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  • 1980-1984  (20,035)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (15,115)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4,919)
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  • 201
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamics of the binary system oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) - oligo(propylene glycol) (OPG) is investigated by lightscattering. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ12 for this system is determined by the decrease of the OEG melting point in a mixture with OPG. At 310,8 K the system is compatible in the concentration range between 0 and 30 vol.-% of OPG in the mixture. The analysis of the temperature dependence of χ12 according to the novel Flory theory leads to the assumption that mixing in this system occurs at a lower critical mixing temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 202
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 969-982 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide samples were used as model polyelectrolytes and the variations of the intrinsic viscosities with the extent of hydrolysis and molecular weight were used to determine the relative applicability of the various macroion expansion theories. Expanison coefficients solely attributable to the presence of electrostatic charges were calculated with reference to the intrinisic viscosities of the parent polyacrylamides, assuming that the polyacrylamide corresponds to the discharged state of the macroion from hydrolysed polyacrylamides. Similarly, total expansions and expansions attributable to long-range interactions were evaluated using the estimated intrinsic viscosities at the theta temperature of the parent polyacrylamide and the hydrolysed sample, respectively. The electrostatic expansion coefficients are independent of molecular weight and the long-range expansion coefficients are almost independent of the extent of hydrolysis at high charge densities. In the absence of closed expressions predicting the variation of the expansion coefficients with the concentration of ionizable groups, equivalent expressions based on different theories were deduced assuming that i2/Cs is proportional to the concentration of ionizable groups where i is the extent of ionization of the polyelectrolyte and Cs is the concentration of the added salt. The variation of the electrostatic expansion coefficient with the charge density could not be represented according to any of the theories on macroion expansion. However, attributing the total expansion to the presence of electrostatic charges alone, the Fixman and Chien-Ishihara theories allow a good representation of the data. At very low charge densities, the expansions due to long-range interference effects also can be accounted for by the Fixman and Chien-Ishihara theories.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 203
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1041-1061 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The morphology, the crystallization and thermal behaviour of isotactic polypropylene (IPP) in its blends with two different samples of low density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated at temperatures high enough to prevent any solidification of LDPE. It is found that pre-existing liquid LDPE domains are incorporated in intra-spherulitic regions during the isothermal crystallization of iPP. The radial growth rate of spherulites is almost unaffected by the LDPE content. The overall rate of crystallization of iPP, on the contrary, is strongly depressed by the addtion of LDPE. A depression of the equilibrium melting temperature of iPP, due to kinetic and morphological effects, is also observed. The depression of the overal kinetic rate constant is accounted for by the negative effect (decrease in the number of nuclei) that the addition of LDPE has on the primary nucleation process of iPP.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 204
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1079-1093 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Oligoureas with diisocyanato end groups (6a - f) were transformed into the respective parabanic acid derivatives (7a - f) with the aid of oxalyl chloride (2). In the reaction of 2 with certain diurea model compounds (12) in 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature besides the corresponding parabanic acids, diurea dihydrochlorides were formed. Their solutions in 1,2-dichloroethane exhibit electrical conductivity. IR spectra confirm their structure. The reaction of the α,ω-diisocyanatopoly(parabanic acid)s with diols (8a - e) led to copolymers and block copolymers, poly(urethane-parabenic acid)s. The experimental conditions and the influence of the structure of the polymers on certain properties of the final products were investigated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 205
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1139-1144 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of thermal polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by manganese(III) in sulfuric acid is studied in the temperature range between 40 and 607deg;C. The rate of monomer consumption is found to be dependent on [MMA]2, [H+]-1 but independent of [Mn3+]. The rate of manganic ion consumption is directly proportional to [MMA], [Mn3+] and inversely proportional to [H+]. The chain length is directly proportional to [MMA] and inversely proportional to [Mn3+] and [H+]. A plausible reaction mechanism with initiation by Mn3+ OH- species and termination by the interaction of Mn3+ with the polymer radical is proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 206
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Linear poly(1,4-piperazinediyl-1-oxotrimethylene) (1), in which amido and tertiary amino groups regularly alternate along the macromolecular chain, the isomeric poly[1-(1-piperazinyl-carbonyl)ethylene] (8) for polyvinylic structure and its N-methylated derivative, poly{1-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyl]ethylene} (3), were prepared and characterized. Their protonation behaviour was investigated in aqueous solution by potentiometric and calorimetric techniques. In all cases the basicity constants were found to decrease linearly with α (the degree of protonation), whereas the enthalpy changes show a different behaviour toward protonation. The thermodynamic values indicate the important role of hydrophobic interactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 207
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The telomerization of vinylidene chloride with CHCl3, CCl3Br, Cl3C—CO2CH3, Cl3C—CF3, Cl3C—CF2—CFClX (X = Cl, Br), and CCl3CF2CCl3 was carried out by redox catalysis. The first adducts of each reaction were isolated and identified. The hydrolysis of these telomers containing a CCl3 group at the chain-end by means of oleum led to a series of halogenated acids, some of them being olefinic ones.
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  • 208
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The general validity of the “Exponents' Rule”, i.e. the interdependencies of the exponents from exponential property versus molar mass M relationships, is based on the general definition for the average of a molar mass dependent property. From this, the numerical value of the product KsD · Ks · KD-1 of the pre-exponential constants of the sedimentation constant (s) versus molar mass relationship, Ks, the diffusion coefficient (D) versus molar mass relationship, KD, and the constant of Svedberg's equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ K_{sD} = {{RT} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{RT} {(1 - \tilde \nu _2 \cdot 2\rho _1 )}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {(1 - \tilde \nu _2 \cdot 2\rho _1 )}} $\end{document} is found to be dimensionally and numerically unity (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde \nu _2 $\end{document}: partial specific volume of polymer; ρ1 : density of solvent): \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{R \cdot T}}{{1 - \tilde \nu _2 \cdot \rho _1 }} \cdot K_s \cdot K_D^{ - 1} = 1 $$\end{document}The experimental validity of this “Product of Constants” to be unity is proven by evaluating 26 different s versus M and D versus M relationships of 8 different polymer/solvent (temperature) systems from literature, which are based on mutually independent measurements of s, D, and M.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 209
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermally prepared polyacenaphthylene when irradiated in solution undergoes random chain scission. The photodegradation is solvent- and temperature-dependent and leads to a lower limit of the degree of polymerization. Polymeranalogous reactions and crosslinking can be found to occur simultaneously. A certain fraction of „weak links“ was detected in the polymer.
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  • 210
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Primary amine and pyridine-initiated polymerizations of L-proline-N-carboxyanhydride (Pro-NCA) at 20 or 100°C yield exclusively or predominantly 103-helices. Only primary amine-initiated polymerizations in 1,4-dioxane at 100°C result in partial formation of 31-helices. The stability of both 103- and 31-helices against conformational transitions was investigated in various organic non solvents or salt solutions at 100 or 150°C. A 103 → 31 transition was only observed in protic non solvents such as formamide, water, or propionic acid, but not in alcohols. A 31 → 101 helix transition was observed in alcohols and most aprotic solvents but not in formamide, water, or propionic acid. Hence, it is concluded that the formation of 31 helices by primary amine-initiated polymerizations in 1,4-dioxane at 100°C is a kinetically controlled consequence of the reaction mechanism. The usefullness of 13C NMR CP/MAS spectra and Fourier-Transform IR spectra for the quantitative analysis of composed secondary structures is compared and discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 211
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The state of Ti3+ ions formed at various steps of preparation and activation of highly active titanium-magnesium catalysts of various composition (dry milling of TiCl3 with MgCl2; reduction of TiCl4 by nonsolvated magnesium dialkyl; interaction of the TiCl4/MgCl2 system with an organoaluminium compound) was studied by the ESR method. It was found that in all systems studied the same three types of Ti3+ ions in the chlorine environment are formed, differing in coordination and localization sites in MgCl2. The content of these ions depends on the composition and preparation conditions of the catalysts, and does not exceed 20% of the total content of titanium. Most of the Ti3+ ions formed in all systems enter the composition of particles or surface aggregates of TiCl3 and appear in the ESR spectra only after dissolution of the sample in pyridine. The active centers of titanium-magnesium catalysts are supposed to be constituents of these particles or of surface aggregates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 212
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1219-1228 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The precipitation behaviour of polystyrene from solution was studied for the ternary system of polymer/solvent/precipitant, the solvent being toluene or ethyl methyl ketone and the precipitant methanol. The relationships between the efficiency of precipitation and temperature of precipitation, concentration of the solution, molecular weight of the polymer, and the solvent system were investigated. The optimum volume ratio of the polymer solution to precipitant, in order to obtain maximum efficiency of precipitation for a particular system, was derived from graphical plots. The results indicated that the efficiency increases with increasing concentration of the solution, molecular weight of polymer, and thermodynamically “poorer” solvent, but decreases with increasing temperature between 200 K and 300 K. It was also observed that a plot of the efficiency of precipitation versus the volume ratio of polymer solution to precipitant passes through a maximum for all the systems studied. The optimum volume ratio of polymer solution to precipitant exhibits a similar behaviour just as in the case of the efficiency of precipitation. Information obtained from this study enables one to select the best combination of the parameters affecting precipitation, in order to produce a high yield of precipitate of polystyrene at a relatively low cost of solvent and precipitant for a particular temperature of precipitation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 213
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1277-1284 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The products resulting from the reaction of PVC with sodium benzenethiolate were degraded to 0,3% at 180°C in the solid state and at 160°C in solution in trichlorobenzene. The polyene distribution of the polymers after degradation was studied by both UV-visible and resonance Raman spectroscopies, as a function of the degree of substitution. The results show that there are two types of behaviour: that of the PVC sample prior to the substitution reaction together with the samples modified up to a definite degree of substitution which depends on the starting isotactic content, and that of samples with higher degrees of substitution. The former group exhibits not only a steady improvement in thermal stability but also a preferential formation of polyenes of 7 - 9 double bonds whose concentration decreases with increasing degree of substitution. Conversely, for the second group of samples the thermal stability decreases with the degree of substitution and no specific absorption bands are observed. On the basis of earlier work on the selective substitution of the isotactic GTTG and heterotactic TTTG triads during the first stage of the reaction, the present results show that the bands at 393, 416, and 437 nm are related to specific polyenes which result from initiation by the above quoted conformations in PVC, a conclusion for which confirmatory evidence was obtained by resonance Raman spectroscopic examination of the samples. There is, therefore, clear evidence for the occurrence of two distinct degradation mechanisms, one involving initiation by the unstable triad conformations and the other via random initiation at stable and normal structures. To this may be added the initiation by defect structures, which have been extensively documented in the literature.
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  • 214
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1327-1334 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and phase behaviour of azo dye containing liquid crystalline side group copolymers are described. These Copolymers show the same electro-optical effects as low molar mass guest-host systems. Their macroscopic oriented nematic structure can be frozen in below the glass transition temperature resulting in a polymer film with dichroic properties. The behaviour of the copolymers (phase behaviour, surface and electric field orientation) can be improved via mixtures with low molar mass liquid crystals.
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  • 215
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1855-1866 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A convenient method for binding saccharides to natural and synthetic substances, polymers and low molecular weight compounds, consists in coupling via an amide linkage. For this purpose aldonolactone or amino groups are introduced at the reducting end of the saccharides which allows coupling to a great variety of amino and carboxyl groups containing compounds. Purification with the usual ion-exchange resins based on polystyrene proved unsatisfactory for oligosaccharides due to adsorption effects and reduced ion-exchange capacity. Excellent results on each step of conversion are obtained by chromatography on a cross-linked poly(acrylamide) gel (Bio-Gel P-4 and P-10) containing a small amount of carboxylic groups introduced by moderate saponification. The new procedure combining the effect of molecular size fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography offers a wide field of application.
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  • 216
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1881-1895 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Three polymeric amines, poly(1-aminoethylene) (polyvinylamine) (PVNH2) and linear and branched poly(iminoethylene)s (polyethylene(imines)) (1-PEI and b-PEI) as well as their dodecyl (D) and imidazolylmethyl (Im) substituted derivatives were used for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid (ANBA) and some of their homologues in order to elucidate the relations between their overall structures and their catalytic activities. In each series polymers of similar degree of substitution were compared, namely PVNH2-D18 and PVNH2-D18-Im16; b-PEI-D20 and b-PEI-D20-Im18; 1-PEI-D20 and 1-PEI-D20-Im16. The degree of branching of b-PEI was 41%. All reactions were carried out at 28,7°C in aqueous solution, and followed spectrometrically. Using a catalyst concentration in large excess with respect to the substrate concentration (10-4 mol · l-1) the reactions were found to obey pseudo-first order kinetics. By plotting log [Substrate] against time, k2 (cat) and consequently k2 rate constantes were evaluated. For each series of polymers, k2 increases considerably by dodecyl substitution (hydrophobic-), imidazolylmethyl substitution (catalytic-) and by the use of a charged substrate (electrostatic effects). At similar degree of substitution the catalytic activity is always in the following order: l-PEI 〈 PVNH2 〈 b-PEI. Using the method of Kosower-Mikes the polarity of the microenvironment of l-PEI and b-PEI was found to be almost equal. Substitution of l-PEI with ethyl or 2-diethylaminoethyl side groups (40% substitution) modifies only slightly the catalytic effect of l-PEI. It is, therefore, concluded that the primary amino groups of the side chains in b-PEI are reponsible for its much higher reactivity than that of l-PEI and PVNH2. Experiments with [Substrate] 〉 [Catalyst] were carried out with b-PEI, b-PEI-D20-lm18 and l-PEI-D20-Im16. Under these conditions the reactions follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics and permit the comparison of the complexation constant and rate constant of hydrolysis for the three systems. In the case of b-PEI hydrolysis, reactions towards PNPA carried out at different temperatures, indicate a low enthalpy of activation, ΔH≠ = -196 j · mol K-1 is strongly negative. On the contrary the enthalpy and entropy of complexation are low, indicating low hydrophobic effects.
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  • 217
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1607-1611 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of temperature on the chemical healing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) - healing as a result of chemical reactions between neighboring macromolecules located in the interface surface  -  was studied. The healing process was carried out in vacuum on pressed partially overlapped strips of commercial PET, previously annealed at 258°C, at temperatures between 140 and 250°C for 24 h. It is demonstrated that the fracture behavior of the welded samples depends strongly on the healing temperature Th. At Th 〉 200°C the strips break beyond the contact area, at 160 〈 Th 〈 200°C debonding occurs, and at Th 〈 160°C no bonding is observed. It is assumed that the bonding effect is mainly a result of chemical reactions (solid state postcondensation and transreactions) taking place during the healing procedure.
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  • 218
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electric birefringence (or Kerr effect) measurements can give, in principle, important informations on the optical, electrical and hydrodynamical properties of macromolecules. The theoretical basis of the Kerr effect is reviewed here so as to be applied to the determination of some molecular parameters of DNA such as optical and electrical polarizability anisotropies, permanent dipole moment, and rotatory diffusion constant. It is necessary to conduct the measurements at very low electric fields. The original device used and the methods for the analysis of the experimental data are described.
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  • 219
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1699-1717 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molar mass distribution of polyethylenes synthesized at pressures up to 2500 bar and temperatures to 255°C with thermal and partly with photochemical initiation is determined by GPC. In the limiting situation of high pressure, low temperature, and small conversion a distribution function based on a limited set of kinetic equations provides a fair representation of the experimental data. The transfer constant with the monomer is derived as a function of pressure and temperature. The logarithmic normal distribution reasonably represents the molar mass distribution of the high pressure polyethylenes if the conversion is low and if both empirical parameters are taken as temperature dependent. The degree of long chain branching is analyzed for the ethylene polymerization as a function of pressure and temperature and to maximum conversions of 30%. It turns out that even at conversions as low as 2% long chain branching is not negligible.
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  • 220
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and of a copolymer of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin (Phenoxy) with poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) were prepared by solution casting. The glass transition temperatures Tg for different compositions of the blends were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Tg behaviour of PVB/PVP blends suggests the existence of a single phase for blends containing less than 50 wt.-% PVP, and of two phases in blends containing more than 50 wt.-% PVP. Phenoxy/PVP blends showed to be miscible over the entire composition range. It was found that the Gordon-Taylor equation predicts adequately the Tg-composition dependence with a K parameter equal to 0,5 and 1,25 for PVB/PVP and Phenoxy/PVP blends, respectively.
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  • 221
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The photodecomposition of several sulfonic esters of α-hydroxymethylbenzion (1a) was studied by means of ESR and 1H NMR-CIDNP techniques. An exclusive α-cleavage into benzoyl and α-hydroxy-α-sulfonyloxymethylbenzyl radicals (6 and 7) through a triplet excited state was observed. Radicals (7) were found to undergo elimination of sulfonic acid to give benzoylmethyl radicals (9) in an extremely fast process. Chemical confirmation was provided by naphthalene quenching and radical-trapping experiments using 1-dodecanethiol and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, respectively. Photodecomposition of the sulfonic esters in the presence of 1,1-diphenylethylene as a model substrate for vinyl monomers indicated that both benzoyl and benzoylmethyl radicals are highly reactive towards the carbon-carbon double bond.
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  • 222
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerizations of vinyl monomers initiated with diphenyl disulfide (1) and urea were carried out in 1,4-dioxane/water (vol. ratio 7:3). Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid were found to be easily polymerized with this system, whereas the polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile is not initiated. The polymerization was found to proceed by a radical mechanism. The polymerization of MMA was kinetically investigated.
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  • 223
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cis-endo-3-amino-endo-2-bornanol (5) and exo-5-amino-endo-2-bornanol (2) (prepared from endo-2-hydroxy-5-bornanone (1)) were reacted with chloromethylated polystyrene. With the resulting chiral polymers 4 and 6 asymmetric syntheses of 2-alkyl-cyclohexanones were carried out. These reactions showed a high enantioselectivity particularly with the chiral polymer 6, which suggests a specific restricted transition state to be important for the asymmetric alkylation reaction.
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  • 224
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2169-2181 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of data from critical demixing and vapour pressure measurements and by inverse gas chromatography, including the results of published light scattering measurments, a consistent picture is obtained for the entire dependence of the Flory-Huggins parameter χ on the weight fraction w2 of the polymer and on the temperature T for the system tert-butyl acetate/polystyrene. Within the entire T-range (ca. 0°C - 140°C), χ increases stronger than exponentially with w2, the rise being the larger the larger χH (the enthalpy contribution to χ) becomes in the limit of infinite dilution. At sufficiently high temperatures (≳ 50°C), χH changes its sign from negative to positive as w2 is raised. This behaviour, as well as the general shape of χ(w2) is in qualitative accord with the results of the corresponding-states theory as developed by Flory et al.
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  • 225
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2205-2212 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of branching on the radius of gyration and the hydrodynamic radius of dextran macromolecules was studied by elastic and quasielastic light scattering (ELS and QELS). The hydrodynamic radius is more sensitive to low levels of branching than the radius of gyration. At higher branching levels a saturation of the hydrodynamic radius rh is observed, while the radius of gyration rG still changes distinctly. The ratio rG/rh proves to be a measure of the flexibility of the macromolecules; the latter is increasing with molecular weight for short linear chains and is decreasing with increasing degree of branching. Measurements were carried out in water (thermodynamically good solvent) and in ethylene glycol (under theta conditions) on four series of dextran fractions having rather narrow molecular weight distributions.
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  • 226
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: (Z)-1,4-Polybutadiene was partially cyclopropanated with bis(iodomethyl)zinc and the polymer was degraded with (E)-4-octene in the presence of WCl6/(CH3)4Sn as catalyst. The products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and determined by gas chromatography. The block size distribution in the partially cyclopropanated polymer was calculated from these products. A method is described by which the decrease in yield of the modified degradation products, caused by side reactions during the olefin metathesis, can be taken into account in this calculation. It is concluded that under the given experimental conditions the block size distribution is random.
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  • 227
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(urethane-urea)s, were prepared from α-hydro-ω-hydroxypoly(oxytetramethylene) (4 or POTM), 2-butanone oxime (9) as blocking agent and diamines (5, 6) as chain extenders. By DSC the kinetics of reactions of the blocked system with the two chain extenders 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine (5) and 4-4′ methylenedicyclohexylamine (6) were studied. With the two chain extenders similar results were obtained. The enthalpy of the reaction was found to be about 40 J/g and the kinetic order is unity. Thermal analysis shows the amorphous character of the hard segments. The phase segregation degree is higher with 6 as chain extender. With 6, better mechanical properties at high temperature were obtained, but ultimate elongation and tensile strength are higher with chain extender 5.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 228
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel class of [bis- and tetrakis(decyloxycarbonyl)phthalocyaninato]metal complexes (metal = Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), or Cu(II)) (6a, b and 2a - d) was synthesized by condensation of the corresponding acid chloride derivatives (5 and 1) with 1-decanol. The electrical conductivities of polystyrenes, containing these complexes as dispersions, were measured.
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  • 229
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2569-2581 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: p-Polyphenylenes and o,m,p-polyphenylenes are pyrolyzed at various temperatures up to 1500°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The weight loss during the pyrolysis and the residues of pyrolysis are studied by gravimetric measurements, elemental analysis, X-ray analysis and electrical conductivity. The results of the measurements are interpreted by correlating the mechanism of pyrolysis with the structure and the numerical values of the electrical conductivity of the corresponding residues of pyrolysis. The maximum temperature of pyrolysis has a very important meaning for the electrical conductivity of the residues of pyrolysis, where has the polymerization conditions of the various polyphenylenes play only a secondary role. Three ranges of the temperature are distinguished (up to 600°C, 600 - 800°C, above 800°C), in which the corresponding residues of the pyrolysis are novel semiconductor materials with different structures and properties. Also the significance of chlorine as dehydrogenation agent is explained; chlorine contributes to the connection of neighbouring macromolecules; thus the presence of small amounts of Cl in polyphenylenes in the first temperature range of the pyrolysis seems to be suitable.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 230
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ternary phase diagrams of linear tri-block and multi-block copolymers consisting of poly(dimethylsiloxane) with a constant segment mass of M̄n = 103 and varying poly(oxyethylene) segment masses in the range 100 ≤ M̄n ≤ 2000 with water and oil (cyclohexane) are reported. Also binary mixtures of the same copolymers with water and oil are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Microphase separation of the copolymers and different states of water are detected as a function of composition and structure of the copolymers as well as oil and water content, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of a model having an interphasial zone where intermixing of the dissimilar segments occurs.
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  • 231
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2669-2676 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The fiber patterns of a series of liquid crystalline polymers were analysed. For polymers with smectic phases and for polymers with long spacers and nematic phases, the mesogenic groups orient perpendicularly to the polymer main chains which are parallel to the fiber axis. The fiber pattern indicate a short range order of the mesogenic groups analogous to that in low-molecular weight liquid crystals. For polymers with short spacer groups and nematic phases qualitatively different fiber patterns are found. These fiber patterns are indicative for a special nematic phase formed by ribbon-like molecules.
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  • 232
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Critically branched polyurethanes of varying molecular weight were prepared from poly(oxypropylene)triol and methylenedi-p-phenylene diisocyanate with and without solvent. The static/dynamic light scattering from DMF solutions of these samples was measured. The results were discussed in terms of the classical (Flory-Stockmayer, FS) and percolation theory of gelation; the bulk-polymerized sample obeyed the FS process, whereas the solution-polymerized samples were better described by the percolation process.
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  • 233
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2583-2597 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several model compounds were synthesized in order to study the side reactions taking place during the synthesis of polyesters, especially chain branching due to the addition of hydroxyl groups to maleate or fumarate double bonds. Diesters or polyesters from 1,2-propanediol with fumaric acid and various dialkyl alkoxysuccinates were used as models. Their synthesis and characterization are described. The interpretation of their 13C NMR spectra is reported. These spectra are compared with those of the diesters and polyesters of phthalic acid previously described and with the spectrum of a commercial unsaturated polyester. It was possible to identify and to assign the various end groups and the structures resulting from chain branching.
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  • 234
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2609-2617 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A variety of inorganic and organic acids, bases, and salts were studied as catalysts for the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate, the reaction previously employed for the precipitation of silica within already-cured elastomeric networks of polydimethylsiloxane. These substances were compared with regard to the amount of silica precipitated at room temperature, and the extent of reinforcement as judged by the upturns in the stress-strain isotherms at high elongations. On this basis, the acids were the least effective and the salts the most effective.
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  • 235
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chain extension reactions involving α,β-bifunctional precursor polymers and bifunctional coupling agents of low molecular weight were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The number and weight molecular weight distributions were calculated, and computer simulations were performed, neglecting the weight of the coupling agent with respect to that of the precursor polymer. Examples of such chain extension reactions include the polycondensation of “living” α,β-dicarbanionic polystyrene with 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene, and the reaction of poly(oxyethylene)glycol with a low-molecular-weight diisocyanate. The characterization of the resulting polymers yields results that are in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical expectation.
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  • 236
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 47-53 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A great number of radically polymerizable monomers and monomer mixtures can be combined to block polymers starting with a polyinitiator. The use of polyazoesters allows the synthesis of block polymers in a two step procedure. Polyazoesters are synthesized from AIBN and a diol according to Pinner.A fraction of the azo groups is decomposed in presence of a monomer. Thus, a prepolymer containing azo groups is formed. The decomposition of the residual azo groups in presence of a second monomer results in block polymers. The reaction is studied with styrene/methyl methacrylate as a model. Other examples given are S/MA, S/N-vinylprrolidone. The block polymers show phase separation with the typical structure of spheres, rods, and lamellae. The domain sizes were found to be 100-300 A.In both steps monomer mixtures can be used. Thus, each block may consist of a copolymer. Poly((styrene-co-butadiene)-block-(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)) is discussed as an example.Polyacrylamides containing azo groups are soluble in water and have surface activity. They can be used as emulsifying polyinitiators and allow emulsion polymerization without additional emulsifiers.
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  • 237
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Block copoly(ether ester) based on poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), (PBT) and on poly(oxytetramethy1ene) crystallizes under separation into a pure crystalline ester phase with α-PBT structure and a mixed amorphous phase. The changes of the morphology induced by annealing are investigated by small angle X-ray scattering methods. The observed results are consistent with a lamellar model which is comprised.of a crystalline core of thickness 35 to 45 Å, a diffuse boundary zone of width 9 Å, and an amorphous layer which is varying strongly in thickness. As is shown by use of model block copolyesters, where the ester and ether segments are essentially monodisperse, the molecular weight distribution of the blocks does not influence the crystallization behaviour as long as the ether blocks are not shorter than 4 oxytetramethylene units.
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  • 238
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The use of di- and polysubstituted dinuclear monomers with bridge groups impeding the rotation of separate macromolecule fragments makes it possible to prepare by the acceptor-catalytic polyesterification conformationally regular polymers, containing regular sequences of rotational isomers of the monomeric residue in the macromolecules. Essential is the fact that the steric microstructure of these polymers is forming directly during synthesis process. Unlike the common polymers the conformation-regular polymers are characterized by higher heat resistance and a number of specific properties including the mechanical properties and the solvent characteristics.
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  • 239
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 235-237 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The ultra-high modulus state of polyethylene (UHMPE) can be obtained by various methods which produce an extensive preferred orientation of the molecular chains in the direction of the fiber axis. The tensile modulus is, however, nearly independent of the degree of preferred orientation, in contrast to other high modulus fibers as, e.g., poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide) or carbon fibers. This is explained by the effect of trapped loops in the fibrillar structure of UHMPE which are formed during the deformation process. Varying the crystallization conditions for the starting material leads to changes of the mechanical properties of UHMPE produced by hot drawing which can be explained by the proposed structural model.
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  • 240
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The hydrodynamic properties of dilute solutions of poly(N-viny1-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) and its Co(II) complexes were studied by high-speed sedimentation and viscosimetry methods. Unperturbed dimensions of PVP in two solvents (ethyl alcohol and water) and those of PVP complexes with the cobalt ions in water were determined. Unperturbed dimensions of PVP coils were shown to be dependent on the solvent nature, and those of polymer-metal complexes on metal concentration.
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  • 241
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 331-346 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The metathesis reactions of cycloolefins results in a ring-chain equilibrium of cyclic oligomers and an acyclic polymer. The distribution of the polymer can be described by a most probable molecular weight distribution. The oligomer distribution differs in the kinetically controlled regime of the reaction from the equilibrium situation. The particular cases of norbornene and norbornadiene are discussed.Carbene complexes may be used as initiators. The more stable the carbene the more strained the cycloolefin has to be in order to be polymerizable. With increasing strain the cis-stereoselectivity is significantly attenuated. (CO)5CR—CR′R″ may initiate the metathesis reaction of cyclic and acyclic vinylethers. The reaction proceeds in a structurally uniform manner, i.e. only vinylethers are formed, and yields the equilibrium ratio of cis and trans double bonds.
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  • 242
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 243
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1984), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 244
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural and synthetic fibres and fabrics have been modified in cold plasma conditions in order to impart new qualities to support materials. Both static and dynamic installations designed to this aim are presented. Improved hydrophilicity, dyeability and flamme retardancy properties were achieved by grafting with either monomeric or polymeric substances.
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  • 245
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1984), S. 63-78 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The experimental data on investigations of the cage effect in polymers are examined for the decomposition of 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile and lauroyl peroxide. The kinetic schemes taking into account only translational motion of radicals are shown not to describe the cage effects in polymers. The experimental dependence of the cage effect on molecular mobility in polymers may be explained on the basis of schemes taking into account both the rotational and translational motions of particles. The study of cage effects in oriented polymeric films proves an important role of the form of the cage. In polymers the molecular mobility influences the rate of slow reactions. This is explained for the scope of the model of a rigid cage where orientation of the particles depends on the form of the cage.
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  • 246
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A linear unsaturated co-dimer of styrene and p-chlorostyrene, 1-phenyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-butene (2), was preferentially produced by reaction of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl diphenyl phosphate (1) with styrene. The reaction was found to be extraordinarily accelerated by addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl acetate reacts readily with styrene in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to afford 2 in good yields, whereas the acetate is inert toward styrene in the absence of a super acid.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 247
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rate measurements of the polymerisation of acenaphthylene in nitrobenzene at 298 K by PhCO+ SbF6- gave kp+ = 23,2 ± 2 dm3 · mol-1 · s-1 which confirmed our previous value with yet another initiator. Under the same conditions we obtained kp+ = 188 ± 9 dm3 · mol-1 · s-1 for styrene. The completeness of initiation was indicated by a count of carbonyl groups by spectroscopy. The conductivity measurements indicated that [Pn+] is independent of time and that there is no ion-pairing. The DPD of the polymers was unimodal and the DP independent of m0 and c0. Exploratory experiments showed that HClO4 and CF3SO3H in nitrobenzene are not useful for kp+ determinations. In an Appendix a detailed treatment is given of how the impurity content of solvent and monomer can be determined by kinetic measurements.
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  • 248
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Light scattering was used to evaluate the resulting changes in molecular weight, root-mean-square radius of gyration, degree of polymerization, number of chain scissions per single chain kngth, degree of degradation, specific rate constant, energy of activation, enthalpy, entropy and free energy of activation for the photo-oxidative degradation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)) film, both in the presence and absence of 0,1 wt.-% zinc bis(O,O'-diisopropyldithiophosphate) (ZnDTP) as photostabilizer, undergoing random chain scission and crosslinking processes in the temperature range 313-363 K with light of wavelength 365 nm. The inhibitive action of ZnDTP was discussed from the viewpoint of the amount of gel fraction.
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  • 249
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscosity behavior of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-borax-NaCl systems was investigated. The intrinsic viscosity [η] of PVA in borax solution increases with increasing borax concentration. In solutions containing both borax and NaCl, on the other hand, [η] decreases with increasing concentration of NaCl, and at high NaCl concentration phase separation is observed. In the absence of borax, [η] is nearly independent of the NaCl concentration. These results are interpreted in terms of a limited chain expansion due to charges and intrachain crosslinks simultaneously introduced in the PVA chain when the chain is complexed with negatively charged tetrahedral borate ions. The crosslinking density was estimated from the intrinsic viscosity [η]∞ at infinite ionic strength using the Kuhn and Majer equation.
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  • 250
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By X-ray powder diffraction methods the crystal structures of α-TiCl3 and of the products obtained by dry ball-milling activation of this form were studied. TiCl3 microcrystals show initially a structural disorder in the positions of titanium atoms and the successive mechanical activation introduces into the structure some stacking faults, mainly associated to ±60° rotations of the triple layers Cl—Ti—Cl. The structural investigation has been carried out by an accurate fit of observed X-ray patterns to those calculated in correspondence of structures containing well-defined disordered sequences and of likewise well-defined crystallite sizes. Like γ-TiCl3 and MgCl2, α-TiCl3 is very sensitive to mechanical activation, which improves the performances of these three compounds when they are employed as catalysts, or supports for catalysts, in Ziegler-Natta polymerization processes.
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  • 251
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 263-279 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The chloromethyl derivatives of 16 differently substituted methylenediphenols were synthesized for the first time. To compare their reactivity, the solvolysis in methanol and the animolysis with an excess of p-nitroaniline in dimethyl sulfoxide were studied kinetically at 25°C. The rate constants for the methanolysis do not differ very much, beside of the fact that para-chloromethyl derivatives react about 100 times faster than ortho-chloromethyl derivatives. However, for the aminolysis a large acceleration up to 103 was found for compounds having both hydroxyl groups in ortho-position to the methylene bridge. Obviously, the cleavage of the O—H bond, which occurs in the rate determining step of the aminolysis, is strongly favoured by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the phenolic hydroxyl groups.
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  • 252
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly{1-{3-[O-1-(1-carboxyethylaminocarbonyl)ethyl]-6-O-D-glucopyranosylcarbonyl}ethylene} (3b) was synthesized as the lipophilic and polymeric model of 1-{N-[2-(2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-3-O-D-glucopyranosyl)propionyl]-L-alanylamino}glutamic acid (1) to the minimum required structure for the eimmunoadjuvant activity of bacterial cell wall. N-[2-(6-O-acryloyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-3-O-glucofuranosyl)propionyl]-L-alanine benzyl ester (6) was prepared as a key monomer in the synthesis. The homopolymerization of this monomer was carried out in benzene at 50°C using 2, 2′-azoisobutyronitrile as radical initiator to give polymer 7. From the results of copolymerization with styrene, the values of Q and e for the acryloyl type monomer 6 were estimated to be 2,0 and 0,11, respectively. The removal of isopropylidene and benzyl protecting groups from homopolymer 7 was carried out by acidic treatment with trifluoroacetic acid/water (vol. ratio 6:1) and by catalytic hydrogenolysis with palladium carbon in acetone, respectively, to afford the homopolymer 3b.
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  • 253
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of glycoprotein and polypeptides with phospholipid liposomes was investigated by means of the fluorescence polarization technique. Poly(L-glutamic acid) was incorporated into the bilayer of dimyristyol phosphatidyl choline liposomes by sonication. It reduces the segmental motion of the lipids especially in the hydrophobic region close to the hydrophilic surface. On the contrary, poly(L-leucine), on incorporation into the lipids, strongly suppresses the molecular motion of hydrocarbon chains. Glycoprotein from bovine serum brings about a remarkable decrease in the molecular motion of hydrocarbon chains. In this case the molecular motion of the lipid for liposomes with 20% glycoprotein incorporation is comparable to that of the human erythrocyte ghost. The interaction of polypeptides with liposomes was also observed with an optical microscope by using gaint liposomes (∅ ca. 100 μm).
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  • 254
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymeric catalysts consisting of cobalt(II)phthalocyanine, CoPc(NaSO3)4, coordinatively bound to poly(vinylamine) of various molecular weight, were used as oxidation catalysts in the conversion of thiols to disulfides. The molecular weight of the polymeric ligand, poly(vinylamine), largely affects the reaction rate below a critical polymer concentration of about 0,01 w/v%. The activation enthalpy ΔH2≠ does not depend on the degree of polymerization (DP) of the polymeric ligand and from visible light spectra it appears that electron transfer of the thiolanion to Co(II) to yield Co(I) is favored when low instead of high molecular weight ligands are used. The observed catalytic oxidation rate of thiol is considerably higher for low molecular weight ligands (DP 20 - 40) in the low polymer concentration region. This may be attributed to a change in base strength in the micro-environment of CoPc(NaSO3)4 due to conformational differences between low and high molecular weight ligands, manifested at low polymer concentration. When the ligand has no polymeric character, e. g. 1, 3-propanediamine, low catalytic activity is observed.
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  • 255
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 428-428 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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  • 256
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For elucidating the structural features of elementary units of polyphenylene type polymers, prepared by polycondensation of di- and mono-acetylaromatic compounds, and X-ray study of two model compounds was performed, viz. 1,3,5-tris(4-biphenylyl)benzene (1) and 1,3,5-tris[4-(C-o- carboranylmethyl)phenyl]benzene (2) (diffractometer: R = 0,063 (1) and 0,061 (2))· 1 0,5 C6H6 crystals were found to be rhombohedral, a = 20,168 (3), c = 13,678 (3) Ǎ, space group R3c, Z = 6;2· CHCl3 crystals are triclinic, a = 15,7528 (2), b = 12,7004 (6), c = 15,460 (2) Å, α = 109,97(1) β = 111,92(1) γ = 100,69 (2) °, space group P1, Z = 2. In the crystal the molecule 1 has a 32 symmetry with a propeller-like orientation of the biphenyl fragments with respect to the central ring (the rotation of the disubstituted benzene rings relative to the central one is 47,2° and relative to the therminal ones, it is 35,9°). In2 the disubstituted benzene rings are rotated with respect to the central one by different values (dihedral angeles are 31,7 - 30,7, and 52,5°). In all benzene rings of both molecules a decrease of the endocyclic bond angles at the ipso-atoms is observed which in 2 depends on the dihedral angeles between the planes of bonded benzene rings. All there carboranylmethylphenyl fragements in 2 have the same conformation: the CH-group of the carborane skeleton “hangs” over the benzene ring plane. The crystal packing of 1and 2 is characterized by sufficiently large cavities which are occupied by solvent molecules. In crystals of 2 the carborane parts of the molecules are associated into separate structural motives.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 257
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several reactions involving crosslinked polymers, a solid, and a liquid phase were investigated. Witting reactions between crosslinked polymers (1 and 5) contaning phosphonium salt residues, solid potassium carbonate, and aldehydes in tetrahydrofuran were found to proceed satisfactorily, even in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst. The Oxidation of 2-phenyl-1,2-propanediol in methylene chloride by solid sodium periodate (but not postassium periodate) is catalysed by the periodate form (9a) of an anion exchange resin. The reaction of 1-bromooctane in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile with potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide and of benzyl bromide in tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile with potassium acetate or sodium acetate are catalysed only slightly, if at all, by the cyanide or acetate forms (9e and 9f) of an anion exchange resin. Crosslinked polymers containing crown ether residues catalyse the reaction of 1-bromooctane in toluene with sodium iodide. It is not clear how the crosslinked polymers and solid reagents manage to react with each other, but possible mechanisms are discussed. The importance of carrying out control reactions in such studies is stressed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 258
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 521-529 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To understand hydrophobic interaction as a function of polymer structure, the binding of 1-anilino-8-napthalenesulfonic acid magnesium salt (ANS) by polyionenes was investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Three ionenes having ammonium groups in the main chain and pendant l-menthyloxymethyl (PIPM-6, OIM-6)PIPM-6: poly[(dimethyliminio)hexamethylene(dimethyliminio)methylene-5-(l-menthyloxy-methyl)-l,3-phenylenemethylene dibromide]. OIM-6: poly[(dimethyliminio)hexamethylene-(dimethyliminio)-5-ethyl-5-(l-menthyloxymethyl)-2,8-dioxo-3,7-dioxanonamethylene dichloride]. PIA-6: poly[(dimethyliminio)hexamethylene(dimethyliMINIO)-5-(9-anthryl-methyl)-2,8-dioxo-3,7-dioxanonamethylene dichloride]. OR 9-anthryl groups (PIA-6) were used together with their model compounds. The emission intensity of aqueous solution of ANS in the presence of PIPM-6 an OIM-6 is about 40 and 90 times that in pure water, respectively, indicating that a hydrophobic domain is effeciently formed in water. The corresponding emission increment in the presence of PIA-6 is only 8 times larger than that in pure water. These results suggest that the hydrophobic domains formed by OIM-6 and PIPM-6 are less polar than those formed by PIA-6 and, consequently, the l-menthyloxymethyl group is more hydrophobic than the anthryl group. The reduction of viscosity in salt solution runs parallel with the strength of hydrophobic interaction. The emission intensity of dansyl-D-phenylalanine is 1,3 times higher than that of dansyl-L-phenylalanine in the presence of PIPM-6. These results indicate that the hydrophobic domains formed by PIPM-6 have some ability of chiral recognition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 259
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The copolymerization of 2-naphthyl methacrylate (2-NM) with acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was carried out in solvents with different dielectric constants. The relative reactivity ratios of the monomers determined by the Fineman-Ross method in the solvents used are as follows: in chloroform: r2-NM = 0,96 ± 0,05; rAN = 0,00 ± 0,02in benzene: r2-NM = 0,84 ± 0,09; rAN = 0,01 ± 0,04in acetone: r2-NM = 0,52 ± 0,09; rAN = 0,00 ± 0,02in acetonitrile: r2-NM = 0,51 ± 0,06; rAN = 0,00 ± 0,03The capability of the monomers to form donor-acceptor associates was shown by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy. The observed interactions between the monomer molecules on one side and between the molecules of the monomers and the solvent on the other side were used to explain the changes in the reactivity ratios of both monomers obtained in different solvents.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 260
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of polymerization of β-nitrostyrene initiated by sodium alkoxide was setudied gravimetrically. The rate was found to be first order with respect to monomer concentration and first order with respect to initiator concentration. Rate constants in the order of 0,25 dm3 · mol-1 · s-1 were obtained at 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C for the polymerization of β-nitrostyrene, p-methoxy-β-nitrostyrene, and p-methyl-β-nitrostyrene initiated by sodium methoxide and by sodium ethoxide. The activation energy of polymerizations initiated by sodium methoxide and by sodium ethoxide was ∼24 kJ · mol-1 and ∼ 16 kJ · mol-1, respectively. The number average degree of polymerization of poly(β-nitrostyrene)s was determined by polymerization of the monomer in the pressence of 14C-alkanol. This is the first time that accurate number average molar masses of poly(β-nitrostyrene)s have been reported since conventional methods of molar mass determination cannot be used owing to the insolubility of these polymers in most common organic solvents.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 261
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Williamson etherification in the presence of phase transfer catalysts was successfully applied to the synthesis of alternating block copolymers and regular copolymers. Unsaturated polyethers(5a and 5b) containing chloroallylic (electrophilic) end groups (prepared from cis-or trans-1, 4-dichloro-2-butene and Bisphenol A) and aromatic poly(ether sulfone)s (3a) containing terminal phenol (nucleophilic) groups were polycondensed in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate as phase transfer catalyst to give alternating block copolymers. The same telechelic polymers were chain-extended with dinucleophilic or dielectrophilic monomers under similar reaction conditions. Both the regular copolymers and the alternating block copolymers were characterized by gel pormeation chromatography and DSC.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 262
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 655-667 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The study of the structure of the end-groups of poly(β-propiolactone) and poly(ε-caprolactone) by 1H, 31P{1H} NMR, and IR spectroscopy revealed that the mode of ring scission in the monomer in the first propagation step depends on the initiator used. In the initiation of the β-propiolactone and ε-caprolactone polymerization with halonium salts ((CH3)2Br⊕SbF6⊖ or (CH3)2I⊕SbF6F6⊖) the exocyclic oxygen atoms in the monomer molecules are attacked and oxonium ions are formed. The propagation steps proceed with alkyl-oxygen bond scission in the active center and with attack at the exocyclic oxygen atom in the subsequent monomer molecule. Thus, the tertiary oxonium ions are the exclusive active species from the very beginning of the polymerization. Acylium cations (CH3CO⊕ SbF6⊖ or CH3CH2CO⊕SbF6⊖) as initiators attack both exo-and endocyclic oxygen atoms in the monomers and the initiation proceeds with almost equal proportions of alkyl-oxygen and acyl-oxygen bond scission. Thus, in the polymerization of β-propiolactone the concentration of the acylium growing species decreases with increasing number of propagation steps and finally the tertiary oxonium ions are becoming the exclusive growing species. In the polymerization of ε-caprolactone the active acylium centers apart from propagation participate also in side reactions leading to the cleavage of a proton.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 263
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 709-723 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Novel furan-based diisocyanates (2a - c) were reacted with 1-butanol and basic kinetic studies were made. The results were compared with those obtained from 4,4′-methylenediphenylene diisocyanate (1) under similar conditions. The kinetics of these model reactions were found to be complex even in the presence of added catalysts. The isocyanates 2 studied, were shown to behave as benzylic type compounds with reactivities intermediate between those of aryl and alkyl diisocyanates. Comparative studies were made on segmented copolyurethanes prepared from 1 and from a furfuryl diisocyanate 2a having structural similarity to 1. The diol components used in these studies were 1,4-butanediol and polytetrahydrofuran. The segmented co-polyurethanes prepared from the furfuryl diisocyanate can thus be derived from a single naturally occurring source material, namely furfuraldehyde. These polymers were shown by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis to possess properties comparable to analogous copolyurethanes derived from oil-based sources.
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  • 264
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the viscosity of dilute solutions of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) in 1,4-dioxane on the temperature is studied by Moore's treatment. The numerical values of the constants from this treatment Ke, Kβ, and β indicate that this polymer in 1,4-dioxane assumes the characteristic behaviour of flexible polymers. The numerical values of the parameters KΘ and B from the Stockmayer-Fixman plot and the Mark-Houwink constants K and a are determined and the temperature coefficient of the unperturbed dimensions is evaluated for this system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 265
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 807-819 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of preliminary thermal treatment and diethylene glycol (DEG) content on the rate of degradation, DEG amount in the degradation products, WAXS, relative viscosity, and density of the understructed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is studied upon aminolysis with hydrazine hydrate at 60 and 85°C. The results indicate that (i) the aminolysis is a two-stage process, corresponding to the degradation of the amorphous and crystalline regions and (ii) the phase boundary is not sharp. A model is proposed, describing the comonomer distribution in the semicrystalline copolyesters. The comonomer units are concentrated mainly in the amorphous regions. The effect of degradation conditions like temperature, concentration, duration, particle size, deposition of low molecular products on the polymer surface, etc. is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 266
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 847-868 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several copolymers of 4(5)-vinylimidazole (1a) containing different amounts of divinyl-benzene (DVB) as crosslinking agent and also copolymers of 1a (crosslinked, 4 mol-%) with styrene, 4-vinylpyridine, 1-vinylimidazole, or 4-vinylbenzoic acid were obtained by radical polymerisation. The pendant imidazole-groups of all of these polymers could be acylated in their 1-position. The swellability of the resulting polymeric N-acylated imidazoles in suitable solvents was investigated. They were used for the acylation of amines and alcohols, variing the mole ratio reactive polymer/substrate, the reaction time, and the solvent. A gradual reacitivity was found for the reaction with low molecular mass compounds according to the nucleophilicity of the substrates. Ethanolamine could be selectively N-acetylated and in the case of the mono-trifluoroacetylation of hexamethylenediamine significantly high yields of mono-acylated product were obtained. After the reaction the polymers could be regenerated without any loss of activity.
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  • 267
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 899-904 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of water on the polymerization of thiirane and 2-methylthiirane with CdCO3 was studied. The polymerization process takes place only when a large interface monomer-water is formed. This is achieved by the presence of an amount of water in the reaction mixture which is comparable with that of the monomer. The polarity of the solvent does not influence the rate of formation of poly(2-methylthiirane). The polymerization is carried out in the mass of monomer or in the presence of an alcohol and a solvent not miscible with water.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 268
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular structures of (RS)-1,2,2,2-tetraphenylethyl methacrylate (TrBzMA) and (1S, 2R)-(+)-1-benzyl-3-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl methacrylate (ChMA) were determined by means of X-ray diffraction: (RS)-TrBzMA .0,5C6H6; triclinic, space group P1, a = 9,271(2), b = 33,965(4), c = 9,167(2) Å, α = 90,26(2), β = 118,80(2), γ = 88,03(2)°, and Z = 4; ChMA; monoclinic, space group P21, a = 12,482(1), b = 9,184(1), c = 9,246(1) Å, β = 93,49(1)°, and Z = 2. Both structures were solved by the direct method and refined by the block-diagonal least-squares procedure to R = 0,054 and 0,057 for non-zero reflections, respectively. Both of the two crystallographically independent molecules of TrBzMA have the same structure; each molecule has a synperiplanar (sp) conformation as to the C=C and C=O double bonds about the C(1)—C(2) bond and also an sp conformation as to the C=O and C—O bonds about the C(1)—O(1) bond. The ChMA molecule has an antiperiplanar (ap) and a sp conformation about the C(1)—C(2) and C(1)—O(1) bonds, respectively.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 269
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Theoretical calculations have shown that it should be possible to determine the molar mass of the grafted chains of graft copolymers by light scattering measurements in suitable mixed solvents, and moreover, that this should be possible without the backbone having to be degraded, without the ungrafted backbone having to be isolated, and without the refractive index increment having to be determined after dialysis. Among the conditions that have to be met are the requirements that the mixed solvent must be isorefractive with respect to the backbone and that the preferential solvation of the grafted chains must be independent of their molar mass. The method is applied to fractions of graft copolymers with styrene or styreneacrylonitrile (SAN) being grafted onto ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, from which ungrafted polystyrene or SAN copolymer has been removed by solvent demixing. With this method the molar mass and the number of grafted chains, the coupling of backbone molecules via grafted chains, the shrinking and segregation of the individual grafted chains and the incompatibility of the grafted chains with the backbone polymer can be determined.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 270
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the “peptide segment separation method” for syntheses of large peptides and proteins, a model series of sequential polypeptides, Boc-[(Leu)3-(Pro)2-Gly]n-OBzl (n = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12), were prepared by the reaction of Boc-[(Leu)3-(Pro)2-Gly]2-OH with H-[(Leu)3-(Pro)2-Gly]n-OBzl (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) using dicyclohexylcarbodimide and 1-hydroxy-1 H-benzotriazole as coupling reagents. The resulting peptides are assembled by the sequence of Gly-(Leu)3 separated by the (Pro)2 sequence. Regardless of the increase in peptide chain length of the amino component, the coupling reactions with 1-methyl-2-pyriolidone were achieved in high yields. Throughout the investigation, excellent solubility in usual polar solvents used for peptide syntheses is preserved. The purification of the peptide series by recrystallization could be completely achieved and HPLC on a gel filtration (styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer) column showed all the peptides to be monodisperse.
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  • 271
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1117-1132 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of polymerization of styrene in heptane was investigated using butoxytitanium trichloride and triethylaluminium/triisobutylaluminium as cocatalysts. A steady state polymerization after an initial period of declining rates lasting for 20 - 60 min was observed. Both the catalysts systems polymerize styrene at a slow rate ( ≈ 10-6 mol · dm-3 · s-1). The steady state rates show a maximum at an [A1] : [Ti] ratio of 1,5 and exhibit a first-order rate law with reference to both the monomer and the catalyst. Addition of triethylamine, an electron donor, greatly influences the rates of polymerization when triethylaluminium is used, whereas in the case of triisobutylaluminium, the rates are not greatly influenced by the presence or absence of triethylamine. The effect of the electron donor on the rates of polymerization can be explained by the competitive complexation of the alkylaluminium and the electron donor at the active site. The overall activation energy of polymerization (44 - 46 kJ · mol-1) is in accord with a coordinated anionic mechanism. An alkylated alkoxytitanium halide species as the chemical entity affecting polymerization is suggested.
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  • 272
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1155-1167 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A continuous light scattering detector coupled to a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) instrument (GPC-LS), as described in the preceding paper, is used to determine the hydrodynamic structure factor g′ of branched polystyrene samples and to establish the viscosity law for poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(vinyl acetate) by comparing the results from GPC-LS and GPC analysis (with molar mass calibration with linear, monodisperse polystyrene samples).
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  • 273
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1229-1231 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 274
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1255-1263 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Oxidation of poly(tetramethylene sulfide) single crystals was carried out in a dispersion of distilled water at 25°C using trifluoroacetic acid and H2O2. The oxidation takes place in two different stages: the first one corresponds to preferential formation of sulfoxide groups and the second one, at higher concentrations of oxidizing agent, corresponds to formation of sulfone groups. Changes in crystallinity and melting behaviour of the intermediate polysulfones obtained were followed by X-ray diffraction and calorimetry. Changes in the heat and temperature of melting and in the morphology are related to the different stages of oxidation.
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  • 275
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1285-1293 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new mechanism is proposed for the hydrolytic lactam polymerization. During reversible lactam addition to groups a considerable amount of amidines (ω-amidinocarboxylic acids) is formed in addition to the polymeric homologous series. The amount of these ω-amidinocarboxylic acids, can be determined quantitatively. They can participate in different reactions during the lactam polymerization leading to disproportionation of the amidino and carboxyl groups at a high rate, and to initiation. The proposed mechanism is valid for ε-caprolactam and octanelactam.
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  • 276
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase initiated by bis(isopropylcysteinato)cadmium is a living process. For low conversions, oligomers (essentially heptamers and octamers) are formed, apparently using one valency of cadmium, the main propagation taking place by using the other one. However, the size of the oligomers may still grow for higher conversions. The mechanism of the oligomer formation depends on the temperature. A “normal” insertion of the monomer is observed at -23°C, whereas at 20°C a disulfide bond is formed. The preferential choice of a different enantiomer in the main propagation reaction may depend on the presence of a particular type of oligomer, in the vicinity of cadmium, linked to the cysteine group. However, stereospecificity (stereoselection and stereoelection) appears only with molecular weights higher than 6000 and also depends on the temperature of propagation: with decreasing temperature, the stereoregularity increases and the stereoelection can be inverted (for a definite oligomer structure).
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  • 277
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1383-1393 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of 2-formamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate (FMPA) is reported. 13C NMR spectra of FMPA in CDCl3, CD3OD, DMSO-d6, DMF-d7, and D2O exhibit two pairs of lines for all seven carbon atoms at room temperature; the ratio of the two conformers varies moderately with solvent (21 : 79 to 41 : 59). The conformers are believed to involve strong internal hydrogen bonding which is not completely broken even by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid to CDCl3 (1/1, v/v). However, the pairs of lines coalesce in turn as the temperature is raised to 120°C in DMSO-d6. FMPA was polymerized at 35°C in DMF and CHCl3, using a free radical initiator and the polymer was characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 278
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The complex formation between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in water was studied by viscosity measurements. It was found that at a BSA/PAA mole ratio of 233 the reduced viscosity of the solution shows a minimum, indicating that binding take place nonspecifically on the BSA surface. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicate that BSA does not suffer conformational alteration by the presence of PAA. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies were performed on 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate(ANS)-BSA systems in presence of monocarboxylic acids or PAA. Again, in contrast to the hydrophobic binding of the monoacids, it was found that PAA binds to BSA nonspecifically on the surface.
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  • 279
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1455-1467 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solution properties of polymeric 10,12-pentacosadinyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate (polymer 1), obtained by UV- or γ-ray initiated solid state polymerization, are described, as studied by UV/VIS- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and by viscosity measurements. Treatment of the polymer solution with non-solvents of the polymer, protic acids, or transition metal halides induces a colour change from yellow to red, accompanied by a protonation or metal complex formation of the pyridine substituent groups, respectively. Reverse colour changes occur, if bases (e.g. triethylamine) or complexing agents, able to form metal complexes more stable than those of the polymer (e.g. 2,2′-bipyridine), are added to the red polymer solutions. The origin of the colour changes and the structures of the protonated polymer and of the polymer-metal complexes are discussed.
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  • 280
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of some metallocenes such as ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2), nickelocene (Ni(C5H5)2), and cobaltocene (Co(C5H5)2), on the vinyl polymerization initiated with bis(ethyl acetoacetato)-copper(II) (Cu(eacac)2) was investigated. Co(C5H5)2 was found to exert a markedly accelerating effect on the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with Cu(eacac)2. The polymerization of MMA with the system Co(C5H5)2/Cu(eacac)2 at 50°C was found to be fairly affected by the solvent used. The results of copolymerization of MMA with styrene (St) and the effect of hydroquinone (HQ) on the polymerization of MMA with Co(C5H5)2/Cu(eacac)2 showed that the polymerization proceeds via a radical mechanism. The polymerization of MMA with Co(C5H5)2/Cu(eacac)2 was studied kinetically in acetone. The overall activation energy of the polymerization was calculated to be 86,3 kJ/mol (20,6 kcal/mol). This value was somewhat higher than that (17,6 kcal/mol) obtained for the polymerization of MMA with Cu(eacac)2 alone. The polymerization rate (Rp) is represented by the following equation: Rp = k[Co(C5H5)2]0,5 [Cu(eacac)2]0,2 [MMA]1,3. The high order in monomer concentration suggests a participation of the monomer in the initiation process of this polymerization. This is supported by the examination of the ESR spectrum of the system Co(C5H5)2/Cu(eacac)2/MMA/acetone, where reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) occurs. To elucidate the initiation mechanism, the spin trapping technique was applied to the system Co(C5H5)2/Cu(eacac)2/methyl acrylate. From these results, an initiation mechanism for the binary initiator system Co(C5H5)2/Cu(eacac)2 is proposed and discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 281
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetic features of the molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of polypropylene produced with TiCl4/MgCl4/C6H5COOC2H5/Al(C2H5)3 as catalyst are investigated as functions of the polymerization time and the concentrations of Al(C2H5)3, C6H5COOC2H5 and hydrogen. The MWDs are dependent upon the concentrations of Al(C2H5)3 and C6H5COOC2H5, and are correlated with a change of the isotactic index of the produced polymers. In contrast, both MWD and the number-average molecular weight M̄n remain unchanged during the polymerization from 5 s to 3 h. When hydrogen is added as a chain transfer reagent, M̄n decreases as anticipated but the polydispersity index (M̄w/M̄n) is independent of the hydrogen concentration. The MWDs obtained with this supported catalyst are rather narrow (3≤ M̄w /M̄n ≤8)and are represented by a log-normal form or Wesslau equation, which is different from the MWDs (6≤ M̄w /M̄n ≤20) obtained with the traditional TiCl3 catalysts, which are represented by the Tung equation. Broadening of the MWD obtained with heterogeneous catalysts is also discussed. The constancy of M̄w/M̄n, independent of the hydrogen concentration leads to the important conclusion that non-uniform surface sites on heterogeneous catalysts are responsible for the broadening of the MWD. A surface heterogeneity of the propagation rate constant, kp, is demonstrated on the basis of the kinetic data, concerning the effect of CO-inhibition on the polymerization rate. A surface distribution function of kp, capable of accounting for the broad MWDs, is presented and discussed in terms of a distribution of the activation energy for the propagation step.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 282
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1613-1621 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra were measured on complexes of highly deacetylated chitosans with azo dyes in 0,08% acetic acid. Blue and red shifts of the absorption peaks in the visible region were observed. The induced CD results suggest two different chiral configurations of the transition dipole moments of the dyes. Since the random sequence of amino and acetamido groups in deacetylated chitosan does not affect the induced CD per amino side-chain, intermolecular interactions of the dye molecules are most probable in these chitosan/dye systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 283
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electric birefringence of calf thymus DNA is measured at different low electric field strengths with rectangular and bipolar pulses as a function of concentration, ionic strength and molecular weight, and these results are interpreted in terms of orientation and relaxation mechanisms. The orientation of DNA is mainly due to an induced dipole, but the results reveal a slow induced moment, which is saturated, when low field strengths are applied. A well-defined slow relaxation mechanism is demonstrated, which is attributed to the orientation of DNA as a whole. The long relaxation time decreases when high electric fields or high DNA concentrations are used, and the fact that the decay of the birefringence also contains short relaxation times does not reflect the polydispersity of the samples. The comparison between the molecular lengths determined from long relaxation times and the theoretical lengths of rigid cylinders shows an important coiling of DNA, when the fragments are longer than 110 - 120 nm.
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  • 284
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1727-1737 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(diacetylene)s dissolved in common organic solvents undergo random chain scission, if irradiated by UV-light. The pure polymers and their solutions are, however, stable, if they are photoirradiated within the main-absorption band of the polymer backbone. The usual triplet sensitizers, especially in the presence of oxygen, and radical donors such as 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) enhance the rate of photodegradation. Suitable dyes are able to sensitize the chain-scission in the visible regions as well. Random chain scission occurs also in the dark, but only at temperatures above room temperature and is enhanced by the addition of radical-donors, e.g. AIBN. A mechanism of chain scission, induced by the attack of a radical to a multiple bond of the polyconjugated backbone of the polymer is proposed.
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  • 285
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1780-1780 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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  • 286
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1809-1817 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reactions of tert-butoxyl radicals with α-methylstyrene and with isopropenyl acetate were examined. Allylic hydrogen abstraction was shown to compete with addition to the double bond at the CH2 group. The proportion of abstraction relative to addition increases with increasing solvent polarity, however, this effect is more pronounced in the reactions of isopropenyl acetate than in those of α-methylstyrene.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 287
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1897-1904 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Linear poly(iminoethylene) (polyethyleneimine) (l-PEI) was transformed into three types of branched polymers, which differ by the length and nature of the side groups, and their degree of substitution. By reaction with (1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-methylaziridine) (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-propyleneimine) (Z-PI) followed by HBr-acidolysis, N-2-aminopropyl derivatives of PEI with different degrees of substitution were obtained (1-S-y-PEI). The synthesis of polymers with 2-(2-aminopropylamino)propyl groups was carried out by first partial acetylation of 1-PEI, subsequent treatment twice with Z-PI followed by HBr-acidolysis, and finally deacetylation with 6 N HCl at 100°C (2-S-y-PEI). Finally, reaction of I-PEI with Z-5-aminopentyl tosylate gave polymers containing 5-aminopentyl side groups (C5-S-y-PEI). The catalytic activities of these three types of polymers were compared in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate and 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid. The reactions were followed under the conditions of pseudo-first order kinetics, for which [Catalyst] ≫ [Substrate], and also under the conditions of Michaelis-Menten complex formation kinetics, for which [Substrate] 〉 [Catalyst]. The results indicate that the optimum catalytic activity is determined by the length of the spacer by which the primary amino groups is linked to the main chain, resulting in the following order of activity: (2-S-y-PEI) ≈ (C5-S-y-PEI) 〉 (1-S-y-PEI).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 288
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the process of the cold drawing of solid polymers in AAL their transformation into a highly dispersed oriented state occurs due to craze formation and growth. In this state polymers exhibit extraordinary properties caused by fibrillar structure of craze matter and by the presence of highly developed surface. A new structural transformation namely a collapse of the fibrillar structure has been found at high degrees of strain. The perspectives of the practical use of the cold drawing in AAL are discussed.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 289
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The photopolymerization of distyrylpyrazine (DSP)-if carried out at a suitable wavelength of irradiation-and the thermal or radiation-induced polymerization of diacetylenes are examples of single crystal to single crystal reaction-transformations. The chain growth is controlled by the packing of the monomer on lattice sites and proceeds one-dimensionally in the crystal. The kinetics of chain growth in these systems is investigated via analysis of the molecular weight distribution as depending, on the reaction parameters. Polymerization of DSP proceeds stepwise by addition of photoexcited monomer to reactive oligomer chain ends. The probability of addition of a monomer to an already existing oligomer is 4 times larger than dimer formation leading to an inhomogeneity of the product distribution in the crystal. Polymerization of the bis-(p-toluene sulfonate) of dodeca-5, 7-diyne-1, 12-diol (PTS-12) proceeds as a true chain reaction via carbenes as the active chain ends. The kinetic chain length and degree of polymerization is essentially limited by the encounter with other chain ends in the same stack of units. Combination of chain ends is not observed.
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  • 290
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1984), S. 87-108 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 291
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1984), S. 131-146 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have attempted to summarize a large amount of data which characterize the properties of polymers crystallized from the pure melt. For this analysis, linear polyethylene and polyethers have been considered. The influence of chain structure, molecular weight and crystallization conditions on a wide variety of properties has been discussed.Moreover, we present a general analysis of the isothermal crystallization. The understanding of the crystallization mechanism and its dependence on molecular weight and on crystallization temperature can be obtained in part from these studies on polymer fractions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 292
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 8 (1984), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of mono- and di-alkyl esters of itaconic acid were prepared and modified by subsequent reaction of the carboxyl groups with ethylene amines, NH2-(CH2CH2NH)nH where n = 1,2,3,4. When solutions of copolymer and CoCl2 or CuCl2 were mixed, complexing took place and the property changes recorded for samples with n=4 are reported. The ability of these polymer-metal complexes and other polymer catalysts, prepared by reacting trans dichlorobisethylene diamine cobalt (III) chloride with copolymers where n=1, to decompose hydrogen peroxide was assessed. It was found that each of the polymer-metal complex species were catalysts for this reaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 293
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Secondary and tertiary hindered amines of the piperidyl type and many other piperidyl compounds can protect various polymers against oxidations initiated by light, heat and ionizing radiation. These amines stabilize by being converted to a series of products which can scavenge with high stoichiometry the main radicals responsible for the oxidative chain. This high stoichiometry results from the cyclical regeneration of the scavenging piperidyl species. The efficiency of the hindered amines as antioxidants in polyolefins is enhanced by their ability to associate with the unstable oxidized domains in which photo- and thermal oxidations will eventually reinitiate. Secondary amines can also slowly decompose intramolecularly hydrogen bonded hydroperoxide groups of the type found in polypropylene. This process may destroy the unstable oxidation product before the hydroperoxide can re-initiate oxidation and also generates another powerful antioxidant, a hydroxylamine. Despite the cyclical regeneration of active piperidyl radical scavengers, side reactions can produce non-scavenging products or even photo-initiators which will progressively accumulate and strangle the antioxidant activities.
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  • 294
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 117-140 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermodynamic aspects and mechanisms of the deformation of thermoelastoplastic block copolymers of the styrene-diene, segmented polyurethane and polyester types are discussed. Deformation calorimetry was used to study energy and entropy effects resulting from the deformation and small angle X-ray scattering method was used to obtain information concerning structural changes during deformation. The largestrain tensile deformation of thermoelastoplastics which possess domain structure leads to a “plasticrubber” transition (stress softening effect), which under appropriate time and temperature conditions is reversible. A comparative thermodynamic analysis of the stress softening in block copolymers and filled rubbers as carried out and results dealing with recovering kinetics of initial domain morphology in stress-softened block copolymers are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the structural changes and thermodynamics of deformation of “single crystal” morphology, which can arise in diene-styrene block copolymers under appropriate thermo-mechanical treatment. The role of the chemical nature of soft and hard blocks as well as the morphology and size of hard blocks in thermodynamics and mechanisms of the deformation is analyzed. The problem of the limited extensibility of soft block polymer chains at high deformations is also discussed.
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  • 295
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 195-196 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers with well defined sequences can be obtained for instance by ring-opening polymerization of selected acetals. In this way regular copolymers of formaldehyde and ethylenoxide of the following structure are available2. In the same way some other copolymers with formaldehyde units were obtained. Of special interest are unsaturated polyacetales; for instance3 They can be modified by chemical reactions, for instance by hydrogenation, addition of bromine, iodine isocyanate or epoxidation. Recently a bicyclic unsaturated cycloacetal was prepared and polymerized4 Branched copolymers with a definite number of uniform sidechains are prepared by N-alkylation of polyamides5 The dependence of the properties on the length o f the alkyl groups is discussed. Some o f these highly ordered polymers show a strong side-chain crystallinity. Another type of regular branched polymers is obtained by topochemical polymerization of long-chain diacetylenes6,7. These polymers are o f special interest because they are soluble and fusible. The monomer-free solid polydiacetylenes are red, but their solutions in chloroform, THF or toluene are yellow. The good solubility allows molecular weight determination by light scattering, GPC and osmometry and also spectroscopical studies (UV, NMR). The DSC shows two endothermic peaks which are ascribed to conformational changes in the side chain and in the backbone. These transformations are accompanied by strong colour changes from red to yellow.
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  • 296
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 259-276 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Water-soluble nonstoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes (N-PEC) constitute a new class of polyelectrolytes. N-PEC are formed as a result of interaction between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes taken in non-equivalent rations and thus they are macromolecular compounds. An N-PEC particle can be represented as a macromolecule of a segmented block copolymer. The behaviour of the N-PEC in aqueous-salt media shows their polyelectrolyte nature, but in contrast to ordinary polyelectrolytes, they undergo considerable conformational changes. These transitions precede phase separations, which are unique and are accompanied by the phenomena of disproportionation. Using N-PEC as enzyme carriers it is possible to produce self-regulating systems with a feedback and also thermostable systems, which are the simplest models of a spore. The N-PEC formed by synthetic polyelectrolytes and some proteins, show a pronounced physiological activity and belong to the class of highly immunogenic antigens.
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  • 297
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 316-330 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some features of the behaviour of polymer materials under the conditions of plastic flow and uniaxial stretch are discussed. A combined action of high pressure and shear deformation leads to a drastic change of the physicochemical properties of solid polymer materials caused by the formation of a large free surface in the substance. In consequence, plastic flow of polymer materials may give rise, depending on the conditions of the experiment, either to monoliths with a more homogeneous structure or to highly disperse powders. An anomalous decrease of the deformability of some thermoplasts during uniaxial stretching has been observed in the premelting range; the decrease is caused by the nonhomogeneity of the structure of the material as a result of the enrichment of its amorphous disordered zones with low-molecular fractions.
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  • 298
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1984), S. 359-360 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 299
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1984), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 300
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1984), S. 109-130 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The development of the main macromolecular products, both in the past and as a perspective, are presented together with the relevant social and economic aspects. In order to facilitate the analysis and study evolution, in a 40 years period, of the world macromolecular materials production and consumption figures, a programme in the FORTRAN IV language for the C-512 Felix computer was worked out.Comparisons are made between the man-made and the natural fibres, between the synthetic and the natural rubbers as well as between the technical-economical indices of the plastics, as compared to the traditional materials they replace.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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