Bibliothek

Ihre E-Mail wurde erfolgreich gesendet. Bitte prüfen Sie Ihren Maileingang.

Leider ist ein Fehler beim E-Mail-Versand aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut.

Vorgang fortführen?

Exportieren
Filter
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (1.744)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 1920-1924
  • 1820-1829
  • 1997  (1.744)
  • Organic Chemistry  (824)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (441)
  • Chemical Engineering  (418)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
  • Electron microscopy
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (1.744)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • +
Jahr
Schlagwörter
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 425-437 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Olfactory receptor cells ; Olfactory bulbectomy ; Olfactory axotomy ; Electrophysiology ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This study investigated whether contact with the olfactory bulb was necessary for developing and renewing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to attain normal odorant responsiveness, and whether the anatomical and functional recoveries of the olfactory epithelium were similar in both bulbectomized (BE) and bilaterally axotomized (AX) preparations. In vivo electrophysiological recordings were obtained in response to amino acids, a bile acid [taurolithocholic acid sulfate(TLCS)] and a pheromonal odorant [17α, 20β,-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P)] from sexually immature goldfish. Both transmission and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the olfactory epithelium degenerated in BE and AX goldfish. Within 1–2 weeks subsequent to the respective surgeries, responses to high concentrations (〉0.1 mmol · l−1) of the more stimulatory amino acids remained, whereas responses were no longer obtainable to TLCS and 17,20P. At 4 weeks, responses to amino acid stimuli recovered to control levels, while responses to TLCS and 17,20P were minimal. By 7 weeks post bilateral axotomy, the olfactory epithelium recovered to a condition similar to control sensory epithelium; however, the rate of degeneration and proliferation of receptor neurons in BE preparations appeared to remain in balance, thus blocking further recovery of the olfactory epithelium. At 7 weeks post surgery, odorant responses of AX and BE goldfish to TLCS and 17,20P were still recovering.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma ; Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia ; Surfactant apoprotein ; Urine protein 1 ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  We used immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to evaluate the differentiation of cells comprising atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH; n = 26), early bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma (BAC; n = 11), and overt BAC (n = 16), which are assumed to constitute a continuous spectrum of developmental steps of BAC. Surfactant apoprotein (SAP), a marker for type 2 alveolar cells, was expressed in cells from all the lesions of AAH, early BAC, and overt BAC. However, the proportion of SAP-positive cells decreased and their distribution became more heterogeneous with advancing lesion grade. Urine protein 1, which is identical to the Clara cell-specific 10 kDa protein, was expressed in 70% of overt BAC, whereas only 20% of early BAC showed weak reactivity and none of AAH lesions showed any reactivity at all. Ultrastructurally, type 2 alveolar cell differentiation was predominant among cells from AAH and early BAC. Our results suggest that precursor cells of BAC differentiate predominantly towards type 2 alveolar cells. Cells comprising overt BAC retain this differentiation phenotype, but to a reduced extent. In contrast, concomitantly with progression, cells with Clara cell differentiation emerge and their proportion increases. Such phenotypic changes may reflect metaplasia occurring in tumour cells during the development of BAC.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Adenovirus ; Liver pathology ; Electron microscopy ; AIDS
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Adenovirus-induced liver necrosis is rare. Before the era of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) this entity was seen predominantly in infants suffering from inborn immunodeficiency syndromes or from iatrogenic immunosuppression because of bone marrow or liver transplantation. Here, we report a case of a 30-year-old woman with AIDS who developed fever and rapidly progressing liver failure. A frozen section from a needle biopsy of the liver allowed a quick diagnosis of viral liver necrosis. The light-microscopic and electron microscopic aspects were typical of adenovirus infection and should be known to the surgical pathologist. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and DNA hybridization analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Astrocytes ; Alzheimer-type dementia ; Electron microscopy ; Glial fibrillary tangles ; Tau protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This report concerns pathological astrocytic tubular structures (astrocytic tubules, As-Tbs) that coexist with glial filaments in astrocytic processes in brains with presenile-onset Alzheimer-type dementia. The formation of As-Tbs appears to be related to the duration of disease and the intensity of Alzheimer histopathology. In three cases in which the disease was of extremely long duration, As-Tbs were found in the frontal and temporal neocortices, the temporal pole and the hippocampus using electron microscopy, whereas they were not found in two cases with a long, but not extremely long, illness duration. As-Tbs were almost exclusively found in the highly devastated neuropil, and we could not find them in regions of moderate neuronal degeneration despite intensive inspection. As reported previously, some As-Tbs was seen adjacent to extracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and in perivascular astrocytes. Our novel finding is that they can exist independently from these, in the highly devastated neuropil. Two types of As-Tbs were observed, twisted tubules with periodic constrictions at 50- to 80-nm intervals and non-twisted tubules where no constrictions were seen but which had a 15-nm fuzzy outer contour. They were positively stained by anti-human tau antibody, an antibody that does not recognize extracellular NFTs. Thus, it is most likely that As-Tbs are not the sequestration of extracellular NFTs, and that they are of astrocytic origin. Moreover, As-Tbs showed argyrophilia. As-Tbs appear indistinguishable from dystrophic neurites under the light microscope. The present data suggest that they may be more widely distributed in the damaged cerebral neuropil than previously thought.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 378-387 
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pinus sylvestris (L.) ; Electron microscopy ; Heavy metals ; Multi-stress-symptoms ; SO2
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Injuries to needles of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in nutrient-poor soils on the Kola Peninsula collected in April 1991 were studied on a gradient of increasing distances (10 – 115 km) from the Monchegorsk nickel smelter, Russia, which emits SO2, Ni and Cu. The condition of the mesophyll cells was quantified from needles of the two latest age classes using a light and an electron microscope. The damage to the ultrastructure consisted of multistress symptoms caused by excess sulphur, heavy metals, frost, acidic precipitation and ozone. Injuries were most commonly manifested in the form of dark, irregularly shaped chloroplasts with protrusions and light thylakoids and plastoglobuli. These symptoms gradually disappeared with increasing distance and decreasing deposition rate. Concentrations of sulphur, copper and nickel decreased towards more distant sites where normal levels of the latter two elements were reached. Sulphur concentrations remained above background throughout the distance gradient. In the closest plots to the smelter area, cell collapse under the stomata and epidermis related to acute SO2 and heavy metal effects was found, whereas further away symptoms were more diverse, pointing towards the effects of ozone, acidic deposition and thereby decreased frost tolerance. The additive multistress symptoms were clearly seen in the area up to 40 km from the smelter where needle Cu concentration was above 110 ppm, Ni concentration above 39 ppm and S concentration above 1343 ppm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words CADASIL ; Electron microscopy ; Granular osmiophilic material ; αB crystallin ; Heat ; shock proteins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a non-arterio-atherosclerotic, non-amyloidotic arteriopathy affecting preferentially the small arteries and arterioles of the brain. The morphologic hallmark is the presence of a characteristic granular alteration of the arterial media that ultrastructurally corresponds to the accumulation of electron-dense material surrounding the smooth muscle cells. Although the presence of this granular osmiophilic material (GOM) was originally described as limited to brain vessels, identical electron microscopic findings have been demonstrated in the media of peripheral tissue arteries, allowing for a pathologic diagnosis of the disease by a simple skin, muscle or nerve biopsy. We report some atypical features identified in our CADASIL patients that broaden the phenotypic expression of this disease. Firstly, we identified a cortical infarct in an otherwise typical CADASIL patient. Secondly, we observed GOM in skin arteries of a 30-year-old man with hemiplegic migraine, the son of a woman who had died with CADASIL. This confirms that it may be possible to diagnose the disease at a preclinical stage by the ultrastructural evaluation of peripheral tissue biopsy material, particularly for individuals for whom there is a supporting family history. Thirdly, ultrastructural examination of the skin, and subcutaneous and striated muscle of an unrelated and apparently sporadic patient with neuropathologic and neuroradiologic evidence of CADASIL in meningeal and cerebral vessels failed to reveal diagnostic lesions in peripheral arteries. Thus, the possibility of a false-negative pathologic diagnosis in patients with a clinicoradiologic diagnosis of CADASIL, if one relies solely on a peripheral tissue biopsy, does exist. Additionally, we have identified heat shock proteins (Hsp70 and αB crystallin) and ubiquitin in the vascular myocytes of affected arteries. αB crystallin also seemed to be deposited extracellularly, which suggests that GOM also might be immunoreactive for αB crystallin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 289 (1997), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Atopic dermatitis ; Peripheral nerve ;   ; Electron microscopy ; Protein gene product ; Substance P
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The density and fine structure of the peripheral nerve system in various skin lesions of 64 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) was quantitatively analyzed by immunohistochemical staining with antibodies directed against protein gene product (PGP) and substance P (SP). The density of PGP-positive peripheral nerves was 2.5 × 10 3 μm 2 /Δs (Δs = 0.24 mm 2 selected area) in early acute lesions, 3.8 × 10 3 μm 2 /Δs in subacute lesions, 4.9 × 10 3 μm 2 /Δs in lichenified lesions and 7.1 × 10 3 μm 2 /Δs in prurigo lesions of AD. The density of nerve fibers in subacute, lichenified and prurigo lesions was significantly higher than in uninvolved skin of AD patients (2.0 × 10 3 μm 2 /Δs). Electron microscopically, bulging of axons with many mitochondria and a loss of their surrounding sheath of Schwann cells suggests that the free nerve endings in skin lesions of AD are in an active state of excitation. Many pinocytotic vesicles in the periphery of basal keratinocytes facing nerve endings which contained many neurovesicles suggests reciprocal effects between keratinocytes and nerve endings. The number of SP-positive nerve fibers in AD lesions was far less than one-tenth of the number of PGP-positive nerve fibers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 206 (1997), S. 503-514 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Preimplantation mouse embryo ; Brefeldin-A ; Monensin ; Golgi ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The intracellular trafficking of integral membrane and secreted proteins is likely to be a key element involved in the morphogenesis and differentiation of the early mammalian embryo. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyse the effects of brefeldin-A (BFA) and monensin, well known inhibitors of vesicular protein trafficking in somatic cells, on the structure of preimplantation mouse embryos. Both BFA and monensin distinctively altered the morphology of Golgi compartments in the blastomeres of treated morulae. BFA-treated morulae lacked recognizable Golgi complexes but possessed heterogeneous organelle clusters consisting of an abundance of smooth tubular and vesicular membrane compartments in addition to mitochondria, endosomes and lysosomes. Treatment of morulae with monensin was associated with swelling of Golgi compartments in addition to altering the morphology of mitochondria, lysosomes and the plasma membrane. BFA, and to a lesser extent monensin, inhibited cytokinesis as evidenced by the detection of binucleate blastomeres. In addition, BFA induced morulae to decompact. These latter effects have not been reported previously for these agents in mammalian somatic cell lines or other vertebrate or invertebrate embryos. These results provide the first demonstration of the structural effects of BFA and monensin on cells of the early mammalian embryo, some of which are consistent with the known actions of these agents on components of the vesicular protein trafficking system in mammalian somatic cells. This information serves as a foundation for the further use of these agents in studies of vesicular protein trafficking as an agent of preimplantation morphogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 18 (1997), S. 419-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Gangliozytom ; Gangliogliom ; Hypophysenadenom ; Immunhistologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Key words Gangliocytoma ; Ganglioglioma ; Pituitary adenoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Gangliocytomas or gangliogliomas of the sellar region are very rare tumors. In a great proportion of those cases an adenoma of the anterior pituitary develops from the cell type that is hyperstimulated by the releasing hormone produced from the gangliocytoma. Five GHRH secreting gangliocytomas are reported. Four of these were localized adjacent to a GH secreting adenoma. In one case, no adenoma tissue was found beside the ganglicytoma. As only the adenomas can secrete GH, the adenomas and not the gangliocytomas are directly responsible for acromegaly so that such an adenoma has to be present in cases of acromegaly. A CRH secreting gangliocytoma was combined with an ACTH cell adenoma that had induced Cushing’s disease. A ganglioglioma of the posterior pituitary had led to an inappropriate secretion of Vasopressin. The morphology of the different tumors is presented.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Intraselläre Gangliozytome/Gangliogliome sind sehr seltene Tumoren, die in einem Großteil der Fälle ein Hypophysenadenom aus dem Zelltyp heraus entstehen lassen, der durch das gebildete Releasinghormon überstimuliert wird. Es wird über 5 GHRH-bildende Gangliozytome berichtet, von denen 4 einem STH-bildenden Hypophysenadenom benachbart waren. Ein Fall enthielt keine Adenomanteile. Diese müssen in Anbetracht der klinisch vorhandenen Akromegalie aber vorhanden sein, da nur das jeweilige Adenom, nicht aber die Gangliozytome für die Überfunktion unmittelbar verantwortlich sind. Ein CRH-bildendes Gangliozytom war mit einem zum Morbus Cushing führenden ACTH-Zelladenom kombiniert. Ein Gangliogliom des Hinterlappens hatte zu einer inadäquaten Vasopressinsekretion Anlaß gegeben. Die Morphologie der Tumoren wird dargelegt.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Synapse ; Axo-axonic synaptic contacts ; Trigeminal motor nucleus ; Immunogold ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Electron-microscopic immunolabelling methods were used to study the relationships between glutamate-immunoreactive and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive synapses on trigeminal motoneurones labelled by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Serial sections were cut through the motor nucleus, alternate sections were incubated with antibodies to glutamate and GABA, and the immunopositive nerve terminal profiles were recognized using a quantitative, postembedding immunogold method. Boutons exhibiting high levels of glutamate immunoreactivity and GABA-immunoreactive boutons both formed axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synaptic contacts on labelled motoneurones. Boutons strongly immunopositive for glutamate were not immunopositive for GABA, and vice versa. Strongly glutamate immunoreactive boutons received axo-axonic synaptic contacts but did not form such contacts, while GABA-immunoreactive boutons formed axo-axonic synapses but did not receive them. The presynaptic elements at all axo-axonic synapses on to glutamate-immunoreactive boutons sampled were GABA-immunopositive. These data provide ultrastructural evidence in support of the roles of glutamate and GABA as transmitters at synapses on trigeminal motoneurones, and for presynaptic control of transmission at glutamatergic synapses by GABA acting at receptors at axo-axonic synapses. The vast majority (more than 90%) of strongly glutamate immunoreactive boutons contained spherical synaptic vesicles, in contrast to GABA-immunoreactive boutons, which contained pleomorphic vesicles. Most of the glutamate-immunoreactive boutons (67%) formed asymmetrical synaptic active zones, many of which (47% of total) were associated with subsynaptic dense ”Taxi” bodies (T-terminals), while a smaller population of boutons (21%) formed symmetrical synapses, and a few (11%) made synapses associated with subsynaptic cisternae (C-terminals). The heterogeneity of active zone ultrastructure of boutons identified as being glutamatergic on the basis of their high levels of immunolabelling is discussed in relation to possible differences in co-transmitters released, origins of the synaptic input or post-synaptic receptor subtypes activated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 261 (1997), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Ehlers-Danlos type III ; Pregnancy ; Electron microscopy ; Prenatal diagnosis ; Premature rupture of membranes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. We report a case of type III Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with a favourable outcome. We review the literature and do not consider that pregnancy in patients with type III Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome represents a high risk situation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Naevus of Ota ; Q-switched alexandrite laser ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Melanocytes in the naevus of Ota were destroyed by irradiation using the Q-switched alexandrite laser. This laser is highly selective and highly absorbed by melanosomes. Other cells and tissue components of the dermis remained almost intact. Melanosomes were vaporized or fragmented to subelectron microscopical size, or degenerated. If the irradiated energy was sufficient, melanocytes vanished and large vacuoles several times the size of dermal melanocytes formed at the sites. If it was too weak, dermal melanocytes were also vaporized, but vacuoles formed within them. Nuclei were no longer discernible. Following irradiation macrophages infiltrated the irradiated areas and scavenged degenerated melanosomes and cellular debris. Thus, discoloration of the skin was markedly reduced. Although a few melanocytes and melanophages remained, pigmentation cleared to a satisfactory level. Melanocytes and keratinocytes were also injured in the epidermis; however, the epidermis recovered completely. No scarring was observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Intracardiac neurones ; Innervation ; Heart ; Neuropeptide Y ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague Dawley) ; Guinea-pig (Dunkin Hartley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Intrinsic neuropeptide Y-containing neurones in rat and guinea-pig hearts were studied at the ultrastructural level by the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique. Intracardiac neuronal cell bodies were often weakly or moderately immunostained, and the labelling was usually pronounced in the Golgi complex, multivesicular bodies, some cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum and large granular vesicles. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibres were also observed in association with intracardiac neurones. A subpopulation of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive granule-containing cells in the rat heart are described for the first time and were very heavily labelled; other granule-containing cells were non-immunoreactive, but were contacted by neuropeptide Y-containing nerves. Preterminal regions of nerve fibres that were located in nerve bundles were only weakly neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive, in contrast to the heavy labelling observed in varicosities that contained many synaptic vesicles. Many neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibres were associated with the coronary vasculature and were particularly prominent in the walls of small arteries and arterioles where labelled nerve varicosities were present close to the smooth muscle cells. Immunoreactive nerves were also seen in the myocardium, usually near to capillaries. In axonal varicosities, the central core of large granular vesicles was immunolabelled, and electron-dense immunoreactive material outlined the membranes of small and large clear vesicles. The significance of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive intracardiac neurones and granule-containing cells and the origin of associated labelled nerve fibres in the heart are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Quinolinic acid ; Interferon-γ ; Kynurenine ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Excitotoxicity ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract.  Quinolinate (QUIN), a tryptophan-derived excitotoxin, was localized ultrastructurally in human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages (MØ) by immuno-electron microscopy. A combined carbodiimide/glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde-based fixation procedure was developed for optimal retention of QUIN in the cell as well as minimal loss of ultrastructure; a silver-enhanced colloidal gold detection system was used for electron-microscopic analysis. Gold particles representing QUIN immunoreactivity were associated with the inner side of the plasma membrane in normal MØ. The number of gold particles increased significantly when QUIN levels were elevated by treatment with its precursor kynurenine, but location of the gold particles remained essentially the same under this condition. Treatment with interferon-γ increased the number of Golgi bodies, vacuoles and pseudopodia, reflecting the activated state of the cell. Significantly increased numbers of gold particles representing QUIN were detectable in approximately the same location as in the case of kynurenine treatment. Combined treatment with kynurenine and interferon-γ maximally increased the number of gold particles at the periphery of the cell. The pseudopodia were intensely stained with gold particles, while they were not detectable in the inner part of the cytoplasm or in any other organelle even under this activated condition. The significance of the specific location of QUIN revealed in the present study and its relation to the release and subsequent actions of QUIN are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 517-526 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Neuromuscular junction ; Synaptic vesicles ; Vesicle fusion ; Electron microscopy ; Callinectes sapidus (Crustacea)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Neuromuscular terminals of a single motoneuron to four muscles (CPV7a, GM5a, CV2, and CV3) in the stomach of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus showed structural evidence for the exocytotic release of dense-core vesicles exclusively at synapses. The primary evidence was the appearance of dense cores in the synaptic cleft, accompanied by indentations of the presynaptic or postsynaptic membrane. In their simplest form, these consisted of an omega-shaped figure of the presynaptic membrane enclosing one dense core, denoting release of a single dense-core vesicle. A larger indentation of the presynaptic membrane enclosing several dense cores denoted multiple release. A more complex form of multiple release was where the presynaptic membrane was normal, but the postsynaptic membrane elaborated into a sac projecting into the granular sarcoplasm and filled with dense cores. The postsynaptic sac in some instances was compressed into a thin, fingerlike extension, which lacked dense cores and, at its distal end, separated into small cisternae, suggesting a mechanism for membrane recycling. Profiles depicting single and multiple releases of dense-core vesicles were found more frequently at neuromuscular terminals that release relatively large amounts of transmitter with a single stimulus, such as CV2 and CV3, compared to those releasing smaller amounts, such as CPV7a and GM5a. The disparity in release sites among the four muscles of this single motor unit and the fact that many of the multiple-release figures were closely adjacent to the active zones for transmitter release suggest a possible modulatory role for dense-core vesicles in synaptic transmission. Such modulation may be long lasting, as implied by the postsynaptic sacs, which may permit prolonged release of the contents of their dense cores into the synaptic cleft. This is in keeping with the functional role of these stomach muscles, which is to be continuously active for long periods of time.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Parietal eye ; Pineal organ ; Retina ; Glutamate ; Aspartate ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Lacerta muralis ; Lacerta agilis ; Lacerta viridis (Lacertilia)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The fine structure of the organ and the localization of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate were studied in the parietal eye of lizards by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy. The parietal eye contains cone photoreceptor cells, secondary neurons, and ependymal and lens cells. The photoreceptors form long inner and outer segments, some of them being paired as ”twin-photoreceptors” by zonulae adherentes. Perikarya of neurons bear sensory cilia (containing 9×2+0 pairs of tubules) extending into the intercellular space. No neurohormonal terminals are present in the parietal eye. A higher immunoreactivity to glutamate than to aspartate is found in the photoreceptors and in the secondary neurons of the parietal eye. Glutamate immunogold labeling is more intense in the axonal processes of photoreceptors and neurons and in most of the nerve fibers of the parietal nerve running to the brain stem. Weak aspartate and glutamate immunoreactivity can be detected in the ependymal and lens cells. A similar distribution of immunoreactive amino acids is found in the photoreceptors, secondary neurons, and ependymal glial elements of the pineal organ, and retina of the lateral eye of the same animals. Immunoreactive glutamate accumulates in the axons of photoreceptors and secondary neurons of the parietal eye suggesting that this excitatory amino acid acts as a synaptic mediator in the neural efferentation of the organ. Thus, the efferent light-conducting pathway of the parietal organ is similar to that of the pineal organ and lateral eye retina. As the Mullerian cells of the retina, the ependymal and lens cells of the parietal eye and the ependymal-glial cells of the pineal organ may play a role in the metabolism and/or elimination of excitatory amino acids released by photoreceptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Liver ; Subcellular fractions ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. This study, utilizing rats subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy or sham operation, was designed (1) to investigate the content of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the subcellular fractions of regenerating and sham-operated rat livers by immunoblot experiments and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (2) to show that bFGF immunoreactivity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity are markers for hepatocellular mitosis before and after partial hepatectomy, and (3) to observe the location and fine structure of the bFGF immunoreaction within the regenerating liver with special attention to bFGF immunoreactivity in the nuclei of regenerating hepatocytes. Immunoblot experiments and ELISA showed a transient increase in high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in the nuclear subcellular fraction of regenerating liver 48 h after partial hepatectomy. By light microscopy, bFGF and PCNA immunoreactivities were detected in the nuclei of regenerating hepatocytes. Electron microscopy demonstrated bFGF-like immunoreactivity mainly in the nuclear euchromatin and rarely in the heterochromatin or nucleoli of regenerating hepatocytes. The transient increase in high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in the nuclear euchromatin of regenerating hepatocytes, together with the concomitant expression of PCNA in the regenerating liver, suggests an important role of the high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in hepatocyte proliferation and/or mitosis, although authentic bFGF with a molecular form of 18 kDa is not considered to be involved in hepatic regeneration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 200 (1997), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; Contractile vacuole ; Electron microscopy ; Videomicroscopy ; Osmoregulation ; Osmoregulatory mutants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Four independent osmoregulatory mutants,osml, osm3,osm4, and osm7, were isolated on the basis of their requirement for growth medium of high osmotic strength. In normal low-osmoticstrength medium, in contrast to wild-type cells, the mutants grow poorly or not at all; in distilled water mutant cells are immobilized and eventually swell and burst. The mutants were examined by ordinary brightfield and phase-contrast microscopy, videomicroscopy, and electron microscopy. The four mutants showed different defects in the contractile vacuole (CV) cycle. Timing of various stages of the CV cycle showed thatosm1 was affected primarily in the early stage of the cycle when the CV begins to grow,osm3 primarily in midcycle when vacuoles fuse to form the CV proper,osm7 at a late stage of the cycle at docking and fusion of the CV with the plasma membrane, andosm4 during contraction of the CV. At the electron microscopic level, in dilute medium, mutant cells by comparison with wild-type cells had large autophagosomes, swollen mitochondria, and dilated ER cisternae. Although electron microscopy showed general abnormalities of the contractile vacuoles consistent with the videomicroscopic observations of living cells, no obvious vacuole membrane abnormalities were seen which would explain the mutational defects. The mutations help define the separate processes that contribute to the coordinated CV cycle inChlamydomonas, and open the way to eventual isolation of some of the genes responsible for CV function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 198 (1997), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; Contractile vacuole ; Osmoregulation ; Videomicroscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The contractile vacuole (CV) cycle ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii has been investigated by videomicroscopy and electron microscopy. Correlation of the two kinds of observation indicates that the total cycle (15 s under the hypo-osmotic conditions used for videomicroscopy) can be divided into early, middle, and late stages. In the early stage (early diastole, about 3 s long) numerous small vesicles about 70–120 nm in diameter are present. In the middle stage (mid-diastole, about 6 s long), the vesicles appear to fuse with one another to form the contractile vacuole proper. In the late stage (late diastole, also about 6 s long), the CV increases in diameter by the continued fusion of small vesicles with the vacuole, and makes contact with the plasma membrane. The CV then rapidly decreases in size (systole, about 0.2 s). In isosmotic media, CVs do not appear to be functioning; under these conditions, the CV regions contain numerous small vesicles typical of the earliest stage of diastole. Fine structure observations have provided no evidence for a two-component CV system such as has been observed in some other cell types. Electron microscopy of cryofixed and freeze-substituted cells suggests that the irregularity of the profiles of larger vesicles and vacuoles and some other morphological details seen in conventionally fixed cells may be shrinkage artefacts. This study thus defines some of the membrane events in the normal contractile vacuole cycle ofChlamydomonas, and provides a morphological and temporal basis for the study of membrane fusion and fluid transport across membranes in a cell favorable for genetic analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 20
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Electron microscopy ; UV-induced cell damage ; Photoreceptor ; Eye ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A technique that allows the specific inactivation of short-wavelength-sensitive photoreceptive cells has been needed for a long time. Such a technique could be useful in studies on the role(s) of UV-receptors in circadian rhythmicity, recognition of floral patterns, homing behaviour, and mate selection in arthropods. We provide ultrastructural evidence that short-wavelength receptor cells can be selectively damaged without affecting other spectral-cell types. Since the method does not require the killing of the experimental animal, the latter can be used in behavioural or other follow-up tests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Paranasal sinus mucosa ; Collagen type VII ; Subepithelial connective tissue ; Electron microscopy ; Immunofluorescence microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The morphology of the mucosa from the human paranasal sinuses was investigated by electron microscopy. A total of 27 specimens was taken from 11 patients following midfacial fractures. All tissue samples were biopsied during surgery after informed consent had been given. In accordance with light microscopic investigations, the mucosa represented a highly prismatic epithelium consisting of kinocilia-carrying and mucus-producing (goblet) cells. Other cell types, such as those occurring in the respiratory epithelium of other areas, could not be demonstrated. Electron microscopic and immunomorphological investigations revealed collagen type VII beneath the lamina densa of the basal lamina. According to findings obtained to date, this collagen type accompanies only a multilayered epithelium. Another peculiarity was the small number of basophils and eosinophils. Pronounced acute reactions of the mucosa in this area cannot be expected, which is in contrast to that of the nasal mucosa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Electron microscopy ; Inner ear ; Utricle ; Cholesteatoma ; Acoustic neuroma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The morphological characteristics of the vestibular sensory cells of the macula utriculi obtained during surgery in a patient with a petrous apex cholesteatoma were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Findings were compared to cells studied in a patient with acoustic neuroma. Scanning electron microscopy showed that compared to the apparently normal cells in the acoustic neuroma case, most sensory cells in the cholesteatoma case had large cuticular plates, irregular locations of cilia and no clear polarizations. Supporting cells showed profuse short microvilli on the whole surface. With transmission electron photomicrographs, type I hair cells were not seen and certain morphological changes were observed in type-1I-like cells and supporting cells. We presume that the degenerative changes in the vestibular epithelia were due to circulatory disturbances and/or direct pressure applied to the vestibular nerve at the internal auditory canal, with subsequent involvement of the macula utriculi.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 396-400 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Guinea pig hair cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Sound transduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity has been detected previously in the mammalian cochlea at a light microscopic level. Here we present results of electron microscopic analysis for post-embedding immunoreactivity of neural-type NOS I in the cochlea of the guinea pig. Strong enzyme immunoreactivity was identified in the cytoplasm of inner and outer hair cells. Gold-labeled NOS I antibodies were mainly located in electron-dense areas of the cytoplasm, whereas electron-lucent regions of the receptor cells were nearly free from any immunoreactivity. In both types of hair cells anti-NOS I antibodies were also visible in the cuticular plates, hair bundles and nuclei. Further ultrastructural analysis revealed that the submembranous cisternae of the outer hair cells were nearly free from any reaction product, demonstrating that the whole cytoplasm of this hair cell was not immunoreactive. Other NOS I immunoreactivity was identified in the cuticular plates of the inner and outer pillar cells and in the cytoskeletal elements located in the apical parts of Deiter cells, forming the lamina reticularis or in cytoskeletal-containing regions in basal Deiter cells. Anti-NOS antibodies were visible in the nuclei of various cell types. Our findings suggest that nitric oxide produced by NO I synthase in the organ of Corti may act as a modulator of hair cell physiology during the processes of signal transduction with frequence selectivity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 196-199 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma ; Ultrastructure ; Myofibroblast ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Twenty-eight cases of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma were studied immunohistochemically for cytoskeletal phenotyping of stromal cells. Electron microscopy was also used to study the ultrastructure of five of the tumors. All typical stromal cells showed intensive immunostaining for vimentin, but were negative for smooth muscle actin and desmin. Ultrastructurally, most of these cells appeared to be exclusively fibroblasts. However, in some areas stromal cells were seen that morphologically resembled myofibroblasts by their shapes and arrangement, and were characterized by the coexpression of vimentin and smooth muscle actin. Electron microscopy confirmed their myofibroblastic nature. The present study showed that the typical stromal cells in nasopharyngeal angiofibromas were fibroblasts and not myofibroblasts. In these tumors myofibroblasts occurred only focally, in connection with fibrotic areas and exclusively as a vimentin+/actin+ cytoskeletal phenotype. This indicates that myofibroblasts are not primary stromal tumor cells in nasopharyngeal angiofibromas, but occur due to regressive changes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 43-58 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Two new enantioselective syntheses of the naphthopyranquinone antibiotic frenolicin B (1), of its enantiomer 2, and of its diastereoisomers 3 and 4 were accomplished using two different routes from optically active β-Hydroxy esters (R)- and (S)-11 and 18. β-Hydroxy esters (R)- and (S)-11 were prepared stereoselectively from optically active sulfenylacetates (S)- and (R)-10, respectively (Scheme 2, Method A). Alternatively, compound 18 was obtained in excellent yield by enantioselective hydrogenation of the corresponding β-keto ester 17, using a chiral ruthenium-complex catalyst (Scheme 3, Method B). Subsequently, compounds (S)-11 and 18 were transformed into frenolicin B (1). In analogy, Stereoisomers 2-4 were prepared from (S)- and (R)-11 in good yields.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 73-85 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 2′-deoxyisoguanosine phosphonates 3a and 4a and the phosphoramidites 3b and 4b were prepared as building blocks for solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. The diphenylcarbamoyl (dpc) residue was introduced as 2-oxo protecting group which stabilizes the N-glycosylic bond against hydrolysis and prevents the molecule from side reactions. The dpc-protected building blocks 4a, b were employed in solid-phase synthesis and were found to be much more efficient than the unprotected compounds 3a, b. Oligonucleotides with alternating (11) or consecutive isoguanine residues (13-15) were synthesized. They form duplexes with parallel chain orientation. The aggregate d(T4-iG4-T4) (15) containing four consecutive 2′-deoxyisoguanosine is shown to be a tetramer similar to that of d(T4-G4-T4).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 27
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Khusimone (1), one of the main odor-donating compounds of vetiver oil is subject of the following study on structure/odor relationship. The omittance of the ethano bridge of the tricyclic khusimone leads to a bicyclic system. The stereoselective approach to this degraded structure is described, and the olfactory properties are studied. The key step of the synthesis of the hydrindane nucleus is based on a highly diastereoselective conjugate addition to a chiral oxo-cyclopentene-2-carboxylate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 28
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The (2-dansylethoxy)carbonyl (= {2-{[5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-l-yl]sulfonyl}ethoxy}carbonyl; dnseoc) group was employed for protection of the amino functions of the aglycone residues. The lactam function of 2′-deoxyguanosine was on the one hand unprotected and on the other hand alkylated at O6 of the aglycone with the 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl (npe) and 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl (pse) group, respectively. The syntheses of monomeric building blocks, both phosphoramidites and nucleoside- functionalized supports, are described for the three common 2′-deoxynucleosides (2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-deoxyguanosine). As kinetic studies with the tritylated nucleosides showed, the dnseoc group is more labile towards DBU cleavage than the corresponding 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl-(npe) and [2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl(npeoc)-protected analogues (see Table 2). These results were confirmed by the very fast deprotection rate of the dnseoc groups at some oligonucleotides.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The absolute configuration of 3-methylpyrrolidine alkaloids isolated from the poison gland of ants Leptothoracini was determined as (3R). The enantiomeric separation by chiral gas chromatography and unambiguous structural assignment of the target compounds are described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 317-318 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 253-266 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis of π-substituted heptalenecarboxylates or -dicarboxylates, starting with the easily available dimethyl 9-isopropyl-1, 6-dimethylheptalene-4, 5-dicarboxylate (2b), are described. Treatment of 2b with t-BuOK and C2Cl6 at -78° leads to the chemoselective introduction of a Cl substituent in Me-C(1) (see 5b in Scheme 1). Formation of the corresponding triphenylphosphonium salt 7b via the iodide 6b (Scheme 2) allowed a Wittig reaction with cinnamaldehyde in the two-phase system CH2Cl2/2N NaOH. Transformation of the 4, 5-dicar-boxylate of 2b into the corresponding pseudo-ester 10b allowed the selective reduction of the carbonyl function at C(4) with DIBAH to yield the corresponding 4-carbaldehyde 11b (Scheme 3). Wittig reaction of 11b with (benzyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide led to the introduction of the 4-phenylbuta-1, 3-dienyl substituent at C(4). The combination of both Wittig reactions led to the synthesis of the 1, 4-bis(4-phenylbuta-1, 3-dienyl)-substituted heptalene-5-carboxylate (all-E)-17b (Scheme 5). In a similar manner, by applying a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, followed by the Wittig reaction, the donor-acceptor substituted heptalene-5-carboxylate (E;E)-22b was synthesized (Scheme7). Most of these new heptalenes are in solution, at room temperature, in thermal equilibrium with their double-bond shifted (DBS) isomers. In the case of (all-E)-17b and (E;E)-22b, irradiation of the thermal equilibrium mixture with light of λ -(439 ± 10) nm led to a strong preponderance ( 〉 90%) of the DBS isomers 17a and (E;E)-22a, respectively (Schemes 6 and 7). Heating of the photo-mixtures at 40° re-established quickly the thermal equilibrium mixtures. Heptalenes-carboxylates (all-E)-17a and (E;E)-22a which represent the off-state of a 1,4-conjugative switch (CS) system show typical heptalene UV/VIS spectra with a bathochromically shifted heptalene band III and comparably weak heptalene bands II and I which appear only as shoulders (Figs. 4 and 5). In contrast, the DBS isomers (all-E)-17b and (all-E)-22b, equivalent to the on-state of a 1,4-CS system, exhibit extremely intense heptalene bands I and, possibly, II which appear as a broad absorption band at 440 and 445 nm, respectively, thus indicating that the CSs (all-E)-17a⇌(all-E)-17b and (E;E)-22a⇌(E;E)-22b are perfectly working.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 32
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Configurational and Conformational Isomeric Antiaromatic [28]Tetraoxaporphyrinoids(4.2.4.2) and Aromatic [26]Tetraoxaporphyrin(4.2.4.2) Dications. A New Type of Molecular Dynamics in Macrocyclic SystemsThe [28]tetraoxaporphyrinoids(4.2.4.2) 6 are synthesized by cyclizing Wittig reaction of (E, E)-5, 5′-(buta-1, 3-diene-1, 4-diyl)bis[furan-2-carbaldehyde] (8) with (E, E)-{(buta-1, 3-diene-diyl)bis[(furan-5, 2-diyl)methylene]}bis-[triphenylphosphonium] dibromide (9) and 3, 3′-{[(E)-ethene-1, 2-diyl]bis(furan-5, 2-diyl)}bis[(E)-prop-2-enal] (22) with (E)-{(ethene-1, 2-diyl)bis[(furan-5.2- diy)methylene]}bis[triphenylphosphonium] dibromide (23). An alternative path to get 6 is the McMurry condensation of 8. Four different configurational isomers of 6 could be isolated and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The (Z, EE, Z, EE)-isomer 6a is the first macrocyclic system where the inner and outer protons of the (E, E)-dienediyl bridges exchange by rotation around the adjacent single bonds. In the (Z, EE, E, EE)-isomer 6b, the (E)-ethenediyl bridge is rotationally active, while in the (E, ZE, E, EZ)-isomer 6c and in the (E, EZ, E, EZ)-isomer 6e, the rotation of both (E)-ethenediyl bridges is observed. When in the dynamic systems the rotation of the active (E)-double bonds at temperatures T 〈 -90° is frozen, all configurational isomers of 6 appear to be antiaromatic and paratropic. The oxidation of the [28]tetraoxaporphyrinoids 6c and 6e with DDQ yields the aromatic, diatropic [26]tetraoxaporphyrin(4.2.4.2) dications 21e/21e′ both with (E, EZ, E, EZ)-configuration but different fixed conformations. (Z, EE, Z, EE)-Isomer 6a is oxidized to give the (Z, EE, Z, EE)-dication 21a, while the oxidation of 6b yields a mixture of 21a and 21e/21e′. The standard formation enthalpies of the obtained and expected [28]tetraoxaporphyrinoids 6 and [26]tetraoxaporphyrin dications 21 have been calculated with the AM1 method, showing good accordance with the experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 414-420 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis of substituted cyclododeca-1,6-diallenes.( = cyclododeca-1,2,6,7-tetraenes) from cyclododeca-5,11-diyne-1,4-diols is described (Schemes 1 and 3). The ca. 1:1 mixtures of the stereoisomers of the cyclododeca-1,6-diallenes were formed in high yields from the ca. 1:1 diastereoisomer mixtures of the 1,4-disubstituted cyclododeca-5,11-diynes by reactions with Me2CuLi or t-BuMgCl/CuII. In mechanistically relevant experiments with the pure diastereoisomers of 1,4-dimethylcyclododeca-5,11-diyne-1,4-diol, it is demonstrated that the configuration is conserved in these reactions. The first synthesis of a 1-substituted cyclododeca-2,8-diyne bearing only one propargylic leaving group gives access to a mixed 12-membered allen-yne (Scheme 5).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 449-462 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This study was designed to unravel lipophilicity changes associated with the oxidation state of the S-atom in model compounds, drugs, and metabolites, special attention being given both to intermolecular and intramolecular effects. The methods used were experimental (potentiometry, CPC, and shake-flask techniques to measure lipophilicity, 13C-NMR spectroscopy to investigate tautomeric equilibria) and computational (quenched molecular dynamics and molecular lipophilicity potential). Simple, monofunctional model compounds were used to assess intermolecular forces, as revealed by the Δlog Poct-alk and Δlog Poct-chf parameters. Drugs and their metabolites proved to be good probes to study intramolecular effects in both neutral and anionic forms, as revealed by the difference between calculated and experimental log Poct values (the diff(log Pexp-calc) parameter). Sulindac and its metabolites showed a normal partitioning behavior, whereas the lipophilicity of sulfmpyrazone and its metabolites' was markedly affected by tautomeric and conformational equilibria.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 35
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis of (E)-hex-3-ene-l, 5-diynes and 3-methylidenepenta-1, 4-diynes with pendant methano[60]-fullerene moieties as precursors to C60-substituted poly(triacetylenes) (PTAs, Fig. 1) and expanded radialenes (Fig. 2) is described. The Bingel reaction of diethyl (E)-2, 3-dialkynylbut-2-ene-1, 4-diyl bis(2-bromopropane-dioates) 5 and 6 with two C60 molecules (Scheme 2) afforded the monomeric, silyl-protected PTA precursors 9 and 10 which, however, could not be effectively desilylated (Scheme 4). Also formed during the synthesis of 9 and 10, as well as during the reaction of C60 with thedesilylated analogue 16 (Scheme 5), were the macrocyclic products 11, 12, and 17, respectively, resulting from double Bingel addition to one C-sphere. Rigorous analysis revealed that this novel macrocyclization reaction proceeds with complete regio- and diastereoselectivity. The second approach to a suitable PTA monomer attempted N, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC)-mediated esterification of (E)-2, 3-diethynylbut-2-ene-l, 4-diol (18, Scheme 6) with mono-esterified methanofullerene-dicarboxylic acid 23; however, this synthesis yielded only the corresponding decarboxylated methanofullerene-carboxylic ester 27 (Scheme 7). To prevent decarboxylation, a spacer was inserted between the reacting carboxylic-acid moiety and the methane C-atom in carboxymethyl ethyl 1, 2-methano[60]fullerene-61, 61-dicarboxylate (28, Scheme 8), and DCC-mediated esterification with diol 18 afforded PTA monomer 32 in good yield. The formation of a suitable monomeric precursor 38 to C60-substituted expanded radialenes was achieved in 5 steps starting from dihydroxyacetone (Schemes 9 and 10), with the final step consisting of the DCC-mediated esterification of 28 with 2-[1-ethynyl(prop-2-ynylidene)]propane-1, 3-diol (33). The first mixed C60-C70 fullerene derivative 49, consisting of two methano[60]fullerenes attached to a methano[70]fullerene, was also prepared and fully characterized (Scheme 13). The Cs-symmetrical hybrid compound was obtained by DCC-mediated esterification of bis[2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)ethyl] 1, 2-methano[70]fullerene-71, 71-dicarboxylate (46) with an excess of the C60-carboxylic acid 28. The presence of two different fullerenes in the same molecule was reflected by its UV/VIS spectrum, which displayed the characteristic absorption bands of both the C70 and C60 mono-adducts, but at the same time indicated no electronic interaction between the different fullerene moieties. Cyclic voltammetry showed two reversible reduction steps for 49, and comparison with the corresponding C70 and C60 mono-adducts 46 and 30 indicated that the three fullerenes in the composite fullerene compound behave as independent redox centers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 36
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By the tether-directed remote functionalization method, a series of bis- to hexakis-adducts of C60, i.e., 1-7 (Fig. 1), had previously been prepared with high regioselectivity. An efficient method for the removal of the tether-reactive-group conjugate was now developed and its utility demonstrated in the regioselective synthesis of bis- to tetrakis(methano)fullerenes ( = di- to tetracyclopropafullerenes-C60-Ih) 9-11 starting from 4, 5, and 7, respectively (Schemes 2, 4, and 5). This versatile protocol consists of a 1O2 ene reaction with the two cyclohexene rings in the starting materials, reduction of the formed mixture of isomeric allylic hydroperoxides to the corresponding alcohols, acid-promoted elimination of H2O to cyclohexa-1,3-dienes, Diels-Alder addition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, retro-Diels-Alder addition, and, ultimately, transesterification. In the series 9-11, all methano moieties are attached along an equatorial belt of the fullerene. Starting from C2v-symmetrical tetrakis-adduct 15, transesterification with dodecan-1-ol or octan-1-ol yielded the octaesters 16 and 17, respectively, as noncrystalline fullerene derivatives (Scheme 3). The X-ray crystal structure of a CHCl3 solvate of 11 (Fig. 3) showed that the residual conjugated π-chromophore of the C-sphere is reduced to two tetrabenzopyracylene substructures connected by four biphenyl-type bonds (Fig. 5). In the eight six-membered rings surrounding the two pyracylene (= cyclopent[fg]acenaphthylene) moieties, 6-6 and 6-5 bond-length alteration (0.05 Å) was reduced by ca. 0.01 Å as compared to the free C60 skeleton (0.06 Å) (Fig. 4). The crystal packing (Fig. 6) revealed short contacts between Cl-atoms of the solvent molecule and sp2- and sp3-C-atoms of the C-sphere, as well as short contacts between Cl-atoms and O-atoms of the EtOOC groups attached to the methano moieties of 11. The physical properties and chemical reactivity of compounds 1-11 were comprehensively investigated as a function of degree and pattern of addition and the nature of the addends. Methods applied to this study were UV/VIS (Figs. 7-11), IR, and NMR spectroscopy (Table 2), cyclic (CV) and steady-state (SSV) voltammetry (Table 1), calculations of the energies of the lowest uunoccupied mmolecular orbitals (LUMOs) and electron affinities (Figs. 12 and 13), and evaluation of chemical reactivity in competition experiments. It was found that the properties of the fullerene derivatives were not only affected by the degree and pattern of addition but also, in a remarkable way, by the nature of the addends (methano vs. but-2-ene-1, 4-diyl) anellated to the C-sphere. Attachment of multiple thano moieties along an equatorial belt as in the series 8-11 induces only a small perturbation of the original fullerene π-chromophore. In general, with increasing attenuation of the conjugated fullerene π-chromophore, the optical (HOMO-LUMO) gap in the UV/VIS spectrum is shifted to higher energy, the number of reversible one-electron reductions decreases, and the first reduction potential becomes increasingly negative, the computed LUMO energy increases and the electron affinity decreases, and the reactivity of the fullerene towards nucleophiles and carbenes and as dienophile in cycloadditions decreases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 37
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Crystal and solution structures of the enantiomerically pure and the racemic pairs of (η3-allyl) {2-[2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-4-phenyloxazole}palladium(II) hexafluorophosphates (1, and rac-1, resp.) and tetraphenylborates (2, and rac-2, resp.) as well as (η3-allyl){2-[2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-4-isopropyloxazole}palladium(II) tetraphenylborate (3) were characterized by X-ray crystallography and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. In the solid state, rac-1 and rac-2 proved to be disordered with both diastereoisomeric complexes in the crystal. The complexes 2 and 3 exist only in the ‘exo’ form. The X-ray structures show that the [PdII(η3-allyl)] moiety may adopt different configurations between a nearly symmetrical three-electron PdII(π3-allyl) system and an asymmetrical allyl group with a η1- and a η2-bonding to the metal center. The [PdII(η3-allyl)] system of rac-1 and of ‘endo’ rac-2 is closer to the former, and that of 2, ‘exo’-rac-2, and 3 closer to the later geometry. The 1H-NMR spectra of the hexafluorophosphates 1 and rac-1 show two sets of signals of the allylic protons in an ‘exo’/‘endo’ ratio of 2:3. The tetraphenylborates 2, rac-2, and 3 give only one set of broad signals of the allylic protons.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 38
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ‘Acetyleno-oligosaccharides’ in which two terminal ethynyl substituents enclose an angle (significantly) below 180° are building blocks for the preparation of cyclodextrin analogues. This is illustrated by the preparation of a cyclotrimer and a cyclotetramer; the C3-symmetrical cyclotrimer 18 (Scheme 1) was synthesized in 13 steps (7.7%) and the C4-symmetrical cyclotetramer 51 (Scheme 3) in 14 steps (4.3%) from the known dialkyne 21. The solubilities of 18 and 51 in H2O were determined by gravimetry; a saturated solution is 130 mM in the trimer 18 and 12.8 mM in the tetramer 51. The dependence of the optical rotation of 18 and 51 in H2O on the concentration, and the concentration dependence of the 1H-NMR chemical shift of the signals of the 1CH groups of 51 (D2O) suggest that there is no significant self-association of 18 and 51.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 39
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The chiral biyclic bis-lactams of structures 3 and 4 were synthesized from the key intermediate 2′b, the N,N′-bis(4-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2 (X = MeO) (Scheme 6). The synthesis of this intermediate involved two key steps: (1) a double condensation of glyoxylic acid/anisamide (= oxoacetic acid/4-methoxybenzamide) adduct 11c with veratrole (1,2-dimethoxybenzene; 10) allowed the introduction of two glycine units at the 4,5-positions of the veratrole ring to give 18c (Schemes 3 and 4); (2) in order to circumvent the hydrolysis of 4-methoxybenzoyl protective groups which proved to be unfeasible, these groups were transformed into 4-methoxybenzyl groups through a sequence involving thiocarbonylation followed by reduction (Scheme 5). Thereafter, the double intramolecular cyclization of the resulting diamino diester 22c proceeded easily to afford 2′b. This intermediate may be transformed via the tetrol 2′g or the diol 2′h into the N-protected derivatives of 2 (X = OR) and of 3 (X = OCOR). Cleavage of the 4-alkuxybenzyl groups was achieved by ceric ammonium nitrate. However, when the aromatic ring bore ether functions (N-protected 2), this normal reaction was accompanied by the oxidative ring cleavage to give the diene-diester structure 4 (Schemes 5 and 6).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 40
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The kinetics of the Cu2+ complexation by macrocycles 1 (4-[(l,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradec-1-yl)methyl]-benzoic acid) and 2 (N-propyl-4-[(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradec-1-yl)methyl]-benzamide) as well as by macrocycle 1 conjugated to bovine serum albumin (bsa) and to ribonuclease A (rnase) were studied by stopped flow techniques. For 1 and 2, the kinetics were followed in the mM range monitoring the d-d* absorption band of the Cu2+ complex. From the pH dependence of kobs, the rate law is v = [Cu2+] (kLH[LH] + kLH2[LH2]), where kLH and kLK2 are the bimolecular rate constants for Cu2+ with the diprotonated (LH2) and monoprotonated (LH1) form of the ligand, respectively. The values are kLH2 = 1.7(1) M-1s-1 and kLH = 2.3(1) 105 M-1s-1 for 1, and kLH2, = 0.28(9) M-1s-1 and kLH = 2.0(1) 105 M-1s-1 for 2. The kinetics of the Cu2+ incorporation into 1,2 and 1 conjugated to bsa and rnase, i.e., 3 and 4, respectively, were also followed using nitroso-R salt as a metal indicator in the μM range, i.e., under conditions typical for the ‘post-labeling’ technique to give radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. In these cases, the reaction takes place between the 1:1 complex of Cu2+ with nitroso-R-salt and the macrocycle. At pH 6.5, the rates are very similar to each other indicating that the complexation properties of the macrocycle attached to a protein are not very different from those of the free ligand under comparable conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 41
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis of a variety of hydroxylactams from ω-phthalimidoalkanoates using a triplet-sensitized photodecarboxylation reaction initiated by intramolecular photo electron transfer is described. Ring sizes available by this method span from 4 (benzazepine-1,5-dione 7) to 26 (cyclodipeptide 26e). Ground-state template formation is proposed as the explanation for the high efficiency of this reaction and for the decrease in reactivity in the presence of organic bases instead of metal carbonates. The crucial step in this macrocyclization reaction seems to be the protonation of the intermediary ketyl radials (Scheme 4). Spacer groups investigated were alkyl chains (C3-C11: 5c-h, 11a, 12), ether (16, 18), ester (20, 22), and amide (26a-f) linkages. Within the detection limits, no dimeric (= decarboxylative coupling) products were observed, indicating the high preference for intra-vs. intermolecular photoelectron transfer. The C,C radical combination step proceeds with low stereoselectivity (cf, products 11 and 12) in contrast to comparable singlet reactions. Except for the lactones 22, all products were stable under the photolysis conditions. Prolonged irradiation of 22 led to the formation of the spiro compounds 23, probably via an intermediary acyliminium betaine (Scheme 8). One serious limitation of the decarboxylative macrocyclization is its incompatibility with the glycine spacer (as in 27a and 27b), probably the consequence of a strong intramolecular H-bond (Scheme 10).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 988-988 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1513-1527 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A novel tricyclic dipeptide template, formally derived by coupling (2S,4S)-4-aminoproline (Pro(NH2)) and (S)-2-(carboxymethyl)proline (Pro(CH2COOH)) as a diketopiperazine, has been synthesized in a form suitable for solid-phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc chemistry. This template was incorporated into the cyclic molecule cyclo(-Ala1-Asn2-Pro3-Asn4-Ala5-Ala6-Temp-) (Temp = template), whose conformation in H2O was studied by NMR methods. Average solution structures derived by restrained simulated annealing point to a highly populated βI-turn within the Asn-Pro-Asn-Ala motif and also indicate which conformations are likely to be preferred by the template.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 44
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The syntheses of both diastereoisomers of 5′-ethyl-substituted thymidine dimers, the (5′R)- and (5′S)-configurated 33a and 33b respectively, in which the natural phosphodiester linkage is replaced by an amide group (C(3′)-CH2CONH-CH(5′)(Et)), arc described. Their fully protected derivatives 35a and 35b, respectively, are suitable for incorporation into antisense oligonucleotides. Unexpectedly, an attempted PdII-catalysed aza-Claisen rearrangement of trichloroacetimidate 7 provided the diastereoisomerically pure cyclopropane derivative 17, whose structure was confirmed by X-ray analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1627-1638 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: New Pathways to Precursors of PentalenePentalene dimers 2 and 3 are easily available in moderate yields by CuCl2-induced oxidative coupling of dilithium-pentalenediide (5) (Scheme 1). On the other hand, NBS bromination of 1,5-dihydropentalene (4) or of 1,2-dihydropentalene (8) gives unstable 1-bromo-1,2-dihydropentalene (9), while subsequent in-situ elimination with Et3N exclusively gives syn-cis-pentalene dimer 2 in moderate yields (Scheme 3). NMR-Spectroscopic evidence for compounds 2, 3, and 9 is presented, and mechanistic alternatives for the formation of pentalene dimers 2 and 3 are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1144-1152 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Four new iridoid glucosides 1-4, named blumeosides A-D, were isolated from the methanolic stem-bark extract of Fagraea blumei G. DON. (Loganiaceae). They were accompanied by the benzyl-alcohol derivative di-O-methylcrenatin (5) and the flavone C-glucoside swertisin (6). The structures of 1-4 were established by spectroscopic methods, including FAB-MS, and 1H- and 13C-NMR, and by alkaline hydrolysis. Blumeosides A (1) and C (3) are 10-O-(2,5-dihydroxytercphthalo) adoxosidic acid and 10-O-(2-hydroxyterephthalo)adoxosidic acid, respectively. In blumeosides B (4) and D (2), both carboxylic groups of the terephthalic-acid moiety are esterified by adoxosidic-acid units, Blumeosides A-D (1-4) inhibited bleaching of crocin induced by alkoxyl radicals. Blumeosides A (1) and D (2) also demonstrated scavenging properties towards the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hvdrazvl (CDPPH) radical in TLC autographic and spectrophotometric assays.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1176-1182 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The kinetic model of column chromatography is revisited to explicitly show that this approach yields, when neglecting axial dispersion, a rather simple analytical expression depending only on two dimensionless parameters, namely a dimensionless kinetic retention parameter and a dimensionless time parameter. An expression for the time corresponding to the maximum of the peak is also proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 49
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The αv/β3 integrin is implicated in human tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. It has been shown that structures of the sequence cyclo(-Arg1-Gly2-Asp3-D-Phe4-Xaa5-) (I) and cyclo(-Arg1-Gly2-Asp3-Phe4-D-Xaa5-) (II) bind with high affinity and the latter with high selectivity to this receptor. The residues Xaa and D-Xaa accept a broad variety of amino acids. Here, we report on the synthesis, activities, and conformational analysis of cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides containing liophilic amino acids Xaa or D-Xaa in position 5. For I, these were (2S)-2-aminohexadecanoic acid (Ahd) and N′-hexadecylglycine (Hd-Gly) and in II, D-Ahd and Hd-Gly, and, for control purposes, Ahd were incorporated (Fig. 1). The enantiomerically pure a-amino acids were obtained by non-enantioselective synthesis and subsequent enzymatic separation of isomers using acylase I (Scheme). Hd-Gly was prepared in a modified procedure according to Stewart from ethyl bromoacetate and hexadecylamine (Scheme). The synthesis and physicochemical properties of the corresponding (9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl (Fmoc) derivatives, compatible with solid-phase peptide synthesis, are described. Structure elucidation by NMR reveals that the lipid modification has no significant impact on the template structures when incorporated into them. For peptides I with Xaa = Ahd or Hd-Gly (1 or 2), a βII′/γ-turn-like arrangement with D-Phe in i+1 position of the β-turn is found. Peptides II with D-Xaa = D-Ahd or Hd-Gly (3 or 4) exhibit a βII′/γ-turn conformation with Gly in i+1 position of the β-turn, whereas II with Ahd instead of D-Xaa, i.e., lacking a D-amino acid in position 4 or 5 (5). adopts no defined conformation. However, in assays of receptor specificity employing human αvv/β3 integrin, the compounds exhibit IC50 values ranging from nanomolar to less than millimolar. These results indicate that although the arrangement of the pharmacophoric groups is preserved in the target compounds, the biological activity is highly dependent on spatial requirements of the lipid anchor in the receptor binding pocket. Obviously, only certain positions do not affect the binding.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 50
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The conformational analysis of naturally occurring cytostatic cyclic heptapeptides axinastatin 2, 3, and 4 was carried out by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy in combination with distance-geometry (DG) and molecular-dynamics (MD) calculations in explicit solvents. The synthesized secondary metabolites were examined in (D6)DMSO. Axinastatin 2 was also investigated in CD3OH. In all structures, Pro2 is in the i + 1 position of a βI turn and Pro6 occupies the i + 2 position of a βVIa turn about the cis amide bond between residue 5 and Pro6. In all peptides, a bifurcated H-bond occurs between residue 4 CO and the amide protons of residue 1 and 7. For axinastatin 2 and 3, an Asn Ig turn was found about Asn1 and Pro2. We compared these structures with conformations of cyclic heptapeptides obtained by X-ray and NMR studies. A β-bulge motif with two β turns and one bifurcated H-bond is found as the dominating backbone conformation of cyclic all-L-heptapeptides. Axinastatin 2, 3, and 4 can be characterized by six trans and one cis amide bond resulting in a β/βVI(a)-turn motif, a conformation found for many cyclic heptapeptides. Detailed biological tests of the synthetic compounds in different human cancer cell lines indicates these axinastatins to be inactive or of low activity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 51
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In the presence of activating agents, the N-acylglycine 8 reacts with electrophilic alkynes via the münchnone9 to the pyrrolopyridines (= indolizines) 10, 18, and 19 (Scheme 1 ), Depending on the nature of the activating agent and the reaction temperature, the formation of the pyrroles was accompanied by partial epimerization to the manna-configurated epimers 16 and 17. The gluco-configurated pyrrolopyridine 10 was deprotected to 12. Silylation of 12, followed by reduction and desilylation, gave the hexol 15. Cycloaddition of 9 to 4-toluenesulfonyl cyanide yielded 53% of the imidazole 23, while cycloaddition to phenyl cyanate gave the phenoxyimidazole 28 in low yields only (Scheme 2). As expected, the deprotected pyrroles 12, 15, 20, and 21 are weak inhibitors of retaining β-glucosidases, while the deprotected imidazole 24 derived from 23 proved a good inhibitor of sweet-almond β-glucosidases and a powerful inhibitor of Caldocellum saccharolyticum β-glucosidase.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 52
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrrolizidines (= octahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindoles) and tetrahydrobenzo[a]indo-lizidines, (= decahydropyrido[2,1-a]isoindoles) were prepared stereoselectively in four steps through an amineinduced ring-opening of 3-bromo-2,5-dimethylthiophene 1,1-dioxide (1) with L-prolinol (9), piperidine-2-methanol (10), and piperidine-2-ethanol (11), yielding the dienes (2S)-1-[(2E,4Z)-4-bromohexa-2,4-dienyl]pyrrolidine-2-methanol (12), 1-[(2E,4Z)-4-bromohexa-2,4-dienyl]piperidine-2-methanol (13), and 1-[(2E,4Z)-4-bromo-hexa-2,4-dienyl]piperidine-2-ethanol (14; Scheme2), which, after conversion into their α,β-unsaturated esters, cyclized in a TiCl4-catalyzed intramolecular Diets-Alder reaction (Scheme3). A discussion on the mechanism of the ring opening reaction including semiempirical and ab initio calculations is also presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 53
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The X-ray crystal-structure analyses of two N-enoyl-toluenesultam derivatives 1 are reported. The structural differences with their bornanesultam analogues 2 as well as stereochemical aspects with respect to their [4 + 2] and [3 + 2] cycloadditions are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 2066-2072 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Boophiline (1), a new sterol amide was isolated from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Ixodidae). The structure was assigned as N-[3-(sulfooxy)-25ξcholest-5-en-26-oyl]-L-isoleucine by detailed 2D NMR investigations in conjunction with FAB mass spectrometry and acidic hydrolyses. Complete assignment of the diastereotopic methylene protons of the ring system could be deduced from the NMR data. In agar dilution assays, 1 exhibited antifungal properties against Cladosporium cucumerinum and antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 2112-2123 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The classical rules for Cope rearrangements predict a transition state with chair form to be favored over the boat form. On the other hand, bridged homotropylidenes, which allow only a boat-form transition state by steric reasons, have extremely low barriers. A controversy about the correct pathway and the different possible intermediates and transition states of the reaction has gone on for years. In this work, the hypersurfaces of barbaralane, in comparison with the boat- and chair-form of hexa-1,5-diene, are computed by the ab inito CASSCF (6,6)/6-31G** method starting with UMP2/6-31G** natural orbitals (NO's). All three hypersurfaces show characteristic features, and, moreover differ from each other. A hitherto undiscussed intermediate, bicyclo[2.2.0]hexane, was localized on the boat-hexa-1,5-diene pathway. So it is noteworthy that our transition state for the boat-hexa-1,5-diene does not correspond to the transition states found by other authors for this conformation. The computed enthalpies of activation of boat- and chair-hexa-1,5-diene, and barbaralane are in good agreement with the experimental data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 56
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: As one of the regulatory gene products in the HIV-1 genome, Rev protein must be translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to exert its function. Therefore, inhibition of Rev protein translocation could be a useful target for HIV therapy. An extract from the Streptomyces strain A92-308902 with very potent inhibitory activity was found in the course of a high throughput screening with a Rev translocation assay (RTA). Bioassay-guided fractionation with gel filtration, normal-phase and reversed-phase chromatography yielded six RTA-active metabolites belonging to the leptomycin family, the known leptomycin A (1), leptomycin B (2), kazusamycin B (3), and kazusamycin A (4). and the hitherto unknown dilactonmycin (5) and delactonmycin (6), together with an inactive cyclic hexadepsipeptide L-156,620 (7). The structures were established mainly by spectroscopic methods (UV, FT-IR, FAB-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR(JMOD), DQ-COSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). The configuration of all C=C bonds of 1-6 was unambiguously established by analysis of coupling constants and ROESY spectra. All isolated leptomycins 1-6 inhibit Rev translocation at nanomolar concentrations. Six derivatives (2a-c and 4a-c) of leptomycin B (2) and kazusamycin A (4) were also prepared and tested in the RTA for preliminary investigations on structure-activity relationships.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 2204-2214 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The olefins mentioned in the title were copolymerized with CO in the presence of palladium catalysts modified with dicyclohexyl{(R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl}phosphine. Productivities up to 95 g/(gPd · h) were achieved. The obtained copolymers were recovered in the pure, regio- und stereoregular polyketone structures3. The isotactic poly[2-benzyl-1-oxopropane-1,3-diyl] (3a) and its analogues 3b, c were found to isomerize to the corresponding spirocyclic poly[3-(arylmethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2,2-5,5-tetrayl-2-oxy-2-methylene]s 4 in a suspension in CHC13, thus indicating that the spiroketal structure is thermodynamically the most stable for these copolymers. However, the atactic material did not undergo any structural transformation. These results show that regularity at the centers of chirality in the main chain is a prerequisite for the conversion of the polyketone to the spiroketal structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 58
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Methyl 2-acetyl-3-{[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]amino}prop-2-enoate (4) and phenyl-methyl 2-acetyl-3-{[2-(dimethylamino)-1(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]amino}prop-2-enoate (5) were prepared in three steps from the corresponding acetoacetic esters, and used as reagents for the preparation of N3-protected 3-amino-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones 10-12, 5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one 13, 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]-pyridin-4-one 19 and 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones 20-23. Free 3-amino-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones 24-26 were prepared from 10-12 by removal of the 2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-oxobut-1-enyl or 3-oxo-2-[(phenyl-methoxy)carbonyl]but-1-envl as N-protecting group by various methods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 59
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Cyclophanes 3 and 4 were prepared as initiator cores for the construction of dendrophanes (dendritic cydophanes) 1 and 2, respectively, which mimic recognition sites buried in globular proteins. The tetra-oxy[6.1.6.1]paracyclophane 3 was prepared by a short three-step route (Scheme 1) and possesses a cavity binding site shaped by two diphenylmethane units suitable for the inclusion of flat aromatic substrates such as benzene and naphthalene derivatives as was shown by 1H-NMR binding titrations in basic D2O phosphate buffer (Table 1). The larger cyclophane 4, shaped by two wider naphthyl(phenyl)methane spacers, was prepared in a longer, ten-step synthesis (Scheme 2) which included as a key intermediate the tetrabromocyclophane 5. 1H-NMR Binding studies in basic borate buffer in D2O/CD3OD demonstrated that 4 is an efficient steroid receptor. In a series of steroids (Table 1), complexation strength decreased with increasing substrate polarity and increasing number of polar substituents; in addition, electrostatic repulsion between carboxylate residues of host and guest also affected the binding affinity strongly. The conformationally flexible tetrabromocyclophane 5 displayed a pronounced tendency to form solid-state inclusion compounds of defined stoichiometry, which were analyzed by X-ray crystallography (Fig. 2). 1,2-Dichloroethane formed a cavity inclusion complex 5a with 1:1 stoichiometry, while in the 1:3 inclusion compound 5b with benzene, one guest is fully buried in the macrocyclic cavity and two others are positioned in channels between the Cyclophanes in the crystal lattice. In the 1:2 inclusion compound 5c, two toluene molecules penetrate with their aromatic rings the macrocyclic cavity from opposite sides in an antiparallel fashion. On the other hand, p-xylene (= 1,4-dimethylbenzene) in the 1:1 compound 5d is sandwiched between the cyclophane molecules with its two Me groups penetrating the cavities of the two macrocycles. In the 1:2 inclusion compound 5e with tetralin (= 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), both host and guest are statically disordered. The shape of the macrocycle in 5a-e depends strongly on the nature of the guest (Fig. 4). Characteristic for these compounds is the pronounced tendency of 5 to undergo regular stacking and to form channels for guest inclusion; these channels can infinitely extend across the macrocyclic cavities (Fig. 6) or in the crystal lattice between neighboring cyclophane stacks (Fig. 5). Also, the crystal lattice of 5c displays a remarkable zig-zag pattern of short Br…O contacts between neighboring macrocycles (Fig. 7).
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 60
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Photolysis and Ag-benzoate-catalyzed decomposition of the diazo ketones 2 and 4 derived from Z-Ala-OH and Z-Ala-Ala-OH in the presence of oligonucleotide derivatives bearing at the 5′-terminus an NH2 instead of the OH group, or an aminohexyl phosphate group lead to Z-protected 3-aminobutanoyl and to Z-Ala-β-HAla derivatives, respectively (conjugates 12, 13, and 17-23, Schemes 3-5), In solution, this amide-forming acylation reaction could be realized only with oligomers containing up to 8 unprotected nucleotide building blocks (Schemes 3 and 4). With the analogous polymer-bound and protected oligonucleotide derivatives as amino nucleophiles, excellent yields were obtained with all chain lengths tested (up to 15mer Scheme 5), The products were purified by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Figs. 2-4, Table 2) and by capillary gel electrophoresis (Fig.2).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 61
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We describe a versatile novel approach for the synthesis of 2, 4, 6-trisubstituted pyrimidines on solid support. Thus, polymer-boun J thiouronium salt 2 reacted in high yield in a cyclocondensation reaction with the acetylenic ketones 3 to form, after tert-butyl-ester cleavage, the polymer-bound carboxylic acids 4, which were cleaved by oxidation with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid and pyrrolidine to form the 2-pyrrolidinylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acids 6a-c in high yields and purities without further purification (Scheme 1). Alternatively, acid 4a was subjected to an Ugi four-component condensation which gave the polymer-bound Ugi products 9a-e in good yields (Scheme 2). Multidirectional cleavage reaction of sulfone 8a with different nucleophiles resulted in the clean formation of pyrimidine-4-carboxamides 10-13 (Scheme 3). This strategy combines efficiently solid-phase chemistry with a multicomponent reaction and a multidirectional cleavage step to form highly diverse pyrimidines in a parallel array.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 62
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The title compounds 4 are obtained by photolysis of simple N-alkylpyridinium salts in H2O or alcohol. On reaction with [Fe2(CO)9] in THF, 4 gives bicyclic tricarbonyliron complexes 13a-d, which on oxidative decomplexation with ceric ammonium nitrate afford cis-fused cyclopenteno-β-lactams 15a-d.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 63
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The first crystal structure of a molybdenum complex 9 with a hydrogenated pterin and a sulfur ligand contributes to the discussion about the active center of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes containing a molybdopterin cofactor. Complex 9 was synthesized through a redox reaction of [MoVIO2 (LN-S2)] (8; LN-S2 = pyridine-2, 6-bis(methanethiolato)) with 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydropterin (7). 2 HCl (H4Ptr.2 HCl). The complex crystallizes, with a non-coordinating Cl-atom acting as a counterion, in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with cell dimensions a = 22.900(5), b = 10.716(2), c = 17.551(4) Å, β = 120.36(3)°, and Z = 8. We interpret 9 as [MoIVO(LN-S2)(H+-q-H2Ptr)]Cl (q = quinonoid; H2Ptr = dihydropterin), i.e., a MoIV monooxo center coordinated by a pyridine-2, 6-bis(methanethiolato) ligand and a protonated dihydropterin. The spectroscopic properties of this new complex are comparable to those of other crystalline molybdenum complexes of hydrogenated pterins without additional S-coordination. The slightly H2O-soluble complex 9 reacts with the natural enzyme substrate DMSO very slowly, possibly due to the lack of easily dissociable ligands at the metal center.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 64
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The solid-state structures of three stereoisomer, 1-3, of the cyclic tetramer of 3-aminobutanoic acid are presented. These cyclo-β-peptides were found to be highly insoluble materials, and it proved to be impossible to grow crystals of sufficient quality for X-ray single-crystal analysis. The samples of 1-3 were, however, suitable candidates for structure determination from powder diffraction data (Fig. 1), and the application of this method is described. All three isomers have been found to adopt tubular structures (Figs. 2-4) in a fashion similar to those already observed for certain cyclo-α-peptides. The stacks of 16-membered rings are held together by four nonlinear C=O…H—N H-bonds between pairs of molecules (Fig.5).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: β-Cryptoxanthin (1) was acetylated and then epoxidized with monoperoxyphthalic acid. After hydrolysis, repeated chromatography, and crystallization, (3S,5R,6S)-5,6-epoxy-β-cryptoxanthin (3), (3S,5S,6R)-5,6-epoxy-β-cryptoxanthin (4), (3R,5′R,6′R)-5′,6′-epoxy-β-cryptoxanthin (5), (3S,5R,6S,5′R,6′S)-5,6:5′,6′-diepoxy-β-cryp-toxanthin (6), and (3S,5S,6R,5′S,6′R)-5,6:5′,6′-diepoxy-β-cryptoxanthin (7) were isolated as main products and characterized by their UV/VIS, CD, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and mass spectra. The comparison of the carotenoid isolated from yellow, tomato-shaped paprika (Capsicum annuum var. lycopersiciforme flavum) with 3-5 strongly supports the structure of 3 for the natural product.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 66
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 14-membered tetraazamacrocyclic Ni2+ and Cu2+ complexes of 4 (1, 4, 8-trimethyl-11-[(2-methylthio)ethyl]-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), 5. (1, 4-dimethyl-8, 11-bis[2-(methylthio)ethyl]-l, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), and 7 (1, 4, 8, ll-tetrakis[2-(methylthio)ethyl]-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), with pne, two, and four methylthio-substituted pendant chains, respectively, and the Ni2+ complex of 6 (1, 4-dimethyl-8, 11-bis (2-methoxyethyl)-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), with two methoxy-substituted pendant chains, were synthesized and their chemistry studied with regard to modelling F430. Solution spectra in H2O, MeCN, and DMF indicate participation of the side chain in metal coordination when the donor group is a thioether, whereas no coordination with the metal ion is observed with the ether group. Similarly the X-ray structures of the thioether-containing compounds [Ni(5)](ClO4)2, [Cu(5)](ClO4)2, and [Cu(7)](ClO4)2 show a coordination number of 5, whereas that of [Ni(6)](ClO4)2 with ether pendant chains, shows a coordination number of 4. Cyclic voltammetry of these complexes in MeCN reveals that Ni2+ is reversibly reduced to Ni+ between -0.64 and -0.77 V vs. SCE, the potential being influenced by the nature and number of the pendant chains. At more negative potentials, the thioether is cleaved, whereby a thiol is formed; the thiol is then oxidized at ca. + 0.8 V vs. SCE, when a glassy carbon electrode is used, or at ca. 0 V vs. SCE at a dropping Hg electrode. No cleavage of the ether bond in [Ni(6)](ClO4)2 is observed under similar conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 388-397 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The photochemical synthesis of indole derivatives starting from the indoline-2-thiones 1 is described. Irradiation of indoline-2-thiones 1 in the presence of alkenes 3 gave 2-alkyl-3H-indoles 4-7 or 2-alkylindoles 8-22 through the ring cleavage of the intermediates, spirocyclic amino-thietanes, initially derived by [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the C=S bond of 1 and the C=C bond of 3. Irradiation of 1 in the presence of trialkylamines 26 gave desulfurization products 27-32 and unexpected 3-alkylindoles 33-40. N-Acylindoline-2-thiones 11-p yielded the deacylated products, indoline-2-thiones 1a-b, and ethyl esters 43 through γ-H abstraction by the excited thioamide S-atom when irradiated in CDC13/EtOH or benzene/EtOH. Oxygen analogues 2a-d also underwent intramolecular H abstraction to give the indolin-2-ones 2e-f and ethyl esters 43 in a similar way.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 436-448 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Antioxidant activity guided fractionation of extracts of the aerial parts of the title plant and HPLC separation yielded a series of oxygenated long-chain alkylcatechols. Their structures were inferred by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations to be the novel 4-[(2S,4R,6S)-4-(acetyloxy)tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-yl]benzene-1,2diol (1a), 4-[(2S,4R6S)-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-yl]benzene-1,2-diol (1b), 4-[(3S,5S)-5-(acetyloxy)-3-hydroxydecyl]benzene-1,2-diol (2a), 4-[(3S,5S)3-(acetyloxy)-5-hydroxydecyl]benzene-1,2-diol (2b), (3S,13Z)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxydocos-13-en-5-one (3a), (Z)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)docos-13-en-5-one (4), besides the known l-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)icosan-5-one (5). The absolute configurations of the optically active compounds which are structurally related to the [n]-gingerols (6) and -diols (7) were established by the high-field 1H-NMR application of Mosher's method. All compounds are in vitro potent antioxidants, inhibiting the Fe2+-catalysed autoxidation of linoleic acid in the same order of magnitude as the commercial antioxidant 2,6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol (BHT). The dose-dependent inhibitory effects on soybean-lipoxygenase are in the μmol range, that of the most effective compound (3a) in the nmol range, hence being significantly more potent than the Known anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs indomethacin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 487-494 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of a europium macrocyctic complex 1, an important catalyst used for the sequence-specific cleavage of RNA, is reported. The role of this metal complex in facilitating phosphate transesterification is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 71
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Starting from the easily available, highly functionalized acetylenic ketories 4a-i (Scheme 1), novel 2,3,5-trisubstituted thiophenes 1a-i (Scheme 2) were synthesized in good yields using a tandem Michael-addition/intramolecular Knoevenagel-condensation strategy, featuring Cs2CO3/MgSO4 (1:2) as an efficient base to effect the cyclization. Subsequent simple one-step transformations yielded 2,3-disubstituted thiophene-5-carbaidehydes 7a-c, carboxylic-acid derivatives 8, 9, and 11, and alcohol 10 (Scheme 3). These molecules constitute interesting novel thiophene-containing building blocks, useful for the preparation of low-molecular-weight compound libraries by combinatorial and parallel-chemistry techniques.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 72
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Lanthanide picrate complexes with the ligand N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-3,6-dioxaactanediamide (tdd): [Ln(Pic)3(tdd)] (Ln = La, Nd, Eu, Tb, Er) have been prepared in a nonaqueous medium and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, IR, and 1H-NMR spectra. The crystal structures of the complexes for Ln = Nd and Er were determined. The early lanthanide, NdIII, crystallizes as the nona-coordinate complex [Nd(Pic)3(tdd)]. 2 CH3CN in the monoclinic space group P21n with a = 11.384(2), b = 18.805(4), c = 27.526(5) Å, β = 99.41(1)°, V = 5832(2) Å3, and Dc = 1.58 gcm-3 for Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.0505, based on 4772 observed Deflections. The late lanthanide, ErIII, forms an octa-coordinate complex [Er(Pic)3(tdd)]; crystals are triclinic, P1, with a = 12.449(2), b = 17.065(2), c = 26.243(4) Å, α = 72.12(1), β = 87.86(1), γ = 84.60(1)°, V = 5282(1) Å3, and Dc = 1.68 g cm-3 for Z, = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.0469, based on 10666 observed reflections, The results reveal that tdd forms a ring-like structure with its four O-atoms, coordinating to the metal ions as multidentate ligand, together with one O-atom of the bidentate picrate. The structure of the complexes is greatly affected by the ionic radius due to participation of the picrates in coordination.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 622-622 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 74
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Intramolecular [Pd2(dba)3]/tri(2-furyl)phosphine-catalysed (dba = dibenzylideneacetone, PhCH=CHCOCH=CHPh) cyclisations of olefinic propargylic carbonates I provided alk-1-enyl-(3-aza)bicyclo[3.1.0]-hexanes VIII in good yields. A palladium cascade sequence I → II → III → IV → VII → VIII is proposed. Furthermore, chiral propargylic carbonates such as 23, 24 and 25 allowed diastereoselective formation of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes 29, 30 and 31, respectively. The first diastereoselective synthesis of the monoterpene, (-)-α-thujone 40 illustrates the potential of the method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 75
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The structure of rogioldiol A ((-)-1), isolated from the red seaweed Laurencia microcladia, was determined. Employing the exciton-coupling technique for rogioldiol A p-bromobenzoate (2), the absolute configuration at C(9) of (-)-1 was assigned, and, together with extensive NMR experiments, the absolute configuration at C(10) and preferred conformations of (-)-1 were determined. The absolute configuration of the hetero-substituted cyclohexane ring was deduced in analogy from the X-ray structure of 4, a derivative of the aldehyde 3, which was isolated from the same seaweed and is believed to be a degradation product of (-)-1.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 76
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: New chromenes annulated with different six-membered azaheterocycles were prepared, i.e., the 3H-pyra-no[3,2-f]quinolines 9/10 and 14, the 8H-pyrano[2,3-h]isoquinoline 11, the 8H-pyrano[3,2-f]quinazolme 12, the 8-H-pyrano[3,2-f]quinoxaline 13, and the 2H-pyrano[2,3-f]isoquinoline 15. The synthesis was achieved using conveniently substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and organotitanium intermediates arising from azaheterocyclic phenols. Their photochromic behaviour (photocolouration yield, UV/VIS spectrum of photomerocyanines, rate constant of thermal bleaching) were studied besides those of corresponding naphthopyrans. The heterocycle effect and the role of substituents in the pyran moiety were investigated quantitatively through the study of the photochromic properties and the solvent effects. Diaryl-substituted azino-fused chromenes, especially isoquinoline derivatives, exhibit increased colourabilities and bathochromically shifted spectra for photomerocyanines which open up new prospects for photochromic applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 851-855 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneuridine (1) reacts with MeI in the presence of an excess of NaH in THF giving 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-5′-O-methyluridine (2). Prolonged reaction time gives rise to 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-3,5′-O-dimethyluridine (4). The use of an equimolar amount of base and alkylating agent results predominantly in methylation at N(3) (→ 3).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 78
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We describe a new, efficient synthesis of DX-9065a (4), a potent inhibitor of the blood coagulation enzyme factor Xa (fXa) which has previously been prepared in more than 20 steps. We saved approximately 10 steps starting with a Pd-catalyzed cyanation of the triflate 10 of 7-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol (9). After cleavage of the MeO group with boron tribromide, the triflate 6 was coupled to acrylate 5 in a Heck reaction (→3). The subsequent transformations led to DX-9065 a.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 79
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Cu2+ and Ni2+ complexes of three reinforced tetraazamacrocycles, containing a piperazine subunit and one or two alkyl substituents at the other two N-atoms have been prepared and their structural properties studied. In solution, the Ni2+ complexes are square-planar and show no tendency to axially coordinate a solvent molecule or an N3- ion. In contrast, the Cu2+ complexes change their geometry depending upon the donor properties of the solvent, being square-planar in MeNO2 and pentacoordinate in DMF. They also easily react in aqueous solution with N3- to give ternary species with pentacoordinate geometry, the stabilities of which have been determined. In the solid state, the X-ray crystal structures of three Cu2+ complexes also show both geometrical arrangements, two having a square-planar, the other one a distorted square pyramidal geometry. The difference behavior of Ni2+ and Cu2+ stems from the fact that the structural change from square-planar to square-pyramidal can easily be accomplished for Cu2+, whereas, for Ni2+, it is accompanied by an electronic rearrangement from the low-spin to the high-spin configuration. The relatively rigid ligands cannot Adapt to the somewhat larger high-spin Ni2+ion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 80
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: N-Monosubstituted 1,3-diamines were selectively functionalized at the secondary N-atom via 2-Ph-substituted hexahydropyrimidine intermediates. Reaction of the diamines with benzaldehyde, followed by treatment with an electrophile and hydrolysis, provided the desired products with excellent selectivity and in high yields. N4,N9-bis[3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]spermine (4a), which was further converted to N1,N1 2-bis[3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]spermine (15) by a transamidation reaction, was prepared by this way in 82% yield from spermine (1). Compound 4a was alternatively synthesized in 83% yield, equally from 1, by a sequence involving intermediary protection of the terminal amino groups.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 81
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: As previously shown, oligo- and poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) have a high tendency to form lamellar crystallites with ca. 50-Å thickness which corresponds to chain lengths of 16 units (Fig. 1). To have monodisperse model compounds, we have now prepared bicyclic derivatives with three parallel (27-29) or two parallel and an antiparallel chain (68-70) consisting of up to 16 3-hydroxybutanoate (3-HB) units. We also prepared dendritic compounds (71-75, 82-85) containing oligo(3-HB) chains which cannot possibly be arranged as in the lamellae; the branching units were prepared from trimesic acid (= benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid). So far, none of the prepared samples formed crystals or contained crystalline domains which would have been suitable for single-crystal or powder-diffraction X-ray analysis. The terminally deprotected dendrimers (74, 75, and 85) are multi-anionic (up to 12 peripheral CO2H groups) and biodegradable. The macromolecular HB derivatives (molecular weight up to 10150 Da) have been fully characterized by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, [α]D, and elemental analysis. Especially important is the analysis by mass spectrometry with the MALDI-TOF technique (Fig. 2), proving that the products are monodisperse; application of a new variation of this MS method (post source decay = PSD or fragment analysis by structural time of flight = FASTTM) allows for the observation of metastable fragment ions and, thus, is a tool for structural oligomer analysis (Fig. 3).
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 82
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 5-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (1) is a remarkable probe to study hydrogen and proton transfer reactions. The photoenol 4-hydroxy-5-methylidene naphthalen-1 (5H)-one (2) is formed in the ground state within 2 ps of excitation and with a quantum yield of unity, presumably through a conical intersection of the S0 and S1 hypersurfaces. In aqueous acid, enol 2 is hydrated to 5-(hydroxymethyl)naphthalene-1,4-diol 3 (X = OH, Scheme 1). The rate of hydration of 2 increases linearly with acid concentration from ca. 1.5 × 104 s-1 at pH 6 to reach a maximum value of 9 ×107 s-1 when the remaining carbonyl function is protonated, pKa(2+) = 1.1. Contrary to an earlier suggestion, the rate-determining step in the acid-catalyzed hydration of 2 is addition of water to the conjugate acid 2+. Pronounced acceleration of the decay rate of 2 by hydrazoic-acid buffers indicates competitive trapping of 2+ by the azide ion. In neutral-to-weakly-basic solutions, enol 2 reacts by ionization, pKa(2) = 6.5, and nearly diffusion-controlled condensation of the carbanionic species 2- with quinone 1. Proto-nation at the methylidene C-atom does not compete measurably with protonation on carbonyl O-atom, despite a Substsial thermodynamic basic for carbon Portoation of ca. 50 kJ mol-1 for 2 and 100 mol-1 for 2-.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 83
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: O-Alkylation of 8-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-2-one (1) afforded 8-(2-oxopropoxy)-1H-quinolin-2-one (2) which was immediately cyclized to form the tricyclic 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzoxazine,-5-one (3). The Reformatsky-type condensation of 3 furnished antiplatelet 8-[(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-methylidene-5-oxofuran-2-yl)melhoxy]-1H-quinolin-2-one (4). Its counterparts 7a-f, Ph-substituted at C(2) of the furan ring, were obtained from 1 via alkylation and the Reformatsky-type condensation. Although compound 4 was less active against platelet aggregation than 7a-f, it was the only compound which exhibited significant inhibitory activity on high-K+ medium, Ca2+-induced vasoconstriction and was more active than most of its Ph-substituted counterparts against norepinephrine-induced vasoconstrictions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 84
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The two structurally similar 20-phenyl- and 20-(4-methoxyphenyl)-11-(nitrosooxy)pregnan-20-ol derivatives 4 and 7 behave differently under photolytic conditions, the former nitrous acid ester affording, as a main product, the benzo-fused hexacyclic compound 9, and the latter the 21-nitro derivative 12. Mechanistic aspects of these transformations are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 85
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis of a variety of potent macrocyclic growth hormone secretagogues, i.e. 5, 9, 12, and 20-22, based on the known lead structure L-692,429 (1) is described. These conformationally constrained growth hormone secretagogues were prepared by joining the two essential pharmacophores, the amino-acid side chain at the 1H-1-benzazepine moiety and the 1,1′-biphenyl moiety with a variety of linkers. The most potent analog was found to be L-744,080 (21), a derivative in which a 2′-carboxamide moiety at 1,1-biphenyl is N,O-joined to the OH group of the (2-hydroxypropyl)amino-acid side chain by a C4 ester linker. This potent analog may be useful in determining the bound conformation of the benzolactam class of growth hormone secretagogues at the newly identified GHS receptor, L-744,080 (21) with an ED50 of 20 nM was up to fifty times more potent than the seco-acid precursor and 3-fold more potent than the parent 2′-tetrazole compound L-692, 429 (1).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1260-1279 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Addition of CH2N2 to 2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-1-thio-mannono-1,4-lactone (1) gave the 2,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2 and the 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-thiadiazole 3. First-order kinetics were observed for the thermolysis of 3 (Scheme 3) at 80-110° in C6D5Cl solution and of 2 (Scheme 3) at 20-35° in CDC13, respectively. The 1,2,3-thiadiazole 3 led to mixtures of the thiirane 9, the starting thionolactone 1, the thiono-1,5-lactone 8, and the enol ether 7, while the isomeric 1,3,4-thiadiazole 2 led to mixtures of the anomeric thiiranes 9 and 12, the O-hydrogen S,O,O-ortholactone α-D-14, the S-methyl thioester 15, the S,S,O-ortholactone 13, and the 2,3:5,6-di-Oisopropylidene-mannono-1,4-iactone (16). Pure products of the thermolysis were isolated by semipreparative supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), whereas preparative HPLC led to partial or complete decomposition. Thus, the β-D-mannofuranosyl β-D-mannofuranoside 10, contaminated by an unknown S species, was isolated by preparative HPLC of the crude product of thermolysis of 3 at 115-120° and partially transformed in CD3OD solution into the symmetric di(α-D-mannofuranosyl) tetrasulfide 11. Its structure was evidenced by X-ray analysis. Similarly, HPLC of the thermolysis product of 2 gave the enethiol 17, the sulfide 19, and the mercapto alcohol 18 as secondary products. Thermolysis of the thiirane 9 at 110-120° (Scheme 4) led to the anomeric thiirane 12 which was transformed into mixtures of the enethiol 17 and the enol ether 7. Addition of H2O to 17 and 7 gave the corresponding hemiacetals 18 and 20. The mechanism of the thermolysis of the dihydrothiadiazoles 2 and 3, and the thiiranes 9 and 12 is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 87
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: α-Substituted N-acylbornane-10, 2-sultams 6, 9, and 10 can be converted into enantiomerically pure ketones 5. 13, and 14, respectively, via a two-step procedure involving a known mercaptolysis reaction followed by an [Fe(acac)3]-mediated coupling of the resulting S-benzyl thioesters with Grignard reagents. Furthermore, enantiomerically pure aldehydes 23 can be obtained from α-substituted N-acylbornane-10,2-sultams 6 via a one-step reduction with (i-Bu)2AIH. No epimerization at the α-chiral center is observed during the cleavage reaction whereby the chiral auxiliary, bornane-10,2-sultam 1 or ent-l, was recovered. By using this methodology, several natural products or precursors thereof can be prepared.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1375-1407 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Benzo[a]heptalene has been synthesized by two different approaches. The first one follows a pathway to hexahydrobenzo[a]heptalenone 19a that has been already described by Wenkert and Kim(Scheme). Indeed, 19a was obtained in a mixture with its double-bond-shifted isomer 19b. Reduction of this mixture to the corresponding secondary alcohols 26a/26b and elimination of H2O lead to a mixture of the tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalenes 23a-d (Scheme7 and 8). Reaction of 23a-d with 2 equiv. of triphenylmethylium tetrafluoroborate in boiling CHCl3, followed by treatment with Me3N in CH2Cl2, generated directly 2, unfortunately in a mixture with Ph3CH that could not be separated from 2 (Scheme 10 and 11). The second approach via dimethyl benzo[a]heptalene-6,7-dicarboxylate (30) (Scheme 12) that was gradually transformed into the corresponding carbaldehydes 37 and 43 (Scheme 14) both of which, on treatment with the Wilkinson catalyst [RhCl(PPh3)3] at 130° in toluene, smoothly decarbonylated, finally gave pure 2 as an unstable orange, viscous oil. UV/VIS, NMR, and mass spectra of 2 are discussed in detail (cf. Chapt.3).
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 89
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The stereochemistry of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides derived from aromatic aldehydes and i-proline alkyl esters with several nitroolefins was investigated. Cyclic and acyclic nitroolefins add to the anti form of the ylide in a highly diastereoselective but poorly regioselective manner to give pyrrolizidine derivatives. In a few cases, the stereochemical results strongly support a stepwise mechanism.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 90
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Some 2′-deoxy-1′,2′-seco-D-ribosyl (5′→3′)oligonucleotides (= 1′,2′-seco-DNA), differing from natural DNA only by a bond scission between the centers C(1′) and C(2′), were synthesized and studied in order to compare their structure properties and pairing behavior with those of corresponding natural DNA and homo-DNA oligonucleotides (2′,3′-dideoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl oligonucleotides). Starting from (-)-D-tartaric acid, 2′-deoxy-1′,2′-secoadenosine derivative 9a and 1′,2′-secothymidine (9b) were obtained in pure crystalline form. Using the phosphoramidite variant of the phosphite-triester method, a dinucleotide monophosphate 1′,2′-seco-d(T2) was synthesized in solution, while oligonucleotides 1′,2′-seco-d[(AT)6], 1′,2′-seco-d(A10) and 1′,2′-seco-d(T10) were prepared on solid phase with either automated or manual techniques. Results of UV- and CD-spectroscopic as well as gel-electrophoretic studies indicated that neither adenine-thymine base pairing (as observed in natural DNA and homo-DNA), nor the adenine-adenine base pairing (as observed in homo-DNA) was effective in 1′,2′-seco-DNA, Furthermore, hybrid pairing was observed neither between 1′.2′-seco-DNA and natural DNA nor between 1′,2′-seco-DNA and homo-DNA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 91
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Flavo-thiazolio-cyclophane 6 was prepared on a gram scale by an 18-step synthesis (Schemes 3 and 4). This pathway involved the very efficient preparation of bromo-cyclophane 32 (37% yield over 13-steps), which can be readily modified to create various multiply functionalized receptors. This bromide 32 was subsequently converted into the corresponding boronic acid and connected to the 7-bromoflavin 10 (Scheme 2) via Suzuki coupling to give flavo-cyclophane 36. The thiazolium unit was then introduced after quaternization of the tertiary amino groups of 36. Flavo-thiazolio-cyclophane 6, with both prosthetic groups attached in proximity to the well-defined cyclophane binding site, is a functional model for the enzyme pyruvate oxidase. In basic methanolic solution, 6 catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding methyl esters. Cyclophane 6 shows saturation kinetics, and the turnover number calculated for the oxidation of naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde to methyl naphthalene-2-carboxylate (kcat = 0.22 s-1) is one of the highest reported for an artificial enzyme. Control experiments showed that the catalytic advantages of 6 result from the macrocyclic binding and reaction site as well as from the covalent attachment of both cofactors to this site. The catalytic cycle is completed by electrochemical re-oxidation of the reduced flavin moiety at a low working electrode potential (- 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl), and up to ca. 100 catalytic cycles can be performed on a preparative scale, The intramolecular nature of the electron transfer from the active aldehyde intermediate to the flavin is particularly conducive to the oxidation of unreactive aldehydes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1682-1682 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1809-1822 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The phosphoramidites 6b and 9 as well as the phosphonate 6a derived from 7-(hex-1-ynyl)- and 7-[5-(trifluoroacetamido)pent-1-ynyl]-substituted 7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosines 1 and 10, respectively, were prepared (Scheme 1). They were employed in solid-phase oligodeoxynucleotide synthesis of the alternating octamers d(hxy7c7G-C)4 (12), d(C-hxy7c7G)4 (13), and d(npey 7c7G-C)4 (15) as well as of other oligonucleotides (see 22-25; Table 2; hxy = hex-1-ynyl, npey = 5-aminopent-1-ynyl). The Tm values and the thermodynamic data of duplex formation were determined and correlated with the major-groove modification of the DNA fragments. A hexynyl side chain introduced into the 7-position of a 7-deazaguanine residue (see 1) was found to fit into the major groove without any protrusion. The incorporation of the (5-aminopent-1-ynyl)-modified 7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine 2 into single-stranded oligomers of the type 24 and 25 did not lead to change in duplex stability compared to the parent oligonucleotides. The self-complementary oligomer 15 with alternating npey7c7Gd (2) and dC units did not lead to a cooperative melting, either due to orientational disorder or interaction of the 5-aminopent-1-ynyl moiety with a base or with phosphate residues nearby or on the opposite strand.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1843-1856 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The determination of the chemical structure of a previously unknown Maillard reaction product with an amino acid incorporated in a four-ring structure is reported. The red compounds 1a and 1b, isolated from a thermally treated aqueous solution of furan-2-carbaldehyde and L-alanine, were identified as (S)-4{(E)-1-formyl -2-(2-furyl)ethenyl}-5-(2-furyl)-2-{(E)-(2-furyl)methylidene}-2, 3-dihydro-α-methyl-3-oxo-1H-pyrrole-1-acetic acid and its 2-{(Z)-(2-furyl)methylidene}isomer, respectively, by several 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, MS, UV, and IR spectroscopy as well as by synthetic experiments. 2D-NOESY and 2D-ROESY experiments performed for conformation analysis indicated the existence of two atropisomers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1865-1868 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Irradiation (λ = 350 nm) of 1H-[2]benzothiopyran-1-one (2) in the solid state affords selectively and in good yield 6aα, 6bα, 12bα, 12cα -tetrahydrocyclobuta[1, 2-c:4, 3-c′]bis([2]benzothiopyran)-5, 8-dione (3), the head-to-head (HH) cis-cisoid-cis-cyclodimer of 2, X-Ray analysis of 2 confirms that this reaction proceeds according to the well-established topochemical principles. The same dimer 3 is obtained in low yields on irradiation of 10-1 M solutions of 2 in either MeOH or MeCN, while no conversion at all is observed in benzene. On irradiation of 2 in MeCN in the presence of tetrachloroethene, the [2 + 2] photocycloadduct 4 is formed in good yield, the conversion 2 → 4 being efficiently quenched by naphthalene. In contrast, no reaction is observed -on irradiation of 2 in the presence of 2, 3-dimethylbut-2-ene, neither in polar nor in apolar solvents.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1983-1991 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The difference in steric strain between the oxidized and the reduced forms of tetraaminecopper complexes is correlated with the corresponding reduction potentials. The experimentally determined data considered range from -0.54 to -0.04 V (vs. NHE) in aqueous solution and from -0.35 to -0.08 V (vs. NHE) in MeCN. The observed and/or computed geometries of the tetraaminecopper(II) complexes are distorted octahedral or square-pyramidal (4 + 2 or 4+1) with (distorted) square-planar CuN4 chromophores (CuII—N = 1.99-2.06 Å; Cu—O4+2Ax ≈ 2.5 Å; Cu—O4+1ax ≈ 2.3 Å), those of the tetraaminecopper(I) complexes are (distorted) tetrahedral (four-coordinate; CuI—N = 2.12-2.26 Å; tetrahedral twist angle ∅ = 30-90°). The reduction potentials of CuII/I couples with primary-amine ligands and those with macrocyclic secondary-amine ligands were correlated separately with the corresponding strain energies, leading to slopes of 70 and 61 kJ mol-1 V-1, with correlation coefficients of 0.89 and 0.91, respectively. The approximations of the model (entropy, solvation, electronic factors) and the limits of applicability are discussed in detail and in relation to other approaches to compute reduction potentials of transition-metal compounds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1992-2001 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reaction of thiobenzophenone (= diphenylmethanethione; 8a) or 9H-fluorene-9-thione (8b) and methyl fumarate (9) in excess PhN3 at 80° yields a mixture of diastereoisomeric thiiranes 10 and 11 (Scheme 1). A mechanism involving the initial formation of 1-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 3-triazole-4, 5-dicarboxylate 12 by 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition of PhN3 and 9 is proposed in Scheme 2. The diazo compound 13, which is in equilibrium with 12, undergoes a further 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition with thioketones 8 to give 2, 5-dihydro-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles 14. Elimination of N2 yields the thiocarbonyl ylide 15 which cyclizes to the corresponding thiirane. Desulfurization of the thiiranes 10 and 11 with hexamethylphosphorous triamide leads to the olefinic compounds 16 (Scheme 3). The crystal structures of 10a, 11a, and 16b were determined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 98
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: β-Hexapeptides 1-5 and a β-dodecapeptide 6 with sequences containing two different types of β-amino acids (aliphatic proteinageous side chains in the 2- or in the 3-position) have been prepared. CD (Fig. 1) and NMR measurements indicate that, with one exception, the secondary structures formed by these new β-peptides differ from those of isomers studied previously. Detailed NMR analysis of the β-hexapeptide 5 (with alternating β2,β3-building blocks) and molecular-dynamics simulations have produced a minimum energy conformation (Fig. 2,b)which might be described as a novel irregular helix containing ten- and twelve-membered H-bonded rings. This demonstrates the great structural variability of β-peptides, since three different helical secondary structures have been discovered to date.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 99
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Catalytic control of regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 3-acryl-oyloxazolidin-2-one (4) with different nitrones 2 by the application of a [TiX2(TADDOLato)] complex as the catalyst was developed (TADDOL = α,α,α′,α′-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol). In the absence of a catalyst, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 4 with 2 proceeded to give a mixture of regioisomers, whereas, in the presence of a catalyst, the regioselectivity of the reaction could be controlled. Three asymmetric [TiX2(TADDOLato)] catalysts were tested, and it was found that use of the [Ti(OTs)2(TADDOLato)] complex gave complete regioselectivity, high ‘endo’-selectivities (〉 90% d.e.), and enantioselectivities corresponding to 48-70% e.e.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 2073-2083 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A systematic investigation of the rotational behavior of aryl substituents in α,α,α′,α′-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanols (TADDOLs) is presented. In the use as chiral ligands for enantioselective metal-catalyzed reactions, a change from phenyl to bulkier substituents, e.g., 1-naphthyl, gives rise to an astounding alteration of the selectivity, The possible existence of preferred rotamers of TADDOLs has so far not been given due attention, which encouraged us to look at the validity of the Knowles model, originally formulated for diaryl substituted bisphosphines. 1H-NMR Investigations at various temperatures as well as X-ray powder diffraction were employed to study the rotation in the case of tetra(1-naphthyl) TADDOL 1. To support the interpretation of the experimental results, molecular mechanics, semiempirical, and ab initio calculations were performed. For comparison, the energy surface of tetraphenyl TADDOL 2 was calculated as well. Our results lead to the conclusion that for 1, only one major conformation is present in both solution and solid state, which determines the stereochemical outcome of the catalyzed reactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
Schließen ⊗
Diese Webseite nutzt Cookies und das Analyse-Tool Matomo. Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier...