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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (174)
  • 1830-1839
  • 1976  (174)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (174)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lactose (β-galactosidase) was attached to the inner surface of nylon tubing. Tubes of various lengths were used to bring about the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside and of lactose in skim milk. The results with the former substrate were analyzed in the light of a theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16, 99, 1974), with the conclusion that the reaction is intermediate between diffusion-free and completely diffusion-controlled behavior. The results with skim milk show that with a single 46 m tube and continuous circulation, 90% of the lactose is removed within 20 hr. A battery of ten such tubes, with single passage, at a flow rate of 2 cm/sec, would remove more than 99% of the lactose in less than 40 min.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 145-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The applicability of the model derived by Ramanathan and Gaudy (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 11, 207, (1969)) for completely mixed activated sludge treatment holding the recycle solids concentration as a system constant was investigated using an actual industrial organic wastewater. Short-term experiments were conducted at various dilution rates (1/8, 1/6, 1/4, 1/2, 1/1.5 hr-1) for two recycle solids concentration values (5000 and 7000 mg/liter). The influent substrate concentration was maintained at 1000 mg/liter COD and the hydraulic recycle ratio, α, was kept at 0.3. It was found that for bottling plant (Pepsi Cola) waste-waters, a steady state with respect to reactor biological solids and effluent COD, at different dilution rates, could be attained, lending experimental evidence to the assumption that a steady state could be reached in developing the model and also affecting the applicability of the model in industrial organic wastewater. The reactor biological solids and effluent COD calculated from the model closely agreed with the observed values at dilution rates lower than 0.5 hr-1. Operation at dilution rates higher than 0.5 hr-1 will washout the biological solids from the reactor and the recycle substrate concentration will be apparent if the concentration of XR were not increased.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A covalently bound adduct of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) with alginic acid has been found to be enzymatically active and to undergo electrochemical oxidation or reduction without significant loss of its enzymatic activity. The preparation of the adduct itself (from NAD+, alginic acid, and 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate) is also accomplished with substantially complete retention of enzymatic activity. This adduct has been converted from the oxidized to the reduced form by controlled potential electrolysis using mercury and stainless-steel electrodes. This electrolytically produced NADH complex could be oxidized again to the enzymatically active NAD+ complex by enzymatic reaction with the proton acceptor, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol, as catalyzed by diaphorase. Using this electrolytic method with immobilized NAD, it is now possible to carry out redox reactions in which NADH is enzymatically oxidized to NAD+, with the simultaneous electrolytic regeneration of the reduced form, NADH, from the oxidized form, NAD+, produced in the enzymatic reaction.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1017-1021 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1001-1016 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A means to avoid the glucose effect in the production of baker's yeast from glucose and/or molasses in a fed batch culture by controlling the feed rate of fresh medium with an ad hoc measurement of the respiratory quotient, RQ, is presented. The feed rate is changed stepwise here such that the value of RQ ranges from 1.0 to 1.2 throughout the cultivation. Thus far, the specific growth rate based on the total cell mass and the growth yield obtained throughout are 0.24 hr-1 and 0.55 g cell/g glucose.Prior to the experimental run mentioned above, equations to predetermine the feed rate and concentration of glucose in the feed are derived from the mass balance of limiting substrates (glucose). Since values of either RQ or IO2 (QO2 x, oxygen consumption rate with respect to the total cell mass in the fermenter) can be measured quite easily and reliably, computer control of the fermentation in light of this information is discussed.
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  • 6
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1029-1032 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1091-1101 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate has been investigated using a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The optimum leaching conditions regarding pH, temperature, and pulp density were found to be 2.3, 35°C, and 22%, respectively. The energy of activation was calculated to be 16.7 kcal/mol. During these experiments the maximum rate of copper dissolution was about 215 mg/liters/hr and the final copper concentration was as high as 55 g/liter. This latter value is in the range of copper concentrations which may be used for direct electrorecovery of copper. Jarosite formation was observed during the leaching of the chalcopyrite concentrate. When the leach residue was reground to expose new substrate surface, subsequent leaching resulted in copper extractions up to about 80%. On the basis of this experimental work, a flow sheet has been proposed for commercial scale biohydrometallurgical treatment of high-grade chalcopyrite materials.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1117-1124 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous study on the chemostat culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, maximum invertase specific activity was observed at an intermediate dilution rate. A possible regulation mechanism, assuming there are simultaneous effects of induction and repression on two sites of the operator loci for invertase formation, is proposed which might account for the observed curve of the dilution rate effect.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1167-1170 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1145-1159 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various flavins, FMN, FAD, and acriflavin, were immobilized to Sepharose using several different coupling methods. The only product stable enough to permit extended studies was acriflavin coupled to epoxy-substituted Sepharose. The nonenzymic oxidizing capacity towards NAD(P)H was investigated and a 25% specific activity, compared to that of free acriflavin, was observed. The reduced acriflavin was immediately auto-reoxidized in air and could thus be reused. It was shown that acriflavin-Sepharose preparations function as NAD(P)H oxidizing agents in a number of different dehydrogenase systems including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alanine dehydrogenase (alaDH), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). The amount of expensive coenzyme necessary for high product formation of such systems was thereby markedly reduced.
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1171-1173 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1331-1334 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1315-1323 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An integrated processing scheme is described for the conversion of a cellulosic waste (newsprint) to sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and then to ethanol and yeast by fermentation. The unconverted solids are burned to produce process energy requirements and surplus electrical power. Preliminary designs and cost studies are developed to provide a rough perspective on the potential economic feasibility of this method of cellulose utilization.
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1335-1335 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1335-1335 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1351-1358 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Feather meal protein was prepared in granular form and used as a support for lactase using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. The support gave a high retention of activity and in column operation it yielded apparent half-lives from 50 to 100 days. Because of its gel-like consistency (water content of about 90%), there is some diffusional restricting of activity as indicated by the kinetic data of soluble and immobilized enzymes.
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  • 19
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1479-1480 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1463-1472 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lactoperoxidase catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide and an intermediary product is formed with antibacterial properties. The components of this system, with the exception of hydrogen peroxide, are present in milk. H2O2 may be introduced by means of enzymatic, generation and thus make the system complete. A two-enzyme system consisting of β-galactosidase and glucose oxidase has been developed for this purpose. The coupled enzyme reaction is shown to work with high efficiency at the neutral pH of milk although the enzymes as such, particularly lactases suitable for immobilization, have optimal activities at much lower pH values. The results indicate that the lactoperoxidase system may in this way be employed to inactivate bacteria present in milk.
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  • 21
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1497-1506 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A chemostat in which mammalian cells can be raised in continuous suspension culture is described. It is constructed from commercially available parts. This apparatus has the advantage over earlier models in that the medium can be pumped off free of cells, thus suddenly increasing the cell concentration in the culture. The apparatus has been successfully used in studies on contact inhibition.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1517-1535 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were performed in a pilot scale 0.30 m3 conventional stirred-tank fermentor using water, air/water, and air/K2SO4 solutions. Both single- and two-stage impeller systems were investigated. Overall and tank-side coefficients for heat transfer from a 0.012 m diameter coil were measured for a range of impeller speeds and superficial gas velocities. Power input, bubble size, and gas hold-up were also determined. An analysis of the experimental results indicates that previously published correlations for single-phase heat transfer in stirred tanks (of the type: Nu = C(Re)α(Pr)β) are not applicable for single- or multiimpeller gas/liquid systems. The introduction of air alters the mixing pattern significantly, affecting both average and local tank-side heat transfer coefficients. Power input and gas hold-up are suggested as the major correlating parameters for the determination of tank-side heat transfer coefficients.
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  • 23
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1751-1760 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A doubling of cellulase production by Trichoderma viride (QM9414) is possible by increasing the cellulose concentration in the medium from 0.75 to 2%, increasing the nitrogen concentration, and controlling pH during growth. A four-to fivefold increase in β -glucosidase is found with the higher cellulose concentration. Culture filtrates from 2% cellulose cultures can reduce the hydrolysis time in a practical saccharification to one-half that required by culture filtrates from 0.75% cellulose cultures.
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  • 24
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1761-1775 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amide bond at N-6 in succinyl-NAD was found to be more stable than in former accounts. Succinyl-NAD was coupled on polylysine to give a new polymer derivative of NAD, which retained at least 85% of the initial coenzymic activity even after dialysis for one week. The polymer derivative of NAD could be applied to a membrane reactor containing alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase and lactate was continuously produced in a half-life of ten days.
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  • 25
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A well-mixed biological reactor with continuous addition of biological solids was subjected to sinusoidal variations in inlet substrate concentration. The phase lag between inlet and outlet concentrations increased with increasing frequency. The deviation of measured substrate concentrations from initial steady-state concentrations was observed to have a maximum near a frequency of 1 cycle per residence time. Measured concentrations of substrate and biomass in the reactor differed significantly from concentrations predicted by the Monod kinetic model.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Utilizing a chemostat with a dual nutrient limitation of nitrogen and phosphate, we examined the transient response of the culture following a pulse of one of the limiting nutrients (ammonia). This method provided quantitative evidence that cells can be grown under dual nutrient limitation. Furthermore, the pattern of response was consistent with the hypothesis that phosphate limitation restricts nucleic acid synthesis in the cell and that nitrogen limitation restricts protein synthesis. The net result is that under a phosphate limitation there is a restricted biosynthetic capacity which we feel is closely associated with the RNA content of the cell.
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  • 27
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 217-237 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 cells capable of converting L-sorbose to L-sorbosone were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The preferred polymer composition for high activity and stability was determined to contain a total monomer concentration of 7.2% and 16.6% crosslinking agent. No significant differences in optimal conditions for conversion, e. g., pH and temperature, were found in comparison with free cell suspensions. However, in the absence of L-sorbose, the thermal stability of immobilized cells was lower. After the initial loss, the conversion activity of immobilized cells increased, possibly due to lysis, and this increase was related to the polymerization conditions and the incubation temperature for the L-sorbose conversion.The enzymatic activity and stability of the immobilized cells also depended on the physical form of the gel and the aeration levels. Addition of electron acceptors or addition of L-sorbosone to the medium reduced, while addition of neomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline increased the stability of the enzymatic activity.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 975-986 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semicontinuous press has been constructed for the disintegration of microorganisms and other biological material by freeze-pressing, i.e., pressure extrusion of frozen material through a narrow hole. The material to be freeze-pressed is frozen in the form of cylindrical rods, which fit into the pressure chamber and are extruded by a piston forced back and forth by means of a hydraulic pump. At a sample temperature of -35°C and a press temperature of -20°C, about 90% disruption is achieved in a single passage of undiluted baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 270 mg/g) through the orifice of the pressure chamber. With this press about 10 kg of material can be freeze-pressed per hour.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1177-1178 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1179-1191 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heat and caustic pretreatment process has been tested to determine the increase in gas yield that can be obtained from fermentation of organic municipal refuse. A treatment temperature of 130°C and a NaOH concentration of 3 g/100 g of dry solids resulted in the highest gas yield for the conditions tested. The probable increase in gas yield was 20% for the best conditions tested. The treatment procedure also substantially increased the rates of gas production. A high conversion efficiency is possible at much shorter reactor retention times with pretreatment than without pretreatment.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1275-1295 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A completely mixed anaerobic filter, in which the influent organic matter concentration is diluted with recirculated effluent, was found to effectively remove organic matter concentrations in high strength acidic wastewater, at a range of organic loadings and shock loads. Increases in organic loading had a substantial effect on the relative organic matter composition of the effluent and the magnitude of the fatty acid fraction showed a pattern inverse to that of the nitrogenous organics. A fixed film model was formulated which indicated that at high substrate concentrations the substrate removal rate is proportional to the square root of the substrate concentration and the specific area of the filter medium. A comparison of the biofilm model and the measured effluent concentrations tended to indicate that the substrate removal rate is primarily affected by substrate concentration, specific surface area, flow rate, and temperature of the unit.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1325-1329 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1297-1313 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethanol fermentation studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC #4126, to determine the optimal conditions of oxygen tension and feed sugar concentration. In long-term continuous culture maximum ethanol production was found to occur at 0.07 mmHg oxygen tension and 10% glucose feed concentration. Preliminary process design and cost studies are developed for industrial scale fermentations to produce ethanol and torula yeast from sugars obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of newsprint.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1371-1392 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of heat evolution (kcal/liter-hr) in mycelial fermentations for novobiocin and cellulase production with media containing noncellular solids was measured by an in situ dynamic calorimetric procedure. Thermal data so obtained have proved significant both in monitoring cell concentration during the trophophase (growth phase) and in serving as a physiological variable in the fermentation process. The validity of this technique has been demonstrated by closing the overall material and energy balances.The maintenance energy in a batch fermentation can also be calculated by integrating heat evolution data. This integration method is applicable to a fermentation lacking a precise cell growth curve. The maintenance coefficient, obtained for the novobiocin fermentation by Streptomyces niveus, is equal to 0.028 g glucose equivalent/g cell-hr. The production of novobiocin in the idio-phase (production phase) also correlates well with the amount of energy catabolixed for maintenance and this results in an observed conversion yield of glucose to novobiocin of 11.8 mg of novobiocin produced per gram of glucose catabolized.A new physiological variable, kilocalories of heat evolved per millimole of oxygen consumed, has been proposed to monitor the state of cells during the fermentation. This method may provide a simple way to monitor on-line shifts in the efficiency of cell respiration and changes in growth yields during a microbial process.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1405-1412 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzyme tyrosinase (E.G. 1.14.18.1) has been immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel and intermittently assayed for enzyme activity over a period of 19 days using phenol as the substrate. The results of these studies indicate that the immobilized enzyme could be incorporated into a system to detect phenol and related compounds that are found in industrial effluents and as surface water contaminants.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1445-1454 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: α-Chymotrypsin and acid phosphatase have been immobilized on chitosan, a polyaminosaccharide, without using any intermediate reagent; the immobilized enzymes are active and their activity is much higher than for chitin-immobilized enzymes. The best pH conditions for operating chitosan columns have been determined and columns have been used to transform substrates in large amounts, with no decrease of activity or enzyme losses. Due to the nonconvalent interaction between chitosan and enzymes, the pure and active enzymes can be eventually recovered from the columns. The effects of metal ions, aldehydes, and salts are reported and discussed. Applications are foreseen in the food and biomedical sciences and industries.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1455-1462 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown under aerobic and substrate-limiting conditions for efficient biomass production. Under these conditions, where the sugar substrate was fed incrementally, the growth pattern of the yeast cells was found to be uniform, as indicated by a constant respiratory quotient during the entire growing period. The effect of carbon dioxide was investigated by replacing portions of the nitrogen in the air stream with carbon dioxide, while maintaining the oxygen content at the normal 20% level, so that identical oxygen transfer rate and atmospheric pressure were maintained for all experiments with different partial pressures of carbon dioxide. Inhibition of yeast growth was negligible below 20% CO2 in the aeration mixture. Slight inhibition was noted at the 40% CO2 level and significant inhibition was noted above the 50% CO2, level, corresponding to 1.6 × 10-2M of dissolved CO2 in the fermentor broth. High carbon dioxide content in the gas phase also inhibited the fermentation activity of baker's yeast.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1557-1572 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tower cycling fermentors for the production of single-cell protein from volatile substrates were studied. The mass transfer, mixing and circulation patterns, and residence time distribution (RTD) curves were investigated in these vessels. This study suggests that the tower cycling fermentors for volatile substrates fermentation may improve product yields and at the same time reduce the power consumption, thereby resulting in a significant increase in operating cost savings and capital profits. The results of this research further indicate a future potential for commercial scale tower cycling fermentors.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1777-1792 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Since steroids are only slightly soluble in the aqueous solutions in which enzymatic reactions take place, it is difficult to obtain high effective concentrations per unit reactor volume when enzymes are used to catalyze steroid reactions. In order to obtain high effective concentrations in the present work, we have used small particles of a hydrophobic polymer, poly (dimethyl siloxane), as a reservoir for the steroid substrate and product. The activity of a bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in a buffer solution declines much more slowly in the presence of those polymer particles than in the presence of a comparable amount of butyl acetate or ethyl acetate, the organic solvents used as steroid reservoirs in previous work with steroid transforming enzymes. When another substrate of the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is loaded into the polymer particles and the particles are suspended in an aqueous solution containing the enzyme and its cofactor, more product is formed that when a similar solution is emulsified with butyl acetate.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1807-1810 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 15-35 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The criterion for the oxygen limitation of substrate uptake in microbial film fermenters is expressed in terms of diffusion coefficients, utilization coefficients, and the free solution concentrations of substrate and oxygen. It is proposed that the ideal film thickness in such fermenters is equal to the penetration depth of the limiting substrate. The ideal film thickness is calculated, in terms of the parameters contained in the criterion for oxygen limitation, for three separate kinetic rate expressions. It is found that for the air-glucose-microbe system a simplified kinetic rate expression can be used and the region of dependence on two substrates is shown to be very limited. This is not true for other systems. Maximum uptake rates are calculated for a range of concentrations. Finally, it is shown that the procedure used can be generalized to determine the limiting substrate in a multisubstrate system and to calculate ideal film thickness and uptake rates for any pair of substrates where the kinetics of substrate uptake are known for the individual microorganism.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The apparent activation energy of N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine-ethyl ester (BAEE) hydrolysis by immobilized trypsin varies with the bulk substrate concentration from its maximum value, comparable to that of the free enzyme, to considerably lower values. Thus, with a concentration change from 3 × 10-2 to 10-4 M the apparent activation energy diminishes from 9.5 to 4.5 kcal/mol. This experimental finding is interpreted to be due to Michaelis-type kinetics in a heterogeneous system, in one case reflecting the temperature dependence of the maximal enzyme reaction rate, in another case illustrating the diffusion limited overall reaction at low substrate concentrations. As a consequence it may not be feasible to operate a reaction at elevated temperatures in a high conversion range, since diffusion limitation may restrict the enhancement of the overall reaction rate. Some further data are given concerning the buffer effect on the reaction rate, which should occur due to its limitation by proton transfer in the buffer-free system.
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A graphical method is outlined in order to calculate the conversion under combined intra- and extraparticle transport limitations using the existing effectiveness factor charts for intraparticle diffusion.This method is applied to the case of an immobilized enzyme, assuming that the kinetics are of the Michaelis-Menten type.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 81-94 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli B, Escherichia coli MRE 600, Escherichia coli K 12-3300, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Aerobacter aerogenes were grown exponentially in a bench-scale fermentor to cell concentrations in the range of 20 to 41 g dry cells/liter at 30°C and 30 to 55 g dry cells/liter at 25°C. The high cell concentrations were achieved in a growth system previously described for growth of Escherichia coli W (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16, 933 (1974); ibid. 17, 227 (1975)). Various enzyme activity levels in the high-concentration cells were compared to those in cells grown in conventional low-density cultures. No significant differences were found. The culture supernatants were found to be essentially free of high-molecular weight metabolic or cell lysis products. Yield constants for glucose, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus were also determined in the dense cultures and some of their relations to the growth conditions are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 37-51 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Little is known about techniques for applying untreated microbial cells containing enzymes directly to industrial processes as a biocatalyst. The kinetic behavior of α-galactosidase-containing spherical pellets which are formed naturally under given conditions in a submerged culture of Mortierella vinacea was studied on the hydrolysis of PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside). The effect of intraparticle diffusion on the overall reaction rate was assessed by the use of an effectiveness factor, which was calculated by the approximate solution to the equation derived from the mass balance within a pellet. The experimental effectiveness factors were found to be represented as a single function of the modified Thiele modulus, including such parameters as pellet size, enzyme concentration in the pellet, and substrate concentration. As the diffusional effect became more significant, the marked substrate inhibition as seen for a five enzyme disappeared gradually. The effect of product inhibition on the pellets was much weaker than that for a free enzyme at a given substrate concentration. In the region of diffusion controlled reaction, it was found that the rate is proportional to the square root of the enzyme concentration in the pellet. In addition, similarly to what was reported previously for a free enzyme, the reaction in a batch system was found to be approximately representable as simple first-order kinetics in which the rate constant was dependent on the initial substrate concentration.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was covalently immobilized on porous glass in the presence and absence of a specific substrate and reacted in various organic solvents of different dielectric constants. Optimum solvent concentration, pH profile, Km(app), Vmax(app), productivity versus temperature, activity, and reaction rates were determined. Reaction rates of six lysyl dipeptides were compared. Crystalline trypsin was dansylated for studies by nanosecond fluorescence techniques to determine the effects of introducing high concentrations of organic solvents on the molecule. The results indicated that greater reaction rates were observed with dipeptides having more acidic carboxyl terminal groups. The data also indicated that greater reaction rates were observed in higher concentrations of solvents of lower dielectric constants. Nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of trypsin in high concentrations of a low dielectric constant solvent indicated major dehydration even though maximal enzyme-activity was achieved under these conditions.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 141-142 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The glucose oxidase and catalase activities immobilized to the γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane derivative of nickel-impregnated silica alumina was controlled by several factors. The most important of these was enzyme concentration. In constructing the dual immobilized enzyme catalyst, competition between the two enzymes for available binding sites was observed. The order of addition of the various reactants during immobilization was also important. Higher glucose oxidase activities were immobilized when glutaraldehyde was added concurrently with the enzyme, while maximal coupling of catalase occurred if glutaraldehyde was first added to react with the amino derivative of the silica alumina support, excess reagent washed away, and then the catalase added. Bovine serum albumin, which aids in the crosslinking of glucose oxidase, hindered the coupling of the enzyme to the support particles.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Monod's model is often assumed to describe the kinetics of feeding of a protozoan population on a bacterial population in a chemostat. An earlier study (J. L. Jost et al., J. Bacteriol, 113, 84 (1973)) of the feeding of Tetrahymena pyriformis on either Escherichia coli or Azotobacter vinelandii found that this model correctly predicted the occurrence of sustained oscillations of population densities but made predictions of minimum bacterial population densities that were much smaller than those observed. The earlier study removed the discrepancy between the model and data by replacing Monod's model with a different model. It is shown in the present study that the discrepancy can be explained equally as well if Monod's model for the feeding relation is retained and if, in addition, growth of bacteria on the chemostat walls is allowed for in the model equations.
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 285-286 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of pH and temperature on the substrate yield coefficient for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a chemostat under limited organic substrate conditions was studied.Mathematical analysis of the substrate yield coefficient as a function of pH and temperature in the near-optimal area was made. It was shown that the location of pH and temperature optima were independent of each other. The maximum substrate yield coefficient had the following coordinates: pH = 4.1, temperature = 28.5°C.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 297-309 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells of Candida utilis grown in a single-stage chemostat at D = 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.35 hr-l were separated into a fraction of scar-bearing mother cells and a fraction of scar-free daughter cells. The scar-free cells were transferred into small batch cultures where the length of the maturation phase, changes in length and width of cells, specific growth rate, and specific rate of RNA and protein synthesis were examined for 5 hr. The daughter cells grown at D = 0.05 hr-1 were very small at the moment of separation from the mother cells (about one-third of the mother cell). Their maturation phase (in a batch culture), at the beginning of which they attain the specific growth rate approaching the μmax of the strain used, lasts for 3 hr. On the other hand, daughter cells grown at D = 0.35 hr-1 are almost the same size as the mother cells at the moment of separation. After transfer to a batch culture they begin to bud almost immediately. Similarly, in their other morphological and physiological parameters they differ strikingly from immature daughter cells which are formed at low specific growth rates. The importance of these differences from the point of view of mathematical modeling of growth processes is discussed.
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 311-332 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Grazing of the ciliate Colpoda steinii on the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans has been studied in batch and chemostat type laboratory cultures. Growth of the populations, grazing of the ciliates on the algae, hydrodynamic washout of the populations (in chemostat cultures), encystment of Colpoda, and transfer of cysts from the liquid culture to the vessel wall and their attachment thereto were all found to have significant effects on the dynamics of this system. In addition, reinoculation of the liquid with ciliates excysted from the wall and with algae detached from the wall may be important. The interaction of all of these processes produces quite complex dynamical phenomena which at present cannot be predicted by a model. The results obtained differ from those found earlier for feeding of ciliates or slime mold amoebas on bacteria in that steady states of coexistence, rather than sustained oscillations, were exhibited by the present system.
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 333-348 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments on the grazing of the ciliate Colpoda steinii on the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans showed, among other things, that declines of the algal population initiated by grazing often continued for several days after grazing pressure had been released. In addition, long lags were observed when this alga was inoculated into sterile culture medium. Evidence presented in this study indicates that both phenomena were due to cellular damage caused by exposure of algal cells to a sudden increase of light intensity (“light shock”). The occurrence of light shock appeared to exert a destabilizing influence on the grazing relation between Colpoda and Anacystis.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 349-362 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymes are generally sensitive to temperature changes. Porous glass particles used for glucoamylase immobilization are poor thermal conductors and a non-uniform temperature distribution can conceivably develop in a packed bed reactor of immobilized glucoamylase on porous beads. This study was made to determine experimentally the temperature and concentration profiles in an immobilized glucoamylase column. This work provides a procedure for examining possible heat effects on reactor column performance in enzyme applications.
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 383-387 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A proposed substrate inhibition model (M. C. Tseng and M. Wayman, Can. J. Microbiol., 21, 994 (1975)), (1)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \mu _{\max} S/\left[{K + S} \right],{\rm when}S 〈 S_\theta $$\end{document} (2)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \mu _{\max} S/\left[{K + S} \right] - i\left[{S - S_\theta} \right],{\rm when}S 〉 S_\theta $$\end{document} derived from yeast growth rates has been applied to data for bacterial growth: Pseudomonas methanica grown on methanol and Arthrobacter AK19 grown on n-butanol. The model represents the experimental data very well.
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 389-413 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partially purified glucose isomerase from a Streptomyces species was immobilized on porous glass particles and studied for various characteristics concerning its use as an industrial catalyst. The activities were investigated in relation to the reaction parameters and the enzyme deactivation was studied systematically under various reaction conditions. The half-life of the immobilized enzyme was found to exceed 200 days at 50°C. The rate equation of the reversible glucose ⇄ fructose reaction was derived and the kinetic constants were determined. The rate equation was found to be in good agreement with experimental data for both forward and reverse reactions. The degree of diffusional effects was experimentally measured and theoretically analyzed.
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  • 65
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 363-382 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five cell lines (BSC-1, CHO, Balb/c 3T3, HeLa, and KB) have been grown in serum-free media for several months with regular schedules of media changing and subculturing. The medium found to be successful in all cases was MEM-α (without the ribosides and deoxyribosides) supplemented with 1% bactopeptone, although simple MEM [minimum essential medium (Eagle)] with bactopeptone (BP) gave fairly good growth in the case of BSC-1 and 3T3 cells. The addition of insulin was necessary for CHO, 3T3, HeLa, and KB cells. Only the BSC-1 cells grew exclusively as a monolayer in the serum-free systems, the CHO, HeLa, and KB cells growing as stationary suspensions and the 3T3 cells growing as a combination of monolayer and suspension depending on the age of the culture and the nature of the growth surface. SV40 was produced in BSC-1 cells grown and infected in the MEM-α, bactopeptone medium and adenovirus-2 was produced in spinners of HeLa and KB cells grown in MEM-α, bactopeptone, PVP-360, and insulin. The yield of virus and infectivity of the viruses produced were about the same as those produced in conventional serum-containing systems.
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of baker's yeast continuous cultivations were made using different intensities of aeration. The experimental conditions were such as to eliminate the effects caused by high glucose concentrations in the medium on the formation of enzymes. The variation in activity of several enzymes was investigated and distinct changes were noted. The activities of hexokinase and alcohol dehydrogenase characterize the actual rate of glycolysis in yeast, the same being true, in part, for pyruvate decarboxylase. The activity of phosphofructokinase is nearly insensitive to the oxygen level at normal tensions. The activity of the cell to the phosphofructokinase can be limited in anaerobic conditions by its scarcity. The insensitivity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to the oxygen tension together with its low activity suggests that this enzyme plays primarily a biosynthetic role and that the function of the pentose phosphate pathway as an energy-producing route is negligible.
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 425-432 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 433-438 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 448-448 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 445-447 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 449-463 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The disintegration by freeze-pressing of a low concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspended in aqueous solutions of gelatin and different salts has been studied at different temperatures. In the freeze-pressing process deionized water and salt solutions flow in pulses, whereas samples with increasing concentrations of gelatin or cells tend to flow more smoothly. This smooth flow enhances the disruption efficiency particularly at lower temperatures, which seems to be of great practical importance. The addition of salts also promotes disintegration. The presence of both gelatin and salts works antagonistically on disintegration presumably because of different modes of action at disruption of cells.
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 465-471 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell survival curves have been obtained for Escherichia coli B (E. coli B) after the sonication of suspensions of the bacteria with continuous wave ultrasound at a fixed frequency of 2 MHz between peak intensities of 8.7 and 2.25 W cm-2. It was found that under suitable conditions the survival curves were reproducible and it also was found that there was a clear relationship between the rate of inactivation and the peak acoustic intensity of the ultrasound. There appeared to be a lower threshold of peak intensity below which no inactivation was observed.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 473-492 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relationships between the specific rate of nutrient consumption and biomass growth and between the specific rate of penicillin production and oxygen concentration in the broth are analyzed.The functional dependencies which have been obtained from the experimental data of industrial fermenters are used with the mass balances to develop a model of the behavior of semicontinuous operations. The proposed model allows one to study the influence of some operational parameters.The obtained results agree with the data of industrial processes.
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 493-512 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of fundamental parameters in the conduction of penicillin semicontinuous fermentations is analyzed. Biomass concentration, penicillin production, and main nutrient consumption are particularly studied. Furthermore, the conduction of the operation is simulated with regard to conditions of constant specific rate of growth and of constant oxygen concentration in the broth. An intermediate condition is also considered.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 581-585 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 513-526 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixed culture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium shermanii grown anaerobically in glucose minimal medium exhibits features typical of a commensal interaction even though a number of complicating factors, such as a large maintenance requirement of L. plantarum and inhibition of growth of P. shermanii at low pH, are present. A simple mathematical model of the system is presented and is shown to reproduce rather well some of the features of the continuous mixed culture system in both steady-state and transient situations.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 527-543 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The potential of sand as a support for immobilized enzymes was investigated by preparing alkylamine sand and devising methods to measure the total number of amine groups present and the fraction available for immobilization of enzymes. Alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) were immobilized on alkylamine sand, and the stability of the immobilized protein and dehydrogenase activity was measured. Urease (urea amidohyrdrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) was also immobilized on sand to test the applicability of these methods to larger scale immobilizations. Results suggest that sand shows promise as a support for immobilized enzymes.
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 545-580 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Protein solubility can be adequately represented by the classical Cohn equation for the salting-out of alcohol dehydrogenase and fumarase from clarified yeast homogenate with ammonium sulfate. However, the constant β in this equation is a function of the contacting procedure employed. The kinetics of continuous salting-out were similar for alcohol dehydrogenase and fumarase. The overall rate equation for precipitation had a variable order which was high initially, up to 3.1, but approached unity on completion of precipitation. This was followed by a partial resolution stage which was first order with respect to the concentration driving force. Precipitate particle size was estimated as 0.5 to 5 μm with continuous flow precipitation producing the largest particles.
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  • 82
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 587-590 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 591-593 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 599-600 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 595-598 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 601-621 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of cholesterol oxidase by 3 liter batch cultures of Nocardia rhodocrous growing on a glycerol/yeast extract medium was investigated. Cholesterol was shown to be a good inducer of the enzyme. The optimum time for cholesterol addition and the quantity to be added were determined, resulting in a 15-fold yield increase. Cholesterol oxidase synthesis was influenced by the dissolved oxygen tension. Maximum cholesterol oxidase production was obtained at 30-40% air saturation. The effect of growth conditions on the extraction of cholesterol oxidase by Triton X-100 was investigated. The scale-up of the fermentation to 800 liters in a pilot-plant fermenter is described.
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  • 88
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 633-648 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using whole cells containing glucose isomerase, mathematical models for the enzymatic conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose and for the inactivation of the enzyme catalyst have been postulated and verified experimentally. The heat of reaction, the equilibrium constant, and the individual rate constants and their activation energies have been estimated. The model can be used to predict the time course for the enzymatic production of fructose in a batch reactor within the tested experimental range of 40-80°C.
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  • 89
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 623-632 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors studied the influence of periodic variations (one cycle per 24 hr) of the feeding mash concentration of a continuous anaerobic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sugarcane molasses media at constant dilution rate. It was observed that the average yield coefficients during the transient state were practically equal to the yield coefficient obtained during steady-state experiments. It was also observed, in each experiment, that the average specific growth rate during the transient state was equal to the dilution rate.
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  • 90
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 649-657 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In view of the advantages which are associated with the use of the BHK monolayer cell for the production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus, a unit system using glass spheres was developed to grow BHK monolayer cells and to test the susceptibility of such cells to FMD virus. The yield of cells and their susceptibility compares favorably with BHK monolayer cells which have been grown in Roux bottles.
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  • 91
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 659-667 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods are described which make possible the production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus from BHK 21 C13 monolayer cells which have been grown on the surface of serum coated DEAE Sephadex A50 beads. The yield of cells and their susceptibility to infection by FMD virus are equivalent to conventional Roux monolayer systems. The potential for the commercial application of the DEAE Sephadex A50 system is discussed in relation to other unit process monolayer systems and in particular to the system in which cells are cultured in a deep bed of small glass spheres.
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 685-699 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Urease from Jack bean was immobilized on nonporous glass beads by covalent bonding and its kinetics were studied in a packed-column differential reactor. To facilitate comparison, the urease was immobilized by both diazo and glutaraldehyde coupling. The kinetic properties of immobilized urease were similar to those of the soluble enzyme and different immobilization methods did not appreciably alter the kinetic properties. The affects of three different amino acid activators appear to follow predictions obtained from a relatively simple competitive model, except at very low substrate levels.
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  • 93
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 669-684 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger was immobilized on nonporous glass beads by covalent bonding and its kinetics were studied in a packed-column recycle reactor. The optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme was the same as that of soluble enzyme; however, immobilized glucose oxidase showed a sharper pH-activity profile than that of the soluble enzyme. The kinetic behavior of immobilized glucose oxidase at optimum pH and 25°C was similar to that of the soluble enzyme, but the immobilized material showed increased temperature sensitivity. Immobilized glucose oxidase showed no loss in activity on storage at 4°C for nearly ten weeks. On continuous use for 60 hr, the immobilized enzyme showed about a 40% loss in activity but no change in the kinetic constant.
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 723-727 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 729-735 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In previous reports from this laboratory it has been shown that the extended aeration process for biological treatment of organically laden municipal and/or industrial waste could be successfully employed for concurrent purification and sludge disposal. Also results using a modified process in which autodigestion was aided and controlled by periodic partial hydrolysis of small portions of the recycle sludge showed that operational control was feasible. There was some question regarding the success of such a process if the original waste contained a large portion of inorganic solids. Accordingly, a 1½ year pilot plant study was made using a waste (hydrolyzed trickling filter sludge) of exceptionally high ash content (50-60%). It was found that the ash content of activated sludge grown on this substrate did not continually increase nor did the high ash content of the waste interfere in any way with the efficiency of removal of organic matter. In general it exceeded 90 percent. Also a highly nitrified effluent was produced. A variety of analyses were performed: COD, BOD, TOC, suspended solids, NH3-N, organic-N, NO3-N, etc. Interrelationships between these important monitoring parameters for assessing plant performance offered useful insight into operational control for hydrolytically assisted extended aeration processes.
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  • 97
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 737-739 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 98
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 741-743 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 100
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 745-790 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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