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  • 1985-1989  (3,879)
  • 1980-1984  (3,090)
  • Engineering General  (3,850)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (2,420)
  • Gas chromatography
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 63 (1989), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Analysis ; Biological monitoring ; Butoxyacetic acid ; Ethoxyacetic acid ; Gas chromatography ; Glycol ethers ; Metabolism ; Methoxyacetic acid ; Pentoxyacetic acid ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alkoxyacetic acids are metabolically formed and excreted in urine after exposure to ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers (alkoxyethanols) or their acetate esters. This paper presents a sensitive method based on extractive alkylation for determination of alkoxyacetic acids in urine. Alkoxyacetate ions were extracted from 200 μl urine into methylene chloride, with tetrabutylammonium acting as counter ion, and derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in a single step. After separation of the methylene chloride phase, evaporation, and dissolution of the residues in hexane the esters were analyzed by fused silica capillary column gas chromatography and electron capture detection. The esters formed were stable for at least 2 weeks at room temperature. The limit of quantification was estimated to 2 μM (corresponding to an injected amount of 2 pg) for methoxyacetic (MAA) and ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) in urine. The corresponding values for butoxyacetic acid (BAA) were 4 μM and 5 pg, respectively. The detector response was linear up to 80 μM and the formation of derivative at least up to 1 mM. The method error may be reduced by using a second alkoxyacetic acid derivative, EAA, BAA or 2-pentoxyacetic acid (PAA), as an internal standard. The sensitivity, stability, reduced number of extractions, and small volumes of reagents and sample needed make the present method useful in biomonitoring of occupational exposure to ethylene glycol ethers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1989), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Ethylene glycol ethers ; Alkoxyacetic acids ; Pentafluorobenzylbromide ; Gas chromatography ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sensitive and specific method for the determination in urine of alkoxyacetic acids, the metabolites of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, was developed by combining the advantages of two previously described methods. The acids were determined gas chromatographically as their pentafluorobenzylesters. The alkylation with pentafluorobenzylbromide was performed after dissolving the dry residue of lyophilized urine in methanol. Quantitative derivatization was obtained when the urinary pH was adjusted to pH 7.0, when the reagent concentration was 5% v/v, and when the reaction mixture was heated at 90°C for 3 h. Sample clean-up was performed by adding bidistilled water and the esters were extracted with methylene chloride with high yields (95%). Alkoxyacetic acid concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 200 mg/l could be determined with an average imprecision of ± 3.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FAME fingerprinting ; Animal fats ; Transesterification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The triglycerides of animal fats from milk, meat or cheese can also be characterized by the gaschromatographic pattern of the fatty acid methylesters (FAME) after conversion by an unsophisticated transesterification procedure. Even from the FAME pattern falsifications of commercial animal fats can be revealed by the fast separation of the FAME using a standard CW 20 M (polyethyleneglycol) capillary column. Characteristic patterns of FAME originating from different animals are shown. The patterns of the FAME from different races of the same animal are very similar, so that the characterisation according to the type of animal is not disturbed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 596-600 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Azines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the gas chromatographic behaviour of several 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone-azines. In HPLC analysis all the unsymmetrical azines show double peaks, whereas in HRGC analysis only some of these compounds show the two peaks corresponding to the Z (syn) and E (anti) isomers. By means GC/MS analysis the mass spectrum of each azine was recorded. We have assigned the E and Z configurations to the first and second gas chromtographic peaks on the basis of the ratio between the relative abundances of the two most significant framment ions at m/z 163 and 164.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Large volume sample injection ; Closed on-column injector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new simplified version of a “closed” on-column injector is introduced. Because of its design isobaric injection conditions do not have to be followed and a wide range of injection temperatures above the boiling point of the sample solvent can be chosen for on-column injections in capillary gas chromatography. Also, when following certain basic injection rules, injections of large sample volumes (≥20 μl or more) give accurate and reproducible results without further problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silica surface ; Silanols ; Strongly interacting sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper describes how the method of gas-phase titration of the strongest adsorption sites can be utilized to calculate a relative strength of interaction of the sites with chromatographic solutes. An excellent correlation with earlier, theoretical predictions of Giddings is noted. Significant influence of the sites on the width of a chromatographic band is observed when the interactions are an order of magnitude stronger than those of normal sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Determination of monomer in polymers ; Sealed glass capillary sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Residual styrene in polystyrene and free phenol in phenolic plywood adhesive have been determined by sealing samples in glass capillary tubes. To prevent loss of sample the ends of the capillary tubes were sealed with a kind of putty made of anhydrous calcium sulfare, calcium carbonate and a small quantity of phenylmethylsilicone fluid. No volatile compounds were released from this sealing material when the capillary tubes were placed in a quartz vaporising furnace at temperatures up to 300°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 237-240 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Slope of log plot ; Homologous series ; Retention index ; Retention time ; Uncertainty ; Free energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The free energy of partition of a methylene group $$\Delta G_{CH_2 }^ \circ $$ is constant within a homologous series down to C5 and nearly constant to C3, contrary to the finding of Golovnya and Grigoryeva [5]. Retention indices are linear with carbon number: values may be extrapolated from higher carbon numbers to C5 within experimental uncertainty, to C4 with error no greater than 5 units and to C3 with error no greater than 10 units. Error in extrapolating the logarithm of the adjusted retention time, log t′R, to C5 is thus negligible, to C4 has possible error up to 5b/100 and to C3 up to 10b/100, whereb is the slope of the plot of log t′R against carbon number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Optimization of gas-solid separations ; Plate height equation ; Computer mapping procedure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This paper proposes an optimization model for gas-solid chromatographic separations in a non-linear programming form and an approximate equation of the plate height for the model. A computer-modified mapping procedure is also described for searching the optimum separation conditions. Just five experiments and about 20 minutes of the computer time are needed to establish the optima of column temperature and of the carrier gas linear velocity. The relative deviation between the predicted and the experimental values was found to be within 20% for the plate heights, and within 1.5% for the retention times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Methylbromide ; Charcoal tubes ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Air sampling of methylbromide using 900 mg HBr-treated activated charcoal tubes, followed by solvent desorption and FID or ECD chromatographic analysis, makes it possible to evaluate concentrations ranging from 0.2 ppm (1 mg×m−3) to 250 ppm (1g×m−3) at ambient temperature even with a high hygrometric level. Thermal desorption does not lead to satisfactory results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 60-66 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass loadability ; Stationary phase capacity ; Capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In GLC the mass load can be normalized with respect to the amount of stationary phase in one plate. This quantity can be used for a specified solute-liquid phase combination in any capillary or packed column, irrespective of the column dimensions or the number of plates. For each individual solute in a given stationary phase a unique factor β″ can be found, which accounts for the specific shape of the isotherm of this particular combination. this factor β″ corresponds well with the activity coefficients of the solutes in the stationary phase, by which a fairly good approximation of the mass loadability of the column at hand can be made without need for experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 552-558 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Radio gas chromatography ; 3H- and14C-labelled compounds ; Isotope effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Radio gas chromatography (RGC) is a valuable tool for the analysis of radioactively labelled compounds. Recent advances in capillary GC, especially in column technology and instrumentation have also induced new possibilities in this field. With regard to the preservation of the achieved separation efficiency, radioactivity detection is the main problem in capillary RGC. Based on published data and on our extensive experience in conventional RGC, a simple, reliable and versatile method has been developed for the radioactive detection: purge gas is added to the effluent of the capillary column and the RGC detection unit with conversion tube and flow-through proportional counter is used maintaining small dead volumes and dimensions. The influence of the extra-column volumes and of the total gas flow rate (of the carrier, purge and quenching gases) on the peak shape was investigated. It was also found that the isotopic effect commonly known in GC of2H- and3H-labelled compounds is hardly measurable for larger [G-14C] labelled species such as [G-14C] labelled higher fatty acids with high isotopic abundance of14C, even on the highly efficient capillary columns. The quantitative aspects of the detection method used are discussed and some applications to the analysis of labelled biochemicals (amino and fatty acids) are demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Coke oven gas evolution ; On-line gas analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatograph will thermal conductivity detector (TCD) connected on line via a cleaning train to the semi-industrial scale Coke Oven Text Plant of the Spanish National Coal Institute (INCAR), has been used to control the evolution of the permanent gases during the coking process. The undesirable presence of oxygen in the coke oven gas can be detected with this system that will be applied to determine the end of the coking process by quantitative analysis of the gas evolved.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Microwave plasma detector ; Thiophenes ; Shale oil distillates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A series of alkylthiophenes and dimethyl disulfide were tentatively identified in an oil shale retort gas condensate from a 6-kg bench-scale retort using gas chromatography with a microwave-induced helium plasma detector (GC-MIP). The sulfur species were present in concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 10.7 mol ppm in the undiluted offgas. The GC-MIP technique was successful in selectively detecting the sulfur components in the complex mixture. Quantitation was simplified relative to GC with flame-photometric detection because of the absence of quenching or other interference problems at the concentrations studied. Attempts to determine stoichiometry of the sulfur components by comparison of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur ratios with those of standards were unsuccessful because of the complexity of the carbon and hydrogen chromatograms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Air pollutants ; Adsorbent enrichment ; Thermal desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new automatic method is described for quantitative determination of some light C2–C4 hydrocarbons in urban air: ethene, ethyne, propane, propene, butane and iso-butane. This method is based on an enrichment step at room temperature using a solid sorbent and subsequent thermal desorption for gas chromatographic separation and FID detection. The instrument is built up of a small commercial gas chromatograph and a laboratory-made trap and desorption unit. The sampling parameters, sample volume, concentration and humidity of air have been investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Flame photometric detector ; Sulfur compounds ; Response quenching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The long time retardation of the main hydrocarbon peak in the chimney of the flame photometric detector greatly reduces the responses of later-eluting sulfur compounds. In the absence of hydrocarbons in the flame, the slope (s) of the log I vs. log [S] plot (where I is the sulfur response and [S] is the sulfur concentration in the sample) is of the highest value and is constant for all experimental conditions tested. Flame hydrocarbons cause the s value to decrease, and this is dependent on the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in the flame (O/H) and, under certain conditions, also on the sulfur to carbon ratio (S/C) of the sample. The abnormalities observed in the determination of methyl thiol in natural gas are explained on the basis of the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 631-632 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Wide-bore glass capillary columns ; End-sealing ; Static coating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An end-sealing method to be used for static coating of wide-bore glass capillaries is described. After the capillary was completely filled with the coating solution, one end is connected to a gas-tight syringe (10-ml volume) via silicone tubing and the other end is fixed with shortcutted silicone tubing for sealing with a plug. The method is highly successful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FTIR ; Hemoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of N, O (S)-tert.-Butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of amino acids for capillary gas chromatography and FTIR identification of amino acids is described. Rapid identification is achieved by computerised comparison of FTIR spectra. Derivatives that are characterised by identical sets of ions in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments are clearly distinguished and identified by means of their infrared spectra. This, for example, is the case with alanine, β-alanine and sarcosine, which norvaline and valine, and with norleucine, leucine and isoleucine. Unknows are also promptly detected. This is especially useful in screening biological samples for less common amino acids. Screening of hemoglogin hydrolysates for amino acid adducts is exemplified.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ethyl carbamate ; Direct injection quantification ; Cold injection system ; Optimised SIM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An integrated procedure is described which allows direct injection quantitative screening to single figure parts per billion (μg/L) levels of ethyl carbamate in the natural matrix of distilled alcoholic beverage. Injection and detection performance was studied and optimized to allow this routine, reproducible, trace analysis without any sample pre-treatment. All aspects of the analysis including autosampler run sequences and automated internal standard report generation are initiated and controlled from a single GC/MS workstation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Trichloroethyl ester ; Dicarboxylic acid ; Urine samples ; Electron capture ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Dicarboxylic acids were esterified by 2,2,2-trichloroethanol by using trifluoroacetic anhydride and phosphoric acid as catalysts. The method was developed to facilitate the evaluation of workers' exposure to sensitising acid anhydrides and other compounds metabolised to acids in the body. The sensitivity of the acid determination in urine was in the order of 2–4 ng ml−1 for aliphatic and alicyclic acids and 15ng ml−1 for phthalic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 499-508 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detector ; Space-charge model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mathematical analysis, allowing the determination of the distribution of the electron and positive ion concentration in an electron-capture detector with a cylindrical electrode arrangement and with constant and pulsed voltage supplies, has been carried out. The measurements obtained confirm the assumptions concerning the “space change” model of the ECD introduced by Gobby et al. and cast doubt upon the general assumption of the complete removal of the electrons from the detector by the voltage pulse. The physical factors influencing the current characteristics of the detector and the possible distortions connected with the electrode geometry have been explained on the basis of the measurements carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 455-460 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Surface free energy ; Silane-covered materials ; Film pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The surface free energy, or film pressure, π0, is measured for mica (Mica HK), silane-covered mica (Mica NP), Chromosorb W DMCS and glass beads. The film pressure is obtained from gas chromatography. The materials are used as adsorbents and benzyl alcohol and n-dodecane are used as molecular probes. Adsorption isotherms at 353 K are obtained from gas chromatography data and the surface free energy is computed with the help of the Gibbs equation. Values of π0 for a given surface are found to vary with the molecular probe. With benzyl alcohol π0 varies from 44 erg/cm2 for Mica 60 HK to 76 erg/cm2 for glass. In the case of n-dodecane π0 is found to vary in the same manner but the values range from 25 to 45 erg/cm2. The results are in good agreement with the values obtained with the contact angle method.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 469-471 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace analysis ; Ethylene oxide ; Capillary column
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A headspace gas chromatographic method for determination of traces of ethylene oxide (EO) in sterilized materials has been developed. The method allows the determination of the amount of EO by putting the samples directly into acetonitrile and analysing by means of headspace GC. The procedure described is simple, sensitive, reproducible and linear. The lower limit of detection is 0.015 μg/g of sterilized material.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Colloidal stationary phases ; Liquid crystals as stationary phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Colloid systems consisting of the nematic liquid crystals p,p′-azoxyphenetol and p,p′-methoxyethoxyazoxybenzene and high-disperse mineral particles (aerosil, carbon black) are proposed to be used as stationary phases in gas chromatography. The dependence of the retention of normal paraffins, Rohrschneider and McReynolds test solutes (benzene, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, pyridine, butanol-1, 2-pentanone, and nitropropane) on the composition of the colloid systems was investigated. The investigated colloid sorbents including liquid crystals retain their selectivity for meta/para isomers up to 50% of the aerosil content and practically at all studied carbon black concentrations.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Anesthetics ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of lidocaine, tetracaine, procaine and dibucaine. The method was applied to the determination of anesthetics in tissue homogenates incubated at 38°C at doses between 10 and 400 mg/kg. In the liver tissue thein vitro metabolization of the studied anesthetics is most rapid for tetracaine, also fast for procaine, while for lidocaine and dibucaine the metabolization is very slow. In brain tissue thein vitro metabolization of anesthetics is very slow. The method shows good analytical parameters: linearity between 5 and 40 μg/ml; day-to-day reproducibility ca. 8% for a concentration of 20 μg/ml, precision ca. 7% for a concentration of 20μg/ml. Accuracy is also very good.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chlorinated methanes ; Activated charcoal sampling ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sampling method using activated charcoal, followed by percolation with ethanol and FID or ECD chromatographic analysis, depending on the concentrations to be monitored, makes it possible to evaluate concentrations of methylene chloride between 5 and 1000mg m−3, chloroform between 0.1 and 2000mg m−3, and carbon tetrachloride between 0.015 and 1000mg m−3.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; GC/MS and headspace GC ; Elastomeric stoppers for injectables ; Trace hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Elastomeric stoppers for injectables have been surveyed by means of GC/MS screening. Residual contamination by hexanes (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, n-hexane, methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane) toluene and xylenes occurred in all the samples tested. A headspace GC purity test is suggested, by using these residual chemicals as purity indexes.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 28 (1989), S. 313-314 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused-silica columns ; Static coating ; Sealing method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this paper a new sealing method for the static coating of capillary columns is described. When one end of the fully filled capillary was immersed into liquid nitrogen in a Dewar flask, the coating solution at this end would be frozen and became a temporary seal, and an air-free solvent/seal interface was obtained. No bumping has ever been found at the interface, even when butane was used as solvent. By applying this sealing method, several capillary columns, including some narrow bore capillary, had been successfully coated.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Renewal theory ; Monte-Carlo simulation ; Prediction of retention and peak widths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new method for prediction of gas chromatographic retention times and peak half widths is based on the renewal theory. The only requirements are the heats of vaporization of the compounds to be separated and one calibration measurement. With this data, retention times and peak half widths can be predicted for isothermal as well as temperature-programmed gas chromatography. For the separation of non-polar substances on non-polar stationary phases the prediction error for retention times is approx. 1–2%. First simulations of polar molecules and polar stationary phases indicate that this method is also applicable in these cases but some extension will be required.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Wide bore capillary columns ; Temperature programmed injection ; Simulated distillation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is demonstrated that linear injection characteristics are obtained for a wide boiling point range sample using a temperature-programmed injector in combination with wide-bore fused silica columns. The applicability of the described combination for high temperature simulated distillation is described. The method, using external standardization, gives accurate and repeatable results for different types of samples in the boiling range between 50 and 750°C. The lifetime of the fused silica wide-bore columns was found to be acceptable, viz. over 80 temperature-programmed cycles between ambient and 430°C. Some comments are made on the accuracy of boiling points for normal alkanes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns, glass ; XE-60-L-valine-(S)-α-phenylethylamide ; Amino acid derivatization, general procedure ; N-Pivaloyl amino acid esters ; Amino acid enantiomer separation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A laboratory working procedure is described for silanization of glass capillaries with bis(cyanopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane, prior to coating with XE-60-L-valine-(S)-α-phenylethylamide as chiral stationary phase. GC columns thus prepared exhibit good inertness and no long-term deterioriation of enantioselectivity up to 220°C. A general procedure is given for derivatization of simple and of polyfunctional amino acids, in a batch mixture, simultaneously, and completely at both the N- and the C-terminus and all other protic functions. Within the seven series of N-pivaloyl amino acid esters tested (methyl to neopentyl), baseline separation is obtained for all R/S pairs, including the proline derivative.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 430-431 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Separation and identification ; Silicon-containing compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 33
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 423-425 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Tetraoxanes ; Structural effects ; Kováts index ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 431-432 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Wide bore columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 437-441 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica column ; Amino acids ; Urine ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This report describes a convenient means of reducing the complex matrix which is responsible for interference during gas chromatographic determination of amino acids in urine. The pre-chromatographic clean-up employs the principle of solid phase extraction using bonded silica incorporating cation exchange groups. This approach avoids the detrimental effects on amino acid recoveries associated with resin-based cation exchangers. In spite of significant reduction in the complexity of chromatograms, only the high efficiency and resolving power offered by the analytical capillary column (e. g. fused silica open tubular, FSOT) is sufficient for quantitative and analysis of amino acids in urine. Reproducibility data from the complete procedure are determined, coefficients of variation (CV) for most amino acids being better than 5% with a mean recovery of 96%.
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 661-664 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Enantiomer labeling method ; Amino acids in river water ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 665-668 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary columns ; OH-Terminated polysiloxane phases ; PS-347.5, OV-17-OH, OV-240-OH ; SP-2330 ; Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin ; Polychlorinated dibenzofuran ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glass capillaries coated with four crosslinked and surface-bonded OH-terminated polysiloxanes [PS 347.5, OV-17-OH, OV-225-OH, and OV-240-OH] were compared with commonly used methyl-terminated SP-2330-coated columns with respect to their selectivity for the separation of 2,3,7,8-chloro-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The methyl- and phenyl-substituted phases [PS 347.5 and OV-17-OH] exhibit only moderate isomer selectivity which limits their applicability in this field. The examined 3-cyanopropyl-substituted phases [OV-225-OH, OV-240-OH, and SP-2330] allow complete separation of all 2,3,7,8-chlorosubstituted PCDDs and PCDFs. With SP-2330 longer columns are required (50 m) for baseline separation of critical groups of isomers. OV-225-OH was found to be the most suitable phase as to isomer selectivity. In comparison to SP-2330, the analysis times can be reduced by a factor of two.
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  • 38
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 677-679 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass sprectrometry ; Ginger ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Purge-and-trap ; Cryogenic focusing ; Splitless injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new configuration for coupling a purge-and-trap unit to a capillary column gas chromatograph via a cryogenic focusing interface has been developed. In this configuration, the precolumn of the cryogenic focusing interface was inserted through the septum of a split/splitless injection port where it served as both sample transfer and carrier gas supply lines. The injection port of the gas chromatograph was modified by plugging the carrier gas and the septum purge lines. This configuration allowed for the desorption of analytes at high flow rates while maintaining low, analytical-column flow rates which are necessary for optimum capillary column operation. The capillary column flow rate is still controlled by the column backpressure regulator. Chromatograms of purgeable aromatics exhibited improved resolution, especially for early eluting components compared to those obtained by direct liquid injection using the normal splitless injection mode. Quantitative sample transfer to the analytical column afforded excellent linearity and reproducibility of compounds studied.
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  • 40
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 537-539 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Crosslinking ; Stationary phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new mixed crosslinking agent composed of dicumyl peroxide and tetra(methylvinyl)cyclotetrasiloxane was used to prepare fused silica capillary columns with in situ crosslinked stationary phases including PEG-20M, SE-54, and OV-1. These columns proved to have good thermostability and inertness. As examples of potential applications a mixture of isomers of nitrotoluene and dinitrotoluene, and pyrolyzates of polystyrene were separated by using these columns.
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  • 41
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 138-141 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Volatile samples ; Sample enrichment ; Trace analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two methods for sampling and concentration of volatile organic compounds are reported. In the first method, traps coated with a very thick film (ca. 100 μm) of cross-linked silicone stationary phase are employed. Such thick films can be prepared with a modified dynamic coating procedure, which is briefly described. The low phase ratio traps can be utilized for enrichment of volatiles from gaseous as well as aqueous matrices.The second technique is based on chromatographic evaporation of a solvent in a capillary tube, where the process is sustained by a repeated sample injection and a cyclic flow reversal. In this way, large solvent volumes can be handled by a small volume system. Under optimal conditions, when using a solvent barrier, quantitative recovery is possible even for compounds of comparatively high volatility. Another important application of the technique is extraction of trace components from gases such as headspace samples, polluted air, etc.
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  • 42
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 149-160 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Optimization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A model utilizing the extended Golay-Giddings equation, with an added term that expresses the instrumental contributions to the plate height, has been tested and found to accurately predict the chromatograph's output for a given set of operating conditions. The model forms the basis of a computer program that will recommend the length of column (of a specified inside diameter and film thickness) to be used (at a given temperature and input pressure) to obtain a minimum time analysis of the most difficult to separate pair of the mixture. Alternative solutions are available that specify the length of column, operating pressure, and the maximum permissible sample size required to provide a minimum analysis time for a system with specified minimum detection limits.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 160-163 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample preparation ; Urine analysis ; Oxocarboxylic acids ; Hydroxycarboxylic acids ; Ketoacidosis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxo- and hydroxycarboxylic acids as metabolites of valine, leucine, and isoleucine and of ketogenesis are simultaneously quantitated in the form of their methyl esters and methyl esters/O-methyloximes by gas chromatography using internal and external standards. Normal values for the urinary excretions of the amino acid metabolites are between 3 ± 2 μmol/24 h (mean value ± standard deviation) for 2-oxoisocaproic acid and 122 ± 58 μmol/24 h for 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid. In diabetic ketoacidosis the values are increased by a factor of 2-10.
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  • 44
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column technology ; Simulated distillation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 45
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 184-186 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Purge-and-trap ; Environmental tracers ; Motor vehicle exhaust ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 193-207 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multidimensional chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Gupercritical fluid chromatography ; Fuels ; Foodstuffs ; Environmental ; Biological ; Pharmaceutical ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Although coupled liquid chromatographygas chromatography (LC-GC) was first demonstrated ten years ago, only in the last few years has there been a sudden surge of interest in the technique. Approximately 70% of the total number of LC-GC applications have been published in the last two years (1987-88) alone. This review categorizes LC-GC publications into four main application areas: fossil fuels, foods, environmental samples, biologiical/pharmaceutical samples, and miscellaneous samples. Multidimensional separations carried out using other coupled-column chromatographic techniques (such as supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with GC, and on-line trace enrichment-GC) have also been included in this review.
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  • 47
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Packed column ; Wide bore column ; Fused silica column ; Amino acids ; Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the present study, the use of gas chromatography (GC) for the determination of amino acids in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is described. Although some amino acids may be determined using a packed column following the removal of glucose, the major interfering component, the inadequate resolution of other amino acids from remaining unidentified components results in poor quantitation. The use of wide bore columns improves reproducibility considerably, but still it does not provide sufficient resolution to enable quantitative determination of all amino acids in human CSF. Good reproducibility data, with CV values for all amino acids of 7% or less and recoveries generally between 80% and 100%, can only be obtained using the fused silica open tubular (FSOT) column. Normal amino acid levels are presented for 10 samples of human CSF, which compare well with data previously reported in the literature.
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  • 48
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 239-243 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused-silica capillary ; Electron-capture detection ; Amino acid biogeochemistry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies have been performed on the analysis of 21 amino acids using a fused-silica open tubular (FSOT) capillary column, and electron-capture detection (ECD) or flame-ionization detection (FID). It was shown with the N(O)-heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) amino acid isobutyl esters that the ECD response was several hundred times more sensitive than the FID response. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of retention relative to norleucine is determined with the ECD. RSD values for all N(O)-HFB amino acid isobutyl esters are relatively small (≦ 0.5%). This method has been successfully applied to trace analysis of most of the amino acids from fossil brachiopods and black shales.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 691-692 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Berberis ruscifolia Lam. ; Berberidaceae ; Hydrocarbons ; Alcohols ; Sterols ; Anthocyanins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas phase analysis ; Calibration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to accommodate continually changing tasks in the [μl/l]-[nl/m3] ranges of gas chromatographic trace analysis of gas phases and vapor phases, a simple and time-saving calibration technique is presented which renders unnecessary conventional test mixtures of the abovementioned concentration ranges.This new method is based on the simulation of such mixtures at the inlet of the GC unit with the aid of commercially available multiway sampling valves of various volumes by means of partial pressure sampling.
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  • 51
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 500-502 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Non-polar stationary phase ; Immobilization ; γ Irradiation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 52
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 522-526 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Plasma emission detection ; Alternating current plasma detector ; Organolead ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The performance of the gas chromatography/alternating current plasma detector as a selective detector for organolead compounds is investigated. The helium make-up flow rate and the spatial position from which the lead emission is viewed, have an effect on the detector response. The detection limit for tetrabutyl lead was established as 130 pg/s and the lead selectivity ratio was found to exceed 13,800. Some applications of organolead determination in complex matrices were also studied in order to demonstrate the selectivity and sensitivity of the alternating current plasma detector.
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  • 53
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    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Packed columns ; Immobilized stationary phase ; Poly(ethylene glycol) phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Carbowax 20M poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phase was immobilized on Chromosorb W by cross-linking with pluriisocyanate. The properties of the prepared packing material were investigated. Column efficiencies of 10,960 and 7,510 theoretical plates/meter were obtained for n-pentadecane and 1-heptanol, respectively.
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1725-1729 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1769-1785 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Methods are described for modelling of phase change processes using the finite element method to simulate freezing and melting including convection in the melt. Evaluation of several enthalply/specific heat methods and time marching schemes is also included. Suppression of velocities in the solid region is described, and example problems are given. Comparison is made to simulations performed by other researchers using finite difference methods. Substantially different results were found for one of these problems, and this result is shown to be caused by numerical problems in the earlier work.
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1813-1825 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The plane stress problem of a parallel fibre, rectangular composite sheet with variable fibre content is investigated. The resulting sheets are governed by partial differential equations that have variable coefficients, which are generally unsolvable exactly. A Ritz method is used to approximate the solution and is checked against known problems having exact solutions. The method is found to determine closely both the displacements and the stresses with fewer than 200 degrees of freedom. It is then applied to two interesting problems for which no exact solutions exist, including that of uniform normal stress applied in the direction of the fibres.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1891-1908 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper addresses the question of the optimal selection of the shape functions for p-type finite elements and discusses the effectivity of the conjugate gradient and multilevel iteration method for solving the corresponding linear system.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2466-2466 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 60
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2517-2540 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of static, non-linear, large three-dimensional deformation of riser bundles used in offshore oil and gas production is studied within the limits of small strain theory. The mathematical model consists of the models of component-risers and connectors which hold risers together. Each riser is modelled as a thin walled, slender, extensible or inextensible tubular beam-column. It is subject to non-linear three-dimensional deformation dependent hydrodynamic loads, torsion and distributed moments, varying axial tension, and internal and external fluid forces. The problem is solved numerically by developing an algorithm which features substructuring, condensation and non-linear incremental finite elements. Substructuring is used to decompose the riser bundle problem into those of individual component-risers and equilibria of connectors. Condensation is used along with the connector equilibrium equations to produce connector forces and moments. Strong non-linearities present in the model are handled by an incremental finite element approach. Accuracy of the computer code is verified by solving simple three-dimensional cases. Two three-dimensional applications are solved for a bundle with seven component-risers and up to a total of 1267 degrees of freedom. Finally, a comparison is made with numerical results of a two-dimensional analysis code. The influence of problem size on total CPU time is discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2609-2634 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The conceptual framework of a least squares rate variational approach to the formulation of continuously deforming mixed-variable finite element computational scheme for a single evolution equation was presented in Part I.1 In this paper (Part II), we extend these concepts and present an adaptively deforming mixed variable finite element method for solving general two-dimensional transport problems governed by a system of coupled non-linear partial differential evolution equations. In particular, we consider porous media problems that involve coupled heat and mass transport processes that yield steep continuous moving fronts, and abrupt, discontinuous, moving phase-change interfaces. In this method, the potentials, such as the temperature, pressure and species concentration, and the corresponding fluxes, are permitted to jump in value across the phase-change interfaces. The equations, and the jump conditions, governing the physical phenomena, which were specialized from a general multiphase, multiconstituent mixture theory, provided the basis for the development and implementation of a two-dimensional numerical simulator. This simulator can effectively resolve steep continuous fronts (i.e. shock capturing) without oscillations or numerical dispersion, and can accurately represent and track discontinuous fronts (i.e. shock fitting) through adaptive grid deformation and redistribution. The numerical implementation of this simulator and numerical examples that demonstrate the performance of the computational method are presented in Part III2 of this paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2161-2174 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An a-posteriori error estimator for finite element analysis proposed by Zienkiewicz and Zhu is analysed and shown to be effective and convergent. In addition we analyse wider classes of estimators of which the Zienkiewicz-Zhu estimator is a special case. It is shown that some of these estimators will be asymptotically exact. Numerical evidence is presented supporting the analysis.
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2175-2190 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the case of nearly incompressible elastic materials the strain energy, the shear stress and the difference of normal stresses can be computed accurately by direct methods when the p-version of the finite element method is used. Computation of the sum of the normal stresses requires special procedures. In this paper such procedures are described and examples are presented.
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2123-2142 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Considerable progress has been made in recent years toward advancing the state-of-the-art in solid mechanics boundary element technology. In the present work, much of this new technology is applied in the development of a general-purpose boundary element method (BEM) for steady-state heat conduction. In particular, the BEM implementation involves the use of higher-order conforming elements, self-adaptive integration and multi-region capability. Two- and three-dimensional, as well as axisymmetric analyses, are incorporated within a unified framework. In addition, techniques are introduced for the calculation of boundary flux, and for the inclusion of thermal resistance across interfaces. As a final extension, an efficient formulation is developed for the analysis of solid three-dimensional bodies with embedded holes. For this last class of problems, the new BEM formulation is particularly attractive, since use of the alternatives (i.e. finite element or finite difference methods) is not practical. A number of detailed examples illustrate the suitability and robustness of the present approach for steady-state heat conduction.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2191-2202 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This note reports numerical experiments on the efficiency of simple error estimates derived earlier1 applied to incompressible mixed or related penalty type formulations. The rate of convergence and performance of various mixed elements is compared. Numerical results from a driven cavity and an incompressible elastic problem demonstrate that the T6B1/3D and T6/3C elements give a faster rate of convergence than the T6/1D element. However, in the case of a plane extrusion analysis (stronger singularity), the rate of convergence for the T6B1/3D element drops and is inferior to that of the T6/1D, while the T6/3C element still proves superior to the other two elements.
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  • 67
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2839-2853 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Zienkiewicz-Zhu error estimator is shown to be effective in problems of plate flexure. When used in conjunction with triangular elements and an adaptive mesh generator allowing a prescribed size of elements to be developed, very fast adaptive convergence for results of specified accuracy is achieved.
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  • 68
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2889-2906 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The construction of changing sequences of irregular and nested triangulations, based on the use of conforming refinement/derefinement algorithms for triangulations, is presented and discussed. This strategy is particularly appropriate to combine adaptivity and full multigrid algorithms for dealing with moving fronts or fluid dynamics problems. It is shown that the quality of all the triangulations iteratively generated depends only on the geometric characteristics of the initial grid. A data structure suitable to create, manage and modify series of nested triangulations as well as the main features of the DEREF prototype package are described, and numerical examples are given.
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2923-2941 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A unified presentation of some popular continuation procedures used in the non-linear finite element analysis of structural mechanics is introduced. An extension of the elliptical constraint equation proposed by Crisfield is given. It is shown that in the proposed procedure real roots can always be obtained in solving the iterative change of the load parameter. Updated weighting factors are introduced in the constraint equation in order to get better convergence characteristics in the case when localized deformations occur. For bifurcation points a modification of Rheinboldt's branching procedure is presented. Post critical response after limit and bifurcation points is determined in some numerical examples.
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  • 70
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 21-35 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical model system is developed to describe waves and wave-induced currents in a breakwater situation, where refraction, diffraction, reflection and wave-current interaction may all play important roles in the transformation of waves. A turbulence transport model is employed to estimate the eddy viscosity, and the friction factors associated with the major variables are clearly defined using a high level closure of combined flow bed friction. The model system is tested against a laboratory situation, and the effects of reflection are demonstrated on the wave-induced currents as well as on the wave distribution.
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  • 71
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 3-20 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: During the past ten years various methods have been devised to deal with the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. In the meantime, different models have been worked out to represent turbulent incompressible flows. At LNH, deep participation in this enthusiastic research is still going on, together with a closely related development of physical modelling and metrology. In this paper, we will give an insight into a set of numerical codes which are now currently in use at our laboratory and some of their main applications to coastal engineering. This will include thermohydraulic internal flows and free surface flows. For each code a short presentation of the algorithm of solution is described.
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 71-85 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A study of linear monochromatic wave propagation is presented, based on a theory of potentials. The usual Berkhoff equation has been extended by the addition of partially pervious solid boundary effects and the bed friction.The problem has been solved by a hybrid finite element method including the effect of singular local elements such as the end of breakwaters or wharfs. This numerical method confirms the interest in quadratic Lagrangian finite elements.The comparisons with analytical solutions and existing numerical results show the validity of the method. Some original examples also prove the good performance of the proposed computation method.As an example, the study of the erosion of the beach of Calvi Bay in Corsica, France is presented. The phenomenon had started already in 1960, but the problem began to be very severe four years ago, after the implementation of a new harbour in 1982 and buildings, hotels, restaurants, and a main sewer on the beach. To consider the impact of these constructions and other factors like waves, currents and geomorphological aspects, the studies were divided into four parts: sedimentological, currents, wave propagation and geomorphological.This paper will describe the results of a complete two years study on the site, from February 1986 to December 1987.Findings show that the erosion process is due to the rise of the relative sea level with, as a catalyst, tourist behaviour and the implementation of the new constructions.
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 469-481 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Piecewise linear finite element approximations to two-dimensional Poisson problems are treated. For simplicity, consideration is restricted to problems having Dirichlet boundary conditions and defined on rectangular domains Ω which are partitioned by a uniform triangular mesh. It is also required that the solutions u ∊ H3 (Ω). A method is proposed for recovering the gradients of the finite element approximations to a root mean square accuracy of O(h2), both at element edge mid-points and element vertices, using simple averaging schemes over adjacent elements. Piecewise linear interpolants (respectively discontinuous and continuous) are then fitted to these recovered gradients, and are shown to be O(h2) estimates for ∇u in the L2-norm, and thus superconvergent. A discussion is given of the extension of the results to problems with more general region and mesh geometries, boundary conditions and with solutions of lower regularity, and also to other second-order elliptic boundary value problems, e.g. the problem of planar linear elasticity.
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 109-126 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the development of a straightforward displacement type triangular finite element for bending of a flat plate with the inclusion of transverse (or lateral) shear effects. The element has twenty two degrees of freedom consisting of ten for the lateral displacement of the midplane and six for rotations of the normal to the undeformed midplane of the plate. The latter are taken as independent of the slopes of the deformed midplane in order to include deformation due to transverse shear. The element is fully conforming and may be orthotropic. At interelement boundaries, the element matches adjacent elements both with respect to lateral displacement of the midplane and the rotations of the normal. The result is an efficient ‘linear moment’ triangular element but with transverse shear deformation included. Numerical computations for a number of examples are presented. The results show the element to be more flexible than most other finite element models and agree closely with those from a numerical solution of the three dimensional elasticity equations. The results also converge to those from thin plate theory when the thickness to length ratio becomes small or when the transverse shear moduli are artificially increased.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 237-237 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 279-293 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An iterative solution procedure for a frictionless contact problem is presented. Convergence to the exact solution is guaranteed by an error reduction method, and the rate of convergence is drastically improved by reduction of the ratio of extreme eigenvalues of the iteration matrix. For an ordinary linear equation, the present technique has the same theoretical value of convergence rate as the Chebyshev acceleration technique. The present acceleration technique can be directly extended for complicated frictional contact problems.
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 415-430 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Moving finite element methods are adaptive gridding procedures especially designed for systems of partial differential equations whose solutions contain steep gradients. A new moving finite element method based on quadratic approximation functions is presented. Both the theoretical and computational aspects are outlined. Performance of the method is illustrated with solutions to Burgers' equation. The solution is accurate and remarkably smooth in the entire domain.
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1461-1473 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An enriched finite element model for linear elastic fracture mechanics is developed for a mixed variational statement. The independent approximations for the displacement and stress components are enriched by adding the near-field analytic expressions for a cracked body to the polynomial approximations of a conventional element. This allows for an accurate representation of the stress and displacement fields near the crack tip and also results in the direct calculation of the appropriate stress intensity factors. The accuracy of this formulation is demonstrated through several numerical examples.
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1521-1537 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The nature of the crack and the structure behaviour can range from ductile to brittle, depending on material properties, structure geometry, loading condition and external constraints. The influence of variation in fracture toughness, tensile strength and geometrical size scale is investigated on the basis of the π-theorem of dimensional analysis. Strength and toughness present in fact different physical dimensions and any consistent fracture criterion must describe energy dissipation per unit of volume and per unit of crack area respectively. A cohesive crack model is proposed aiming at describing the size effects of fracture mechanics, i.e. the transition from ductile to brittle structure behaviour by increasing the size scale and keeping the geometrical shape unchanged.For extremely brittle cases (e.g. initially uncracked specimens, large and/or slender structures, low fracture toughness, high tensile strength, etc.) a snap-back instability in the equilibrium path occurs and the load-deflection softening branch assumes a positive slope. Both load and deflection must decrease to obtain a slow and controlled crack propagation (whereas in normal softening only the load must decrease). If the loading process is deflection-controlled, the loading capacity presents a discontinuity with a negative jump. It is proved that such a catastrophic event tends to reproduce the classical LEFM-instability (KI = KIC) for small fracture toughnesses and/or for large structure sizes. In these cases, neither the plastic zone develops nor slow crack growth occurs before unstable crack propagation.
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2113-2122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Finite element partitioning (or substructuring) is employed to estimate the eigenproperties of large-scale structural systems. A homotopy equation is constructed and its solutions are characterized by a number of curves which connect the eigensolutions of the partitions with those of the complete system. A step-by-step tracing procedure is developed to follow these curves. At each step, prediction and correction are performed. The Rayleigh-Ritz procedure and the conjugate gradient method are used as predictor and corrector, respectively. Compared with the sole use of either the Rayleigh-Ritz or gradient methods, the proposed method is more reliable and more efficient for large-scale problems. Numerical implementation is well suited for supercomputers.
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element formulation has been developed to take into account the warping effect of composite beams undergoing large deflection or finite rotation. This formulation is to be used to model combined bending, torsional and extensional behaviour of composite helicopter rotor blades. The new approach can model thin to moderately thick walled composite beams with complicated cross-sections, tapers and arbitrary planforms. The warping effects are incorporated by assuming warping displacements superimposed over cross-sections normal to the beam axis in the deformed configuration of a shear flexible beam. The strain is assumed to vary linearly through the wall thickness. The fixed or total Lagrangian description is adopted in the present formulation and the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the non-linear equilibrium equation resulting from the finite element approximation. Numerical tests of example problems demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the present approach.
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2275-2292 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A plate bending element based on the generalized laminate plate theory (GLPT) developed by the senior author is described and its accuracy is investigated by comparison with the exact solutions of the generalized plate theory and the 3D-elasticity theory. The element accounts for transverse shear deformation and layer-wise description of the inplane displacements of the laminate. The element has improved description of the inplane as well as the transverse deformation response. A method for the computation of interlaminar (transverse) stresses is also presented.
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2323-2338 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Application of a weak form of the Kirchhoff constraints in the formulation of triangular assumed shear strain C0 plate element is described. It is shown that, compared to a similar formulation of the quadrilateral elements, formulation of the triangles requires some additional considerations which lead to additional terms in the energy expression. With those terms performance of the assumed shear strain triangular elements is comparable to that of the quadrilateral elements.
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2397-2421 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Robinson's viscoplastic model, a representative of the so-called overstress models, is integrated by use of the generalized midpoint rule. The solution of the non-linear system of algebraic equations arising from time discretization of the constitutive equations is determined using a projection method in combination with Newton's method. Consistent tangent moduli are calculated and the quadratic convergence of the global Newton equilibrium iteration is shown. The time increment size is controlled by the convergence behaviour of the equilibrium iteration and the accuracy of the numerical integration. Various numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the efficiency of the methods.
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2711-2711 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2761-2776 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The performance of group implicit algorithms is assessed on actual concurrent computers. We show that, as the number of subdomains is increased, performance enhancements are derived from two sources: the increased parallelism in the computations; and a reduction in equation solving effort. Moreover, we show that these two performance enhancements are synergistic, in the sense that the corresponding speed-ups are multiplied, rather than merely added. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that, if n is the number of degrees of freedom of the structure, p the number of processors used in the computations, and s ≥ p is the number of subdomains in the partition, the net speed-up is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ O\left({p\sqrt s} \right) $\end{document} in 2D and O(ps) in 3D, asymptotically as n/s → ∞. In particular, speed-ups with respect to Newmark's method of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ O\left({p\sqrt s} \right) $\end{document} in 2D and O(s) in 3D are obtained on a single-processor machine. Finally, simulations on a 32-node hypercube are presented for which the interprocessor communication efficiencies obtained are consistently in excess of 90 per cent.
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  • 88
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2813-2827 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new element - a partial hybrid stress element - is proposed in this paper for the analysis of thick laminated composite plates. The variational principle of this element can be derived from the Hellinger-Reissner principle through dividing six stress components into a flexural part (σx, σy, σxy, σz) and a transverse shear part (τxy, τyz). The element stiffness matrix can be formulated by assuming a stress field only for transverse shear stresses, while all the others are obtained from an assumed displacement field. Consequently, this new element combines the benefits of the conventional displacement method and the hybrid stress method. A twenty-node hexahedron element is employed in each layer for the displacement field. For the assumed transverse shear stress field, only the traction-free boundary conditions and interface traction continuity are satisfied. The equilibrium equation is enforced by the variational principle. Hence, the complicated work of searching an equilibrating stress field for all the six stress components in the hybrid stress method can be avoided. Furthermore, the interlaminar traction discontinuity, especially transverse shear, encountered by the conventional displacement method and higher-order plate element for laminated plate analysis can also be overcome. Examples are illustrated to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this proposed partial hybrid stress element.
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2877-2888 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Exact postbuckling stresses usually vary fairly smoothly. Unfortunately, finite element postbuckling stresses tend to be much less well behaved. The result is that second order postbuckling constants determined by the finite element method may be highly inaccurate. The reason is that in finite element solutions transverse displacements associated with the buckling fields furnish too rapidly varying postbuckling strain contributions, while the postbuckling axial or membrane displacements contribute strain components that are sufficiently smooth, thus creating an internal postbuckling strain and stress mismatch.The present study suggests a modified finite element method that handles the problem, which is a special example of membrane locking, by introducing the postbuckling strains as independent variables. In general, the method provides rather complicated finite element expressions. However, by a suitable choice of interpolating functions, the resulting finite element equations themselves may be found to be the usual ones, and yet provide smooth postbuckling stresses and therefore good values of the postbuckling constants.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 153-167 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Jacket structures have many sub-sea appurtenances attached to them. For example, a typical jacket structure has hundreds of sacrificial anodes attached to its members. The fluid loading of these structures is calculated using Morison's formula. The force coefficients used in the equation are based on experiments carried out, for the most part, on single cylinders in laboratories in ideal flow. There are very few experimental data available for the fluid loading of cylinders with appurtenances. Moreover, it is not possible to calculate theoretically the loading on such configurations in flows of practical interest using approaches such as the finite element method. However, appurtenances can contribute significantly to the overall loading on a structure. This paper presents the preliminary theoretical work that has been carried out as part of a programme to establish a rational method for estimating the fluid loading on tubular members with appurtenances.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989) 
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 257-269 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The multilayer degenerated 3-D shell element, for which the stiffness matrix is calculated by numerical integration ply by ply, gives accurate results even for moderately thick composite panels, but needs an important linear and non-linear generation time when the number of plies is high (N 〉 10). In order to reduce this time some pre-integration and homogenization techniques are investigated. Different pre-integration methods have been reviewed and discussed. Then, two new homogenization methods, based on a series expansion of an equivalent Hooke matrix over the thickness, are presented. Next, simple numerical validation tests of these new methods are discussed, indicating necessary further investigations. Finally, a general discussion about the properties of the pre-integration and homogenization techniques tends to define their respective application domain.
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 343-359 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper deals with the static and dynamic (free vibrations) analysis of plates built up with a symmetric series of orthotropic layers. The formulation of a new simple triangular finite element having three nodes and three degrees of freedom per node is presented. The element called DST (Discrete Shear Triangle) is free of shear locking and has a proper rank. It coincides with DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff Triangle) when the transverse shear effects are negligible. A large number of classical problems is considered to evaluate the performance of the element for the analysis of composite plates. Very satisfactory results are obtained for displacements, stresses and frequencies.
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 403-427 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In general, plates and shells out of composite laminates are more susceptible to transverse shear than those out of homogeneous isotropic material. By means of different shear flexible theories the effect on buckling and postbuckling behaviour is studied. It turns out that there is a rather limited range of plates where the transverse shear is of considerable influence. Results obtained with Mindlin- or Reissner-type theories prove almost as adequate as those obtained with Reddy's theory. For the buckling analysis of shells the Kirchhoff-Love theory is precise enough. Snap-through buckling and imperfection sensitivity appear in composite shells, too, especially if they are optimized with respect to high bifurcation buckling loads.
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Owing to the failure of the finite element analyst to employ a properly refined computational model, the accuracy of preliminary finite element computations is often low. Thus, it is useful to introduce a computational procedure for improving the results obtained from a preliminary finite element solution. Such a procedure is presented in this paper. In this procedure the solution error components are decomposed into two parts. One of the error components is assumed to have a long period variation. The other component is assumed to have a short period variation. Multiplicative and additive correction procedures are introduced to iteratively eliminate the two error components. The multiplicative and additive correction procedures are implemented using multi-level solution techniques.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 181-191 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic substructure method is extended to multilevel (recursive) substructures. The obvious distinction of the two approaches is that the stiffness and mass matrices before condensation are no longer frequency independent. The dynamic stiffness matrix at any substructure level is proved to be a function of the vibrating frequency in terms of some constant matrices which are derivable from the dynamic stiffness matrix at one lower substructure level. The method can accurately predict more modes than the number of degrees of freedom retained. The computational procedure, the generalized inverse iteration, the stationary principle of the system natural frequency and the generalized Rayleigh's quotient are derived for the frequency dependent matrices. Numerical examples are given to illustrate some engineering applications. A transcendental dynamic stiffness matrix can be transformed to a more convenient algebraic form by the present method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 955-965 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for determining the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of isotropic bimodular beams at certain supporting conditions. Although only the lowest three modes of the single-layer and two-layer bimodular beams were studied, in principle, the method may also be used to determine higher-mode natural frequencies and shapes of the multi-layer beams. Numerical analysis shows that the approach is suitable for the free-vibration analysis of clamped/free and hinged/hinged bimodular beams.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 980-980 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1061-1076 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general finite element is derived for beams or beam-columns with or without a continuous Winkler type elastic foundation. The need to discretize members into shorter elements for convergence towards an ‘exact’ solution is eliminated by employing in the derivation of the element exact shape functions obtained from the equation of the elastic line. Inter-nodal values of deflections, bending moments and shear forces are obtained using the exact shape functions and trigonometric series. The effect of heavy compressive or tensile axial forces on bending stiffness is treated as a linear problem by considering the axial force as a constant parameter affecting the stiffness. FORTRAN subroutines to compute the stiffness matrix, equivalent nodal forces, deflected shape, bending moments and shear forces are provided and verified by an example.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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