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  • 1995-1999
  • 1950-1954  (167)
  • 1952  (167)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (167)
  • Engineering General
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1950-1954  (167)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study has been carried out on the emulsion polymerization of butadiene, using the Mutual Recipe, in an attempt to evaluate the absolute propagation rate, according to the theory of Smith and Ewart, from a determination of the rate of polymerization per particle of latex. It was found, as expected, that the number of particles formed is a function of the temperature of initiation, almost doubling in number for a 10°C. rise in temperature. This number is also a function of the soap charge, being approximately proportional to the square root of the soap concentration. Unlike the case of styrene polymerization, the rate of polymerization per particle was found to be affected by the amount of soap adsorbed on the particle, hence it cannot be considered as representing the true propagation rate for butadiene. However, the rate of polymerization, when calculated per mole of soap present, was found to be a function of temperature only, yielding an activation energy value of ca. 14 kcal.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 129-155 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A frequency-dependent stiffness μB was found from the action of high frequency shear waves on dilute solutions of polyisobutylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, hevea rubber, and polybutadiene microgel. A dynamic viscosity associated with streaming of solvent through the molecular coil, ηB, dropped far more rapidly with rising temperature than solvent viscosity, denoting that it, too, reflected configurational changes. (The μB for polyisobutylene in solution declined moderately with rising temperature, corresponding to an exponential coefficient of 2.3 kcal.) This behavior suggested three chief mechanisms for deformation of isolated chains: (1) viscoelastic configuration changes (W. Kuhn's “macroconstellation changes”) with contribution to rigidity per average molecule per cubic centimeter of solution of 〈 μ2 〉 or force constant 〈 f2 〉; (2) temporary entanglements of interpenetrating segments in the chain coil (like the interchain entanglements in concentrated solutions of J. D. Ferry), with contribution to rigidity 〈 μ3 〉; and (3) restrictions to rotational flexibility around chain linkages, with rigidity contribution 〈 μ4 〉. Arrangement of these processes in parallel with solvent viscosity yielded frequency-independent constants in agreement with the limited data so far obtained in the 103 to 108 cycle range.Such a model gave molecular mechanical constants correlating roughly with chemical structures. For polyisobutylene, force constants per average molecule were 〈 f2 〉 = 17.1 × 10-13 dyne cm., 〈 f3 〉 = 6.3 × 10-12 and 〈 f4 〉 = 1.6 × 10-10. Lower molecular weight (1.2 × 106 vs. 3.9 × 106) gave slightly lower values. 〈 f4 〉 represents restrictions to rotation per isobutylene residue in the chain of 2.3 × 10-15, or about 104 less than valence bond infrared vibrational or twisting force constants for hydrocarbons. The combined average chain rigidities expressed by the force constant 〈 fB 〉, at 20 kc. and 25°C. were, for polyisobutylene of M̄V ∼ 106, 1.8 × 10-12; hevea rubber of M̄V = 2.3 × 105, 1.5 × 10-15; polystyrene of M̄V = 2.3 × 105, 4.5 × 10-16. Hence, single polystyrene chains are quite flexible, but polybutadiene microgel has 〈 fB 〉 = 5.2 × 10-11, for M̄W ∼ 18 × 106, showing effect of internal cross-linking.“Poor” solvents (“solvent power” μ 〉 0) caused chain rigidity of polyisobutylene and polystyrene to decrease, compared to good solvents (“solvent power” μ ∼ 0), and viscosity decreased also. Apparent decrease in 〈 fB 〉 apparently means external (solvent) “compression” of chain, and agrees with technological efficiency of poorly compatible plasticizers.Complete theory of effects has been outlined by Kirkwood, for a rod model. Great range of rigidities shown even by hydrocarbon chains (intrinsic rigidity of polyethylene soln., [μ] = 906 dynes/cm.2, of polypropylene soln., [μ] = 92 dynes/cm.2) has not yet been treated, however.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinyl alcohol was condensed with straight and branched chain aldehydes (CnH2nO, n = 2 to 8) to varying degrees of completion. Measurements on resins and plasticized compositions included apparent modulus of elasticity at various temperatures, brittle temperature, tensile strength and elongation, and solubility. From these measurements it is concluded that: (1) Increasing degree of acetalization results in lowered transition temperature, lower stiffness at transition, narrower transition range, higher brittle temperature, decreased tensile strength, and shift in solubility toward solvents of lower dielectric constant. (2) Acetals of higher normal aldehydes have lower transition and brittle temperatures, lower tensile strength, and more limited solubility. (3) Branched chain aldehydes have higher transition and brittle temperatures than their normal isomers.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 5
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 467-475 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A thorough experimental study of the ionic polymerization of styrene using antimony pentachloride containing radioactive antimony as the catalyst shows that, contrary to earlier work, no catalyst remains attached to the polymer chain. The implication of this finding for the mechanism of ionic polymerization is discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The high crystallite melting point of polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) compared with the melting points of the aliphatic polyesters emphasizes the significance of the p-phenylene linkage as an important factor determining polymer properties. A consideration of other polymer structures containing the p-phenylene linkage shows that its influence is independent of any polar groups which may be present. X-ray examination of the crystallite structure of polyethylene terephthalate and related substances has revealed no evidence of strong intermolecular forces.From a study of co-polyesters based upon polyethylene terephthalate with aliphatic dibasic acids it is shown that the melting point of compositions containing more than 40 mole per cent of ethylene terephthalate is essentially independent of the aliphatic di-basic acid employed. The Flory relationship between crystallite melting point and mole fraction of the units forming the crystallites shows fair agreement with the results obtained. The calculated latent heat of fusion of polyethylene terephthalate approaches closely to that of the corresponding aliphatic polyesters, and suggests that the high melting point induced by the p-phenylene linkage is due to chain rigidity rather than to strong interchain attraction.This rigidity is consistent with the second order transition temperatures of such polyesters. It is shown that second order transition temperature is a linear function of the number of p-phenylene linkages per unit chain length. The p-phenylene linkage reduces the possibilities of change of shape available to a given length of chain, so accounting for the low entropy of crystallization and high melting point of polyethylene terephthalate.Evidence is advanced for the isomorphism of adipyl and terephthalyl linkages in linear polyamides. The absence of isomorphism in polyethylene adipate/terephthalate copolymers is ascribed to the weakness of the interchain forces.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The lowering of the vapor pressure of the solvent in solutions of low molecular weight polystyrenes in benzene and in toluene was measured by a differential manometer. Heats of dilution of the same solutions were measured in a small calorimeter. The calorimeter had been designed in such a way that there was no vapor space above the solution and above the solvent. The activity of the solvent as a function of concentration can be represented either by Orr and by Guggenheim's formulas, using site fractions, or by Huggins' and by Flory's formula, using volume fractions, but only in the latter case is the interaction constant μ independent of the solvent, and only slightly dependent on chain length. Heat is always evolved on dilution and can be represented by a van Laar type of expression. The partial molar entropy of mixing of the solvent comes out very near to its value in an ideal solution. No satisfactory explanation can be given in terms of current statistical theories based on the lattice model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Branching and cross-linking are noted in emulsion and mass polymerizations involving vinyl benzoate and nuclearly substituted vinyl benzoates. A theory is proposed to account for this phenomenon based on free radical addition to the benzoate nucleus. Six new vinyl esters of substituted benzoic acids are described.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper presents certain results concerning the solubility of polyvinyl chloride in mixed solvents of which one is carbon disulfide or acetone. The technique consists in immersing a pressed disc of the polymer in the mixed solvent at constant temperature for a fixed length of time and observing the depth of penetration of the solvent into the sectioned disc. Three classes of solvents are distinguished. (1) Inert solvents producing no change. (2) “Disintegrating liquids” in which dissolution proceeds without previous visible swelling. (3) Solvents producing swelling (“gelatinization”) and sometimes subsequent dissolution. The speed of penetration of several pairs of solvents are examined over the whole concentration range and a maximum in the depth of penetration is found on varying the solvent composition, at near stoichiometric proportions. It is suggested that the speed of penetration is closely related to solvent power, and the importance of solvation of the polymer (perhaps strong enough to be called “molecular combination”) both in swelling and in completed dispersion is stressed. It is concluded that class 3 solvents (high dipole moments) increase the solubility of class 2 solvents (low to zero dipole moment) by the solvation effect.
    Notes: Après avoir rappelé quelques considérations générales concernant la mise en solution des hauts polymères dans les liquides organiques, les auteurs relatent les principaux résultats de leurs expériences sur la solubilisation des chlorures de polyvinyle industriels dans les liquides binaires. Ils montrent qu'en pastillant par compression le polymère il est possible d'examiner sur ces comprimés l'action de divers liquides et distinguent: (1) les liquides inertes; (2) les liquides désagrégeants; (3) les liquides gélatinisants. Les meilleurs solvants binaires se présentent généralement sous forme de mélange d'un liquide gélatinisant et d'un liquide désagrégeant ce qui revient à combiner l'action d'un liquide polaire et d'un liquide non polaire.Ils montrent ensuite comment on peut apprécier le pouvoir solvant d'un solvant binaire en fonction de sa composition en mesurant la vitesse de pénétration de ce dernier dans une pastille de polymère. Les courbes obtenues ainsi accusent des maxima correspondant sensiblement à des rapports stoechiométriques simples entre les molécules des deux constituants.Ils insistent ensuite sur la nécessité de considérer un phénomène de solvatation comme facteur de gélification et, par suite, comme premier stade de la dissolution. Ceci s'appuie sur leur détermination des degrés de solvatation du chlorure de polyvinyle au moyen de la méthode graphique des restes. Ces solvates font intervenir un seul ou deux des constituants du liquide binaire utilisé comme solvant. Mais dans le cas d'une fixation simultanée des deux constituants du solvant sur le polymère il y a lieu de considérer une action individuelle de ces deux constituants, les propriétés physiques des mélanges étudiés excluant en effet l'hypothèse de complexes d'addition dans le solvant binaire lui-même.Enfin les auteurs pensent que la solvatation des molécules du polymère persiste dans la solution colloïdale de ce dernier et annoncent qu'ils poursuivent actuellement leurs essais dans le but de mettre cette solvatation en évidence.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermokinetic aspects of adsorption and of the heat evolved as functions of the amount of substance absorbed per weight gram of adsorbent were followed by measurements on a microcalorimeter (especially designed for slow processes). For insoluble substances these experiments make possible evaluation of the area and surface of powders and of the approximate expansion rate of the films, as well as a study of the activated surface fraction. For soluble compounds they show the generally well-known phenomenon of adsorption which precedes dissolution and make possible the interpretation of the mechanism of dissolution. For macromolecular substances they permit classification of the solvents and gelatinizing agents according to their activity, and the study of swelling, the complex of solvation, etc.
    Notes: L'étude thermocinètique de l'adsorption et celle de la chaleur dégagée en fonction de la masse du corps adsorbé par unité de masse de l'adsorbant réalisées au microcalorimètre (spécialement adapté à la mesure des phénomènes lents) nous parait présenter un grand intérêt: pour les corps insolubles ces études permettent l'évaluation des surfaces des poudres, la mesure approximative de la vitesse d'expansion des films, l'étude de la fraction activée des surfaces; pour les corps solubles elles permettent de mettre en évidence le phénomène très général de l'adsorption qui précède la dissolution et d'interpréter le mécanisme de la dissolution; pour les substances macromoléculaires elles permettent de classer les solvants ou gélatinisants suivant leur activité, d'étudier le gonflement, les complexes de solvatation, etc. Tout cela démontre le nécessité d'organiser des Centres bien équipés de microcalorométrie des phénomènes lents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and the properties of permutoids with ionic active groups and the kinetics of the decomposition of diazoacetic ester and of nitrosomethylurea through the ionic active groups are dealt with. A discussion follows of the synthesis of high polymers and permutoids with active groups of the chlorophyll and hemin series obtained by the introduction of the corresponding active groups into high-polymeric compounds, by copolymerization, and by inclusion of the prosthetic group in the polycondensation process. A report is added on the optical properties of the high-molecular compounds provided with active groups and on remarkable differences between low-molecular compounds in a dissolved state and as active groups linked to high polymers. The apparatuses developed for taking absorption and reflection spectra are described. Finally, the catalytic effect of the high polymers provided with active groups of the hemin series is examined.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general discussion about the method of colloid titrations is given in this report. A new titration method is based on the stoichiometric combination of positive and negative colloid ions. The end point is decided by indicators (known as metachromatic coloring matters) like toluidine blue. The standard colloid reagents are P.V.S.-K (potassium salt of polyvinyl alcohol sulfate) and Macramin (N-polymethylated chitosan derivatives). The typical operations of this method are described briefly: the direct, indirect, and differential titration methods. The colloid titration curve is somewhat different from the acid-base titration curve obtained potentiometrically, but it is characteristic and reproducible under definite conditions and so it is useful in quantitative and qualitative analysis. This titration may be carried out even under extraordinary dilute conditions (5 × 10-4 N) and the entire process is quite similar to the usual acid-alkali titration. The precision is below ±ca. 5% if the method is carefully followed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 255-256 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The study of the rate of polymerization per particle in emulsion systems has been extended to include the following monomers and initiator systems: TextMonomerInitiator SystemStyrenePersulfateStyreneCHP-TETAIsopreneDIBHP-TEPAIn all cases, linear rates of polymerization were obtained in the region where the number of particles can be considered as remaining constant (30-60% conversion). Furthermore, the addition of catalyst in this region did not affect the rate of polymerization, so that a rate per particle could be calculated. From the rates per particle, the following absolute propagation rates were calculated for styrene and isoprene, and are compared with values obtained for styrene from photoinitiation studies: TextMonomerCatalyst systemEact.Akp at 60°C.StyrenePersulfate7.44.1 × 107277StyreneCHP-TETA8.43.3 × 107221StyrenePhotoinitiation7.82.2 × 107176IsopreneDIBHP-TEPA9.81.2 × 10850
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 337-343 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An x-ray diffraction camera, especially adapted for the study of fibers and high polymers, has been designed. By using only pure monochromatic light, obtained by reflection on a crystal of curved quartz (method of Guinier), it is possible to have the sample in a well controlled atmosphere and at a given temperature. The film is separated from the “laboratory-space” and maintained in vacuo. By this technique it was possible to improve considerably the quality of the diagram received.
    Notes: Une chambre de diffraction de rayons X spécialement adaptée à l'étude des fibres et des hauts polymères a été construite. Conçue de façon à utiliser un rayonnement strictement monochromatique obtenu par réflexion sur un cristal de quartz courbé (méthode Guinier), elle permet deplacer l'échantillon dans une atmosphère contrôlée et à une température déterminée. Le film est isolé de “l'espace laboratoire” et est maintenu dans le vide. La qualité des diagrammes a été considérablement améliorée par cette technique.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 289-311 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Graft vinyl copolymers have been prepared by chain transfer reaction between monomer radical and polymer molecule, followed by addition of monomer to the “macroradical.” For this purpose vinyl monomers have been polymerized in the presence of appreciable amounts (25% or more) of foreign polymer, with benzoyl peroxide as catalyst (0.5% on monomer). The separation of the graft copolymers from the other homopolymers present in the mixture is based on differences in the solubility of these products. Experiments are carried out with vinyl acetate with polymethyl methacrylate at different temperatures, 75°, 85°, and 95°C.; the graft percentage depends considerably on t°, and the following values, respectively, 15, 32, and 53% for vinyl acetate are obtained from chemical and infrared analysis. These graft copolymers were identified by their solubility properties and their osmotic and viscometric behavior, values of k′ (Huggins' constant) and μ varying greatly for a mixture of both polymers (a true copolymer and a graft copolymer) where the molecular weight and the per cent of vinyl acetate are the same. In the same way, it is possible to obtain a graft copolymer by polymerization of vinyl chloride in the presence of polymethyl methacrylate. It has not been found possible to carry out the inverse reactions, namely, the polymerization of methylmethacrylate onto polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl chloride, owing to fractionation of the polymers. Similar experiments were carried out at different temperatures with styrene on polymethyl methacrylate and with methyl methacrylate on polystyrene. In both cases the reactions are successful, and are characterized by a strong increase in solubility of the polystyrene fraction. In the first case, the amount of solubilized polystyrene increases with increasing temperature. These graft copolymerizations are related to degradation measurements described elsewhere and to the stability of the radicals formed.
    Notes: Des copolymères greffés ont été préparés par réaction de transfert de chaǐne entre un radical monomérique et une molécule de polymère suivie de l'addition de monomère au macroradical. Dans ce but, les monomères vinyliques ont été polymérisés en présence de quantités appréciables (25% et plus) de polymère étranger, en présence de peroxyde de benzoyle comme initiateur (0.5% par rapport au monomère). La séparation des copolymères greffés des autres homopolymères présents dans le mélange est basée sur les différences de solubilité de ces produits. Les expériences ont été menées au départ d'acétate de vinyle en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle à différentes températures, savoir 75°, 85° et 95°C.; le taux de greffage dépend fortement de la t°, et atteint respectivement 15, 32 et 53% d'acétate de vinyle (analyses chimiques et infra-rouges) Ces copolymères greffés ont été identifiés par leurs propriétés de solubilité et leur comportémént osmotique et viscosimétrique; les valeurs de k′ (constante de Huggins) et μ varient considérablement si on compare un mélange de polymères, un copolymère habituel et un copolymère greffé, dont les poids moléculaires et le taux d'acétate de vinyle sont semblables. De la měme façon, il a été possible d'obtenir un copolymère greffé par polymérisation du chlorure de vinyle en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle. Les réactions inverses toutefois, savoir la polymérisation du méthacrylate de méthyle en greffage sur les acétate ou chlorure de polyvinyle, n'ont pu ětre mises en évidence par des opérations de fractionnement. Des expériences semblables ont été effectuées à différentes températures avec le styrène en présence de polyméthacrylate de méthyle, et inversément le méthacrylate de méthyle en présence de polystyrène. Dans les deux cas les réactions réussissent et se manifestent par une solubilisation de la fraction polystyrénique. Dans le premier cas, la quantité de polystyrène solubilisé croǐt avec une augmentation de température. Ces copolymérisations par greffage sont reliées aux phénomènes de dégradation, décrites ailleurs, et à la stabilité des radicaux formés au cours des réactions.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of polymethacrylamide, [-CH2C(CH3)(CONH2)-]n, in aqueous solution with hypobromite and hypochlorite has been investigated. Different reaction procedures yielded polymers which were similar, and which contained a small number of primary amino groups, considerable carboxyl and unreacted amide groups and, probably, alkylacylurea groups formed by interaction between adjacent isocyanate and halogenoamide groups. Analytical data supporting these conclusions are presented. The polymer from the Hofmann reaction is soluble in dilute alkali and also in strongly acid media, precipitating on dilution. Methacrylamide monomer reacts with hypochlorite to give N-α-methylvinyl-N′-methacrylurea and acetone.
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When the acetate groups of polyvinyl acetate are removed and subsequently restored, the viscosity of the polymer is usually decreased. It is found that after such processing, vinyl acetate polymers prepared at a given temperature approach a maximum viscosity regardless of the viscosity of the original resins. This maximum is increased by lowering the temperature of polymerization and is different for other vinyl esters. The extent of degradation is negligible at low conversions. It is concluded that this phenomenon is characteristic of the monomer. The chemical bond responsible for the degradation has many of the properties of ester linkages. The resins degrade with both bases and acids although the latter catalyst sometimes requires the presence of water. They also degrade when heated in a solution of pyridine, acetic acid and acetic anhydride. The extent of degradation closely parallels the degree of hydrolysis. It is suggested that these ester linkages are formed during polymerization as a result of transfer with the carbon-hydrogen bonds of the acetate groups of both monomer and polymer. Evidence of another transfer reaction involving the vinyl group, but having no bearing on the degradation, is also advanced. If polyvinyl acetate is alcoholized with an acid catalyst, in the absence of water, the processed resin may have a higher viscosity than would be the case with an alkaline catalyst. How much higher is governed by the type of initiator used in the polymerization. This suggests that polymer molecules may be united under these conditions, but the nature of the reaction is obscure.
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 445-445 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cyclopentadiene can be catalytically converted into a deep red polycyclopentadienetrichloroacetic acid adduct (I). Oxidation and hydrogenation experiments show that each repeating unit of (I) contains one double bond. Other observations, including spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements indicate that these double bonds are conjugated, and that this polymerization involves the migration of hydrogen atoms. The kinetics of the formation of (I) are investigated and some results of these measurements, together with those pertaining to the alkaline hydrolysis of (I), make it probable that the initiation step is in acid-catalyzed esterification of the diene and that the final polymer is an ester. Colloid chemical properties of (I) are described.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the extent of hydrolysis in a given set of conditions is qualitatively related to the thickness of the rayon skin. This interpretation is preferable to that of relating extent of hydrolysis to crystalline amorphous ratio.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study has been carried out on the emulsion polymerization of butadiene, using the “peroxamine” recipe at low temperatures in an attempt to evaluate the absolute propagation rate, according to the theory of Smith and Ewart, from a determination of the rate of polymerization per particle of latex. Unlike the persulfate-mercaptan system previously reported, the hydroperoxide-polyamine systems show a polymerization rate per particle which is independent of all variables other than temperature. Hence this system behaves according to case 2 of the Smith-Ewart treatment, where the number of free radicals per particle is approximately 1/2. On this basis it is possible to calculate a value for the absolute propagation rate constant for butadiene, as follows: kp = 1.2 × 108 e-9300/RT l./mole/sec. This value in turn leads to an evaluation of the absolute rates of some other reactions involving the butadiene radical, such as cross-linking, chain transfer, and copolymerization. It agrees with the current data on absolute rates for other monomers and with present-day theories concerning the effect of conjugation on radical-monomer interaction.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Hexamethylenedithiol and 1,3-butadiene react in an emulsion system in the presence of peroxides to produce 1,6-dicrotylmercaptohexane. Hexamethylenedithiol and 1,6-dicrotylmercaptohexane did not yield a polymer by either bulk or emulsion techniques which confirms earlier work that a sulfur atom beta to a double bond prevents free radical initiated addition of a mercaptan to that bond. Hexamethylenedithiol does give a polymer with bicrotyl showing that a buried double bond will react. Polymerizations of hexamethylenedithiol with both biallyl ether and bis-10-hendecen-1-yl ether will take place, but they show that an oxygen atom beta to a double bond inhibits the free radical catalyzed addition of a mercaptan to that bond.
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  • 26
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 345-346 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 350-352 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: (1) Sebacamide and N,N′-diacetylhexamethylenediamine interchange to produce acetamide and polyhexamethylene sebacamide. (2) The rate is proportional to the concentrations of the two reacting species and to the square root of carboxyl group concentration. (3) The rate increases with increasing concentration of water. Reagents which had been held in the molten state under high vacuum were still capable of reaction. (4) N-Substitution decreases the rate constant; the isobutyl group is more effective than methyl in this respect. (5) As an indication of the amount of interchange occurring during a typical polymerization, it is computed that at least 42% of the amide links interchange during the 66 nylon synthesis. This means that it is not feasible to make nonrandom copolyamides by polymerizing together low molecular weight homopolyamides. Interchange does provide for the production of nonrandom copolymers from two or more high molecular weight homopolyamides.
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  • 29
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 444-444 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 30
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 446-447 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 448-448 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 476-476 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 33
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some copolymers which contain either aldehyde or ketone carbonyl groups have been treated with phosphorus trichloride and then in sequence with acetic acid and water. On the basis of phosphorus analyses of the resulting products, α-hydroxyphosphonic acid groups have been introduced in amounts ranging from zero to 100% of the theoretical amount. These phosphorus containing polymers with 2% or more of phosphorus are somewhat flame resistant.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 503-518 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A review of the data available in the literature and new data reported in this paper show that in any homologous series of condensation polymers there is a uniform change in the melting point as the hydrocarbon content of the polymer is increased. If all such series are treated as copolymers of the simplest modifying element and polyethylene and the composition expressed on a mole fraction basis, the data when presented graphically show that the melting points of any such series passes through a minimum at some intermediate composition. The position of the minimum as well as the depth of the minimum is dependent on the polarity of the modifying group. This survey has included aliphatic polyesters, aromatic polyesters, polysulfides, cellulose derivatives, and polyamides. Some of the series are complete enough to show a definite minimum with compositions on either side of the minimum with higher melting points. In some compositions based on the very highly polar groups, such as amides, the series is not complete enough to establish the complete shape of the curve, but the indications are strong that the minimum does exist.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 528-528 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For a soft free-draining coil that changes its shape quite easily in flow, intrinsic viscosity does not depend on velocity gradient. The deformation and extension of the coil in flow, which increases the contribution of the single molecule, is just compensated for by the decrease in number of molecules crossing the flow plane and thus actually contributing to the additional shear stress. The finite valence angle and the restricted rotation around the valence bond, however, not only extend but also stiffen the molecule. The completely stiff coils - an idealization that never occurs but is very suitable for computing purposes - are oriented in the flow without any alteration of their shapes and shape distribution. The intrinsic viscosity thereby decreases with increasing orientation. The effect is the more accessible the longer the molecule, the deviations from the initial viscosity at rest being proportional to the square of the gradient and the fourth power of the degree of polymerization. The real molecules are neither quite stiff nor completely soft. Thus their intrinsic viscosity ought to lie between the two limiting cases, the decrease with the gradient being smaller than for the stiff coils. Taking into account the hydrodynamic interaction of the chain elements, the gradient dependence cannot be computed precisely. Qualitative considerations yield an increased viscosity contribution with the stretching of the coils, since they become more permeable the more they are extended. Thus the intrinsic viscosity of quite soft molecules should increase with the gradient. In completely stiff coils, however, the partial solvent immobilization does not change the gradient dependence, on the whole, since the shapes and the shape distribution are unaltered by the flow, although the appearing of the effect is displaced to higher gradients, and the absolute value of the initial intrinsic viscosity is very markedly reduced. Experiments are too rare and not sufficiently precise to allow any reliable test of the theory. In most cases, the concentrations and the gradients are too high for an unambiguous extrapolation to infinite dilution and zero gradient viscosity. But they nevertheless seem to exclude the case of quite soft molecules and are not in contradiction with the general features of the theory.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 69-71 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of molecular distribution in condensation polymers has been extended to include systems of a rather general type. Equations for the distribution and the weight-average molecular weight are given.
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  • 39
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 528-528 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of initiation Ri of polymer chains in styrene and methyl methacrylate have been measured for four different catalysts. The results for styrene at 60°C are: Ri = 1.28 × 10-5[azo]; Ri = 2.96 × 10-6[Bz2O2]; Ri = 6.12 × 10-7[CHP]; Ri = 9.96 × 10-5[BHP]. Azo, Bz2O2, CHP, and BHP refer to 2-azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, respectively. Rates are expressed in moles per liter per second. The corresponding results for methyl methacrylate at 60° are: Ri = 1.42 × 10-5[azo]; Ri = 6.62 × 10-6[Bz2O2]; Ri = 3.92 × 10-7[CHP]; Ri = 7.30 × 10-8[BHP]. Catalyst efficiencies for azo and Bz2O2 are shown to be nearly unity in both monomers. Chain transfer constants were calculated for all catalysts in both monomers. Photopolymerization was shown to proceed via chains growing in one direction only. The polymerizations were all carried out in the pure monomers (bulk polymerization) with exclusion of oxygen and other inhibitors.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 573-574 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 574-576 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The degradation of polystyrene by heat and ultraviolet radiant energy was followed by mass spectrometric analysis of the gaseous products evolved. Oxygen content, discoloration, and insolubility of the treated polymer were also investigated. The degradation of polystyrene involves two different processes: (1) the breakdown of thermolabile groups formed in the polymer prior to degradative treatment; this breakdown is caused by exposure to heat at 120°C. in vacuo and 115°C. in oxygen and to ultraviolet radiant energy at 120°C. in vacuo and 118°C. in oxygen; it is accompanied by the removal of residual materials such as solvent; and (2) the oxidation of the polymer caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy in the presence of oxygen. The evolution of benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethylbenzenes, and alcohols is associated with the first stage involving the breakdown of thermolabile groups and the removal of residual materials. Compounds such as formaldehyde, formic acid, and acetic acid are produced as a result of oxidation of the polymer. The oxygen content of the polymer was decreased from 0.33 to approximately 0.1 percent by heating at 120°C. in vacuo and at 115°C. in oxygen, and by exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy at 120°C. in vacuo. Ultraviolet treatment at 118°C. in oxygen for 250 hours quadrupled the original oxygen concentration. Discoloration of the polystyrene was definitely noted only on exposure to ultraviolet radiant energy in oxygen and is associated with oxidation of the polymer. The material became insoluble as a result of all heat and ultraviolet treatments. The amount of insoluble material increased with severity of exposure conditions.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 593-598 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Apparent viscosities of aqueous solutions of polyvinylbutylpyridinium bromide (DP = 2000), after correction for instrument constants, are linear in average rate of shear in the capillary viscometer. If a non-Newtonian solute in a Newtonian solvent is assumed, the rather complicated experimental viscosity-pressure curves at various concentrations may be summarized by the simple expression ηsp./C = z∞ (1 - αz∞β)where z∞ is ηsp./C extrapolated to zero rate of shear and β is the average velocity gradient.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of butadiene with 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, acrylic acid, and methacrylic acid have been prepared and evaluated as rubbers. The 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate copolymer has good low temperature properties. The methacrylic acid copolymer has unexpectedly good oil resistance, but the low temperature properties are poor. The acrylic acid copolymers show fair oil resistance and good low temperature properties. Both acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers with butadiene show unexpectedly good tensiles.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Studies of the change of attenuation and velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves with proceeding polymerization of thermosetting plastics have revealed that this new technique may permit rapid determination of the stage of polymerization under various conditions. The ultrasonic equipment used for these tests is described in detail. On the basis of results so far obtained, future possibilities for the application of this new technique in studying polymerization reactions are outlined.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 657-657 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A mechanism is proposed for branch formation in polyvinyl acetate. A simplified kinetic analysis gives the degree of branching in terms of six rate constant ratios. Four of these ratios were determined with satisfactory accuracy by very slow photopolymerization of highly purified vinyl acetate at 70°C. to different degrees of conversion. The polymers were believed to be near the maximum molecular weight obtainable at that temperature. Number-average degrees of polymerization were estimated by quantitative determination of the double bond end groups. The correlation between these values and intrinsic viscosities was in good agreement with published osmotic and viscosity measurements. A fifth ratio was estimated less accurately by viscosity measurements on the polymers after alcoholysis and acetylation. A rough estimation of the sixth ratio was based on a cross-linking experiment. These ratios were used to accurately predict the degradation on hydrolysis of a series of low molecular weight polymers. Calculations showed greater branching occurs in a single kettle continuous process than in the simple batch process.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of continuous polymerization processes has been developed in a form that permits experimental verification. Under selected experimental conditions it has been found possible to predict the asymptotic, or steady state, conversion without recourse to any assumptions concerning the kinetic order of the polymerization reaction. The theory has been compared with results obtained for the continuous solution polymerization of styrene. Emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate was carried out by a continuous process in the range 35-55°C. These polymerizations were extended over periods up to 48 hours and with the steady state conversions varying between 35 and 85%. The observation that the conversion passes through a maximum and then decreases somewhat to the steady state value has been found to fit in well with Harkins' picture of emulsion polymerization. A method for obtaining a composition fractionation of styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer was developed. Batch and continuous emulsion copolymers (obtained at 77% conversion) were fractionated by this method and it was established that the continuously prepared copolymer was compositionally more homogeneous than the other in spite of the complexity of emulsion polymerizations.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1,3,5-Trivinyl-2,4,6-trichlorobenzene has been prepared and its copolymerization, at low weight percentages, with styrene has been studied by following the change in viscosity of the polymerizing systems as a function of time. The copolymerization was studied as a function of the concentration of the trivinyl compound (0.5-2 weight per cent) at two temperatures and two benzoyl peroxide concentrations. The gelation times and per cent styrene polymerized at gelation were estimated. In addition, the copolymerization of 1,3,5-trivinyl-2,4,6-trichlorobenzene with styrene was compared with that of 1,4-divinyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,3-divinyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene, both with styrene. The infrared and ultraviolet spectra of the three cross-linking agents were determined. The ultraviolet spectrum of 1,4-divinyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene provides a basis for explaining its greater reactivity in copolymerization with styrene.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 279-281 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 315-325 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermally contracted collagen, when swollen in appropriate media, obeys rubber elasticity theory. On the basis of the measurements which were made, it was possible to establish that the material behaves as if it were a network polymer crosslinked by covalent bonds. However, the chemical nature of these crosslinks is not known. The molecular weight of the chain between points of crosslinking is approximately 55,000. This corresponds to the molecular weight calculated for collagen from x-ray data (60,600), assuming the c axis of the unit cell to be the characteristic 625 A. spacing.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The emulsion copolymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25) is initiated by redox systems containing potassium chromate as oxidizing constituent. In alkaline (soap) recipes, the system chromate-arsenic trioxide is especially effective, giving a rate of conversion of about 20% per hour at 30°C. with 5 parts of potassium myristate (0.3 part of potassium chromate and 0.07 part of arsenic trioxide per 100 parts of monomers). Other fatty acid soaps or sodium alkyl sulfate may be used instead of myristate, although no other soap or emulsifier tested gives a rate as large as does myristate. Mercaptan has a slight accelerating effect but the presence of mercaptan is not necessary for initiation of polymerization. The use of arsenic trisulfide as reducing agent gives rise to rapid polymerization but the rates vary with different suspensions of arsenic trisulfide. Potassium antimonyl tartrate also may be used in combination with chromate to give rapid polymerization at 40°C. with fatty acid soap. Tin(II) is much less effective than either arsenic(III) or antimony(III). Inorganic reducing agents which in combination with chromate are inefficient in initiating the copolymerization include iron(II), thallium(I), dithionite, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and sulfide.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 385-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the scratches produced by a needle on natural rubber vulcanizates of different composition. The surface damage brought about in this way depends markedly on the nature of the rubber. In particular, the traces on unloaded vulcanizates are discontinuous whereas the traces on carbon loaded rubbers of the tire tread type are continuous. It has been found possible to explain the results qualitatively by reference to hardness, friction, and tear resistance of the vulcanizates.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: With the polyelectrolyte solutions prepared by adding potassium chloride into the solution of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses in the various proportions, the activity of chloride ion was measured potentiometrically, from which the ionic strength of the sample solutions was computed. From these experimental results it has been found that Lewis' law of ionic strength, although it does not hold in the original sense as it is, seems applicable for the polyelectrolyte solutions if an assumption is permitted that the so-called segment accompanied by a portion of counterions behaves like a permanent point-charge ion. Thus, the degree of fixation of counterions was computed, and the dissociation state of strong polyelectrolyte was discussed. Furthermore, a brief report was made on the difference between the activity coefficients of byions and counterions in their thermodynamical meaning as well as on the connection of the nature of polyelectrolyte solutions with that of simple electrolyte solutions according to the authors' two phase conception.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 465-467 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 59
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 476-478 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the copolymerization behavior of perfluoropropene, perfluorobutene-1, perfluorobutene-2, perfluoroisobutene, perfluoropentene-1, and perfluorononene-1. We have so far not succeeded in homopolymerizing these olefins. However, certain nonfluorinated, nonconjugated comonomers-ethylene, vinyl. chloride, vinyl acetate, and the vinyl alkyl ethers-were found to copolymerize readily, giving copolymers containing up to 50 mole per cent, and in some cases slightly more than this, of the perfluoro-olefin in the copolymer. The higher members of the series copolymerize in general less readily than the lower members. The products ranged from viscous oils to tough, film-forming solids. The difficulty of homopolymerization and the relative ease of copolymerization of the perfluoro-olefins with the above comonomers are discussed and interpreted in terms of probable electron distributions around the double-bond.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A polysoap was prepared from poly-4-vinylpyridine by quaternizing 43.4% of the pyridine nitrogens with ethyl bromide and 46.7% with n-dodecyl bromide. Temperatures considerably higher than 25°C. were necessary to bring the polysoap into solution; but, once prepared, the solutions remained stable when cooled to 25°C. Viscosities measured just after the polymer had dissolved were irreproducible. On further heating, the viscosity decreased, eventually reaching a constant value which was reproducible. The viscosity decreases of three portions of a 0.5% solution was followed at 45°C., 55°C., and 65°C., respectively, and it was found to be fastest at the highest at the highest of these temperatures and slowest at the lowest. The final values reached at all three temperatures were approximately the same. These results are consistent with the assumption that the initially irreproducible viscosities are due to clusters of polysoap molecules which have not had enough time to break up. Prolonged heating is necessary to produce complete dissolution into individual molecules. Once reproducibility was attained it was shown that the polysoap exhibited essentially the same viscosity and solubilization characteristics as had previously been observed for polysoaps derived from poly-2-vinylpyridine.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic equations are derived, first for degradation of polymers as a reversal of polymerization processes and, second, for degradation polymerization processes ultimately leading to equilibria between monomer and polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 417-422 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The vapor pressures of monomeric styrene and methyl methacrylate have been measured over a wide range of temperatures. The data are compared with values in the literature where this is possible.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 463-465 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 467-470 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 470-472 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 67
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1952), S. 209-235 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The molecular weight of the high-polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; Kollidon) was determined by sedimentation experiments in the ultracentrifuge and by diffusion measurements. The relationship between the molecular weight and the intrinsic viscosity was determined to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\left[ \eta \right] = 1,4 \cdot 10^{ - 4} \cdot M^{0,70}$$\end{document}This equation prooves to be valid for molecular weights from 10 000 to 200 000. From 200 000 the exponent of M decreases with increasing molecular weight. The molecular weight (weight average) in the range of 10 000 to 100 000 can also be calculated from a simple formula \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\overline M _w = 15 \cdot K^{2,3}$$\end{document} where k means a viscosity constant according to Fikentscher.From the friction data obtained experimentally, certain conclusions were drawn as to the size and shape of the PVP-molecules. According to this, the PVP-molecules are present in aqueous solutions as randomly kinked chains, encompassing “immobilized” solvent.
    Notes: Die Bestimmung des Molekulargewichtes des hochpolymeren Polyvinylpyrrolidons (PVP; Kollidon) wurde im folgenden durch Sedimentationsversuche in der Ultrazentrifuge und durch Diffusionsversuche durchgeführt. Es wurde ferner der funktionelle Zusammenhang zwischen den mit der Ultrazentrifuge gefundenen Molekulargewichten und den Viskositätszahlen ermittelt. Für einen Molekulargewichtsbereich von 10 000 bis 200 000 gilt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$Z\eta = 1,4 \cdot 10^{ - 5} \cdot M^{0,70}$$\end{document}Bei größeren Molekulargewichten nimmt der Exponent von M. kleinere Werte an.Die Berechnung des Molekulargewichtes (Gewichtsdurchschnitt) im Bereich von 10 000 bis 100 000 kann in einfacher Weise aus den k-Werten (Viskositätskonstanten nach Fikentscher) des Kollidons nach der Formel erfolgen: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\overline M _w = 15 \cdot K^{2,3}$$\end{document}Aus den experimentell gefundenen Reibungsdaten werden gewisse Rückschlüsse auf die Größe und die Gestalt des Kollidonmoleküls gezogen. Danach liegen die Kollidon moleküle in der wäßrigen Lösung als undurchspülte Knäuel vor.
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  • 68
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1952), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The method previously described for the fractionation of high polymers by gradually dissolving a film obtained from the product to be fractionated is modified in a simple manner so as to obtain absolute distribution curves while retaining the particular advantages of this method (very quick fractionation, small amount of substance required). This is proved in individual experiments by comparing the distribution curves of a polyvinyl alcohol and a polyvinyl acetate of equal chain length, by a comparison with the fractionating by precipitation, by the fractionating of two different high molecular products and of the mixture of both and, finally, by fractionating the same product with different pairs of liquids. An indirect method for determining the degree of polymerisation of polyvinyl alcohols is discribed.
    Notes: Die früher beschriebene Methode der Fraktionierung von Hochpolymeren durch stufenweises Auflösen eines Filmes aus dem zu fraktionieren den Produkt wird in einfacher Weise so abgeändert, daß nun auch absolute Verteilungskurven erhalten werden können unter Beibehaltung der besonderen Vorzüge der Methode (sehr schnelle Durchführung einer Fraktionierung, geringer Substanzbedarf). Dies wird im einzelnen experimentell bewiesen durch den Vergleich der Verteilungskurven eines Polyvinylalkohols und eines Polyvinylacetats gleicher Kettenlängen-Verteilung, durch den Vergleich mit der Fäll-Fraktionierung, durch die Fraktionierung von zwei verschieden hochmolekularen Produkten und des Gemisches aus beiden und schließlich durch die Fraktionierung des gleichen Produktes mit verschiedenen Flüssigkeitspaaren. Eine indirekte Methode zur Bestimmung des Polymerisationsgrades von Polyvinylalkoholen wird angegeben.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: On a tanné des fibres élastines et collagènes. On démontre qu'il est possible de détanner complètement et au cours de cette réaction la régénération des propriétées physiques des matières premières est quantitative. Le détannage a été contrôlé par des diagrammes d'extensibilité. des méthodes de polarisation optique et gravimétriques. On considère les résultats comme soutien de la théorie du tannage comme ramollissement déhydratisant. La stabilisation des fibres élastiques dans les préparates histologiques a été considerée de la manière analogue.
    Notes: Elastin- und Kollagen-Fasern werden gegerbt. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine vollständige Entgerbung möglich ist, wobei die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Ausgangssubstanzen regeneriert werden. Die Entgerbung wird an Hand von Kraftdehnungsdiagrammen, polarisationsoptischen und gravimetrischen Daten verfolgt. Die Ergebnisse werden als Stütze für die Theorie der Gerbung als dehydratisierende Weichmachung aufgefaßt. Die Stabilisierung der elastischen Fasern im histologischen Präparat wird analog be trachtet.
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  • 70
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1952), S. 72-84 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: After a review of the kinetical methods of phenolic-resin formation and their results, it is demonstrated from the reaction curves of phenol alcohols, published by v. Euler and coworkers, that the kinetic of condensation developped by P. J. Flory in the polyesterification reactions, is applicable to the polyetherification of phenol alcohols.
    Notes: Nach einer Übersicht über die reaktionskinetischen Verfahren bei der Phenol-Form-aldehyd-Harzbildung und ihre Ergebnisse wird an Hand der v. Eulerschen Reaktionskurven zur Härtung von Phenolalkoholen die Übertragbarkeit der Floryschen Kondensationskinetik auf diese Härtung gezeigt.
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  • 71
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1952), S. 21-40 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 1An apparatus for fractionating polyethylenes at 80°C is described.2Eight different polyethylenes with average molecular weights from 4 000 to 40 000 are fractionated by dissolving in toluene at 80°C, adding n-propanol and cooling.3Mol.-weights are determined by cryoscopic, osmotic and viscometric methods. A modified Herzog-Spurlin-osmometer with poly-urethan-membranes is used for osmotic measurements.4For fractionated polyethylenes (mol.-weight-range from 2 600 to 35 000) the following equation, describing the mol.-weight-dependence of intrinsic viscosity in decalin at 70°C, is derived: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\left[ \eta \right] = 3,378 \cdot 10^{ - 4} \cdot M_n^{0,738}$$\end{document}5Mass-distribution-curves of eight technical polyethylenes are given.
    Notes: 1Es wird eine Apparatur zur Fraktionierung von Polyäthylen bei 80°C beschrieben.2Technische Polyäthylene mit mittleren Molekulargewichten zwischen 4 000 und 40 000 werden in Toluol von 80°C gelöst und durch Zugabe von n-Propanol und Temperatursenkung fraktioniert gefällt.3Die Molekulargewichte werden zum Teil kryoskopisch nach Beckmann in Diphenyl, zum Teil osmotisch sowie viskosimetrisch in Dekalin bestimmt. Das von R. O. Herzog und H. M. Spurlin angegebene Osmometer wird abgeändert. Als Membran dient eine Polyurethanfolie.4Für fraktionierte Polyäthylene wird folgende Beziehung zwischen der Viskositätszahl Zη bzw. zwischen Intrinsic Viskosität [η] und Molekulargewicht abgeleitet: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{l} Z_\eta = 3,873 \cdot 10^{ - 5} \cdot M_n^{0,738} \hbox{ order} \\ \left[ \eta \right] = 3,378 \cdot 10^{ - 4} \cdot M_n^{0,738}\\ \end{array}$$\end{document} Die angegebenen Konstanten gelten für den Fall, daß man die Viskosität bei 70°C in Dekalin bestimmt. Der Gültigkeitsbereich umfaßt die Molekulargewichte zwischen 2 600 und 35 000.5Von acht technisch hergestellten Polyäthylenen werden die integralen Verteilungsfunktionen und Massenverteilungsfunktionen graphisch dargestellt.
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  • 72
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1952), S. 140-146 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for the quantitative determination of the permeability of membranes for solvents is reported.The permeability number of Ultracellafilter membranes in benzene can greatly be altered by treating with other liquids for one day. In benzene the permeability number decreases in course of time; after exchanging benzene for methanol it increases very rapidly at first and still continues to increase slightly after one week.
    Notes: Es wird eine Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Durchlässigkeit von Membranen für Lösungsmittel beschrieben.Die Permeabilitätszahl von Ultracellafilter-Membranen in Benzol kann durch eintägige Einwirkung anderer Flüssigkeiten stark geändert werden. In Benzol nimmt die Permeabilitätszahl im Laufe der Zeit ab; sie steigt beim Austausch von Benzol durch Methanol zunächst sehr rasch an und nimmt auch nach einer Woche immer noch schwach zu.
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  • 73
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1952), S. 182-182 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird die Darstellung und Fraktionierung von Polyestern aus Oxyundekansäure beschrieben. Die Beziehung Zwischen Molekulargewicht und Viskositätszahl wird bis zum Molekulargewicht ca. 1. 106 festgelegt. Dies wurde ermöglicht durch sorgfältige Reinigung der Oxyundekansäure.
    Notes: Dans ce travail on été décrits la préparation et le fractionnement des polyesters obtenus à partir de l'acide hydroxy-11 undécylique. On a établi une relation entre le poids moléculaire et l'indice de viscosité valable environ jusqu'à un poids moléculaire de 1.000.000. Ce résultat a été rendu possible par une préparation et une purification très soigneuse de cet acide.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1952), S. 252-267 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Details are given about the reaction of various resols and novolaks with phenylisocyanate. By this process the polymer analogue urethanes are formed in complete conversion. These urethanes offer various advantages for the analysis of phenol-resins and possess remarkable chemical and physical qualities. They also allow to determine the molecular weight by means of the osmotic method. A linear relation between the molecular size and the specific viscosity of urethanes could be found. The molecular weights of these urethanes of p-cresol-resols are ranging from 8000-14000.
    Notes: Es werden Angaben gemacht über die Umsetzung verschiedener Resole und Novolake mit Phenylisocyanat; es bilden sich in quantitativem Umsatz polymeranaloge Urethane. Diese Reaktionsprodukte bieten viele Vorteile für die Phenolharzanalyse und weisen bemerkenswerte chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften auf. Mit ihrer Hilfe gelang es, osmotische Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen durchzuführen. Eine lineare Beziehung zwischen Viskositätszahl und Molekülgröße bei den Urethanen der p-Kresol-Formaldehyd-Harze konnte dabei im Molekulargewichtsbereich von etwa 8000-14000 aufgefunden werden.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Vulcanization with sulfur is ascribed to the formation of sulfur radicals which are believed to copolymerize with the rubber molecule double bonds. Hydrogen sulfide is proposed as necessary for chain initiation but when formed in sufficient amounts serves as a chain terminator. This is believed to lead to numerous self-limiting features including ceiling temperatures, post-vulcanization and delayed action effects. Initiation may result from the oxidation of H2S to sulfur radicals and termination to the formation of HS radicals.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 346-349 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A light scattering investigation of actin and actomyosin gives the following information. The weight average molecular weight of 80,000 is found for G-actin. The average molecular weight and length of F-actin decrease upon increasing concentration of electrolyte, the effect being especially pronounced in the case of KI. The average molecular weight and length of F-actin decrease with increasing of pH of polymerization. The average length and molecular weight of F-actomyosin increase with decreasing ionic strength. The average length and molecular weight of F-actomyosin decrease with decreasing size of the F-actin component.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: (1)The reactivity of monomers in an ionic copolymerization is shown to be a function of the polarity of the substituent on the ethylenic double bond.(2)The nonalternating tendency is explained by the absence of an alternating polar effect during the propagation step.(3)The results seem to indicate in the case of the monomers studied here the absence of any other selective effects (e.g., steric) and furthermore that the reactivity of the carbonium ions derived from these different monomers is the same. Therefore it is suggested that:(4)The original Wall equation, dM1/dM2 = α(M1/M2) may be applied.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the description of a simple technique for determining the molecular weight distribution curve of polystyrene (and presumably any other soluble polymer consisting of a polymer-homologous series). The general theory of the method as well as preliminary experimental results will be covered. The method is characterized by: (1) simple technique and equipment; (2) no need to isolate and measure fractions; and (3) a general basis in thermodynamic theory of polymer solutions, although a double calibration is needed to determine numerical parameters. The method consists in adding increasing quantities of nonsolvent to a dilute solution of polystyrene in a good solvent and observing the cumulative volume of precipitate as a function of nonsolvent content. The settled gel must re-equilibrate (hence deswell) with the new solvent after each alcohol addition. The swelling ratio, S (cc. of swollen gel per gram of dry polymer), of the swollen precipitate is approximately independent of the molecular weight and depends mainly on the volume percent of nonsolvent, γ according to (1)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma {\rm } = {\rm }\alpha + {\sigma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\sigma {\left( {S^S } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {S^S } \right)}} $\end{document} where α, σ, and s are constants. Likewise, the molecular weight, M, of the species precipitated at any nonsolvent content is given by the Schulz precipitability equation: (2)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma {\rm } = {\rm }\alpha + {\beta \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\beta {\left( {M^m } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {M^m } \right)}} $\end{document} where α, β, and m are constants. For the system polystyrene-benzene-methanol, we find s = 4/3 while Schulz had already noted that m = 2/3. Elimination of γ and α leads to the prediction of a linear relation between M and S2. A two-fold calibration to obtain the constants in equations (1) and (2) is necessary to convert the observed data to an absolute cumulative weight versus molecular weight curve. However, even the simple plot of cc. of precipitate versus percent nonsolvent is informative. The relationship of these results to the thermodynamic theories of polymer solutions of Flory, Huggins, Gee, and Scott is outlined. The plot of cumulative volume of precipitate against percent nonsolvent has two characteristic features: an inflection point and a maximum. If the original polymer has a weight distribution function of the Schulz type, i.e., MkM × (1 - k)2, where k is related to the number-average molecular weight, M̄n, through M̄n = M0(1 - k)-1, then it can be shown that the maximum occurs at M̄n while the inflection point occurs at 2.15 M̄n.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic properties of low molecular weight polyisobutylene and silicone oils have been investigated over a range of frequencies and temperatures. When subjected to oscillating stresses, these materials behave as though they had a shear modulus as well as a viscosity. Dynamic viscosities and rigidities have been determined at frequencies between 10 and 100 cycles per second and at temperatures between -50° and +60°C. Falling ball viscosities were also obtained over the same temperature range. In general, moduli increase with increasing frequency and decreasing temperature while dynamic viscosities decrease with increasing frequency and increasing temperature. At room temperature and above, the dynamic viscosity varies very little with the frequency and is essentially the same as the falling ball viscosity. At lower temperatures the dynamic viscosity decreases considerably with increasing frequency but extrapolates to the falling ball viscosity at zero frequency. If these materials are regarded as complex Maxwell liquids, the dynamic rigidities and viscosities may be written as functions of a “reduced frequency” equal to the frequency multiplied by an exponential of a constant divided by the absolute temperature. This constant can be evaluated from the slope of the linear plot of the logarithm of the falling ball viscosity over the absolute temperature versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. For a given material a single constant suffices to bring the data at all frequencies and temperatures into a single plot similar to that used by Ferry.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 543-553 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion of the principles for the extension of the time scale for elastoviscous data by use of experimental information obtained at various temperatures is presented. A quantity k is defined such that stress relaxation curves at all temperatures are identical if plotted versus time divided by k(T). This function k(T) is compared with the function a(T) used by Ferry and by Fox and Flory for other viscoelastic data. In particular, k(T) for polyisobutylene is found to be identical (within experimental error) with a(T) obtained by Fox and Flory from viscosity measurements.The complete composite relaxation curve Er,T(t) for polyisobutylene is constructed from data of Brown and Tobolsky and Andrews and Tobolsky. Er,T(t) is shown to have three regions: a “rubbery region,” and a “glassy region.” This conclusion is reinforced by comparison with data on polymethylmethacrylate. The “rubbery region” is molecular weight dependent, whereas the “transition region” is molecular weight independent and independent of the presence of a small concentration of cross links.Simple empirical functions are given for Er,T(t) and the corresponding distributions of relaxation times are also presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 607-609 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dust-free polymer solutions have been prepared with the aid of special equipment which is described.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solution properties, i.e., gel content and intrinsic viscosity, of sulfur-modified polychloroprenes were examined at monomer conversions ranging from 5 to 95% to obtain information about the mechanism of action of the sulfur modifier and other factors influencing the polymerization. Sulfur-modified polymers isolated at conversions beyond 10-40%, depending upon the polymerization temperature, were found to be insoluble before treatment with tetraethylthiuram disulfide. These results, in confirmation of earlier results with radiosulfur, indicate that sulfur in chloroprene polymerization does not act as a chain transfer agent. The intrinsic viscosity-conversion relationships for sulfur-modified, tetraethylthiuram disulfide-treated polychloroprenes show two viscosity maxima. The first maximum, at 15-20% conversion, appears to be the result of a change in polymer structure and, therefore, a change in the molecular weight-intrinsic viscosity relationship. The second maximum appears at high conversion, 85-90%, and is caused by the formation of relatively tight gel that cannot be solubilized by the tetraethylthiuram disulfide scission reaction. The less pronounced decrease in viscosity beyond this peak is caused by removal of high molecular weight polymer by gelation, leaving relatively lower molecular weight sol polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 633-649 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nitrocellulose prepared from heterogeneously degraded cotton and technical rayon pulp has been divided into different fractions by adding water to the acetone solution. The osmotic pressure and the viscosity of each acetone solution at various concentrations have been measured. Within a range of concentration of 1.5 to 10 grams per liter the reduced osmotic pressure shows a linear dependence on the concentration. The molecular weight values obtained are in the range 26,000 to 2,500,000. The value of the virial coefficient B in the osmotic pressure equation depends on the molecular weight. With increased molecular weight the value of B decreases, at first strongly, later more slowly. This fact, which has also been observed on polystyrenes by Outer, Carr, and Zimm (measurements of light scattering), cannot be explained by the Flory-Huggins theory. It depends on the flexibility of the threadlike molecules. An equation is given showing the relationship between B and M in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. This equation contains as a parameter the length of a statistical chain element (Kuhn's theory), as obtained by viscosity measurements. Schulz stated that the entropy of dilution of the system nitrocellulose-acetone differs but little from the ideal value. Consequently the positive excess term calculated for the athermal solution has to be compensated by a further negative term deriving from the solvation. Until now calculations of the solvation only supplied positive terms. Yet, a negative term is obtained, considering the fact that the bond of the acetone molecules with the nitrocellulose is fixing the orientation of the acetone molecule in a much stronger way than it would be in pure acetone. The statistical mechanical calculation shows that this model gives satisfactory results. The measurements of the viscosity cannot be represented by the Huggins theory. The plotting of ηsp./c against c gives curves the slope of which strongly increases with the molecular weight. The molecular weight being rather high, no linear relationship can be reached in plotting ηsp./c against ηsp. The intrinsic viscosity therefore had to be determined by graphic extrapolating. These values are used to find the relationship between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight, and for the quantitative testing of the Kirkwood-Riseman theory. The Staudinger formula cannot be applied for higher degrees of polymerization. The Kirkwood-Riseman theory is confirmed for degrees of polymerization down to n ≈ 200. Below this value systematic discrepancies occur, the reasons for which are discussed. The measurements seem to demonstrate that there are small but characteristic differences between the molecular parameters of cotton cellulose and wood pulp.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that changes in chemical structure of aromatic polyesters have a pronounced effect on the melting points and crystallinity of the polymers. Changes which remove the carboxyl group from the ring result in marked lowering of the melting point and toughness of the polymers. Changes which separate aromatic nuclei lower melting point but not as markedly as the above change. Changes which put an odd number of atoms in the polymer chain markedly lower the melting point. Changes which interfere with the possibility of co-planarity of the components very markedly affect the crystallinity, and to a lesser extent the sticking point of polymers.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In Part I the translational resistance of the random coil was discussed. In the two limiting cases of the freely draining and the completely nondraining coil a theoretical treatment was given, while for intermediate draining conditions an experimental method, involving large-scale models of the molecules, was shown to be available. The same treatment is now extended to deal with the analogous case of the hydrodynamic rotational resistance of the random coil. It is on this characteristic resistance that the intrinsic viscosity and the flow birefringence of solutions of chain molecules principally depend.Expressions are found for the viscosity index [η], the orientation index [ω], and the birefringence index [n], respectively. In these formulas Z is the degree of polymerization while the parameters aη, aη, aη, and brot are independent of Z. These parameters are, however, functions of the length Am of the preferential statistical chain element and the hydrodynamic thickness dh of the chain. an also includes the anisotropy of polarizability of the statistical chain element. It is seen moreover that [ω] (in contrast to [η] and [η]) also depends on the shape resistance of the chain (i.e., on the resistance which the chain inherently offers to a rapid change in configuration).
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The formation of “grafted” vinyl copolymers by polymerizing one monomer in the presence of a preformed vinyl polymer has been extended to a new monomer-polymer combination and one point of attachment of the lateral (grafted) polymer chain has been shown precisely. When ethylene was polymerized in the presence of polyvinyl acetate under a variety of conditions, modified polyvinyl acetates having lateral polyethylene chains were formed. Alkaline methanolysis of such modified polymers yielded mixtures of long-chain fatty acids and ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohols (which were inseparable from any unmodified polyvinyl alcohol that may have been present). The hydrolysis to long-chain acids shows that polyvinyl acetate acts as a chain transfer agent and that one point of lateral growth of polyethylene chains is the —CH3 in the acetoxy group of polyvinyl acetate. The second hydrolysis product, the ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohol, shows that chain transfer, and subsequent growth of polyethylene chains, can also occur on the chain carbons of polyvinyl acetate. Oxidation of the ethylene-modified polyvinyl alcohols yielded a mixture of oxalic acid and long-chain fatty acids. At the low ethylene pressures studied (300 to 1200 p.s.i.) only traces to small amounts of low molecular weight polyethylene waxes were formed.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The optimum pH for the emulsion polymerization of hexamethylenedithiol and diallyldimethylsilane was found to be in the region of 3.0 to 4.0. A variety of polyalkylene sulfides containing silicon were prepared using bulk, solution, and emulsion polymerization techniques. All of the polyalkylene sulfides which contained silicon were heavy oily materials which were very “tacky”.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When heated in a vaccum at 325° to 375°C., polystyrene yields mainly the monomer and some dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc., indicating that the breaks in the molecular chains occur largely at the ends. Polyethylene, under similar conditions, but at a some-what higher temperature, yields fragments of an average molecular weight of about 700, indicating that the molecular chains break, mostly at random positions. A study was made of rates of thermal degradation of these two polymers by measuring rates of loss of weight of samples by means of a very sensitive tungsten spring balance enclosed in a vaccum. The samples were limited to 5-6 mg. in order to avoid spattering during degradation. Rate curves plotted against per cent loss of weight by volatilization indicate that in the case of polystyrene the process is intermediate between a zero and first order reaction, while in the case of polyethylene, the process approximates a first order reaction. Activation energies were calculated on the basis of rates of degradation at various temperatures. The values thus obtained for polystyrene and polyethylene are 58 and 68 kilocalories, respectively.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new initiating system, named the “Veroxazine” system, for the copolymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25) is described. Ferric versenate is reduced by hydrazine to the ferrous complex which in turn reacts with hydroperoxide to produce the radicals which initiate polymerization. At 5°C., with 5 parts of K-fatty acid soap, 0.1 part of Diox D, 0.1 part of N2H4·H2SO4, 0.0615 part of sodium hydroxide (to give free hydrazine base from the salt), 0.0005 M ferric iron (equivalent to 0.036 part ferric nitrate nonahydrate per 100 parts monomers), 0.0005 M versene, 1 part of K4P2O7 and 0.3 part sulfole, 70% conversion is reached in 12 hours. The rate of conversion can be varied within wide limits by changing the concentration of ferric iron, versene, or hydrazine. Typical conversion-time data at 5°C. with K-fatty acid soap, 0.1 Diox D, and 1 part of K4P2O7 are summarized below. TextFe(III)VN2H4·H2SO4, partConversion, %124812 hrs.0.005M0.002M0.114254790 - 0.002M0.001M0.111224475 - 0.001M0.0008M0.19193264850.0005M0.0005M0.16162848700.0003M0.0002M0.14101938530.001M0.0005M0.417315292 - 0.001M0.0005M0.215274081 - 0.001M0.0005M0.111213362830.001M0.0005M0.05614274766With a given concentration of ferric iron the maximum rate is found with a molar concentration of versene slightly smaller than that of ferric iron. The excess of ferric iron over versene is kept in aqueous solution as the complex with pyrophosphate. The addition of potassium pyrophosphate up to one part increases the rate of conversion and yields a normal latex free from precoagulation. In the absence of pyrophosphate a viscous latex subject to precoagulation is obtained. The effects of kind and amounts of soap, of free acid or base, of kind and concentration of hydroperoxide, kind and concentration of mercaptan, of oxygen, of methanol, and of shortstops have been investigated. Veroxazine recipes which give from 55 to 70% conversion in 12 hours at -5°C. are described.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 423-432 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is evident that a copolymeric mixture, if sufficiently heterogeneous in chemical composition and molecular weight, may separate into two or more distinct phases. The conditions for thermodynamic stability of a single-phase system have been investigated using the modified Flory-Huggins equations for heterogeneous polymer mixtures. The equation for a “spinodal hyper-surface” serves as a sufficient, but not always necessary, condition for phase separation. With certain simplifying assumptions, this reduces to the requirement that two or more phases must exist if: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (\bar M_w /\rho )\sum\limits_k {x_k } (\delta _k - \bar \delta )^2 〉 RT/2$$\end{document} where M̄w is the weight average molecular weight, ρ is the density of the high polymer, xk is the mole fraction (or volume fraction) of chains with the same chain-average chemical composition, represented by the “solubility parameter” δk, and δ is the average δ for the whole mixture. For a typical case (M̄w = 100,000, ρ = 1, T = 300°K), the standard deviation in δ cannot exceed 0.055. Since for a typical copolymer the possible range of δ (from 100% of one monomer to 100% of the other) may be 0.5-1.0 δ-units, we conclude that most copolymers must be reasonably homogeneous in chemical composition; the over-all composition of one chain cannot differ greatly from that of another in the same phase.
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 453-462 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using a direct weight method, the rate of butadiene polymer growth has been found to be logarithmic with time and proportional to the initial mass of polymer seed present providing active polymer seeds are used. When solutions of potassium sulfide (0.005 and 0.0025 g. per ml.) were added to butadiene, the growth of popcorn polymer in the vapor phase was greatly inhibited. The final weights of 0.100 g. initial polymer seeds were 0.205 and 0.389 g. after 29.6 and 30.5 days at 60°C. respectively, for the two sulfide concentrations. This is to be compared with a normal growth of 2.85 g. after 13.5 days at 60° for a non-sulfided test. Water does not inhibit popcorn polymer growth and may possibly accelerate it. The activity of the popcorn seeds for spontaneous growth in the presence of monomer depends on the seed generation or extent to which the seeds have grown. The growth activity of a definite mass of polymer increases with continued seed growth until a point is reached where there is a structural change from popcorn-like to more glassy-like polymer. The latter has lower growth activity. It is believed that the effect of variation of activity with seed generation is independent of peroxide content and that these tests were performed with peroxide-free seeds.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new recipe called the Veroxasulfide Recipe is described for the polymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25). The initiating system is composed of ferric versenate, sodium sulfide, and a hydroperoxide. With K-fatty acid soap as emulsifier, the use of 0.00728 part of ferric nitrate nonahydrate (corresponding to 10-4 M ferric iron in the aqueous phase), 10-4 M versene, 0.02 part of sodium sulfide, and 0.1 part of Diox D, the following conversions are found at 5°C.: TextTime, hrs.124812Conversion, %816326685The optimum amount of sodium sulfide is 0.02 part (equivalent to 0.062 part of the nonahydrate) but the rate does not depend critically on the amount. The optimum rate is found with approximately 0.00025 M ferric versenate (8.3% in 8 hours at 5°C.) and the rate may be adjusted conveniently by adjustment of the amount of ferric versenate. The presence of a considerable excess of versene over ferric iron does not affect the rate. With less versene than the amount equimolar to the amount of ferric iron the rate corresponds approximately to that observed with the corresponding amount of ferric versenate; that is, the rate is determined by the amount of ferric versenate rather than by the total amount of ferric iron. Latex of normal fluidity is obtained with charges containing 0.5 part or more of potassium chloride; without added electrolyte thick latex subject to precoagulation is obtained. Satisfactory rates are found with mixtures of Dresinate 214 and K-fatty acid soap. Mercaptan is not needed for initiation; the same rate is found with n-dodecyl mercaptan, with sulfole mercaptan, and without mercaptan. The kind of agitation has no or slight effect on the rate. Added oxygen has only a slight effect which is largely eliminated by the addition of sodium dithionite. A recipe is given which at -5°C. yields 70-75% conversion in 12 hours. Polymerization using the Veroxasulfide recipe at 25°C. may provide a sensitive test for traces of iron in ingredients used in polymerization recipes, since with 2 × 10-6 M ferric versenate (corresponding to 0.1 p.p.m. of ferric iron per liter of aqueous phase), 32% conversion is reached in 11 hours, whereas in the absence of iron 3% conversion is reached in the same time.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 197-216 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In applying the quadratic form π/c = (π/c)0[1 + Γ2c + Γ3c2] to osmotic pressure of dilute polymer solutions, the use of a third coefficient (Γ3), which is related semitheoreti-cally to the second (Γ2), is to be recommended over the use of unrestricted coefficients, both from the standpoint of expediency and of accuracy in the values so obtained for the intercept (π/c)0. and the initial slope (π/c)0Γ2.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 525-526 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple method is described for determining absolute turbidities of solutions based on the transmission of light of a highly turbid solution possessing no dissymmetry or depolarization. Stable suspensions of particles of vitreous silica (Ludox) used for this purpose possessed a weight average molecular weight of för millions.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In this article only fluid substances are considered, i.e., solutions of macromolecules. It is shown that it is necessary to give several repartition curves of the diffused light intensity in function of the angle and for several concentrations in the aim to obtain the giration-radius of macromolecules and to obtain some data about the interaction potential.
    Notes: L'article est à peu prèb uniquement consacré aux cas des fluides (solutions de macromolécules par exemple). Il est montré qu'il est nécessaire de conuaître plusieurs courbes de répartition de l'intensité du rayonuement diffusé en fonction de l'angle, relatives à plusieurs concentration de la matière, pour obtenir le rayon de giration des macromolécules et des renseignements sur leur potentiel d'interaction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The ratio of tensile strength of a polymer at 25°C. to its melt viscosity at some elevated temperature in the fabrication range is suggested as a quantitative figure of merit for commercial polymers. This ratio goes through a very sharp maximum as a function of molecular weight. The height of the maximum drops sharply with increasing molecular weight heterogeneity, although the location of the maximum along the molecular weight scale is unchanged. This behavior follows because tensile strength depends on number-average, and melt viscosity on weight-average, molecular weight. The possible role of non-Newtonian behavior on these conclusions is discussed. Finally it is shown that the ratio of tensile strength to melt viscosity for a plasticized polymer increases exponentially with plasticizer content.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of solubilized benzene on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of a polysoap, derived from poly-2-vinylpyridine and n-dodecyl bromide was found to be different, both in kind and in order of magnitude, from the simple viscosity depression characteristic of solubilized aliphatic hydrocarbons. As the benzene content of a given solution is increased, the viscosity at first rises, reaches a maximum, and decreases again, below its initial value, until the solution is saturated. The maximum rise in the reduced viscosity increases very strongly with increasing concentration of the polysoap, indicating that the viscosity increase is caused by interactions between polysoap molecules. On the other hand, the reduced viscosity depression at benzene saturation is not sensitive to the polysoap concentration and may therefore be ascribed to a contraction of the individual polysoap molecules. Both at the viscosity maximum and at benzene saturation, the respective amounts of benzene solubilized by unit amount of polysoap were found to be independent of the polysoap concentration. These results are interpreted to mean that the polysoap molecules act as independent solubilizing units, but that their structure is changed by the solubilized benzene is such a way as to strongly affect their mutual interaction. Based on the assumption that the benzene is solubilized both in the hydrocarbon and in the ionic regions of the polysoap molecules, a mechanism for the structure changes which would explain the viscosity maxima is suggested.
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