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  • 1980-1984  (18.202)
  • 1975-1979  (15.129)
  • 1890-1899
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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (28.413)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (2.595)
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  • 201
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1461-1475 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A weighting function by which the mass matrix is made to be diagonal is deduced on the two-dimensional simplex element. Adopting the weighted residual method with the deduced weighting function for spatial domain and the two-step Lax-Wendroff method for time differentiation, the two-dimensinoal tidal flow in a model basin is calculated by means of the explicit finite element method. The water mass transport integrated over one tidal period at some cross-sections of the basin is also estimated, in order to verify the water mass conservation. It is found that the water mass is nearly conserved in the present method, although the usual lumped mass matrix technique fails to conserve.The present explicit finite element method with the conservative form of governing equations is also investigated and the water mass conservation is found to be a little more improved in this case than in the case of non-conservative forms. Application to a real bay indicates that the method with the conservative form of equations could be used for the estimation of tidal residual flow.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 202
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1477-1489 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: In this work, the plastic stress-strain relation and the incremental elastoplastic stiffness matrix for materials obeying the principal stress yield criterion are derived in the context of the associated theory of plasticity. Particular attention is paid to the treatment of the singularity conditions associated with this yield criterion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 203
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1491-1506 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: It is demonstrated that the residual in a compatible (displacement) finite element solution can be partitioned into local self-equilibrating systems on each element. An a posteriori error analysis is then based on a complementary approach and examples indicate that the guaranteed upper bound on the energy of the error is preserved.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 204
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1507-1519 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The paper develops a new discrete transform pair which economizes on the number of samples of F(s) and f(t) compared with the standard pair. Whereas the standard pair used uniform sampling along the Bromwich contour, the new method allows a progressive increase in the sampling interval, thereby reducing the number of samples required to meet a specified bandwidth requirement. In the case of the computation of transient responses of physical systems, a reduction by a factor of 10 is not unrealistic. The new transform pair is based on the generalization of fundamental sampling principles. In particular, this leads to an integration contour different from the Bromwich contour.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 205
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1553-1554 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 206
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1581-1597 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A new family of coupled time integration operators of different orders is developed. It permits different time integration operators to be used simultaneously in various regions of the model. This approach has the advantage of applying a very accurate time integrator, such as Runge Kutta method of order two to four, to the local nonlinear region of interest and a simple time integrator, such as the implicit-explicit or mixed time implicit-explicit method of order one, for the remaining region. The computer implementation aspects, stability analysis as well as the numerical evaluations of these new methods are presented. This is another attractive addition to the repertoire of time integration methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 207
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1613-1628 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A finite element formulation for elastoviscoplasticity problems in the presence of large strains and deformations is presented in this paper. The formulation is capable of using any of a class of combined creep-plasticity constitutive models with state variables for the description of material behaviour. The specific problem considered is plane strain extrusion using the constitutive model originally proposed by Hart. Numerical results are presented for sample problems and the important effects of extrusion speed and friction (at the die-workpiece interface) on the residual stresses in an extruded sample are investigated. The computer program developed here is quite general and can be modified to solve problems for other manufacturing processes like rolling, sheet forming, etc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 208
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1643-1660 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A new direct search package is presented. Typical test functions solved establish the robustness and efficiency of the package. The most significant features of the package are that it works satisfactorily even in single precision and requires much less memory. It needs only the function values and the unidimensional search is totally dispensed with. Methods such as different descent techniques, the RMS procedure, the co-ordinate movement technique and the gallop-canter equalization scheme form the sequence of strategies.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 209
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1629-1641 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper attempts to answer two commonly raised questions during the preparation of a finite element mesh, for the linear elastic fracture analysis of cracked structure: how to set up the finite element mesh around the crack tip, and what level of accuracy is to be expected from such a modelling.Two test problems, with known analytical expressions for their stress intensity factors, are analysed by the finite element method using the isoparametric quadratic singular element. The modified parameters were the order of integration, aspect ratio, number of elements surrounding the crack tip, use of transition elements, the singular element length over the total crack length, the symmetry of the mesh around the crack tip. Based on these analyses, a data base is created and various plots produced. The results are interpreted, the accuracy evaluated and recommendations drawn.Contrary to previous reports, it is found that the computed stress intensity factor (SIF) remains within engineering accuracy (10 per cent) throughout a large range of l/a (singular element length over crack length) for problems with a uniform non-singular stress distribution ahead of the crack tip (i.e. double edge notch), and l/a should be less than 0·1 for problems with a non-singular stress gradient (i.e three-point bend). Also, it is found that the best results are achieved by using at least four singular elements around the crack tip, with their internal angles around 45 degrees, and a reduced (2 × 2) numerical integration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 28 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 210
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1661-1670 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper presents and analyses methods for design sensitivity analysis of static response for structural systems when general boundary conditions are used during the analysis phase. The design sensitivity analysis methods where the boundary conditions are used to reduce the equilibrium equation have been presented earlier. In such procedures, the reduced stiffness matrix is non-singular. This fact is used to show differentiability of the displacement vector. When reduction procedures are not used, the global structural stiffness matrix may be singular. In such a case, differentiability of the displacement vector may be questionable. However, it is shown that the displacement vector is still differentiable. Several forms of the structural design sensitivity equations are presented. Although these equations are derived with Lagrange multiplier treatment of general boundary conditions, it is shown that they are applicable with any treatment of general boundary conditions. For example, they can also be used with co-ordinate reduction schemes. Therefore, design sensitivity analysis can be carried out with any existing finite element analysis computer code. Moreover, the procedures presented can be used to calculate sensitivity of a force of constraint can that is desired. The formulations are kept quite general such that design dependent boundary conditions can be routinely treated. An example is used to illustrate the procedures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 211
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1671-1683 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: In this paper, an efficient, exact zooming technique is developed which employs static condensation and exact structural reanalysis methods. For a multiple level of zooming such that the successive level of zooming is contained within the prior levels of zoom, repeated application of static condensation will reduce the system to one that is associated only with the degrees-of-freedom (dof) of the original model. Then, application of an exact static reanalysis technique permits the displacements at the dof of the original model that are contained in the final zoomed portion of the structure to be obtained first. Next, the response external to the zoom, as well as the response of additional dof within various levels of zooming, can be computed. With the triangular factor of the stiffness matrix of the original system available, this approach involves only the solution of a system of equations of small order. The proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 212
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1697-1702 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: An inversion formula based on expansion in a Fourier sine series, proposed by Koizumi in 1935, is examined. It is found to give results of moderate accuracy with relatively little work.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 213
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1685-1695 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A new method for the formulation of hybrid elements by the Hellinger-Reissner principle is established by expanding the essential terms of the assumed stresses as complete polynomials in the natural coordinates of the element. The equilibrium conditions are imposed in a variational sense through the internal displacements which are also expanded in the natural co-ordinates. The resulting element possesses all the ideal qualities, i.e. it is invariant, it is less sensitive to geometric distortion, it contains a minimum number of stress parameters and it provides accurate stress calculations. For the formulation of a 4-node plane stress element, a small perturbation method is used to determine the equilibrium constraint equations. The element has been proved to be always rank sufficient.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 214
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1703-1709 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The strain space and traditional stress space formulations of plasticity theory are compared. We show how plasticity theory has been implemented numerically to solve static and dynamic problems, and conclude that the numerical loading criteria that have been used for two decades are identical to the strain space loading criteria proposed by Naghdi and co-workers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 215
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1729-1733 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A PERQ single user computer can be used to animate structure plots, which is of great assistance when interpreting the results from finite element programs. Excellent appreciation may be obtained of a structure oscillating in complicated natural modes. The technique is also useful for studying deformations due to static forces.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 216
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1711-1728 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Simple solutions are extracted from the exact compatibility equations of inextensional bending for a special class of shell shapes, and it is speculated that these solutions provide useful criteria towards evaluating finite elements for these and closely related shapes. Curved finite elements of a quadratic parametric representation, which do not belong to the special class, are then studied. By using a series of exact inextensional bending displacements, it is concluded from numerical evidence that the criteria apply to finite element shapes in this representation when they are shallow, as is usually the case in practice. Criteria for homogeneous membrane actions follow from Gol'denveizer's static-geometric analogue.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 217
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1745-1749 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Using the partial-boundary element approach, in which only a part of the boundary in problem is discretized, the elastic torsion problem of a prismatic beam of a cracked rectangular cross-section has been solved in this brief paper, together with a numerical example to show the accuracy and versatility of the approach.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 218
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1751-1755 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The radial symmetry of the cable results in circular finite elements to evaluate the potential distribution in a multi-dielectric cable. Owing to this, a two dimensional analysis used in conjunction with triangular finite elements is reduced to one-dimensional analysis. This method therefore suggests an alternative proposal to calculate the potential distribution in a multi-dielectric cable with better accuracy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 219
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1756-1756 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 220
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1757-1757 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 221
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1757-1758 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 222
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1758-1759 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 223
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 224
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1791-1796 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Contour plots of finite element solutions, especially for derivatives, often are discarded due to poor plotting algorithms. This note shows how a smoothing scheme based on a minimum surface theory can significantly improve the quality of the graphical results. The scheme proposed is compared with many other smoothing schemes, including least squares, on a simple problem.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 225
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1763-1790 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper describes the stages of development of an optimum structural design scheme. Any attempt to generate the optimum scantlings of a structure of even moderate complexity usually poses nonlinear programming problems for which there exist no universally accepted solution method. The structure considered here is a complete compartment of a single-hulled ship acted upon by multiple load cases. The elastic responses under four different load types are obtained by a quasi finite element analysis routine developed specifically for this purpose. Sequential linear programming (SLP) with appropriate artifices to achieve rapid convergence has been successfully employed as an optimization routine to minimize the object function, which in this case was the total weight of the major structural members. The test problem has 490 basic degrees-of-freedom, 21 free design variables and more than 100 mixed constraints, the majority of which are nonlinear implicit stress functions. The method is then applied to a number of cases representative of small warship designs. Suggestions for future extensions and general conclusions are included at the end of the paper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 226
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1815-1821 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The approach of Cermak and Zlamal1 for solving quasilinear parabolic equations is modified and improved. The modified approach leads to a normal system of ODE, which may be solved with a standard program. The numerical solution of a specially selected example is compared with the exact solution. The method is applied on a system of quasilinear parabolic equations, which describes a real process - crystallization of a metal ingot.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 227
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1797-1813 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The simulation of a large-scale gas transmission network involves the numerical solution of a large system of initial valued, stiff algebraic/differential equations. Rapid changes in the solution are present due to the disturbances generated by the varying consumer demand and the operation of network controlling devices such as compressors. This paper discusses the design of an efficient variable-step integrator for the solution of the problem. Two sets of strategies are presented for implementing the variable-step integrator; one for the implicit numerical method such as the diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta methods, and the other for the linearly implicit Rosenbrock-type method. The performance of the numerical methods implemented are compared with the British Gas simulation program PAN on a number of large, realistic transmission networks.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 228
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1823-1840 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The optimality conditions for the optimal shape remodelling of linearly elastic plates are obtained by introducing the total variation of a function defined on a variable domain, although the variation of a function has been taken on a fixed domain in most literature on calculus of variations. Using these optimality conditions, a solution scheme involving an iterative algorithm is proposed, together with several numerical examples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 229
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1863-1884 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper presents a simple scheme for analysing shells subject to the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis. The method combines a previously developed, statically determinate truss model with the static-geometric analogy of elastic thin shell theory. In this way, both in-plane and flexural mid-surface actions are obtained by simply repeating the elementary computations performed on an essentially ‘membrane’ truss.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 230
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1841-1861 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper presents the modelling of open shells, such as those used in roof construction, by means of a single-layered, pin-jointed truss. The latter exhibits several advantages over existing framework models, such as, for example, statical determinacy and the capacity to cope with arbitrary material constants. In the present article, the truss model is developed for and applied to the numerical analysis of shells subject to the membrane hypothesis. However, the same statically determinate model forms the basis for a computational scheme for analysing shells according to the more formal, statically indeterminate bending theory; the latter application of the truss model will be presented in a subsequent paper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 231
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1951-1952 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 232
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1952-1952 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 233
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1957-1958 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 234
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1953-1956 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 235
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 236
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1959-1964 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A new method for static condensation is presented. This method utilizes Choleski decomposition with some modification to obtain the effective stiffness matrix and the effective load vector. A comparison between this modified decomposition method and the usual matrix decomposition method shows that the former is more efficient than the latter.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 237
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 1965-1990 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: An approach for the fully automatic generation of three-dimensional finite element meshes is presented. The method is specifically designed for use with solid modelling systems which provide a complete and unique definition of the geometry of a part. The method follows from the basic concepts of the octree encoding technique with specific modifications made to produce valid, user controllable finite element meshes. Example problems are included to demonstrate the technique.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 238
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2065-2075 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A method which combines the finite element technique and the singular-integral equation method is presented. The association of the two methods is obtained with the help of Schwarz's alternating method (SAM). The method was applied with satisfactory results to the solution of a series of problems of a circular arc crack lying inside a finite thin plate for various lengths of the circular arc and for various dimensions of the rectangular cracked sheet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 239
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 240
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2121-2141 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A 48 degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.) quadrilateral thin elastic shell finite element using variable-order polynomial functions, B-spline functions and rational B-spline functions to model the shell surface is developed. This development may allow the stiffness formulation of the shell element to be linked to the geometry data bases created by computer aided design systems. The displacement functions are that of bicubic Hermitian polynomials. The displacement functions and d.o.f. are expressed and investigated in both the curvilinear and Cartesian forms. The cuivilinear form is simpler and can provide the proper solution for a certain class of shell problems. For certain highly curved shells such as bellows, however, the curvilinear form fails to properly model some rigid body modes even with either the explicit inclusion of rigid body terms or the high order displacement functions. It is suggested in this study that such difficulty can be circumvented and the rigid body modes can be properly included if a Cartesian form is used for displacement functions. The strain-displacement equations are expressed in curvilinear co-ordinates. Thus, the Cartesian displacement functions require a transformation to curvilinear displacement at each numerical integration point. Examples include a pinched cylinder, a translational shell under central load, a uniformly loaded hypar shell, a pressurized ovel shell, a semi-toroidal bellows and a U-shaped bellows. For the first four examples, geometric modellings consist of polynomials of second-order (subparametric), third-order (isoparametric), and fourth and fifth-order (both superparametric) as well as B-spline functions of fourth- and fifth-order. The geometries of the pinched cylinder, the semi-toroidal bellows, and the U-shaped bellows were modelled exactly using rational B-spline functions. All the results obtained are in good agreement with alternative existing solutions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 241
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2175-2195 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A finite element method for contact problems in crack mechanics is developed on the basis of the penalty function method. The method is successfully applied to three important problems in fracture mechanics: a crack propagated from a pin hole, a two-point supported specimen with an edge crack loaded by a stamp, and a thick plate with a through-wall crack under bending force.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 242
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2253-2281 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A total Lagrangian finite element formulation for the geometrically nonlinear analysis (large displacement/large rotations) of shells is presented. Explicit expressions of all relevant finite element matrices are obtained by means of the definition of a local co-ordinate system, based on the shell principal curvature directions, for the evaluation of strains and stresses. A series of examples of nonlinear analysis of shell and plate structures is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 243
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2283-2301 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A combined iterative method is formulated for the partial solution of the eigenproblem Ax = λBx that arises from the application of the finite element method. The method is a combination of the conjugate gradient (CG) method and the symmetric successive co-ordinate overrelaxation (SSCOR) method. Both of these methods belong to the same family of iterative methods which retain their vectorial form and approach the solution by seeking stationary points of the Rayleigh quotient. The formulation consists in splitting a characteristic matrix into the sum of two matrices, one of which corresponds to the SSCOR matrix, and then accelerating the associated iteration using the CG. The behaviour of the method is illustrated for five test cases and comparisons are made with other iterative methods. The influence of the relaxation parameter ω on the computational efficiency of the methods is also studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 244
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2303-2309 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Part 1 of this paper1 presents a very general single step algorithm SSpj for the numerical integration of first and second order time dependent differential equations. In Part 2 we present and discuss results of the accuracy and stability analysis for SS11, SS21, SS31, SS22 and SS32. There is also a detailed comparison of SS22 and the Newmark algorithm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 245
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    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 20 (1984), S. 2325-2325 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 246
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    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 3-27 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A review is given in the field of liquid crystalline polymers having mesogenic groups in side branches and in the main chain. Conditions for liquid crystalline state formation are discussed in relation with chemical structure of monomeric units, molecular mess and type of mesogenic groups. Pathways to synthesize nematic, smectic, and cholesteric mesophases in polymers are discussed, peculiarities of structure and properties of polymeric mesophases and models of chain packing in them are analyzed. Electrooptical properties of such systems, when an electric and magnetic field is applied, are discussed-Frederick's effect, electrohydrodynclmic instability, “guest-host” effect, cooperative structural transi- tion induced by electric field, and some others. The possible directions of application of polymeric liquid crystals are considered.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 247
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    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 55-75 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polyarylate-polyarylenesulfone oxide block copolymers were used as an example to consider several general problems of synthesizing polycondensation copolymers of the polyblock type and the dependence of their properties on the weight ratio of different blocks and their degree of polymerization. It was found that in glassy block copolymers, on the basis of homopolymers similar in structure, and in the whole complex of physico-chemical properties, microphase separation occurs when the degree of polymerization of one of the blocks becomes corresponding to that of the statistical segment, and when the content of this block reaches a proper value.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 248
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    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 141-161 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 249
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 211-226 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: By partial sulfonation, desulfonation and ion exchange polytsyrene sulfonic acid resins were synthesized having the same capacity (1.3 milliequivalents/g). By the variation of the preparation methods, however, the distribution of the acid groups within the resins could be changed in a defined way so that different concentration profiles were obtained. It is shown that the properties and reaction behavior of the polymeric resins are determined to a large extent by the local concentration of the functional groups.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 250
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 29-29 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 251
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The orientational order in liquid crystalline side chain polymers was analysed by means of electric birefringence and small angle X-ray scattering studies. Strong pre-transitional effects were observed in the isotropic phase in the neighbourhood of the nematic phase transition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 252
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 93-106 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A structon model of supercrystals for describing the dynamic properties and multiple phese transitions of superlattices, formed in systems of block copolymers with segregated domains, is applied and experimentally substantiated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 253
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Silicone macromers 5, having a methacryloyl group at one end, and controiled molecular weights, were prepared by anionic polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (2) and subsequent termination with chlorosilane compounds containing a polymerizable vinyl groups. Graft polymers with siloxane grafts were prepared by copolymerization of these macromers with methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene. The surface active properties of MMA-based graft polymers were investigated by studying the extent of surface modification of films of graft polymer-poly(methyl methacrylate) blends.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 254
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The structure of a number of polymers of the polyphenylene type, prepared by polycyclocondensation of aromatic diketones and their acetals was investigated by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The spectra provide a means to determine the content of 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene rings and defective β-methylchalcone fragments, as well as the endgroups.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 255
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The anionic polymerization of β-propiolactone (βPL) in DMF initiated with CH3COO-K+ or CH3O-K+ has been found to proceed via the carboxylate ion as growing species. This is valid for all polymerization steps in the former system, starting from the first monomer addition, whereas in the latter CH3O-K+ was found to produce in the initiation reaction both alcoholate and carboxylate anions in almost equal properties. The alcoholate reproduces approximately half of itself in each subsequent step; thus, after a few addition steps all of the active species have become carboxylate ones. The anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactone (εCL), on the other hand, can only be induced by alcoholates and the growing species are alcoholate anions. Carboxylate anions, even with crowed cations, are inactive as initiators of εCL. These conclusions are based on NMR studies of the end-groups originating from the initiator and on UV-VIs studies of the reaction products of the active species with 2,4,6-trinitroanisole. The difference between the polymerizations of βPL and εCL are explained in terms of ring strain and conformation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 256
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Provided a polymer is soluble, i. e., molecularly dispersed in another polymer irrespective of the molecular weight of the components, the solution is exothermic. By increasing the temperature two effects, both unfavourable to mixing become larger: (i) the excess entropy of mixing caused by contact interaction and (ii) the total effect from the difference of the free volumes of the pure components. So, an upper miscibility gap occurs. The thermodynamic properties of the mixture cannot be derived from the properties of the pure components. They can be described by the corresponding states theory of Prigogine, Flory, and Patterson with suitable values for the contact energy and contact entropy parameters X12 and Q12. The temperature of separation can be predicted from measurements on the mixture at low temperatures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 257
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was polymerized by protic and non-protic cationic initiators in presence of acetic anhydride (Ac2O) in methylene dichloride. Due to a low transfer coefficient (CAc2o = 0,058) the molecular weight increases during the early part of the reaction. The consumption of Ac2O continues even when the THF concentration approaches zero, which results in a lowering of the number-average degree of polymerization Pn. Degradation of poly(THF) continues until the Ac2O is exhausted. The equilibrium concentration of THF can reach almost zero at small Pn. The equilibrium constants K2, K3, K4, etc., up to K23 for the successive monomer additions are obtained from gel permeation chromatography. With the exception of K2 the equilibrium constants Kn are independent of n.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 258
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1984), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: It is evidenced that charge-transfer interaction of electron-donor and acceptor groups incorporated in polymer chains improves substantially the rheological properties, mainly by extending the rubber plateau to higher temperatures and lower frequencies, respectively. The effect is attributed to thermoreversible network formation and can be used to increase the stability of incompatible polymer blends at least from the viscoelastic point of view.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 259
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1984), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Sizes and shapes of the component phases of immiscible polymer blends are strongly influenced by the viscoelastic properties of each component. For mixtures of different poly(ethylene terephthalate)s and polyamide-6 it can be established that the morphology under shear is the result of the viscosity ratio, which determines the size of the droplet-phase, and of the difference in the component elasticities affecting the shape of the dispersed phase.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 260
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 37-49 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The rate constants of the reaction of 1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane (1) with different alkyl esters or halides were measured using 1H NMR and UV spectroscopy as well as conductometric methods. The reactivities of the alkylating agents were found to decrease with increasing nucleophilicity of the derived anions (CF3SO⊖3 〉 I⊖ 〉 Br⊖ 〉 picryl⊖ 〉 Cl⊖). Reactivities of all ethyl derivatives, except ethyl chloride, are higher than the reactivity of the 1-alkyl-1-azoniabicyclo[4.2.0]octane cation (2), which means that for these compounds the rate constant of initiation is higher than that of propagation. The reactions proceed much slower in methanol than in nitrobenzene due to the strong donor-acceptor interactions between methanol and 1. Attempts to observe covalent active centers directly by NMR spectroscopy in the polymerization mixture or to detect them kinetically, were unsuccessfull. The reactivity of ethyl triflate, modelling the hypothetical active center, was found to be 2.104 times higher than the reactivity of ions 2. This is ascribed to the high strength of the bond in the cation 2, not sufficiently compensated by the strain of the four-membered ring.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 261
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    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 51-66 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The cationic ring-opening polymerization of 1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane (1) was studied with initiators providing small and large anions, namely F⊖, Br⊖, I⊖, picryl(Pic⊖), CF3SO3⊖. In nitrobenzene as solvent the macroions and macroion-pairs, independently of the anion size, propagate with the same rate constant kp+ = kp± = 7,0 · 10-3 mol-1 · l · S-1 at 35°C ( Δ HP≠ = 55 ± 5kj· mol-1, Δ SP≠ = 105 ± 11 j · mol-1 · K-1). This result strongly indicates that it is not the large size of anoins which is exclusively responsible for the equality kP+ = kP±. The structure of the onium ions, their strong solvation, and the resulting weak interactions with anions are primarily responsible for the observed equalities. In methanol as solvent polymerization proceeds 30 times slowlier than in nitrobenzene and ion-pairs are more reactive by 40% than ions, in agreement with Enikolopyan's findings.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 262
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Alkaline hydrolyses of anionic phenyl esters such as 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-butyryloxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid were examined in the presence of cationic and polymeric liposomes, liposomes of low molecular weight compounds, and micelles. All the additives accelerate the reaction due to the hydrophobic interaction between substrates and additives and the electrostatic interaction both between substrates and additives and between OH- and additives. In the Arrhenius plots of the reactions catalyzed by the liposomes, discontinuous regions were observed due to the phase transition of liposomes from the gel state to the liquid crystal state. Activation parameters ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔV≠ for these reaction systems were evaluated. Both ΔS≠ and ΔV≠ values increase upon the addition of cationic liposomes and micelles. These results were attributed to the desolvation of the activated complex by the strong electrostatic affinity to the cationic colloidal additives.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 263
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A systematic investigation of transparent systems (“polymeric microemulsions”), obtained with amphiphilic block copolymers in the presence of water, toluene, and alcohol, was carried out. Their domain of existence in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram is limited compared to that observed for microemulsions with classical surfactants and located in the vicinity of the miscibility curve of the ternary solvents mixture. From dialysis equilibrium and viscosity measurements, it has been established that, whatever the respective lengths of the sequences are, these stable systems consist of a dispersed “phase”  -  containing the compolymer molecules  -  surrounded by an continuous “phase”. Both “phases” are composed of a mixture of the three considered solvents, the continuous phase being constituted by a ternary solvent mixture located on the mutual solubility curve. As a consequence, all water or oil is not trapped within the dispersed particles as in the case of classical micromulsions, but there is a preferential obsorption of the solvents by each type of blocks of the copolymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 264
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The ring opening polymerization of oxetane and 3,3-dimethyloxetane was carried out in dichloromethane at 25°C with triethyloxonium hexafluoroantimonate as catalyst. After polymerization, the flow times were measured for active and terminated solutions in high vacuum. In the case of oxetane, the data support the presence of branched structures in the active solutions formed by an intermolecular chain transfer reaction to the polymer chains, to give non-strained oxonium-ions. This intermolecular side reaction was not detected in the case of 3,3-dimethyloxetane, if the presence of intramolecular chain transfer to a small extent is not excluded.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 265
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 297-316 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The epoxy resins (TGMDA) obtained from 4,4′-methylenedianilic (2) and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin) were found to consist of oligomers with large distribution of molecular weights and functionalities. The structure of the main components separated by preparative gel permeation chromatography and by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was studied by 1H NMR. The best separation was obtained by HPLC on a preparected TGMDA with tert-butyl isocyanate at 60°C. For the impurities, as found with DGEBA prepolymers, we identified primary and secondary alcohol groups on chain ends but also secondary amino groups inside the oligomer chains.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 266
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Reduction and hydrolysis of the ladder oligomers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 prepared from the acrylates of oligo (hydroxyphenylene-methylene)s was found to lead to a homologous series of oligo (allylalcohol)s (6a, 7a, 8a, 9a and10a) with good yields. These alcohols were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The reaction sequences, starting with the esterification of the oligo[(hydroxyphenylene) methylene]s 11a - 11e with acryloyl chloride followed by the formation of the ladder oligomers and ending with their reduction and hydrolysis into the oligo(allyl alcohol)s and the starting compounds 11a - 11e, represent a simple matrix reaction. A mixture of multiple acrylates was also subjected to the same reaction sequences, resulting in a multiple matrix reaction. A mixture of matrix compounds 11b - 11e with a known mole ratio was esterified with acryloyl chloride, then transformed into a mixture of ladder oligomers and subsequently reduced and hydrolyzed to afford a mixture of oligo(allyl alcohol)s with the same mole ratio of the starting matrices as shown by gas chromatographic analysis. This represents a paradigm for a replica oligomerisation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 267
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 697-707 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Furan-based diisocyanates and diamines were prepared unambiguously as potential monomers for polyurethane and polyamide production, starting from methyl furoate and furfurylamine, respectively. The syntheses were optimized and the product identity was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and also by preparation of derivatives which were similarly characterized.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 268
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 757-764 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Interactions of counterions with segmented kappa- and iota-carrageenan sulfated polysaccharides were investigated by means of microcalorimetric and potentiometric measurements in dilute aqueous solution. The condensation of counterions onto the charged polymer chains leads, in general, to conformational transitions of the disorder-to-order type. A difference in the ability of different pairs of ionic species (monovalent/divalent counterions) to induce conformational transitions of carrageenate salts is demonstrated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 269
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 787-795 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the molecular orientation and the conformational change upon drawing for various ethylene/1-butene copolymers in a wide range of crystallinity (0 ≤ Xc ≤ 85% ). The degree of crystalline orientation at constant draw ratio decreases with increasing crystallinity. The orientation function for the amorphous CH2 sequence in the trans conformation, f(am), was calculated assuming additivity for the orientation functions of the trans bands. f(am) increases with drawing in a characteristical way for the different materials and reaches a value higher than that of the amorphous gauche bands. Furthermore, it was found that f(am) is strongly dependent on crystallinity. The relative concentration of the amorphous CH2 sequences in the trans conformation increases at the expense of that of the gauche sequences. The transformation from gauche to trans in the amorphous phase occurs simultaneously with the orientation of the amorphous CH2 sequences.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 270
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 829-837 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A qualitative analysis of NMR relaxation data is reported, using motional models based on the consideration of conformational states arising from the architectural specificity of the different building units of a polysaccharide. The choice of a pertinent referential axis, such as either a local helical axis or a local inertial axis is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 271
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Various poly(trialkyl-3-(and 4-)vinylbenzylammonium chloride)s were prepared and their antibacterial activities were assessed by the conventional spread plate method and the viable counting method. They are in general more active against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus than against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compounds with the longest alkyl chain studied (dodecyl) were found to exhibit particularly high activity, and this was ascribed to the contribution of the increased hydrophobicity of the compounds to the activity. The most significant finding was that the polymers was discussed and interpreted in terms of their greater contribution to each elementary process in the cidal action: their favored adsorption onto the bacterial cell surface and the cytoplasmic membrane with subsequent disruption of its integrity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 272
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The molecular structures of (RS)-1,2-diphenylethyl methacrylate (DPEMA) and (RS)-α-tert-butylbenzyl methacrylate (t-BBMA) were determined by means of X-ray diffraction. Crystals of (RS)-DPEMA are monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 33,341(3), b = 5,916(1), c = 15,911(2) Å, β = 106,42(1)°, and Z = 8. Crystals of (RS)-t-BBMA are also monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 6,028(1), b = 31,009(3), c = 15,207(1) Å, β = 96,780(8)°, and Z = 8. Both structures were solved by the direct method and refined by the block-diagonal least-squares procedure: DPEMA, R = 0,113 for 1 100 observed reflections and t-BBMA, R = 0,081 for 2206 non-zero reflections, respectively. The molecule of DPEMA has an antiperiplanar conformation as to the C=C and C=O double bonds about the C(1)—C(2) bond, a synperiplanar conformation as to the C=O and C—O bond about the C(1)—O(1) bond, and an anticlinal conformation about the O(1)—C(5) bond. One of the two t-BBMA molecules in an asymmetric unit has an antiperiplanar conformation as to the C=C and C=O double bonds about the C(1)—C(2) bond, whereas the other antiperiplanar molecule may contain some synperiplanar conformation. Both molecules have a synperiplanar conformation as to the C=O and C—O bonds about the C(1)—O(1) bond and an anticlinal conformation about the O(1)—C(5).
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 273
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 991-1001 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Thermal degradation of polystyrene (PS) was carried out in the absence of oxygen between 292 and 336°C. The formed volatile products were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of gas charomatography. It was found that the composition of the volatile fraction is a function of conversion and independent of temperature for most of the products. A radical chain mechanism is proposed to explain these experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 274
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 749-755 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The blue colored complex between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and iodine was prepared at 5°C by mixing an aqueous solution of PVA with an aqueous ethanolic solution of iodine containing boric acid. The absorption spectrum of the system shows bands at 226 nm (A), 290 nm (B), 355 nm (C), and 650 nm (D). Their relative absorbances change largely depending on temperature. When the system is gradually warmed, the chromophoric band D decays and the intensity of band A increases. By lowering the temperature again to 5°C the concentration of chromophore increases. It was found that the decay and the re-formation of the chromophore are reversible in the temperature range 5 to 15°C. Above 15°C, contrarily, hysteresis effects are encountered for the re-formation. Thus, when the chromophore is re-formed at 5°C, the spectra shows an isosbestic point at 420 nm, between bands C and D. The dependence on temperature of bands B and C is quite independent from each other, which strongly indicates that the latter band should be assigned to another iodide species than the I-3 ion (band B) and the I- ion (band A). Based on these experimental data a new mechanism is proposed involving the complex ion I-3 · I2 which is supposed to be a precursor of the chromophoric pentaiodide ion I5-.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 275
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 821-827 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: 7-oxo-5-phenyl-5λ-5-phospha-1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4.4]nonane (3a) (C11H13O4P, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 14,751(2), b = 5,577(1), c = 14,490(3) Å, β = 106,91(2)°, V = 1140,5 Å3, Dx(Z = 4) = 1,398 g · cm-3, MW = 240,20, mp = 80°C) forms hygroscopic white needle-like crystals. The structure was solved by direct methods and the final R value is 0,068. The geometry around the phosphorus is trigonal bipyramidal with two five-membered rings in the apical-equatorial planes. The three P-O bond lengths are 1,615(5) (equatorial), 1,670(4) and, 1,808(4) Å (apical).
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 276
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 877-890 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Poly(allylbenzene)s were synthetised by Ziegler-Natta catalysts: {VCl3 + Al[CH2CH(CH3)2]3} and {TiCl4 + Al[CH2CH(CH3)2]3}. Two different polymers were obtained. Examination of their microstructures by IR and 1H13C NMR spectroscopy suggests that one of the polymerization mechanisms proceeds via isomerization of allylbenzene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 277
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 905-911 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The thermodynamics of the binary system oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) - oligo(propylene glycol) (OPG) is investigated by lightscattering. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ12 for this system is determined by the decrease of the OEG melting point in a mixture with OPG. At 310,8 K the system is compatible in the concentration range between 0 and 30 vol.-% of OPG in the mixture. The analysis of the temperature dependence of χ12 according to the novel Flory theory leads to the assumption that mixing in this system occurs at a lower critical mixing temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 278
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 969-982 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide samples were used as model polyelectrolytes and the variations of the intrinsic viscosities with the extent of hydrolysis and molecular weight were used to determine the relative applicability of the various macroion expansion theories. Expanison coefficients solely attributable to the presence of electrostatic charges were calculated with reference to the intrinisic viscosities of the parent polyacrylamides, assuming that the polyacrylamide corresponds to the discharged state of the macroion from hydrolysed polyacrylamides. Similarly, total expansions and expansions attributable to long-range interactions were evaluated using the estimated intrinsic viscosities at the theta temperature of the parent polyacrylamide and the hydrolysed sample, respectively. The electrostatic expansion coefficients are independent of molecular weight and the long-range expansion coefficients are almost independent of the extent of hydrolysis at high charge densities. In the absence of closed expressions predicting the variation of the expansion coefficients with the concentration of ionizable groups, equivalent expressions based on different theories were deduced assuming that i2/Cs is proportional to the concentration of ionizable groups where i is the extent of ionization of the polyelectrolyte and Cs is the concentration of the added salt. The variation of the electrostatic expansion coefficient with the charge density could not be represented according to any of the theories on macroion expansion. However, attributing the total expansion to the presence of electrostatic charges alone, the Fixman and Chien-Ishihara theories allow a good representation of the data. At very low charge densities, the expansions due to long-range interference effects also can be accounted for by the Fixman and Chien-Ishihara theories.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 279
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1041-1061 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The morphology, the crystallization and thermal behaviour of isotactic polypropylene (IPP) in its blends with two different samples of low density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated at temperatures high enough to prevent any solidification of LDPE. It is found that pre-existing liquid LDPE domains are incorporated in intra-spherulitic regions during the isothermal crystallization of iPP. The radial growth rate of spherulites is almost unaffected by the LDPE content. The overall rate of crystallization of iPP, on the contrary, is strongly depressed by the addtion of LDPE. A depression of the equilibrium melting temperature of iPP, due to kinetic and morphological effects, is also observed. The depression of the overal kinetic rate constant is accounted for by the negative effect (decrease in the number of nuclei) that the addition of LDPE has on the primary nucleation process of iPP.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 280
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1079-1093 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Oligoureas with diisocyanato end groups (6a - f) were transformed into the respective parabanic acid derivatives (7a - f) with the aid of oxalyl chloride (2). In the reaction of 2 with certain diurea model compounds (12) in 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature besides the corresponding parabanic acids, diurea dihydrochlorides were formed. Their solutions in 1,2-dichloroethane exhibit electrical conductivity. IR spectra confirm their structure. The reaction of the α,ω-diisocyanatopoly(parabanic acid)s with diols (8a - e) led to copolymers and block copolymers, poly(urethane-parabenic acid)s. The experimental conditions and the influence of the structure of the polymers on certain properties of the final products were investigated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 281
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1139-1144 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetics of thermal polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by manganese(III) in sulfuric acid is studied in the temperature range between 40 and 607deg;C. The rate of monomer consumption is found to be dependent on [MMA]2, [H+]-1 but independent of [Mn3+]. The rate of manganic ion consumption is directly proportional to [MMA], [Mn3+] and inversely proportional to [H+]. The chain length is directly proportional to [MMA] and inversely proportional to [Mn3+] and [H+]. A plausible reaction mechanism with initiation by Mn3+ OH- species and termination by the interaction of Mn3+ with the polymer radical is proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 282
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Linear poly(1,4-piperazinediyl-1-oxotrimethylene) (1), in which amido and tertiary amino groups regularly alternate along the macromolecular chain, the isomeric poly[1-(1-piperazinyl-carbonyl)ethylene] (8) for polyvinylic structure and its N-methylated derivative, poly{1-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyl]ethylene} (3), were prepared and characterized. Their protonation behaviour was investigated in aqueous solution by potentiometric and calorimetric techniques. In all cases the basicity constants were found to decrease linearly with α (the degree of protonation), whereas the enthalpy changes show a different behaviour toward protonation. The thermodynamic values indicate the important role of hydrophobic interactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 283
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The telomerization of vinylidene chloride with CHCl3, CCl3Br, Cl3C—CO2CH3, Cl3C—CF3, Cl3C—CF2—CFClX (X = Cl, Br), and CCl3CF2CCl3 was carried out by redox catalysis. The first adducts of each reaction were isolated and identified. The hydrolysis of these telomers containing a CCl3 group at the chain-end by means of oleum led to a series of halogenated acids, some of them being olefinic ones.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 284
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The general validity of the “Exponents' Rule”, i.e. the interdependencies of the exponents from exponential property versus molar mass M relationships, is based on the general definition for the average of a molar mass dependent property. From this, the numerical value of the product KsD · Ks · KD-1 of the pre-exponential constants of the sedimentation constant (s) versus molar mass relationship, Ks, the diffusion coefficient (D) versus molar mass relationship, KD, and the constant of Svedberg's equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ K_{sD} = {{RT} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{RT} {(1 - \tilde \nu _2 \cdot 2\rho _1 )}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {(1 - \tilde \nu _2 \cdot 2\rho _1 )}} $\end{document} is found to be dimensionally and numerically unity (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde \nu _2 $\end{document}: partial specific volume of polymer; ρ1 : density of solvent): \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{R \cdot T}}{{1 - \tilde \nu _2 \cdot \rho _1 }} \cdot K_s \cdot K_D^{ - 1} = 1 $$\end{document}The experimental validity of this “Product of Constants” to be unity is proven by evaluating 26 different s versus M and D versus M relationships of 8 different polymer/solvent (temperature) systems from literature, which are based on mutually independent measurements of s, D, and M.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 285
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Thermally prepared polyacenaphthylene when irradiated in solution undergoes random chain scission. The photodegradation is solvent- and temperature-dependent and leads to a lower limit of the degree of polymerization. Polymeranalogous reactions and crosslinking can be found to occur simultaneously. A certain fraction of „weak links“ was detected in the polymer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 286
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Primary amine and pyridine-initiated polymerizations of L-proline-N-carboxyanhydride (Pro-NCA) at 20 or 100°C yield exclusively or predominantly 103-helices. Only primary amine-initiated polymerizations in 1,4-dioxane at 100°C result in partial formation of 31-helices. The stability of both 103- and 31-helices against conformational transitions was investigated in various organic non solvents or salt solutions at 100 or 150°C. A 103 → 31 transition was only observed in protic non solvents such as formamide, water, or propionic acid, but not in alcohols. A 31 → 101 helix transition was observed in alcohols and most aprotic solvents but not in formamide, water, or propionic acid. Hence, it is concluded that the formation of 31 helices by primary amine-initiated polymerizations in 1,4-dioxane at 100°C is a kinetically controlled consequence of the reaction mechanism. The usefullness of 13C NMR CP/MAS spectra and Fourier-Transform IR spectra for the quantitative analysis of composed secondary structures is compared and discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 287
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The state of Ti3+ ions formed at various steps of preparation and activation of highly active titanium-magnesium catalysts of various composition (dry milling of TiCl3 with MgCl2; reduction of TiCl4 by nonsolvated magnesium dialkyl; interaction of the TiCl4/MgCl2 system with an organoaluminium compound) was studied by the ESR method. It was found that in all systems studied the same three types of Ti3+ ions in the chlorine environment are formed, differing in coordination and localization sites in MgCl2. The content of these ions depends on the composition and preparation conditions of the catalysts, and does not exceed 20% of the total content of titanium. Most of the Ti3+ ions formed in all systems enter the composition of particles or surface aggregates of TiCl3 and appear in the ESR spectra only after dissolution of the sample in pyridine. The active centers of titanium-magnesium catalysts are supposed to be constituents of these particles or of surface aggregates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 288
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1219-1228 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The precipitation behaviour of polystyrene from solution was studied for the ternary system of polymer/solvent/precipitant, the solvent being toluene or ethyl methyl ketone and the precipitant methanol. The relationships between the efficiency of precipitation and temperature of precipitation, concentration of the solution, molecular weight of the polymer, and the solvent system were investigated. The optimum volume ratio of the polymer solution to precipitant, in order to obtain maximum efficiency of precipitation for a particular system, was derived from graphical plots. The results indicated that the efficiency increases with increasing concentration of the solution, molecular weight of polymer, and thermodynamically “poorer” solvent, but decreases with increasing temperature between 200 K and 300 K. It was also observed that a plot of the efficiency of precipitation versus the volume ratio of polymer solution to precipitant passes through a maximum for all the systems studied. The optimum volume ratio of polymer solution to precipitant exhibits a similar behaviour just as in the case of the efficiency of precipitation. Information obtained from this study enables one to select the best combination of the parameters affecting precipitation, in order to produce a high yield of precipitate of polystyrene at a relatively low cost of solvent and precipitant for a particular temperature of precipitation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 289
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1277-1284 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The products resulting from the reaction of PVC with sodium benzenethiolate were degraded to 0,3% at 180°C in the solid state and at 160°C in solution in trichlorobenzene. The polyene distribution of the polymers after degradation was studied by both UV-visible and resonance Raman spectroscopies, as a function of the degree of substitution. The results show that there are two types of behaviour: that of the PVC sample prior to the substitution reaction together with the samples modified up to a definite degree of substitution which depends on the starting isotactic content, and that of samples with higher degrees of substitution. The former group exhibits not only a steady improvement in thermal stability but also a preferential formation of polyenes of 7 - 9 double bonds whose concentration decreases with increasing degree of substitution. Conversely, for the second group of samples the thermal stability decreases with the degree of substitution and no specific absorption bands are observed. On the basis of earlier work on the selective substitution of the isotactic GTTG and heterotactic TTTG triads during the first stage of the reaction, the present results show that the bands at 393, 416, and 437 nm are related to specific polyenes which result from initiation by the above quoted conformations in PVC, a conclusion for which confirmatory evidence was obtained by resonance Raman spectroscopic examination of the samples. There is, therefore, clear evidence for the occurrence of two distinct degradation mechanisms, one involving initiation by the unstable triad conformations and the other via random initiation at stable and normal structures. To this may be added the initiation by defect structures, which have been extensively documented in the literature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 290
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1327-1334 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The synthesis and phase behaviour of azo dye containing liquid crystalline side group copolymers are described. These Copolymers show the same electro-optical effects as low molar mass guest-host systems. Their macroscopic oriented nematic structure can be frozen in below the glass transition temperature resulting in a polymer film with dichroic properties. The behaviour of the copolymers (phase behaviour, surface and electric field orientation) can be improved via mixtures with low molar mass liquid crystals.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 291
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1855-1866 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A convenient method for binding saccharides to natural and synthetic substances, polymers and low molecular weight compounds, consists in coupling via an amide linkage. For this purpose aldonolactone or amino groups are introduced at the reducting end of the saccharides which allows coupling to a great variety of amino and carboxyl groups containing compounds. Purification with the usual ion-exchange resins based on polystyrene proved unsatisfactory for oligosaccharides due to adsorption effects and reduced ion-exchange capacity. Excellent results on each step of conversion are obtained by chromatography on a cross-linked poly(acrylamide) gel (Bio-Gel P-4 and P-10) containing a small amount of carboxylic groups introduced by moderate saponification. The new procedure combining the effect of molecular size fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography offers a wide field of application.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 292
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1881-1895 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Three polymeric amines, poly(1-aminoethylene) (polyvinylamine) (PVNH2) and linear and branched poly(iminoethylene)s (polyethylene(imines)) (1-PEI and b-PEI) as well as their dodecyl (D) and imidazolylmethyl (Im) substituted derivatives were used for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid (ANBA) and some of their homologues in order to elucidate the relations between their overall structures and their catalytic activities. In each series polymers of similar degree of substitution were compared, namely PVNH2-D18 and PVNH2-D18-Im16; b-PEI-D20 and b-PEI-D20-Im18; 1-PEI-D20 and 1-PEI-D20-Im16. The degree of branching of b-PEI was 41%. All reactions were carried out at 28,7°C in aqueous solution, and followed spectrometrically. Using a catalyst concentration in large excess with respect to the substrate concentration (10-4 mol · l-1) the reactions were found to obey pseudo-first order kinetics. By plotting log [Substrate] against time, k2 (cat) and consequently k2 rate constantes were evaluated. For each series of polymers, k2 increases considerably by dodecyl substitution (hydrophobic-), imidazolylmethyl substitution (catalytic-) and by the use of a charged substrate (electrostatic effects). At similar degree of substitution the catalytic activity is always in the following order: l-PEI 〈 PVNH2 〈 b-PEI. Using the method of Kosower-Mikes the polarity of the microenvironment of l-PEI and b-PEI was found to be almost equal. Substitution of l-PEI with ethyl or 2-diethylaminoethyl side groups (40% substitution) modifies only slightly the catalytic effect of l-PEI. It is, therefore, concluded that the primary amino groups of the side chains in b-PEI are reponsible for its much higher reactivity than that of l-PEI and PVNH2. Experiments with [Substrate] 〉 [Catalyst] were carried out with b-PEI, b-PEI-D20-lm18 and l-PEI-D20-Im16. Under these conditions the reactions follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics and permit the comparison of the complexation constant and rate constant of hydrolysis for the three systems. In the case of b-PEI hydrolysis, reactions towards PNPA carried out at different temperatures, indicate a low enthalpy of activation, ΔH≠ = -196 j · mol K-1 is strongly negative. On the contrary the enthalpy and entropy of complexation are low, indicating low hydrophobic effects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 293
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1607-1611 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of temperature on the chemical healing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) - healing as a result of chemical reactions between neighboring macromolecules located in the interface surface  -  was studied. The healing process was carried out in vacuum on pressed partially overlapped strips of commercial PET, previously annealed at 258°C, at temperatures between 140 and 250°C for 24 h. It is demonstrated that the fracture behavior of the welded samples depends strongly on the healing temperature Th. At Th 〉 200°C the strips break beyond the contact area, at 160 〈 Th 〈 200°C debonding occurs, and at Th 〈 160°C no bonding is observed. It is assumed that the bonding effect is mainly a result of chemical reactions (solid state postcondensation and transreactions) taking place during the healing procedure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 294
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Electric birefringence (or Kerr effect) measurements can give, in principle, important informations on the optical, electrical and hydrodynamical properties of macromolecules. The theoretical basis of the Kerr effect is reviewed here so as to be applied to the determination of some molecular parameters of DNA such as optical and electrical polarizability anisotropies, permanent dipole moment, and rotatory diffusion constant. It is necessary to conduct the measurements at very low electric fields. The original device used and the methods for the analysis of the experimental data are described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 295
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1699-1717 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The molar mass distribution of polyethylenes synthesized at pressures up to 2500 bar and temperatures to 255°C with thermal and partly with photochemical initiation is determined by GPC. In the limiting situation of high pressure, low temperature, and small conversion a distribution function based on a limited set of kinetic equations provides a fair representation of the experimental data. The transfer constant with the monomer is derived as a function of pressure and temperature. The logarithmic normal distribution reasonably represents the molar mass distribution of the high pressure polyethylenes if the conversion is low and if both empirical parameters are taken as temperature dependent. The degree of long chain branching is analyzed for the ethylene polymerization as a function of pressure and temperature and to maximum conversions of 30%. It turns out that even at conversions as low as 2% long chain branching is not negligible.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 296
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Blends of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and of a copolymer of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin (Phenoxy) with poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) were prepared by solution casting. The glass transition temperatures Tg for different compositions of the blends were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Tg behaviour of PVB/PVP blends suggests the existence of a single phase for blends containing less than 50 wt.-% PVP, and of two phases in blends containing more than 50 wt.-% PVP. Phenoxy/PVP blends showed to be miscible over the entire composition range. It was found that the Gordon-Taylor equation predicts adequately the Tg-composition dependence with a K parameter equal to 0,5 and 1,25 for PVB/PVP and Phenoxy/PVP blends, respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 297
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The photodecomposition of several sulfonic esters of α-hydroxymethylbenzion (1a) was studied by means of ESR and 1H NMR-CIDNP techniques. An exclusive α-cleavage into benzoyl and α-hydroxy-α-sulfonyloxymethylbenzyl radicals (6 and 7) through a triplet excited state was observed. Radicals (7) were found to undergo elimination of sulfonic acid to give benzoylmethyl radicals (9) in an extremely fast process. Chemical confirmation was provided by naphthalene quenching and radical-trapping experiments using 1-dodecanethiol and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, respectively. Photodecomposition of the sulfonic esters in the presence of 1,1-diphenylethylene as a model substrate for vinyl monomers indicated that both benzoyl and benzoylmethyl radicals are highly reactive towards the carbon-carbon double bond.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 298
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polymerizations of vinyl monomers initiated with diphenyl disulfide (1) and urea were carried out in 1,4-dioxane/water (vol. ratio 7:3). Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid were found to be easily polymerized with this system, whereas the polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile is not initiated. The polymerization was found to proceed by a radical mechanism. The polymerization of MMA was kinetically investigated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 299
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Cis-endo-3-amino-endo-2-bornanol (5) and exo-5-amino-endo-2-bornanol (2) (prepared from endo-2-hydroxy-5-bornanone (1)) were reacted with chloromethylated polystyrene. With the resulting chiral polymers 4 and 6 asymmetric syntheses of 2-alkyl-cyclohexanones were carried out. These reactions showed a high enantioselectivity particularly with the chiral polymer 6, which suggests a specific restricted transition state to be important for the asymmetric alkylation reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 300
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2169-2181 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: By means of data from critical demixing and vapour pressure measurements and by inverse gas chromatography, including the results of published light scattering measurments, a consistent picture is obtained for the entire dependence of the Flory-Huggins parameter χ on the weight fraction w2 of the polymer and on the temperature T for the system tert-butyl acetate/polystyrene. Within the entire T-range (ca. 0°C - 140°C), χ increases stronger than exponentially with w2, the rise being the larger the larger χH (the enthalpy contribution to χ) becomes in the limit of infinite dilution. At sufficiently high temperatures (≳ 50°C), χH changes its sign from negative to positive as w2 is raised. This behaviour, as well as the general shape of χ(w2) is in qualitative accord with the results of the corresponding-states theory as developed by Flory et al.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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