylfulven-2-yl)-2,3-dimethylbutane dianion 10 as well but, due to electronic as well as conformational effects (Scheme 5), intermolecular coupling (to give polymers 17, Scheme 4) is strongly favored over intermolecular coupling. Mechanisms explaining base-catalyzed isomerization 15a ⇄ 15b ⇄ 15c (Scheme 6) as well as isomerization 16a ⇄16b (Scheme 7) are proposed.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rh1(diolefin)complexes [Rh(nbd)(2)][PF6] [Rh(1,5-cod)(2)][PF6], and [Rh((Z)-α -acetamidocinnamic acid)(2)][PF6] (2 = the chiral P,N-ligand (S)-1-[bis(p-methylphenyl)phospino]-2-[p-methoxybenzyl)amino]-3-methylbutane have been prepared and characterized. These complexes exit as a mixture of isomers arising from different five-membered-ring conformations and diastereoisomers due to both the prochiral nitrogen and olefin ligands. The three-dimensional solutions structures of these complexes have been studied with the specific aim of understanding how the chiral pocket is built. Aspects of the exchange dynamics and their possible relevance to homogeneous hydrogenation are discussed The solid-state structure for the nbd complex, [Rh(nbd)(2)][PF6], as well as detailed one- and two-dimensional 31P-, 13C-, and 1H-NMR results are presented.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-2-oic acid (1), 8-(aminomethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-2-oic acid (2), and 8-(aminomethyl)naphth-2-oic acid (3) were synthesized in their protected forms as turn-inducing dipeptide mimics. Two of them (2 and 3) were incorporated into a novel type of cyclic, peptide-based structures (see 21 and 34-36) designed as templates for the synthesis of TASP molecules.
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  • 44
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1591-1607 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stereospecific synthesis of the monoterpene alkaloids (-)-α-skytanthine ((-)-2), (-)-N -demethyle-δ-sky-tanthine((-)-7), and (+)-epidihydrotecomanine (+)-4 was achieved from a common intermediate 22, which in turn was obtained from (1R,4S,1′S)-2-(1′-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene (10),via a ketene aza-Claisen rearrangement. The piperidine derivative (+)-31, formally the aza-analogue of (+)-isoiridomyrmecin, was also obtained from the same intermediate 22.
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  • 45
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1619-1625 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A kinetic study on the alkaline hydrolysis of cephaloridine (1) at pH 10.5 and 37° was carried out using ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC. The main resulting degradation products, the 7-epimer 2 of 1, the Δ2-isomer 3 of 1, and the 3-methylidene compound 4 were identified. The presence of a pyridinio group at C(31) results in a slightly increased formation constant for the 3-methylidene compound 4 and the 7-epimer 2, and introduces a new reaction: the isomerization of the double bond at C(3) in the dihydrothiazine ring to C(2).
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of ten monocyclic dienols 8-11 with an excess of fluorosulfonic acid in 2-nitropropane at -90° afforded diastereoisomeric mixtures of racemic tricyclic ethers 12-14 in 81-91% yield (see tables 1 and 2). These transformations represent further examples of biomimetic acid-mediated cyclisations in which an OH group serves as the internal nucleophilic terminator. A non-synchronous process is postulated, and the examples described strongly re-inforce our working mechanistic hypothesis, whereby the stereochemical course of cyclisation is directed by the orientation of the side chain vicinal to the intermediate cyclohexyl cation (see Schemes 4 and 5). It is also demonstrated that the efficiency of this process is independent of the nature of the OH group, which may be primary, secondary, or tertiary. In addition, the organoleptic properties of 12-14, Me homologs of known odorants such as Ambrox® ((-)-3a) and its diastereoisomer, are briefly discussed.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Strong bases (lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or BuLi) convert cyclosporin A (CS) to hexalithio derivative containing a Li alkoxide, four Li azaenolate, and one Li enolate units. The Li6 compound is solubilized in tetrahydrofuran (THF) by addition of excess LDA or LiCl. Reactions with electrophiles (alkyl halides, aldehydes, ClCO2R, CO2, (RS)2, D2O) at low temperatures give products containing new side chains in amino-acid residue 3 of the cyclic undecapeptide (see 1-13, Schemes 1, and 2, and Figs. 1 and 2) in moderate to high yields and, with Re- or Si-selectivities, depending upon the conditions of lithiation of up to 7:1, Pure CS derivatives (Scheme 2, Table 1 in the Exper. Part) can be isolated by column chromatography. N-Alkylations or cleavage of the peptide backbone by carbonyl addition occur only at higher temperatures and/or with prolonged reaction times (see 14 and 15 in Scheme 4). Very little or no epimerization of stereogenic centers occurs under the conditions employed. Possible reasons for the feasibility of these surprizing conversions of CS are discussed (Schemes 4 and 5 and Fig. 3). For comparision, [MeAla3]CS (2b) and [D-MeAla3]CS (2a) were also prepared by conventional peptide synthesis in solution (Schemes 6 and 7). Their 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra are compared with those of CS (Table 2 in the Exper. Part).
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  • 48
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1626-1631 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On Diels-Alder Reactions of the C60-FullereneWe report on the regioselective [4+2] cycloaddition of Buckminsterfullerene C60(1) at room temperature with 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene and with the monoterpene 7-methyl-3-methylideneocta-1,6-diene (= myrcene) and on the spectroscopic characterization of the corresponding crystalling monoadducts 2 and 3. According to these experiments, 1 acts as a reactive dienophile, which can be functionalized regioselectively under mild and controlled conditons.
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  • 49
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1636-1648 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Mass Spectral Loss of Water from Macrocyclic Amino-ketonesMacrocyclic oxo-lactams containing an N-alkylamino side chain are stable natural products. Their electron-impact mass spectra are characterized by intensive [M - H2O]+ signals, the molecular ion signal itself is missing. Under electrospray ionization conditions, on the other hand, the [M + 1]+ ion is the only detected signal. The loss of water is explained in terms of an internal (thermal) Schiff-base formation, leading to a e.g. bicyclo[11.9.4]-system. The alcohol corresponding to the macrocyclic ketones and/or lactams show an expected mass-spectral behavior following well known rules.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rigorous regio- and stereospecific labeling experiments are performed to demonstrate the operation of the previously suggested operation of ‘isotopically sensitive branching’ in FeI-mediated C—H bond activation. For the hexane-1,6-diol/Fe+-complex, it is shown that dehydrogenation involves specifically the central C(3)/C(4) position, and the study of the stereospecifically labeled D,L- and meso-[3,4-D2]-isotompomers 1e and 1f demonstrates that dehydrogenation proceedes via two competing pathways (i.e. ‘anti’- vs. ‘syn’-route). The contribution of these routes to the product formation is - due to a kinetic isotope effect - controlled by the relative configuration at the labeled positions C(3)/C(4). For the D,L-form 1e, we estimate a ratio of 49:1 in favor of the ‘anti’-route; due to an isotope effect, this ratio drops to 4.3:1 for the meso-form 1f.
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  • 51
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1667-1673 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation of PQQ in the kag ScaleThe improvement of the PQQ synthesis according to the method of Corey and Tramontano allows the preparation of the triester of this cofactor in the kg scale with an overall yield of 13% (average 78% per step), without a bottleneck in the sequence and with crystalline, analytically pure intermediates. The new purification of free PQQ from conc. H2SO4 is remarkable with respect to the application as well as to the stability of this natural product.
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  • 52
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1649-1666 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cyclic octapeptide cyclo(-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Val-ProLeu-Ile-Ile-) (1), isolated from the Hymeniacidon sponge, was synthesized and examined conformationally using NMR and molecular-dynamics simulations. Most structural parameters of synthetic 1 are in accord with those reported for the isolated material. Our study indicates some small but significant differences in the assignment of the 1H- and 13C-NMR resonances from those of the natural material. The Conformation was determind in both CHCl3 and DMSO using 1H-NMR and molecular-dynamics simulations. Both NOE's and coupling constants were used as experimental restraints during the simulations which utilized explicitly the same solvent as in the NMR study. The differences in the interaction of the solvent with 1 were examined, providing insight into the observed differenced in conformation. The dominant conformation contains a ßVIa turn about Ile8-Tyr3 including a Pro1-Pro2 cis-peptide bond and a ßI or ßII turn about Val4-Ile7 in CHCl3 and DMSO, respectively.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Diazo-quinone of PQQ as a Possible Reagent for Mapping Quinoproteins by Photo-affinity LabelingPQQ is an organic redox cofactor found in a class of enzymes called quinoproteins. The synthesis and the photochemistry of the diazo-quinones of PQQ and PQQ-triester are described. The photogenerated Wolff-rear-rangement products have been caught with water and methanol as model nucleophiles. The products show a strong fluorescence. The diazoquinone of PQQ may be considered as possible reagent for mapping quinoproteins by photo-affinity labeling.
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  • 54
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1687-1701 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variety of 2-deoxy-1-O-diphenoxylphosphoryl-hexopyranoses were generated in situ by a radical 2→1 migration of the phosphate group. The structures of the reactive rearrangement products were fully elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Rate constants for this new rearrangement were determined fro a variety of substrates.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formation of derivatives of PQQ and PQQ-Triester for the Detection of PQQPQQ is an organic redox/cofactor found in a class of enzymes called quinoproteins. It has been reported that materials like milk, egg yolk, vinegar, beer, serum, urine, and biological tissues contain little amounts of PQQ. To facilitate studies on PQQ, a simple detection of PQQ could be extremely useful. For this purpose, we describe in this paper some adducts of PQQ or PQQ-triester with 1,2-diamines, 2,4-dihydroxyaniline, pyrrole, indole as well as an oxidation product of PQQ. UV and fluorimetric detections of these colored products show that this method is relatively sensitive. The reaction of PQQ-triester with (MeO)3P to the phosphole adduct 13 is of great importance: the use of [32P]-labeled trialkyl phosphites will make this reaction an extremely sensitive method to detect PQQ.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 56
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1702-1714 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The elimination of H2O from serine residues in peptides was found to be feasible by the following two steps: O-acylation with AcCl/pyrideine in CH2Cl2 and treatment with an imidine base (DBU or DBN) in THF in the presence of large amounts of LiClO4 (10 examples). Other Li salts such as LiBr and LiCl can also be used. No epimerization of the amino acid residues in te peptide could be detected under these conditions. Thus, a simple method for the preparation of peptides with dehydroalanine residues in high yield, directly from serine-containing precursors, is available.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses of (±)-2-exo-cyano-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-endo-yl acetate (1) and of (±)-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (2) are reported. The additon of PhSeCl to 1 afforded (±)-5-endo-chloro-2-exo-cyano-1-methyl-6-exo-(phenylselenenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-endo-yl acetate (6), whereas 2 added to PhSeCl with the opposite regioselectivity giving (±)-6-endo-chloro-1-methyl-5-exo-(phenylselenenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one (7). These adducts were converted into 5-chloro-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (9) and 6-chloro-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (10), respectively.
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  • 58
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1027-1027 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of a 1,2-trans-Configurated, Equatorial Glycosylphosphonate Analogue of D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-TrisphosphateThe diphosphonate analogue 3 of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1), a 1,2-trans-configurated, equatorial glycosylphosphonate, was synthesized and characterized as its hexasodium salt 3a. In a first approach, the silylated galactal 4 (Scheme 1) was transformed into the oxirane 5 and hence, by treatment with Me3SiP(OMe)2, into a mixture of the glycosylphosphonate 6 and its silyl ether 7. This mixture was desilylated and then treated with acetone and FeCl3 to yield 8 and 9 (64 and 22%, resp., from 4). In a second approach, the acetates 11/12(Scheme 2) were treated with P(OMe)3/Me3SiOTf in MeCN to afford the anomeric glycosylphosphonates 16/17 (1:1, 60%), while the trichloroacetimidate 10 gave mostly the αD-anomer 16. The αD-anomer 20 was obtained from 12 and P(OPh)3. The highest yield of a β-Dphosphonate was realized by treating 12 with the cyclic phosphite 15 (→ 18/19, 40% each). The β-D-phosphonate 17 was debenzylated (→21) and protected to give 8. Transformation of 8 into the bromide 22 (43%) proved difficult due to the facile demethylation of thephosphonate, and was best followed by treatment of the crude product with CH2N2 and 2,2-dimethoxyporpane. Phosphorylation of 22 yielded 41% of the (dimethoxyphosphoryl)phosphate 23. The conditions of the Arbuzov reaction slowly converted the bromide 23 into the bis(phosphoryl)phosphate 24 (69%), which was then deprotected. The resulting 3 was purified via the ammonium salt and transformed into 3a (72%).
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  • 60
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1167-1181 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthetic Analogues of Low-Molecular-Weight Acyl-polyamine Spider ToxinsLow-molecular-weight spider and wasp toxins are selective inhibitors of glutamate receptors of the central nervous system and consist of a polyamine backbone and one or several carboxylic acids and/or amino acids linked by a peptide-like bond. The syntheses of twelve analogues of spider and wasp toxins are described (10a-c, 15a-c, 20a-c, 25a-c) having the general structure of acyl, arylacyl, or heteroarylacyl → DL-alanyl → ω-aminoacyl → N1-spermidine, with variation in the acyl and the ω-aminoacyl part.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin and certain aliphatic aldehydes affords 1:1 or complex 2:2 adducts besides (or in place) of the expected 2:1 bis(coumarin) adducts. Reaction with heptanal, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, and pivalaldehyde are reported as representative. The structure of the reaction products was established by spectroscopical techniques, including X-ray analysis, and their formation was mechanistically rationalized. Some of the 1:1 adducts are synthetically useful for the preparation of 3-alkyl-4-hydroxycoumarins.
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  • 62
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1219-1230 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantioselective copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds was studied with the following CuI compounds as catalyst precursor and 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-thio-α-D-glucofuranose (Hsiig) as chiral ligand: CuI, iodo[bis(dibutylsulfide)]copper(I), [Cu(siig)], [Cu(siig)(pp)] (pp =1,2-bis)(diphenylphosphinoethene), and tetrakis[iodo(tributylphosphine)]copper(I). The addition of BuMg halides to cyclohex-2-en-1-one was tested under several reaction conditions. The chemical yields and regioselectivities for this reaction were, in all cases, larger than 90 and 98%, respectively, and independent of the experimental conditions. The enantioselectivity was strongly dependent on the reaction conditions and reached a maximum of 60%. Several other substrates were also tested in the above reaction. The X-ray crystal structure for [Cu(siig)(pp)] was determined by X-ray crystallography.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: From the aerial parts of Scrophularia ilwensis, four new triterpene saponins, ilwensisaponins A-D (1-4) were isolated. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using chemical and spectral data as 13β, 28-epoxy-3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-oxy} olean-11-en-23-ol (1), 3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}oxy}olena-11, 13(18)-diene-23, 28-diol (2), 3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-Dfucopyranosyl}oxy}-11α-methoxyolean- 12-ene-23, 28-diol (3), and 3-β-{{[β-D-glucopyransoyl-(1→2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}oxy}olean-12-ene-11α,23,28-triol(4).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 150-157 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Prelactones C (3) B (8) were isolated from the concanamycin-producing Streptomyces sp. (strain Gö 22/15) and bafilomycin-producing Streptomyces griseus (strain Tü 2599), respectively, by chemical screening methods. The constitution and relative configuration of 3 and 8 were established by one- and two-dimensional NMR methods. The absolute configuration of 3 was determined using the Helmchen method and that of 8 by CD spectra. The structural properties and absolute configuration of these new δ-lactones reveal strong similarities to the hemiacetal portion of the corresponding macrolide antibiotics. Their possible role in the early polyketide formation of unusual macrolactones is discussed.
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  • 65
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 168-177 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that azulene (1) and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) in a fourfold molar excess react at 200° in decalin to yield, beside the known heptalene- (5) and azulene-1,2-dicarboxylates (6), in an amount of 1.6% tetramethyl (1RS,2RS,5SR,8RS)-tetracyclo[6.2.2.22,501,5]tetradeca-3,6,9,11,13-pentaene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate(‘anti’-7) as a result of a SHOMO (azulene)/LUMO(ADM)-controlled addition of ADM to the seven-membered ring of 1 followed by a Diels-Alder reaction of the so formed tricyclic intermediate 16 (cf. Scheme 3) with a second molecule of ADM. The structure of ‘anti’-7 was confirmed by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Similarly, the thermal reaction of 5,7-dimehtylazulene (3) with excess ADM in decalin at 120° led to the formation of ca. 1% of ‘anti’- 12, the 7,12-dimethyl derivative of‘anti’-7, beside of the corresponding heptalene- 10 and azulene-1,2-dicaboxylated (cf Scheme 2). The introduction of Me groups at C(1)and C(3)of azulene (1) and its 5,7-dimethyl derivative 3 strongly enhance the thermal formation of the corresponding tetracyclic compound. Thus, 1,3-dimethylazulene (2) in the presence of a sevenfold molar excess of ADM at 200° yielded 20% of ‘anti’-9 beside an equal amount of dimethyl 3-mehtylazulene-1,2-dicarboxylate (8;cf. Scheme 1), and 1,3,5,7-tetramethylazulene (4) with a fourfold molar excess of ADM AT 200° gave a yield of 37% of‘anti’-15 beside small amount of the corresponding heptalene- 13 and azulene-1,2-dicarboxylates 14 (cf.Scheme 2).
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The para-substituted tridentate ligands 2,6-bis[1-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]-4′-X-phenyl)-pyridine (X = H: L3; X = NO2: L4; X = NEt2: L5) have been synthesized in six steps using Kröhnke reactions. Spectroscopic results show that the electronic properties of the ligands are strongly influenced by the nature of the substituent bound to the pyridine ring and extended Hückel calculations performed on 4-(X-phenyl)pyridine fragments give a qualitative insight into the factors responsible for the striking differences observed in the absorption spectra. Upon complexation to FeII, the ligands L2-L5 give intensely coloured pseudo-ocatahedral low spin [Fe(Ln)2]2+ (n = 2-5) complexes in acetonitrile solution. Electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements show that the particular electronic characteristics associated with each substituent strongly influence the properties of the resulting FeII complexes as demonstrated by the very intense MLCT transition (∊ 〉 50000 M-1 cm-1) observed in the green complex [Fe(L5)2]2+.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Why Pentose-And Not Hexose-Nucleic Acids? Part III. Oligo(2′,3′-dideoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)nucleotides. (‘Homo-DNA’): Base-Pairing PropertiesSummary in collaboration with Prof. Dr. C. E. Wintner, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041-1392.The paper presents results of a comprehensive investigation on the pairing properties of homo-DNA oligonucleotides, the preparation of which has been described in Part II of this series [2]. The investigation was carried out by using established methods described in the literature for the characterization of oligonucleotides in the natural series, such as determination of melting temperatures of oligonucleotide duplexes by temperature-dependent of melting temperatures, determination of pairing stoichiometry by ratio-dependent UV spectroscopy of binary mixtures of pairing partners, temperature-dependent CD spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions, and - in selected cases - 1H - and31P-NMR spectroscopy.The systematic comparison of the paring properties of homo-DNA oligonucleotides with corresponding DNA nucleotides (up to dodecamers) indicates that homo-DNA is a highly efficient, autonomous, artificial pairing system with a pairing behavior that is in part similar to, but also, in part, strikingly different from, the pairing behavior of DNA. The pairing properties established so far are listed below in a manner that reflects the sequence of subtitles in Chapt.2 of the text; they were determined under the conditions: H2O, 0.15M NaCl, 0.01M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7, oligonucleotide concentrations in the μM range, 1:1 ratio of single strands in the case of non-selfcompementary sequences.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of thiazole and fused thiazolo derivatives 2-4, 6-8, 10a-11b, 13-16 from heterocylic isothiocyanates 1, 5, 9, and 12 bearing an ortho ester group and bifunctional reagents, such as substituted propargylamines, is described. Different regioselectivity of intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the thiourea S-atom on the C ≡ C bond, resulting in the formation of both thiazolo and thiazino derivatives, as well as NMR structure elucidation are discussed.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An N methylated residue at the n - 3 position of the chain was used to reduce the maximum number of H-bonds realizable y some D,L-alternating oligopeptides in β4.4-, ↑↑5.6- and ↑↓5.6-helices and thus increase for the oligopeptides, the relative stability of larger β-helices. With D, L-alternating oligoleucines of the series Boc-Leun-OMe, however, this approach did not produce the helices expected. Although ↑↓7.2-helices with only one free NH per strand would theoretically be possible, the N-methylated oligoleucines formed instead flawed β4.4-helices having three free NH's in CHCl3 as well as in other solvents of low polarity. These observations confirm that the stability of β-helices does not depend only on the number of intra-or interstrand H-bonds, and corroborate the idea that β-helices with large cavities are inherently unstable.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stabilities of Zn complexes of cysteine and histidine have been determined together with those with those of three derivatives of each n which one of their three donor functions (carboxyl, amino, and mercapto and imidazole, respectively) has been blocked. Using potentionmetric titrations of aqueous solutions, the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of all for cysteine- and all four histidine-derived ligands are observed among te various species present (ligands, 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, and protonatd derivatives thereof). All cysteine-derived complexes are more stable than the corresponding histidine-derived complexes by 1-2 orders of magnitude for the 1:1 composition and by 1-6 order of magnitude for the 1:2 composition. For the cysteine series, the sequence of stabilities is cysteine 〉 cysteine ethyl ester ≫ N(α)-acetylcysteine ≫ SMethylcysteine. For the histidine series, the corresponding sequence is histidine 〉 histidine methyl ester 〉 N,N (imidazole)-dimethylhistidine 〉 N(α)-acetylhistidine. The order of stabilities can be explained by the relative strengths of the Zn-S vs. Zn-N coordination, y charge effects, and by chelate ring sizes.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stability constants of the Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, pb2+, and Cd2+ complexes with 1,4,7-triazacylononane-1-acetic acid (noma) were determined at 25° and 0.5M (KNO3) by potentiometric titrations. The species [ML] and [ML(OH)] were found in al cases except for Ni2+, whereas [ML2] was only detected for Cd2+. For the complexes [ML], the order of stability is Mn2+ 〈 Cd2+ 〈 pb2+ 〈 Zn2+ 〈 Zn2+ 〈 Ni2+ 〈 Cu 2+, which is consisten with the Irvin-Williams Series.
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  • 72
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 596-606 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tetrameric Cu(β-diketonate) alkoxide complex [Cu(thd)(OCH2CH2OCH3)]4 (thd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate; 1a) reacts with the alkaline earth metal alkoxides [M(OCH2CH2OCH3)2] (M = Ca, 2a; M = Sr, 2b; M = Ba, 2c) to yield the heteronuclear compounds [Cu2M(thd)3(OCH2CH2OCH3)3] (M = Ca, 6a; M = Sr, 6b). These heterometallic complexes were also obtained in the reaction of 1a and the mixed Ca and Sr complexes of β-diketonate-alkoxide [Mx(thd)y(OCH2CH2OCH3)2x-y] (M = Ca, x = 7, y = 6, 3; M = Sr, x = 5, y = 3, 4), respectively. In comparison, 1a reacts with the analogous [Ba(thd)(OCH2CH2OCH3)] (5a) to yield a[Ba2Cu2(thd)4(OCH3)4(HOCH2CH2OCH3)2] species (8a.) The in situ prepared mixed-ligand Ba Compounds [Ba(thd)OR)] (R = CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3, (5b); R = CH2CH2CH2OCH3 (5c) react with the corresponding Cu complexes [Cu(thd)(OR)]n (R = CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3), n = 4 (1b); R = CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3 (8b); R = CH2CH2CH2OCH3 (8c). However, [Cu(hfd)(OCH2CH2OCH3)]4 (hfd = 1,1,1,5,5,5,-hexafluoroacetylacetonate; 1e) is converted in the presence of 2a-c to the simple metathesis products [M(hfd)2] (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) and [Cu(OCH2CH2OCH3)2]. Crystalline [Ba2Cu2(hfd)2(thd)2(OCH2CH2CH2OCH3)4(HOCH2CH2CH2OCH3)2] (9) was isolated from the reaction of 1a with in situ prepared [Ba((hfd)OCH2CH2CH2OCH3)] (5d) in 2-, methoxyethanol. X-Ray crystallographic structure determinations are reported for 6a, 6b, 8b, and 8c.
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  • 73
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 804-809 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Mechanism of Sequential Radical Cyclization of (Bromomethyl)silyl Ethers of Terpernoid AlcoholsThe cyclic products of the Bu3SnH-promoted radical reaction of (E)-1-[(bromomethyl)dimethylsilyloxy]-2-methylhept-2-ene (6) consists to 98% of a 1:2 mixture of (±)-(4RS,5RS)- and (±)-(4-RS,5SR)-4-butyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1-oxa-2-silacyclohexane (8a and 8b, respectively). It is, therefore, concluded that the 6-‘endo’→5-‘exo’ tandem cyclization of the 5-mehtyl-3-oxa-2-siladeca-5,9-dien-l-yl radical (reaction 1 → 2) is not necessarily a concerted process, but may be explained as a sequence of individual steps via free-radical intermediates.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Mixture of (3S,6R)- and (3R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)dec-9-enyl acetate (1a and 1b, respectively)-1a being a pheromone of the California red scale - is synthesized in 14 steps from (+)-(R)-limonene (4). The key step is the reductive vitamin-B12-catalyzed coupling of (R)-5-(2-iodoethyl)-6-mehtylhept-6-en-2-one ethylene acetal (8) and methyl crotonate (3).
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  • 76
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 884-892 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general way for the functionalization of ribonucleosides is described. The method involves the synthesis of the methyl-ribofuranoside derivative 6 equipped with a linker at the 2-hydroxy group (Scheme 2). After introduction of the nucleic-acid bases under standard conditions (Scheme 3), the resulting β-D-ribonucleosides 8 and 10 are further transformed to derivatives with lipophilic, intercalating, and aminoalkyl residues at the linker moiety. In this way, 2′-modified 5-methyluridines 12, adenosines 13, and 5-methylcytidines 15 and 16 were prepared (Scheme 4).
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  • 77
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1026-1026 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 78
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Labeling experiments provide evidence that the Fe1- and CO1-mediated losses of H2 and 2 H2 from tetraline are extremely specific in that both reactions follow a clear syn-1,2-elimination involving C(1)/C(2) and C(3)/C(4), respectively. In the course of the multi-step reaction, the metal ions do not move from one side of the π-surface to the other. Independent experiments confirm that the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) associated with the loss of the first H2 molecule is indeed larger than the KIE for the elimination of the second H2 molecule.
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  • 79
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The highly active immunosuppressive antibiotic rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of a signal transduction pathway that results in exocytosis and transcription. We report the results of the homo- and heteronuclear NMR experiments of rapamycin in DMSO leading to a complete assignment of the 1H- and 13C-NMR signals. With exception of one CH2 group, all diastereotopic assignments could be achieved using heteronuclear long-range coupling constants. Restrained molecular-dynamics simulation in the same solvent as the NMR experiments led to a well defined conformation of the rapamycin molecule in solution. Differences between the solution and crystal structures are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (o-Hydroxyphenyl)methylphosphonic acids are readily obtained from o-(bromomethyl)- or o-(hydroxymethyl)phenols and trialkyl phosphites. Subsequent hydrolysis leads to the corresponding phosphonic acids. For a series of such compounds, the pKa values have been determined by potentiometry. Their dependence on additional substituents in the aromatic ring is discussed in terms of electronic and steric effects.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 81
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crystalline N-hydroxyamino-acid derivatives 4, readily available from non-chiral acyl chlorides 2 and sultams 1, were treated with aldehydes in the presence of NaBH3CN to give N-alkylhydroxylamines 5. N,O-Hydrogenolysis of 5 and saponification of 6 furnished (S)-N-alkylamino acids 7 in high optical purity. Similarly, (R)-N-alkylamino acids 12 were obtained from the antipodal acylsultams 8.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1231-1250 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A rapid and inexpensive method for the large-scale purification of C60 is the simple filtration of the toluenesoluble extract of commercial fullerene soot through a short plug of charcoal/silica gel with toluene as the eluent. Reactions of C60 with ethyl and tert-butyl diazoacetates in refluxing toluene lead to the formation of the (alkoxycarbonyl)methylene-bridged isomers 1a-3a and 1b-3b, respectively, which can be equilibrated, upon further heating, into the single compounds 1a and 1b, respectively. Isomers 1a/b possess the methano bridge at the 6-6 ring junction, whereas structures 2a/b and 3a/b are bridged at the 6-5 junction. A dramatic influence of local and π-ring current anisotropic effects of the fullerene sphere on the NMR chemical shifts of the methine protons in the bridge is observed: the chemical shifts of the protons located over a pentagon ring in 2a/b and over a hexagon ring in 3a/b differ by Δδ = 3.47 and 3.45 ppm, respectively. The analysis of the 13C-NMR chemical shifts of the bridgehead C-atoms and the 1J(C,H) coupling constants for the methano-bridge atoms reveals conclusively that the 6-5-ring-bridged structures 2a/2b and 3a/3b are π-homoaromatic (‘open’ transannular bond) and the 6-6-ring-bridged structures 1a/b are π-homoaromatic (‘closed’ transannular bond). The electronic absorption spectra show that π-homoconjugation in 2a/b and 3a/b represents a much smaller electronic perturbation of the original C60 chromophore than σ-homoconjugation in 1a/b. The results of this study demonstrate an impressive linkage between the chemistry of methano-bridged annulenes and methano-bridged fullerenes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cigarette beetle pheromone (-)-serricorole (1) has been synthesized in 23% overall yield by an eight-step sequence starting from N-propionylsultam 3. The synthesis features asymmetric anti- and syn-aldolizations 3 → 4 and 8 → 9, a non-destructive N-acylsultam cleavage with lithiated ethylphenylsulfone (10 → 12), and the smooth, Ti-mediated cyclization of β-acyloxy-ketone 2 to dihydropyranone 14.
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  • 84
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 2089-2110 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Pyrolysis of a Triafulvene PrecursorIn view of retro-Diels-Alder reactions (RDA reactions), the triafulvene precursor 3 has been prepared in a simple three-step synthesis by dibromocarbene addition at dibenzo-barrelene (11→12; 44%), halogen-Li exchange followed by methylation (12→14, 100%) and HBr elimination (14→3, 62%) (Scheme 3). Reactivity of the so far unknown bridged 1,1-dibromocyclopropane 12 has been explored, including reductions, allylic rearrangements, and ‘carbene dimerizations’ (Scheme 4). First experiments with respect to the thermal behavior of 3 show that RDA reaction, although occurring in most cases, is not the predominant pathway. When 3 is heated in a sealed tube without solvent, two dimers 26 and 27 are isolated in a total yield of 55% (Scheme 6). On the other hand, gas-phase pyrolysis of 3 at 400° mainly produces rearranged 28 (56%; Scheme 7). It is assumed that bridged trimethylenemethane 29 is an essential intermediate in thermal rearrangements of 3 (Scheme 8).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 85
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 2111-2128 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxidative treatment of anion 11 (obtained by deprotonation of 6,6-dimethylpentafulvene 10, Scheme 3) with CuCl2 gives a very complex mixture of coupling products 13 (18%), 14 (16%), 15 (36%), 16 (5%), and 17 (6%) (Scheme 4 and Table 2). These results show that the reactive intermediate obtained by oxidation of 11 (which is believed to be the fulvenyl radical 12) has several reactive sites. According to the experiments, reactivity is decreasing in the series C(7) 〉 C(2)/C(3) 〉 C(5) 〉 C(1)/C(4) (Table 2), while simple frontier-orbital considerations would suggest the sequence C(7) 〉 C(5) 〉 C(2)/C(3) 〉 C(1)/C(4). The results suggest that SOMO-SOMO interaction of the approaching fulvenyl radicals 12 is the central effect governing regioselectivity and product distribution, while Coulomb and steric interactions are secondary effects (Table 4).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fluxionality of [Ir4(CO)8(μ2-CO)3L] (L = Br-, I-, SCN-, NO2-, P(4-ClC6H4)3, PPh3, P(4-MeOC6H4)3, P(4-Me2NC6H4)3), as studied by 2D-13C-NMR in solution, is due to two successive scrambling processes: the merry-go-round of six basal CO's and CO bridging to alternative faces of the Ir4 tetrahedron. The basicity of the ligand L has no significant effect on the activation parameters. The scrambling process of lowest activation energy in [Ir4(CO)7(μ2-CO)3(PMePh2)2] correspond to the two possible synchronous CO bridging about a unique face of the metal tetrahedron swapping the relative axial and radial positions of the ligands L. The disubstituted clusters [Ir4(CO)10(μ2-L—L)] with one edge-bridging ligand have a ground-state geometry with three edge-bridging CO's (L—L = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, bis(diphenylarsino)methane, bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) or with all terminal CO's (L—L = CH3SCH2SCH3). In all cases, the fluxional process of lowest activation energy in the merry-go-round of six CO's about a unique triangular face. For the P and As donor ligands, this process is followed by the rotation of terminal CO's bonded to two Ir-atoms residing on the mirror plane of the unbridged intermediate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Qualitative conformational analysis of the entirety of conceivable hexo- and pentopyranosyl oligonucleotide systems derived from the diastereoisomeric aldohexoses (CH2O)6 and aldopentoses (CH2O)5 predicts the existence of a variety of pairing systems which have not been experimentally investigated so far. In particular, the analysis foresees the existence of a ribopyranosyl isomer of RNA (‘p-RNA’), containing the phosphodiester linkage between the positions C(4′) and C(2′) of neighboring ribopyranosyl units. Double strands of p-RNA oligonucleotides are expected to have a linear structure and to show purine-pyrimidine and purine-purine (Watson-Crick) pairing comparable in strength to that observed in homo-DNA. Experimentally, synthetic β-D-ribopyranosyl (4′→2′)-oligonucleotides derived from adenine and uracil confirm this prognosis: adenine-uracil pairing in p-RNA duplexes is stronger than in the corresponding RNA duplexes. Importantly, adenine in p-Ribo(A8) does not show (reverse-Hoogsteen) self-pairing, in sharp contrast to its behavior in the homo-DNA series. The sheer existence of strong and selective pairing in a system that is constitutionally isomeric to RNA and can be predicted to have a linear structure has implications for the problem of RNA's origin. In this context, a comprehensive experimental study of the pairing properties of p-RNA, of its potential for constitutional assembly, self-replication, and intra-duplex isomerization to RNA seems mandatory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular structure of a chlorophyll a catabolite isolated from the culture medium of bleached Chlorella protothecoides cells has been determined by X-ray diffraction; the crystal structure shows a distorted helical arrangement of the pyrrole rings and consists of symmetrical dimers located at a crystallographic diad, which are stabilized by six intermolecular H-bonds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and X-ray structure of the binuclear complex tetrakis[(4S)-4-phenyloxazolidin-2-one]-dirhodium(II) ([Rh2{(4S)-phox}4]) are reported. Structure-selectivity comparisons are made for typical metal carbene transformations, such as inter- and intramolecular cyclopropane formation, intermolecular cyclopropene formation and intramolecular C-H insertions of diazoacetates and diazoacetamides. The enantioselectivity achieved in the [Rh2{(4S)-phox}4]-catalyzed reactions is intermediate between that of [Rh2{(5S)-mepy}4] and [Rh2{(4R)-bnox}4], which were described previously (mepy = methyl 5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate; bnox = 4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one). In contrast to other catalyzed intermolecular cyclopropane formations, those using [Rh2{(4S)-phox}4] result preferentially in formation of the cis-cyclopropane.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 2239-2249 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of dicationic PdII-acetonitrile complexes containing bi- and tridentate nitrogen and bidentate phosphine ligands (some of which are chiral) has been prepared as their BF4 salts. The molecular structures for two of these, [Pd(CH3CN)2(bipy)] (BF4)2 (4) and [Pd(CH3CN)((pybox)(i-Pr))] (BF4)2((S,S)-pybox(i-Pr) = 2,6-bis[(S)-4′-isopropyloxazolin-2′-yl]pyridine, 5) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. All of these complexes are shown to be effective homogeneous catalysts for the aldol-type condensation of the isonitrile, methyl isocyanoacetate, with benzaldehyde. Two isonitrile complexes, [Pd(2,2′-bipyridyl)(CNCH2COOCH3)2] (BF4)2 and [Pd((S,S)-pybox(i-Pr))(CNCH2COOCH3)] (BF4)2, have also been prepared.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 91
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 2250-2253 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hetero-Diels-Alder addition of SO2 to (E)-hexa-1,3-diene (4) gives first 6-ethyl-3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxathiin 2-oxide (= 6-ethylsultine) with the Et group occupying a pseudoaxial position, and then the more stable stereoisomer 6 with the Et substituent in a pseudoequatorial position. The SO2 additions to 1-methoxybuta-1,3-diene (7) and to 1-methoxy-3-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]buta-1,3-diene (8) give the 6-methoxysultines 9 and 10, respectively, with the MeO groups in pseudoaxial positions and which do not equilibrate with sultines having pseudoequatorial MeO substituents (anomeric effect). A lower limit of ΔΔG = 3.9 kcal/mol was evaluated at -60° for the stabilizing effect arising from the geminal vicinity of a MeO and sulfinate moiety in 3,6-dihydro-6-methoxy-4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1,2-oxathiin 2-oxide.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: UV Irradiation of (Z)- and (E)-1(10)-unsaturated 5,10-secosteroids 1-4 in acetone solution effected, besides (Z/E)-isomerization, (i) a stereospecific epoxidation (only in the presence of O2), which, depending on the configuration ((Z) or (E)) in the starting steroid, gave cis-epoxides 5 and 8 (from the (Z)-compounds 1 and 3) or trans-epoxides 6,9, and 10 (from the (E)-compounds 2 and 4), and (ii) oxidative acetone addition to the olefinic double bond producing 1-acetonyl derivatives 7 and 11a, b.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 2274-2278 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of [1,5′-3H2]naltrindole (9) with labels at both the morphine skeleton and the indole moiety was carried out by catalytic tritiodehalogenation of 1,5′-dibromonaltrindole (8) resulting in a specific activity of 46.1 Ci/mmol (1705 GBq/mmol). The brominated precursor was prepared by the Fischer indole synthesis starting from 1-bromonaltrexone (7) and (4-bromophenyl)hydrazine.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The three new optically active triamines derived from 2,6-bis(aminomethyl)pyridine, i.e. 2,6-bis{[(2S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}pyridine (3a), 2,6-bis{[(2S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-pyridine (3b), and 2,6-bis{{(2S)-2-[(benzyloxy)methyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl}methyl}pyridine (3c), were synthesized. The equilibrium behaviour in solution and CuII complex formation were studied by acidimetric titration and by UV/VIS and CD measurements. It was found that in aqueous solution, 3a can coordinate one of the CH2OH groups to CuII upon deprotonation. X-Ray crystal structures were determined for the complexes [Cu(3a)Cl]ClO4·H2O, [Cu(3b)Cl]ClO4, and [Cu(3c)Cl]ClO4. In the solid state, coordination of both the OH and the alkoxy groups was observed, and the three ligands are pentacoordinated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Octadienyl carbonates 5 provide cyclic 1,4-dienes 6 when treated with Rh1 complexes (1-10 mol-%) at 80°. Similar cyclization of cyclohexenyl acetate 8 affords cis- fused hexahydroindene 9. Analogous ring closures of nonadienyl carbonate 10 yield preferably the cis-divinypyrrolidine 11 with Rh1 catalysis but the trans-isomer 12 when catalyzed by Pd0. Azaoctadienyl carbonate 5a undergoes elimination with [RhH(PPh3)4] (5 mol-%, 80°) in MeCN giving acyclic triene. 7.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ring-Transformations in the Reaction of 3-(Dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-2H-azirines with 1-Substituted Imidazolidine-2,4,5-trionesReaction of 1-substituted imidazolidine-2,4,5-triones ( = N-substituted parabanic acids; 2) and 3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyl-2H-azirine (1) in i-PrOH or MeCN at room temperature yields 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[3,4-a]imidazole-5,7-diones 3 (Scheme 1). By 15N-NMR studies, using (3-15N)-2a, it has been shown that only N(1) in (15N)-3a is labelled and, hence, N(4) stems from 1, e.g. the azirine reacts via cleavage of the N(1)=C(3) bond. In MeCN at room temperature, the azacyclols 3 rearrange slowly to give monocyclic 2H, 5H-imidazol-2-ones 4 (Scheme 3); the 15N-label in (15N)-4a is in position 1. Both reactions proceed via deep-seated skeletal rearrangements, most probably via ring-expansion/ring-contraction processes.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1729-1738 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Incubation of Spheroplats of Anabaena variabilis (Cyanobacteria) with 22 the 2,6-O-dimetyl-ß-cycoldextrin complex of 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytylhydroquinone (11), revealed the presence of a hitherto unknown enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of th substrate 11 to give enantiomerically pure γ-tocopherol (3) in ≥ 93% yield.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 98
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1715-1728 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of 1,3-Thaiazole-5(4H)-thiones and DiazometaneReaction of 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5(4H)-thiones 1 with diazomethane in Et2O at -78° or 0° leads to a mixture of the corresponding 1,4-dithiane 10,1,3-dithiole 11, thiirane 12, 4,5-dihydro-5methylidene-1,3-thiazole 13, and 1,3-thiazol-5(4H)-one 14 (Scheme 3). The structures of 10a, 11a, and 11bhave been established by X-ray crystallography. The formation of the products can be explained via an intermediate thiocaronyl ylide of type E (Scheme 4), generated by the 1.3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazomethane with the exocyclic C=S bond of 1 and elimination of N2. Head-to-head dimerization of E yields 10, 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition of E and 1 gives the ‘Schönberg product’ 11, and cyclization of E leads to 12, which undergoes a desulfurization to give 13. The thiazolone 141 is formed by hydolysis of E. The similarity of the ratio of the products at -78° and at 0° shows that, in contrast to the reaction of 1 and 2-diazopropane, the elimination of N2 in the primary cycloadduct already occurs at -78°.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3,5,3″,5″-Tetra(tert-butyl)-p-terphenoquinone (12b) was synthesized and characterized by its spectroscopic and X-ray structural data. The ground state of 12b is singlet with a strong contribution of a biradical structure. Paramagnetic derivative of 12b, such as the semiquinone radical anion (12bτ) and its O-protonated form, the phenoxy radical (18), were studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 1752-1758 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel type of compound that contains a peptide specific for bacterial peptidoglycans (immunomodulatory activity) and an adamantyl residue (antiviral activity) was synthesized. Thus, L-Ala-D-γGln was linked to DL-Gly(Ada) yielding two diasteroisomers 3a and 3b, i.e. ambo-Gly(Ada)-L-Ala-D-γGln (γGln = isoglutamine-4-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid; Ada = adamantyl). The diastereoisomers were easily separated by column chromatography (silica gel) and characterized, but only the use of a stereospecific enzyme led to the assignment of the configuration of the Gly(Ada) moiety in the two diastereoisomers. The cytotoxic effect and antiviral activity of the novel adamantyltripeptides 3a and 3b, observed as the cell survival and the infectivity reduction of the influenza A virus H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, were studied on MDCK cells in vitro. Both 3a and 3b exhibited low cytotoxicity for MDCK cells and reduced the infectivity of the influenza A virus strains, but to a different extent on different Strain.
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