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  • 2010-2014
  • 1965-1969  (8,218)
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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8,658)
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Year
  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 337-340 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mounting media for examining rubber reinforced copolymers using the phase microscope are described. The mounting media are based on cinnamaldehyde as the basic solvent with suitable adjustments made depending upon the copolymer under examination.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 202
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of varying the nature of crosslinks in phenolic resins has bee studied with the use of resins made from phenol, p-cresol, and bisphenol A. Thermal analysis showed that the methylene bridge was stronger under nonoxidative conditions than the isopropylidene linkage. The result is somewhat affected by the degree of crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 203
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An infrared method has been developed for the determination of the isotacticity of polypropylene in the 90-100% range. The method requires the annealing of thin films at 165-167°C. for 3 hr. in an inert atmosphere, followed by slow cooling to room temperature. For approximate answers the ratio of the intensity of the 10.00 μ band to that of the 10.27 μ band can be reported as the fraction of isotactic material. Better results are obtained, however, by using Figure 2 as a calibration curve and reading the values from it.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 204
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 445-458 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship is shown between the flex life and long-termtensile strength of flexible composite material. The long-term strength is interpreted in terms of a kinetic theory of failure. However, it is not posible to predict the flex life from tensile strength or even long-term strength data unless the stiffness or modulus is considered along with the thickness of the sample. With these factors it becomes possible to predict the flex life of a material and to compare various flex-testing instruments utilizing a new concept, which material and to compare various flex-testing instruments utilizing a new concept, which we call “effective force.” The usefulness of the concept of effective force is explained.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 205
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 459-462 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Corresponding flexural stress and strain data for polycarbonate failure (at yield or break when brittle), at various temperatures are reported. It is shown that a specific failure locus is obtained at each temperature examined and that the results provide a means of construction of an appropriate locus for any temperature within the range 77-373°K investigated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 206
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 463-476 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Diallyl 2-substituted succinates, obtainable via the addition of alkenes or alkylaromatics to maleic anhydride, undergo intramolecular cyclization during polymerization to low molecular weight prepolymers. The amount of this cyclization and the properties of the cured prepolymers are profoundly affected by the structure of these 2-substituents. Thus, the degree of cyclization decreases with these substituents in the order: aralkyl and isobutyl 〉 unhindered alkenyl 〉 alkyl 〉 hindered alkenyl. Properties of thermosetting molding compounds based on these prepolymers are inferior to those of poly-(diallyl phthalate) molding compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 207
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 477-486 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model for the kinetics of polycondensation reactions was developed. Reaction rates were expressed in terms of reactive functional groups where the reactivity of each functional group was assumed to be independent of the size of the polymer molecule. A method of testing the validity of the model with batch reactor data is demonstrated. The model is then employed to derive expressions for the equilibrium constant and molecular weight distributions. Continuous reactor yields and molecular weight distributions are then predicted from the batch reactor data. The reactions considered include chain growth, scission, and ester exchange reactions.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 208
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 577-598 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In view of the intensifying interest in the application of polymeric membranes in mixture separation processes, the permeation and permselective properties of polypropylene films toward several candidate organic liquids and vapors were investigated. Polymer films were subjected to solvent and thermal treatments, and the effects of these treatments on film morphology and transport properties were studied. Structure-property relationships for membrane permeation were then developed. Polypropylene films were found to be selective toward toluene, relative to isooctane, and p-xylene relative to o-xylene. Liquid flux rates were found to depend primarily upon the solubility of the permeants in the films and the absolute difference in the solubility parameters of the polymer-liquid pair provided a good basis for correlation of this effect. Considering liquids of closely similar solubility parameters, fluxes were found to be dependent upon the apparent molecular cross sections of the permeants. Films annealed in various organic solvents at temperatures of 60-100°C exhibited enhanced permeability, with up to fifteenfold increase relative to untreated membranes, but with reduced selectivity towards the permeants. A mechanism to account for these effects through consideration of the influence of treating solvent type on polymer morphology is proposed. It postulates the formation of more open or coarser spherulitic structures as a result of recrystallization in the presence of solvent during annealing. The enhanced flux rates in the treated films are attributed to the changes in the spherulite textures and to diminished intercrystalline tie chain constrainment within the spherulitic substructure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 209
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 629-636 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A range of block copolymers of styrene and methacrylic acid has been prepared by the suspension method involving migration of a growing radical across a phase boundary. The way in which copolymer composition varies with change in the amount of the two monomers in the reaction mixture has been studied, and explanations are suggested to account for these variations. Two methods, involving calculation from solubility data and thermogravimetric analysis respectively, have been used to give an estimate of the length and composition of the blocks.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 210
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sulfhydryl groups have been introduced into cotton and into diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cotton by reaction with neat 1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane or alcoholic solutions of the thiirane. Reactions at room temperature have been compared with those at higher temperatures, and fabric properties obtained with various S/Cl ratios have been compared. The effects of additional external base catalysis on these reactions have been studied. Fabric properties resulting from cotton-1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane or DEAE-cotton-1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane reactions have been compared with properties obtained with the corresponding reactions of cotton or DEAE-cotton with epichlorohydrin. Sulfhydryl groups have also been introduced into cotton and DEAE-cotton by the in situ formation of 1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane in the fabric as a result of the reaction of the oxygen analog with a thiourea or a thiocyanate. These in situ reactions have been carried out in the absence and presence of solvent and external base catalysts. Attempts to vary the wet and conditioned (dry) recovery angles by oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and by reduction of disulfide groups met with little success. Smaller improvement in wrinkle recovery properties imparted by the thiirane than by epichlorohydrin at a given add-on has been explained on the basis of greater tendency of the thiirane to open abnormally in neutral or slightly acidic conditions and thus the greater tendency of the thiirane to form polymers rather than to crosslink cotton. Tendency of the oxirane to open normally and therefore act difunctionally results in finished fabrics with low chlorine contents, a high degree of crosslinking, and little polymer formation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 211
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 659-668 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dichroic behavior of PET film dyed at 70°C with Disperse Red 17 or Disperse Yellow 7 was investigated in the temperature range 20-200°C with a view to studying the changes in amorphous region of PET at high temperatures. The dichroic orientation factor D versus temperature plot is expressed by a straight line with negative slope; two breaks appear at 80 (Tg) and 120°C. So long as the amorphous structure does not change irreversibly, the values of D change reversibly with the temperature. Hence, if a change in D after heating is observed at room temperature, it is evidence that an irreversible change occurred in the amorphous structure during the heating. The break at 120°C is a new amorphous transition point of PET existing along with Tg, although the Tg can hardly be observed after the cold crystallization; some phenomena reported in the literature are proposed as evidence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 212
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 637-657 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data support the hypothesis that the surface layer of the asymmetric Loeb-Sourirajan type porous cellulose acetate membranes has a heterogeneous microporous structure. A general method is proposed for improving the performance of the above membranes in reverse osmosis, by which product rates are increased without decreasing solute separation. The method consists in pumping pure water past the back side of the membrane under just enough pressure for a sufficiently prolonged period of time; after such pretreatment, the membrane is used in the reverse osmosis experiments in the normal manner with the surface layer facing the feed solution. Back-pressure treatment at 400 psig for 85 hr on preshrunk and normally pressure-treated membranes increases the product rate by over 20% without decreasing solute separation in reverse osmosis experiments at 600 psig with the use of 0.5 wt-% NaCl-H2O feed solutions; with a different sequence of back-pressure treatment, similar results have been obtained in reverse osmosis experiments at 1500 psig also. The compaction effect of a normal membrane and that of a back pressure treated membrane are the same during continuous reverse osmosis operation under 600 psig; the effects of back-pressure treatment on a normal membrane and a compacted membrane are also the same. The pure water permeability data obtained in cyclic experiments show that the smaller pores on the surface layer are opened more than the bigger ones during the back side operation. The probable structural changes taking place in the film during back-pressure treatment are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 213
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The permeabilities of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide through polyethylene-styrene graft copolymer films were measured by means of a gas permeability apparatus based on a modification of Barrer's high vacuum technique. Polyethylene-styrene grafts were prepared by mutual γ-ray irradiation of low-density polyethylene films in styrene-methanol solution. Densities and thicknesses of the graft copolymer films were determined. It was observed that the gas permeability constants decreased with increasing grafting to minimum values at 20-30% styrene grafting and increased again above 30% grafting. These results are explained in terms of a decrease in the free volume of the amorphous regions of the polyethylene by a “filling in” effect of the grafted polystyrene chains. Above 30% grafting, disruption of the crystallites may occur resulting in increased gas permeation. Activation energies for gas permeation through polyethylene-styrene graft copolymer films were calculated and found to decrease with increasing per cent styrene grafting. For nitrogen permeation, the activation energy decreased from 11.7 kcal/mole for unirradiated polyethylene to 9.5 kcal/mole for a 50.5% graft. Corresponding values for oxygen and carbon dioxide were 10.2-8.2 kcal/mole for a 48.7% graft and 8.4-6.5 kcal/mole for a 50.5% graft.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 214
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 765-774 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Literature data on the non-Newtonian flow of bulk polymer and of polymer solutions are correlated on the basis of a four-parameter equation, η = η∞ + (η0 - η∞)/[1 + (τD)m], η being the viscosity at shear rate D, and η0 and η∞ limiting values at D = 0 and D = ∞, respectively. The parameters η0, η∞, and τ all show dependence on molecular weight, and in general there is good correlation between τ and η0. There is evidence that τ is related to a molecular weight higher than the weight-average. The exponent m shows dependence on molecular weight distribution and approaches an upper limit of unity for a monodisperse linear polymer. For linear unblended polymers it may be expressed empirically by m = (M̄n/M̄w)1/5.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 215
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 871-881 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is proposed for predicting the density of a linear, amorphous polymer. The method is based on the additivity of group increments for the molar volume of a polymer unit. It is analogous to the published methods for predicting the molar volume of organic liquids. The method may be improved as additional experimental values on polymer densities become available.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 216
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 883-897 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interfaces of evaporated viterous selenium and various organic polymeric resins of both the thermosetting and thermoplastic type have been studied by ultra-thin sectioning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Epoxy, phenoxy, polyamide, butadien-styrene copolymer, vinyl-toluene-butadiene copolymer, resins as well as polyethylene are among those organic polymers studied. Interfaces prepared by vaccum evaporation of selenium onto the various substrates and under varying processing conditions were examined. Intermixing and interdiffusion of the inorganic and organic polymers in the interfacial region were observed in certain cases when selenium was evaporated onto incompletely curved epoxy or lower viscosity polymers. These occurrences were found to contribute significantly to the mechanical strength of the assembly. Electrical properties of certain specific systems have also been investigated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 217
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 899-909 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous unoriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) was crystallized at 25°C by various organic liquids. The crystalliznity induced in the amorphous polymer was measured by differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The ability of liquids to interact with and induced crystallinity in the amorphous polymer was classified on the basis of their solubility parameters. Measurements of the density of liquid-crystallized 0.8-mil films of poly(ethylene terephthalate) indicated the presence of extensive internal voids in the semicrystalline polymer matrix. Comparison of differential scanning calorimetric thermograms and infared spectra of heat-crystalized and liquid-crystallized polymer indicated significant differences in the polymer morphologies induced by the two crystallization processes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 218
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1159-1167 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyacrylonitrile can be compression-molded with conventional equipment if the inherent polymer particle structure is modified. With normal polymerization methods, a circumferential orientation in the polymer particle is obtained. This structure can be changed under the effects of shear to yield highly ordered, laminar particles with planar orientations. In this form, PAN can be compression-molded into tough, clear, chemically resistant articles with retention of the laminar structure. The polymer has been characterized by its x-ray diffraction and infrared spectrum which, in combination, distinguish it from previously observed forms of PAN.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 219
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1169-1173 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rapid quantitative method has been developed for the determination of small amounts of water present in plasticizer-pigment and epoxy resin-pigment dispersion used in polyurethane formulations. Specific dispersions examined have been the systems diisooctyl phthalate-titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide-epichlorhydrin-Bisphenol A. The samples examined contained 50-70% titanium dioxide.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 220
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1129-1157 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The objective of the work reported in this paper is to explain theoretically the observations made in an earlier study that castings of an epoxide resin reinforced by electrically conductive inserts, after having been postcured by inductive heating, had strength properties superior to those achieved by a purely thermal postcure. A search of the literature on adhesion suggested that among the theories presented, those dealing with electrical double layer formation, interdiffusion, and mixed polymer grafting on the insert-polymer interface deserve to be considered. Experiments were then planned in such a manner as to permit a choice between these theories. Epoxide resin specimens reinforced with various metals (pure silver, silver with an oxide layer, pure copper, copper with an oxide layer, aluminum, and stainless steel) were prepared. They were then either postcured in a heated oven, or postcured in an induction furnace for various lengths of time. Bonding strength was determined by a knife-edge method, and the exposed insert and resin surfaces were tested for electrical potential and surface wettability (angle-of-contact). Most strikingly, the curves obtained with increasing induction heating times for bonding strength, electrical potential, and wettability were all sinusoidal in shape, and their maxima and minima generally were found to coincide. For oven-postcured specimens, bonding between different metal inserts and an epoxide resin is explained by double electrical layer formation (insert positive, resin negative), with bonding strength increasing as the stability of the oxide forming the surface layer of the metal decreases. Metals with no oxide surface layer thus have the highest bonding strengths. For inductively postcured specimens, bonding is effected by both electrical double layer formation and mixed polymer grafting through the oxygen atoms in the metal surfaces, with the more stable metal oxide giving the stronger bonding in grafting. Where the insert does not carry an oxygen surface layer, bonding takes place through electrical forces only. Alternating build-up and internal discharge of electrical double layers are the direct cause of the sinusoidal shape of the electrical potential curves and the indirect cause of the comparable shape of the wettability curves. Their combination results in the observed periodicity of the breaking load curves.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 221
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1191-1199 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rate constants for intermolecular bond breaking (k1) and bond re-formation (k2) were calculated from contraction measurements. Variation of ΔH
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 222
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1175-1189 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies have been made of the γ-induced emulsion polymerization of styrene and comparisons made with chemically initiated emulsion polymerization. The polymerization proceeded smoothly to high conversions at 0 and 60°C, the reaction showing a high G (monomer) value. Complete conversions were obtained with total doses of less than 0.05 Mrad. In accordance with the behavior expected of systems having a constant rate of initiation, the molecular weight was found to decrease with decreasing temperature. The molecular weight and particle size distributions were narrower than those obtained in chemically initiated emulsion polymerizations at the same temperature. The radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate proceeded smoothly at temperatures in the range 0-50°C to give polymers of much higher molecular weight than these obtained from chemically initiated polymerizations at the same temperature. Complete conversion was attained after a dose of 0.02 Mrad for latices approaching 50% solids. The elimination of ionic endgroups in the poly(vinyl acetate) radicals tends to drive the polymerization from the aqueous phase, resulting in faster rates and higher molecular weights than are obtained from chemically initiated systems. Rates of polymerization were found to be independent of temperature and the molecular weight of the polymer to be independent of dose rate. Latices of poly(vinyl acetate) of high solids content were evaluated for latex and film properties and found to have improvements over commercially available samples in both areas, especially in clarity of film and scrub resistance. A number of acrylate and maleate esters were copolymerized with vinyl acetate in a radiation-initiated emulsion system. High molecular weight copolymers were produced after low dose.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 223
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1201-1214 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thiol-disulfide exchange reaction is shown to be applicable to cleavage of disulfide crosslinks in accelerated sulfur vulcanizates of natural rubber. The reaction, in conjunction with the previously reported selective cleavage of polysulfide crosslinks, is used to determine the distribution of crosslink types for several accelerated sulfur vulcanization systems as a function of cure time. Discrepancies between the results and published results obtained using the reagent sodium di-n-butyl phosphite for disulfide crosslink cleavage are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 224
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1309-1318 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compressive stress softening (Mullins effect) in black-filled vulcanizates of the blended system natural : nitrile : brominated butyl rubber has been investigated. The results are expressed in terms of parameters derived from successive stress-strain cycles. The ratio of the work done on loading in the first and second cycles is called the load work ration, Rw. A similar quantity, Rh, is defined for the loss or hysteresis work. Both load and loss work ratios show a compositional dependence similar to other properties of blends. The variation of Rw and Rh with composition agrees with the recent thesis of Mullins, Harwood, Payne and others that the Mullins effect is a property of the elastomer. Sudden variation of Rh with elongation has been interpreted in light of recent results of R. W. Smith as indicative of vacuole formation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 225
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1327-1327 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 226
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1326-1326 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 227
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1329-1335 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of a number of sulfur compounds on the melt stability of polypropylene milled at 165°C have been studied. Dilaurylthiodipropionate (DLTP), Mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), and Mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT) are all antioxidiants in a polymer lightly stabilized with a phenolic antioxidant although the last two are initially pro-oxidants. 2,2′-Dibenzoylaminodiphenyldisulfide (22BDD) is a pro-oxidant under the Conditions studied.In the absence of a phenolic antioxidant the effectiveness of DLTP is reduced in the early stages of oxidation, with increasing concentration although its over all antioxidant activity increases. The results are consistent with the view that both radical and non-radical processes occur concomitantly.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 228
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1337-1351 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of the acetaldehyde polymers (PACH) having a poly(vinyl alcohol)-type structure and the thermal degradation of PACH have been reported previously. This paper will describe detailed aspects of several reactions of PACH. Copolymerization of PACH with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was performed both thermally and catalytically. When piperidine was used as catalyst, the rate of reaction between PACH and TDI was found to depend on the concentration of both the active hydrogen of PACH and the isocynante group TDI. Acid and alkali treatment of PACH were carried out. On treatment with sulfuric acid, white polymers with good spinnability were obtained. The copolymerization of acetaldehyde with n-butylaldehyde were performed in the presence of sodium amalgam as catalyst. The reaction products were colorless, viscous liquids and assumed from the infrared and NMR spectra, elemental analyses, molecular weight and solubility tests to be aldol condensation-type copolymers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 229
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1373-1380 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Depending on heating rate, differences as large as 15°C in polymer transition temperatures may be observed in DCS measurements. A heat transfer analysis of the method shows that this rate dependence is a result of a lag in the heat path to the test sample and lag in heat transfer within the sample. Experiments confirmed the analysis. Methods for obtaining the correct values of transition temperatures are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 230
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1353-1371 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel technique for the control of continuous synthesis of addition polymers with precisely controlled average molecular weight and minimum polydispersity has been developed. A control system adjusts the concentration of chain-transfer agent in the reactor feed to compensate for all other upsets, in the reactor inputs: initiator and monomer concentrations, temperature and feed rate. The technique has been evaluated quantitatively on a digital computer using a kinetic model of homogeneous, free-radical solution polymerization. In computational tests, the modeled control system generally held the instantaneous number-average chain length within 1%, and quickly returned it to the desired value in response to a wide variety of upsets. By generalizing the Schulz distributions to include termination by disproportionation, combination and chain-transfer, it is shown that changes in the molecular-weight distribution resulting from the action of the control system are minor.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 231
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1381-1419 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new-method of interpreting GPC chromatograms which accounts for skewing and symmetrical axial dispersion has been developed. General relationships for a symmetrical axial dispersion correction and for a skewing correction are derived.The method has been verified experimentally for unimodal chromatograms and linear calibration curves over a wide range of GPC operating conditions, polymer molecular weights and polydispersities. Measurements of h and skewing factors were obtained by a once-through technique. The need for performing reverse flow experiments has been eliminated. Artificial oscillations in the corrected chromatogram due to step size (Method of Pierce-Armonas), and to number of terms in a polynomial expansion (Method of Tung and Method of Smith) are eliminated.The method has yet to be evaluated for nonlinear calibration curves and multi-modal distributions. However, suggestions for its application in these circumstances are presented.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 232
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1447-1458 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fractional crystallization was used to separate a commercial, predominatly isotactice, unstabilized polypropylene into fractions of relatively low and relatively high atacticity, but of similar molecular weight. IR spectroscopy was used to follow the photo-oxidations of films formed from these fractions during irradiation in air with light of wavelengths greater than 3000 À. The major oxidation products included hydrogenbond hydroperoxides and carbonyl compounds. Films of constant tacticity, but varying morphology were prepared by quenching from the melt. No distinct correlation was found between sample photostability and morphology, as indicated by film density. Films of low atactic content were found to undergo faster photo-oxidation than films of high atactic content, irradiated under identical conditions. This effect is believed to be due to the occurrence of a stereo-dependent step (or steps) in the oxidative chain, and not due to differences in sample morphology. The possible nature of the stereo-dependent steps is considered in terms of well-established oxidative chain processes. The effects of polypropylene polymorphism on oxygen permeability are briefly considered.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 233
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 199-205 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic behaviour and corrosion of titanium in methanolic solutionsThe anodic behaviour of titanium in methanolic solutions containing halides or water in various concentrations has been investigated and the result were compared with the result obtained by corrosion tests performed on „U“ bend specimens in similar solutions. Polarization curves can predict the susceptibility to titanium to stress corrosion cracking as in the case the metal surface is not passivable. These conditions can be obtained in the presence of low water content (i.e. 0.1% H2O) and of activating ions as Cl- and Br- even in very small concentration (105-, 104- M). Presence of higher water contents and/or of F- or I- ions can to some extent produce passivation of the metal surface and cracking does not occur. A lower water amount in the solution (i.e. 130 ppm) eliminates any possibility of passivation of the metal surface, so that cracking can occur even in the absence of chlorides or bromides. High Cl- concentration in the solution. (i.e. 0.1 M NaCl + 0.1% H2O) can produce intergranular attack even in the absence of applied stress.
    Notes: Untersucht wurde das anodische Verhalten von Ti in halidhaltigen methanolischen Lösungen (bzw. in Methanol mit Wasser in verschiedenen Konzentrationen); die Ergebnisse wurden verglichen mit den Ergebnissen, die mit U-förmigen Proben in ähnlichen Lösungen erhalten worden waren. Polarisationskurven ermöglichen Aussagen über Anfälligkeit von Ti für Spannungsrißkorrosion, da die Metalloberfläche in diesem Falle nicht passivierbar ist. Die Voraussetzungen hierfür sind niedriger Wassergehalt (z.B.0,1%) und Anwesenheit aktivierender Ionen (z.B. Chlorid oder Bromid) auch in sehr geringen Konzentrationen (10-5 oder 10-4m). Höhere Wassergehalte oder/und Anwesenheit von Fluoriden und Jodiden können die Metalloberfläche in gewissem Umfang passivieren, so daß dann keine Rißbildung eintritt. Sehr niedrige Wassergehalte in der Lösung (z. B. 130 ppm) unterbinden die Passivierung in der Metalloberfläche, so daß auch in Abwesenheit von Chloriden oder Bromiden Rißbildung eintreten kann. Hohe Chloridkonzentrationen (z. B. 0,1 m NaCl + 0,1% Wasser) können auch ohne mechanische Belastung zu interkristallinem Angriff führen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 234
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 206-208 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electro-chemical examination of solutions containing inhibitors for temporary corrosion protectionThe products of lubricant type hitherto mainly used for temporary corrosion protection are increasingly superseded by aqueous solutions. Potentiostatic examinations have shown that solutions containing ammonium oxalate, sodium oxalate or sodium nitrite  -  possibly with an admixture of starch or glycerine  -  are suitable for this purpose. The action mechanism shows fairly great differences. Whilst the inhibiting effect of sodium oxalate is confined to the cathodic reaction, the effect of ammonium oxalate also extends to the anodic reaction. Ammonium oxalate is much more effective than sodium nitrite. It has not yet been possible to establish with certainty whether the protective effect is due to the formation of an oxa-late film, or to the adsorption of the oxalate ions, or to the reaction with oxygen.
    Notes: Statt der bisher meist verwendeten schmierstoffähnlichen Produkte fü den zeitweiligen Korrosionsschutz finden zunehmend wäßrige Lösungen Anwendung. Potentiostatische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß Lösungen mit Ammoniumoxalat, Natriumoxalat oder Natriumnitrit, gegebenenfalls mit Zusatz von Stärke oder Glycerin, für diesen Zweck geeignet sind. Der Wirkungsmechanismus ist ziemlich verschieden. Während Natriumoxalat nur die kathodische Reaktion inhibiert, erstreckt sich die Wirkung von Ammoniumoxalat ist dabei wesentlich wirksamer als Natriumnitrit. Ob die Schutzwirkung bedingt ist durch Bildung einer Oxalatschicht, Adsorption der Oxalation oder Bindung von Sauerstoff, konnte noch nicht eindeutig entschieden werden.
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  • 235
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 414-435 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 236
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 454-469 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 237
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Interdependence of stress corrosion susceptibility and structural state of homogeneous copper-zinc alloysExperimental investigations in ammoniacal solution of copper and ammonium sulfates have shown, that  -  with equal load ratio (σ/σ0,2 = 0,9)  -  CuZn alloys are less sensitive to stress corrosion cracking after recrystallizing annealing than after cold working. The sensitivity increases with increasing Zn content and appears to depend primarily from the dislocation structure: parallel structures are highly sensitive while increasing transition to cellular dislocation structure reduces stress corrosion susceptibility. In the cold worked alloy the crack geometry is predominantly transcrystalline, in the recrystallized state intercrystalline. Similar relations between dislocation structure and susceptibility seem to exist in the case of austenitic stainless steels.
    Notes: Untersuchungen in ammoniakalischer Lösung von Cu- und Ammoniumsulfat zeigen, daß  -  bei gleichem Beanspruchungsverhältnis (σ/σ0,2 = 0,9)  -  CuZn-Legierungen nach rekristallisierendem Glühen weniger anfällig für SpRK sind als nach Kaltverformung. Die Empfindlichkeit steigt mit zunehmendem Zn-Gehalt und scheint hauptsächlich von der Versetzungs-struktur abzuhängen: parallele Anordnungen sind hoch empfindlich, mit zunehmendem Übergang zu zellenförmiger Versetzungsstruktur nimmt die Empfindlichkeit ab. Im kaltverformten Zustand ist der Rißverlauf vorwiegend transkristallin, im rekristallisierten Zustand interkristallin. Für austenitische nichtrostende Stähle scheinen ähnliche Beziehungen zwischen Versetzungsstruktur und Anfälligkeit zu gelten.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 238
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 508-514 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of dynamic stresses on the progress of intercrystalline stress corrosion crackingTests with steels sensitive and nonsensitive to stress corrosion cracking permit a seperation of the influences of static and dynamic stresses, respectively. The lightly alloyed steel resistant to stress corrosion does not lose its resistance even under dynamic stresses whilst the other steel, susceptible to stress without showing any recognisable correlation with the frequency. In the case of welded specimens, the service life is significantly reduced (mainly due to the overheating during welding). However, the resistance to dynamic stresses can be considerably by annealing at 800°C.
    Notes: Versuche mit einem gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion empfindlichen und einem unempfindlichen Stahl ermöglichen eine Trennung des Einflusses von statischer und schwingender Belastung. Der gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion beständige schwach legierte Stahl verliert seine Beständigkeit auch bei schwingender Beanspruchung nicht, während der gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion empfindliche Stahl auch bei schwingender Beanspruchung rasch zu Bruch geht, ohne daß eine Frequenzabhängigkeit zu beobachten ist. Im Falle geschweißter Proben ist die Lebensdauer deutlich herabgesetzt (wobei vor allem eine Überhitzung bein Schweißen eine Rolle spielt); die Beständigkeit gegen schwingende Beans pruchung kann jedoch durch Glühen bei 800°C beträchtlich erhöht werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 530-532 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 240
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 518-522 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 241
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  • 242
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 570-570 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XVIII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 817-827 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 827-830 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 830-837 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 248
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 838-838 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 249
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  • 250
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 251
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XXIX 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 252
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 991-995 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of solid corrosion products on the corrosion mechanismOn the basis of general notions of a model of corrosion phenomena at superficially heterogeneous electrodes, the attempt is made to develop a general system for such phenomena. The considerations are based on the physical separation of the anodic and cathodic reaction ranges when solid corrosion products are formed. In this context, the following cases are discussed:  -  Corrosion accompanied by the formation of a cover layer in water or in an inert salt solution; formation of a single corrosion product and destruction of the oxide film formed through contact with air; corrosion accompanied by the formation of several corrosion products; relationships between corrosion products and shifts in the rest potential.
    Notes: Aufgrund von allgemeinen Modellvorstellungen über Korrosionsvorgänge an oberflächlich heterogenen Elektroden wird versucht, ein allgemeines System für derartige Vorgänge zu entwickeln. Grundlage der Betrachtung ist die räumliche Trennung des anodischen und kathodischen Reaktionsbereiches bei Bildung fester Korrosionsprodukte. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die folgenden Fälle erörtert: Korrosion unter Deckschichtbildung im Wasser oder Inertsalzlösung; Bildung eines einzigen Korrosionsproduktes und Zerstörung der an Luft entstandenen Oxidschicht; Korrosion unter Bildung mehrerer Korrosionsprodukte; Zusammenhänge zwischen Korrosionsprodukten und Verschiebungen des Ruhepotentials.
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  • 253
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 999-1004 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of the chemical composition on the kinetics of the atmospheric corrosion of steelA total of 19 different structural steels were exposed to urban, rural and industrial atmospheres for periods up to three years. The evaluation of the weight losses determind at certain intervals permitted the establishment of a linear relationship which can be used for assessing, within certain limits of concentration, the influence of specific alloying elements. The tests showed that the effects of the different alloys varies with the type of atmosphere and with the degree of corrosion, and may well shift from “favourable” to “detrimental”. The results are also influenced by the quantitative ratios of certain components. The corrosion behavior of the steels is consistently governed by P, S and Cu and, to a lesser extent, by C and Mn.
    Notes: Insgesamt 19 Baustähle wurden in Stadt-, Land- und Industrieatmosphäre bis zu 3 Jahre lang exponiert. Die Auswertung der zu verschiedenen Zwischenzeiten bestimmten Gewichtsverluste ermöglichte die Aufstellung einer linearen Beziehung, mit welcher sich  -  innerhalb bestimmter Konzentrationsgrenzen  -  der Einfluß einzelner Legierungszusätze feststellen läßt. Bei den Versuchen wurde gefunden, daß die Wirkung der einzelnen Zusätze je nach Atmosphäre und Korrosionsstadium verschieden ist und sich sogar von günstig nach ungünstig verschieben kann; hierbei spielen auch Mengenverhältnisse zwischen bestimmten Komponenten eine Rolle. Entscheidend für das Korrosionsverhalten der Stähle sind durchweg P, S, Cu sowie daneben C und Mn.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1016-1016 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 255
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1005-1012 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of composite radiographical methods of analysis to the investigation of cases of damageOn the strength of numerous examples, it is shown that the combination of the X-ray fluroescence analysis with the X-ray microstructure analysis represents an important aid in investigating cases of damage as the corrosion products are analyzed not only in regard to their composition but also in regard to the type of compound. The following causes of corrosion have been diagnosed in this way:  -  Sedimentation of catalyst particles and of entrained dissolved products from the boiler water; temperature below condensation point; effects of potassium sulphate and/or aluminium ortho-arsenate or of vanadium compounds from fuel oil; wet cleaning with ammonia water before commissioning a boiler; effect of alkali and alkaline earth oxides on the brick lining of a combustion chamber; deficiency of iron sulphate as a cause of deficient cover layers on brass; effect on galvanized parts of the HCL formed during the combustion of PVC.
    Notes: An zahlreichen Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß die Kombination von Röntgenfluoreszenz- und Röntgenfeinstrukturanalyse ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel bei der Untersuchung von Schadensfällen darstellt, da die Korrosionsprodukte nicht nur hinsichtlich ihrer Zusammensetzung analysiert werden, sondern auch hinsichtlich ihres Verbindungstyps. Als Korrosionsursachen wurden dabei diagnostiziert: Ablagerungen von Katalysatorabrieb und von mitgerissenen gelösten Produkten aus Kesselwasser; Taupunktunterschreitung; Wirkung von Kaliumsulfat und/oder Aluminiumorthoarsenat bzw. von Vanadiumverbindungen aus Heizöl; Naßreinigung mit Ammoniakwasser vor Inbetriebnahme eines Kessel; Wirkung von Alkali- und Erdalkalioxiden auf die Ausmauerung einer Brennkammer; Fehlen von Eisensulfat als Ursache von mangelhaften Deckschichten auf Messing; Wirkung der bei der Verbrennung von PVC entstehenden HCL auf verzinkte Bauteile.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 256
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1017-1018 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 257
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1018-1026 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 258
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1027-1028 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 259
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1028-1030 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 260
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1012-1015 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibition of iron corrosion in acid with the aid of organic sulphur compoundsTests were carried out with Armco-iron in 1 n 10%-aqueous ethanol sulphate with the addition of n-butyl, s-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, benzyl and phenylmercaptane, o- and m-thiokresol. The purpose was to determine the inhibition effect on the loss of weight and on the embrittlement through hydrogen adsorption. The inhibition effect is probably governed by adsorption via a free pair of sulphur electrons. The sulphur charge is therefore the controlling factor which also explains the effect of the chain length which affects the electron density at the sulphur. The inhibition effect has a maximum with C8 whilst, with larger chains, a screen effect is again apparent. The adsorption of hydrogen is first stimulated by low inhibitor concentrations, and later inhibited. But there is no clear correlation between the effect on corrosion and that on hydrogen adsorption.
    Notes: Versuche rnit Armco-Eisen in 1 n schwefelsaurem 10%igem wäßrigem Äthanol unter Zusatz won n-Butyl-, s-Butyl-, t-Butyl-, n-Hexyl-, n-Octyl-, n-Decyl-, Benzyl- und Phenylmercaptan, o- und m-Thiokresol. Bestimmt wurde die Hemmwirkung auf den Gewichtsverlust und auf die Versprödung durch Wasserstoffaufnahme. Die Hemmwirkung ist wahrscheinlich bedingt durch Adsorption über ein freies Elektronenpaar des Schwefels. Die Ladung am Schwefel ist daher der kontrollierende Faktor; daraus erklärt sich auch die Wirkung der Kettenlänge, welche die Elektronendichte am Schwefel verändert. Die Wirksamkeit der Inhibitoren erreicht bei C8 ein Maximum, während bei längeren Ketten wieder eine Abschirmung auftritt. Die Aufnahme von Wasserstoff wird durch geringe Inhibitorkonzentrationen stimuliert, später gehemmt, doch entsteht keine eindeutige Beziehung zwischen der Wirkung auf die Korrosion und auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme.
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  • 261
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 1030-1033 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 262
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 263
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XLI 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 264
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 265
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 266
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 216-221 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The accelerating effect of sulphur dioxide and water on the atmospheric corrosion of rusty ironThe atmospheric corrosion process of rusty steel was observed in the laboratory in an atmosphere with 1, 10 and 100 p.p.m. SO2, respectively, at a temperature of 30°C. It was found that the correlation of the corrosion rate with humidity can, in the range between critical humidity and nearly 100 per cent. Relative humidity, be represented by a rising quadratic parabolic equation. The differences in the three SO2 concentrations had no influence on the corrosion kinetics, which is explained by the fact that, under the testing conditions, the rust was fully saturated with SO42-. On the strength of these and earlier results, the authors submit a new working theory concerning the atmospheric corrosion of already rusty steel, introducing the theories of Heusler and Florianovitsch-Kolotyrkin into the sphere of atmospheric corrosion.
    Notes: Der atmosphärische Verrostungsprozeß von Stahl wurde im Laboratorium bei 1, 10 und 100 ppm SO2-Gehalt der Atmosphäre und 30°C an vorgerostetem Stahl verfolgt. Dabei wurde gefunden, daß die Feuchtigkeitsabhängigkeit der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit im Gebiet zwischen kritischer bis zu annähernd 100°% rel. Feuchtigkeit einer steigenden quadratischen parabolischen Gleichung entspricht. Kein Einfluß der drei größenordnungsmäßig verschiedenen SO2-Konzentrationen auf die Korrosionskinetik wurde gefunden was durch Erreichung des Sättigungsgrades des Rostes an So42- bei den gegebenen Versuchsbedingungen erklärt wird. Aufgrund dieser und älterer Ergebnisse wird eine neue Hypothese über das atmosphärische Rosten von mit Rost bedecktem Stahl vorgeschlagen, welche die Mechanis-men von Heusler und Florianovitsch-Kolotyrkin in das Gebiet der atmosphärischen Korrosion einführt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 267
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical measuring methods for studying stress-corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigueAn apparatus is described for the investigation of local corrosion phenomena with simultaneous static and dynamic loading. The apparatus enables measurements to be made of potential variations in time, interdependance of current density and potential, and current density variation at constant potential. It is shown that stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in boiling Ca(NO3)2, solution and of soft iron in NaOH is a clear local corrosion process. Analogous results are obtained with austenitic stainless steel in an activating medium. Corrosion fatigue of passive austenitic steels can be produced in SO, saturated water or in ferroammonium sulphate solution. Between corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking there is a number of analogies but there are also differences. Stress corrosion cracking strongly depends from material composition but may be produced by almost any medium, while corrosion fatigue is possible in certain media only, but is not related with a particular metal composition.
    Notes: Beschrieben wird eine Apparatur zur Untersuchung örtlicher Korrosionserscheinungen bei gleichzeitiger statischer und dynamischer Werkstoffbeanspruchung. Die Apparatur ermöglicht die Messung von zeitlichen Potentialänderungen, der Abhängigkeit von Stromdichte und Potential und der Änderung der Stromdichte bei konstantem Potential. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die Spannungsrißkorrosion von C-Stahl in Siedender Ca(NO3)2- Lösung und von Weicheisen in NaOH ein ausgesprochener Lokalkorrosionsvorgang ist. Für austenitische nichtrostende Stäble erhält man mit einem aktivierenden Medium analoge Ergebnisse. Schwingungsrißkorrosion passiver austenitischer Stähle kann in mit Schwefeldioxid gesättigtem Wasser oder Ferroammonsulfatlösung der- zeugt werden. Zwischen Schwingungsrißkorrosion und Spannungsrißkorrosion be- stehen zahlreiche Analogien, doch auch Unterschiede. Spannungsrißkorrosion ist stark abhängig von der Werkstoffzusam-mensetzung, kann jedoch durch fast jedes dien möglich ist, jedoch an keine bestimmte rißkorrosion ist nur in bestimmten Medien möglich, ist jedoch an keine bestimmte Metallzusammensetzung gebunden.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the cinetics of stress corrosion cracking of austenitic chromium-nickel steels in magnesium chloride solutionExperimental investigation with the steels (German designation) W.-Nr. 4301 (X5CrNi18 9), 4401 (X5CrNiMo18 10), 4449 (X5CrNiMo17 13), 4541 (X10CrNiTi18 9), 4550 (X10CrNiNb18 9) and 4580 (X10CrNiMoNb18 10) in 42% MgCl2 solution at 144 and 130°C. The known distribution of stress corrosion cracking between an incubation and a crack propagation period has been confirmed (the first taking about 10% of the whole specimen life). The cracking rate is proportional to the potential at the base of the crack which, in turn, depends from the surface potential. Nb and Ti have no bearing on the cracking rate. Addition of Mo displaces to more noble potentials the potential limit below which there is no stress corrosion cracking and reduces cracking rates when differences between the potential limit and a given potential are equal. The influence of temperature is restricted to the crack propagation period. A co-action of increasing Ni contents in connection with the Mo addition cannot be excluded.
    Notes: Versuche mit den Stählen Werkstoff-Nr. 4301 (X5CrNi18 9), 4401 (X5CrNiMo18 10), 4449 (X5CrNiMo17 13), 4541 (X10CrNiTi18 9), 4550 (X 10CrNiNb18 9) und 4580 (X 10CrNiMoNb18 10) in 42%iger MgCl2-Lösung bie 144 und 130°C. Die bekannte Aufteilung der Spannungsrißkorrosion in eine Inkubations- und eine Reißperiode wurde bestätigt (Anteil der ersten an der Gesamtstandzeit 10%). Die Reißgeschwindigkeit ist der Spannung am Rißgrund proportional, wobei diese wieder vom Oberflächenpotential abhängt. Nb und Ti beeinflussen die Reißgeschwindigkeit nicht. Zusatz von Mo verschiebt das Grenzpotential, unterhalb dessen keine Spannungsrißkorrosion mehr auftritt, zu edleren Potentialen und setzt  -  bei gleicher Differenz zwischen dem Grenzpotential und einem gegebenen Potential  -  die Rißgeschwindigkeit herab. Der Einfluß der Temperatur beschränkt sich auf die Reißperiode. Eine Mitwirkung steigender Ni-Gehalte in Verbindung mit dem Mo-Zusatz ist nicht auszuschließen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 396-407 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Passivation behaviour and stress corrosion cracking of iron-maganese-chromium alloys in sodium chloride solutionElectrochemical experiments with MnCr steels (20-28% Mn, up to 12% Cr) in 3% NaCl solution. High Mn contents reduce the passivation tendency, while increasing Cr contents broaden the range of passivity. The formation of surface layers is due primarily to a direct reaction with the solution (good adhesion, high protective value) and, secondarily, to precipitation from the solution (porosity, low protective value). The tendency to form secondary layers increases as the Cr content is reduced. In oxygen containing solution there is a pronounced corrosion in the pitting range. At low Cr contents, stress corrosion cracking is mostly transcrystalline, at higher Cr contents (8-12%) it is intercrystalline, in particular when Cr carbide precipitations are present at the grain boundaries. In the range of transcrystalline corrosion the susceptibility to selective corrosion extends beyond the pitting potential. At higher Cr contents there may be pitting without any indication of stress corrosion cracking.
    Notes: Electrochemische Versuche mit MnCr-Stählen (20-28% Mn, bis 12% Cr) in 3% NaCl. Hohe Mn-Gehalte verringern die Passivierungsneigung, während steigende Cr-Gehalte den Passivitätsbereich verbreitern. Die Deckschichtbildung erfolgt hierbei primär durch direkte Reaktion mit der Lösung (gute Haftung, hoher Schutzwert), sekundär durch Ausfällen aus der Lösung (Porosität, geringer Schutzwert). Die Neigung zur Bildung sekundärer Schichten steigt mit abnehmendem Cr-Gehalt. In sauer-stoffhaltigen Lösungen tritt ausgeprägte Korrosion im Lochfraßbereich auf. Bei niedrigen Cr-Gehalten verläuft Spannungsrißkorrosion meist transkristallin, bei höheren Cr-Gehalten (8-12%) interkristallin, besonders wenn an den Korngrenzen Auscheidungen von Cr-Carbid vorliegen. Im transkristallinen Korrosionsbereich ist die Anfälligkeit für selektive Korrosion über das Lochfraßpotential hinaus erweitert. Bei höheren Cr-Gehalten kann Lochfraß auftreten, ohne daß Anzeichen einer Spannungsriß-korrosion vorliegen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 408-413 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Could surface layers and material embrittlement be among the causes of stress corrosion cracking?Neither the hypothesis claiming rupture of the surface layer nor the embrittlement theory yield a sufficiently consistent explanation of the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, since the latter can occurr even in the absence of such layers (e.g. brass in copper nitrate and copper tetrammine salts). An indispensable condition for stress corrosion cracking to occurr is the possibility that cathodically active zones are formed by corrosion products at crevices and cracks; such active zones amy be formed e.g. by Cu2O or by dissolved and redeposited noble metals. This phenomenon would also account for the specific action of certain agens: local formation or deposition of corrosion products which are not dissolved again (as e.g. noble metals may be dissolved with complex formation). The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is increased by mixed crystal formation, because this process enhances reactivity at grain boundaries, inner defects and creeping zones. In the case of alloys containing no noble metals, however, it is difficult, to predict susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking.
    Notes: Weder die Deckschicht-Aufreißhypothese noch die Versprödungstheorie bilden eine ausreichende Erklärung für Spannungsrißkorrosion, denn diese kann auch ohne Deckschichten auftreten (z. B. Messing in Cu Nitrat und Cu-Tetramminsalzen). Voraussetzung für Spannungsrißkorrosion ist vielmehr die Möglichkeit, daß and Rissen und Spalten kathodisch wirksame Bereiche aus Korrosionsprodukten vorliegen, z.B. von Cu-I-Oxid oder auch von gelösten und wieder abgelagerten Edelmetallen. Damit erklärt sich auch die spezifische Wirkung mancher Agentien: Örtliche Bildung bzw. Ablagerung von Korrosionsprodukten, die nicht wieder gelöst werden (Auflösung von Edelmetallen unter Kompolexbildung). Die Anfälligkeit für Spannungsrißkorrosion wird durch Mischkristallbildung gesteigert, da hierdurch das Reaktionsvermögen and Korngrezen, inneren Störstellen und fließenden Bereichen erhöht wird. Im Falle von edelmetallfreien Legierungen ist es schwierig, die Anfälligkeit für Spannungsrißkorrosion vorauszusagen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 438-447 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 436-438 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 448-452 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 452-454 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 477-480 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 480-486 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 486-486 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 486-487 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XVI 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 488-492 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 523-530 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 578-583 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cathodic corrosion of lead in the soilCathodic corrosion of lead in the soil can be expected in exceptional cases only. The corrosion found on a particular lead cable could be simulated in the laboratory. It could be confirmed, that  -  probably by decomposition of primary lead hydride  -  metallic lead is deposited below layers of Ca and Mg compounds already at potentials below -1,7 V. A special switching method was developed to account for breakthrough polarisation.
    Notes: Kathodische Korrosion von Blei im Boden ist grundsätzlich nur in Ausnahmefällen zu erwarten. Diese an einem Kabel gefundene Korrosion wurde im Laboratorium nachgebildet. Hierbei konnte bestätigt werden, daß unter Deckschichten aus Calcium- und Magnesiumverbindungen bei Potentialen schon unter -1,7 V metallisches, Blei abgeschieden wurde, wahrscheinlich durch Zersetzung von primär entstandenem Bleihydrid. Für derartige Untersuchungen wurde eine spezielle Schaltmethode entwickelt, bei welcher auch die Durchtrittspolarisation berücksichtigt wird.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 571-574 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Silicon nitride  -  a corrosion resistant refractory materialSilicon nitride as a material having high temperature strength (flexural strength at 1500° C still 15-20 kp/mm2) is, in addition, highly corrosion resistant. This resistance applies to mineral acids (although results are somewhat scattering), and even HF produces but slow dissolution. Oxide slags and glass melts attack but slowly, and it is resistant to many salt melts, not, however to hydroxide solutions or molten alkalies. Nonoxidising gases have no effect, in oxidising atmospheres a protective SiO2 layer is formed which yields good resistance up to 1600° C. Hydrogen does not react up to 1250° C with silicon nitride. Molten metals attack vehemently when the corresponding silicides are formed easily. The reaction with copper takes place in the air only, not in the vacuum.
    Notes: Siliziumnitrid als Werkstoff mit hoher Temperaturbeständigkeit (Biegefestigkeit bei 1500° C noch 15-20 kp/mm2) ist außerdem noch äußerst korrosionsbeständig. Gegen Mineralsäuren aller Konzentrationen ist es hoch beständig (obwohl die Ergebnisse stark streuen), und auch von HF wird es nur langsam gelöst. Oxidische Schlacken und Glasschmelzen greifen nur sehr langsam an, ebenso ist es beständig gegen viele Salzschmelzen, nicht hingegen in Hydroxidlösungen und Alkalischmelzen. Nichtoxydierende Gase zeigen keine Einwirkung, in oxydierenden Gasen entsteht eine SiO2-Schutzschicht, welche bis 1600° C gute Beständigkeit gewährleistet. Wasserstoff reagiert bis 1250° C nicht mit Si-Nitrid. Metallschmelzen wirken besonders stark, wenn die entsprechenden Silicide leicht entstehen können. Mit Cu-Schmelzen reagiert das Nitrid nur an der Luft, nicht im Vakuum.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 286
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 575-578 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition resistance in rolling contact as an indication of oxide layers on galvanic metal layersUnder standard conditions the surfaces of spheres with metal coatings (Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pd) in rolling contact are covered by a thin continuous tarnish which is permeable to electrons. Thicker oxide islands without electron permeability are superimposed in statistical distribution. These islands are found the more frequent, the higher the free enthalpy of the particular metal oxide. In the contact faces tarnish and oxide islands are superimposed on each other during rolling contact, and after a duration characteristic of each metal there results a quasi-metallic or a nonmetallic contact accompanied by characteristic changes of electrical resistances. Different time functions for the variations in the contact faces are found with identical and non-identical contact partners.
    Notes: Bei Normalbedingungen sind die Oberflächen von miteinander in Rollkontakt stehenden Kugeln mit Metallüberzügen (Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pd) von einer dünnen, kohärenten Anlaufschicht bedeckt, die elektronendurchlässig ist. Auf dieser Schicht sind örtlich statistisch verteilt dickere Oxidinseln ohne Elektronendurchlässigkeit. Die Oxidinseln treten um so häufiger auf, je größer die freie Enthalpie der betreffenden Metalloxide ist. In den Kontaktflächen überlagern sich während des Rollens Oxidinseln und Anlaufschichten und nach für jedes Metall charakteristischen Zeiten ergibt sich quasimetallischer oder nichtmetallischer Kontakt mit charakteristischen Widerstandsänderungen. Bei gleichen und ungleichen Kontaktpartnern ergeben sich unterschiedliche Zeitabhängigkeiten für die Kontaktänderung.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 583-595 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Destruction of high purity aluminium, zinc and plexiglass by flow cavitationCavitation in cold and warm water produces a strengthening of aluminium during a first incubation period, although fine cracks are already formed which induce erosion. It is for this reason that cathodic protection remains without effect. The same applies to Zn which undergoes a limited translation (because of its lower plasticity) and twin formation and, later on, erosion. Plexiglass absorbs water, while cracks starting at weak spots in the structure induce erosion and fatigue cracks are formed later on. The second stage of cavitation is characterized by high weight losses, connected with strong changes in the material surface, while in the third stage decreasing weight losses can be found. This decrease is attributed to the fact, that the water formed by bubble implosion in cracks cannot flow out easily and thus forms a sort of protective cushion.
    Notes: Al wird während einer Inkubationsperiode durch Kalt- und Warmwasserkavitation mechanisch verfestigt, doch bilden sich schon feine Risse, welche die Erosion einleiten. Aus diesem Grunde ist kathodischer Schutz unwirksam. Gleiches gilt für Zn, bei dem es zunächst zu begrenzter Translation und Zwillingsbildung, später zu Erosion kommt. Plexiglas nimmt Wasser auf, wobei durch Erosion an schwachen Gefügestellen Erosion eingeleitet wird und später Ermüdungsrisse auftreten. Der zweite Bereich ist charakterisiert durch hohe Gewichtsverluste, verbunden mit starker Veränderung der Werkstoffoberfläche, während im dritten Stadium wieder eine Abnahme der Gewichtsverluste festzustellen ist. Diese Verringerung dürtle darauf zurückzuführen sein, daß das durch Implosion von Blasen in den Rissen entstehende Wasser dann nicht mehr leicht abfließen kann und so eine Art Schutzpolster bildet.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 651-658 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The behaviour of Pt/PtRh and Ni/NiMo thermal elements in the high temperature vacuum furnace in the presence of material containing chromiumDuring annealing under vacuum (10-3 to 10-4 Torr) at temperatures exceeding 1200° C, it is always necessary to reckon with the evaporation of Cr from the built-in parts of the furnace (highly alloyed steels). The evaporated Cr is, inter alia, deposited on the thermo-elements, affecting their thermal potentials and reducing their service life, due to the formation of hard and brittle inter-metal compounds. A remedy consists in the use of vacuum-tight thermo-element protection tubes (which admittedly gives rise to a certain inertia of indication) or in the reduction of the vacuum through the addition of nitrogen as soon as a temperature of 1000° C is exceeded. It is also recommended to use ceramic components or those consisting of Mo plates without Cr content.
    Notes: Bei Glühen unter Vakuum (10-3 bis 10-4 Torr) bei über 1200° C ist immer mit Verdampfen von Cr aus den Einbauteilen des Ofens (hochlegierte Stähle) zu rechnen. Das verdampfte Cr lagert sich u. a. auf den Thermoelementen ab, verändert deren Thermospannung und verkürzt deren Lebensdauer, und zwar infolge der Bildung harter und spröder intermetallischer Verbindungen. Abhilfe besteht in der Verwendung vakuumdichter Thermoelementschutzrohre (was allerdings zu einer gewissen Trägheit der Anzeige führt) oder in der Verringerung des Vakuums mittels Zusatz von Stickstoff, sobald 1000° C überschritten werden. Zu empfehlen ist auch die Verwendung von Einbauteilen aus Keramik oder aus Mo-Blechen ohne Cr-Gehalte.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. XXVI 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 733-749 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A comparative study of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigueOn the basis of experiments (without external current, potentiostatic, anodic polarisation) in MgCl2, with CrNi steel 18/9 a mechanism is postulated for stress corrosion cracking; according to this theory the effect Of a primary movement of dislocations is increased by more difficult repassivation and a notch effect due to increasing surface roughness. The same applies to corrosion fatigue, but effects are more localized here.
    Notes: Aufgrund von Versuchen (außenstromlos, potentiostatisch, unter anodischer Polarisierung) in MgCl2, mit CrNi-Stahl 18/9 wird ein Mechanismus der SpRK disku- tiert; danach ist Ausgangspunkt der SpRK eine Versetzungsbewegung, wozu eine Erschwerung der Repassivierung und die durch zunehmende Oberflächenzerklüftung bedingte Kerbwirkung kommen. Für SRK gilt ähnliches, nur sind die Wirkungen örtlich konzentriert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 784-789 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 791-799 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 800-805 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 807-817 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 805-807 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 838-838 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 922-923 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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