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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (178)
  • 1978  (178)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (178)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High activity alkaline protease was obtained when the enzyme was immobilized on Dowex MWA-1 (mesh 20-50) with 10% glutaraldehyde in chilled phosphate buffer (M/15, pH 6.5). Activity yields of the protease and rennet were 27 and 29, respectively. The highest activities appeared at 60°C, pH 10 for alkaline protease and 50°C, pH 4.0 for rennet. The properties of both proteases were not essentially changed by the immobilization except that the Km values of both enzymes were increased about tenfold as a result of immobilization. Both proteases in the immobilized state were more stable than those in the free state at 60°C. Other peptide hydrolases, β-galactosidase, invertase, and glucoamylase, were successfully immobilized with high activities, but lipase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and xanthine oxidase became inactive.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 17-25 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Pseudomonas testosteroni, induced to synthesize steroid-transforming enzymes beforehand, have been immobilized by entrapment in polyacrylamide gel. The immobilized cells have then been used to catalyze the continuous Δ1-dehydrogenation of Reichstein's substance S under various conditions in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an electron acceptor for the cell-free Δ1-dehydrogenase. The presence of PMS substantially increases the rate of reaction when fed with the steroid substrate to a continuous stirred tank reactor containing the immobilized cells. The operational half-life of the Δ1-dehydrogenase activity of the cells, about 103 hr under the best operating conditions, is essentially unaffected by the presence of PMS. Though the acceleration of the reaction may be due to PMS-mediated passage of electrons from some component in the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen, the lack of a similar effect with methylene blue is consistent with the conclusion that PMS functions directly as the electron acceptor for the Δ1-dehydrogenase.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of oxygen supply on L-leucine fermentation was investigated employing a leucine-producing mutant of Brevibacterium lactofermentum. Since it was not possible to measure oxygen tension below 0.01 atm by a Teflon-coated oxygen electrode, the degree of satisfaction of the cells' oxygen demand (cells' respiration rate/maximum oxygen demand of cells, rab/KrM) and the redox potential of the culture medium (E. mV) were used as indices to oxygen supply in cultures under low oxygen tension. When the oxygen demand of the cells was satisfied (rab/KrM = 1.0) and the E value was between -90 and -110 mV, L-leucine formation was 26.5 mg-ml. When the oxygen demand of the cells was not satisfied (rab/KrM = 0.85) and the E value was between -200 and -220mV, L-leucine accumulation was 29.7 mg/ml. When the oxygen supply was extremely limited (rab/KrM = 0.27) and the E value was -280 mV. L-leucine formation was 12.9 mg/ml. A new method which simultaneously measures the redox potential and dissolved oxygen was applied to the determination of the critical dissolved oxygen level for cell respiration (PL crit), which was too small to be detected by conventional oxygen electrodes. The value of PL crit of the leucine producer was estimated as 0.0002 atm.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 43-72 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitrification and denitrification are important microbiological reactions of nitrogen. In this work, the kinetics of these reactions have been investigated based on a Monod-type expression involving two growth limiting substrates: ammonium nitrogen and dissolved oxygen for nitrification and nitrate nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon for denitrification. The kinetic constants and yield coefficients were evaluated for both these reactions. Past experimental work was used to determine the constants for the nitrification reaction. For the denitrification reaction, experiments were performed in a stirred tank reactor under conditions such that only one substrate was growth limiting. Steady-state values of the substrate concentrations in the reactor were determined at various dilution rates. These data were analyzed to obtain the kinetic and stoichiometric constants. From these constants it was concluded that in the range of nitrate nitrogen concentrations encountered in waste water, the denitrification reaction can be considered a first-order reaction. It was also found that three times as much organic carbon is required as nitrate nitrogen for complete nitrogen removal.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 73-85 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various aspects of process water recycle in a continuous flow fermentation process are analyzed. Simple mass balance equations in terms of product and feed components for a single-stage reactor producing biomass are developed. Constraints on the recycle ratio, imposed by the efficiency of the dewatering stage, are examined. The recycle analysis is extended using a kinetic growth model incorporating water soluble product formation and growth inhibition. The potential effect of recycle on substrate conversion and product accumulation is also examined and the concept of a critical recycle ratio in fermentation processes is developed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lysozyme has been immobilized on chitosan, a polyaminosaccharide, without using any intermediate reagent. The best pH conditions for operating the chitosan columns have been determined and the best eluting agent was found to be a 2% solution of propylamine. The lysozyme activity was determined after reacting lysozyme with the product of glycolchitin and Remazol Brilliant Blue R. The recovery of lysozyme from chicken egg white yields lysozyme with 55% activity.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(methoxygalacturonide) lyase (PMGL) (E.C. 4.2.2.10) was purified from a commercial preparation and immobilized by the metal link method. The properties of DEAE-cellulose-Ti-PMGL and of porous glass-Ti-PMGL were compared with those of the native enzyme; despite the presence of the metal and the heterogeneity of the substrate, pectin, typical substrate-enzyme-support interactions were demonstrated by shifts in pH optima and KM values. The possible industrial application of DEAE-cellulose-Ti-PMGL is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 107-118 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth behavior of Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a new cellulolytic fungus, has been examined in slurry fermentation systems using various chemically pretreated sawdusts from hardwoods as substrates. Both acid- and alkali-pretreatment methods were used and the fermentation media included the spent pretreatment liquor in an attempt to concurrently maximize substrate utilization and minimize the biological oxygen demand (BOD) level in the process effluent. Diauxic growth patterns were found in the three cases studied, suggesting an initial utilization of soluble hemicellulose sugars followed by utilization of the insoluble cellulose. This behavior patterns was supported by separate growth experiments using the major sugars of hemicellulose as carbon sources. The organism was found to be a good convertor of both cellulose and hemicelluloses into single cell protein (SCP). In terms of rate and extent of protein production in the insoluble biomass product, acid pretreatment appears to be better than alkali pretreatment if the product is intended as ruminant feed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 157-158 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 183-202 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models which relate the growth rate of a microorganism to a single limiting substrate concentration have long been established. In recent years, it has become apparent that, under certain conditions, the growth rate of an organism may be simultaneously limited by two or more substrates. Mathematical models of double-substrate limitation fall into two categories: interactive and no interactive models. A discussion of both types of models is presented in both conceptual and mathematical terms. An analogous case of an enzyme which requires two different substrates to produce a single product is presented. This enzyme analog indicates that both types of double-substrate limitation models appear to be feasible under certain conditions. Based upon stoichiometry and specific growth rate-substrate concentration contour plots, a method for determining the operational conditions which will lead to double-substrate limitation is presented.
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  • 19
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 159-182 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 1000 liter fermentor has been used to produce a continuous feed of Escherichia coli containing a high level of β-galactosidase. We have investigated the individual unit operations for the isolation of the enzyme: cell disruption, nucleic acid removal, protein precipitation, and solid-liquid separation after each stage. Using the information obtained we have been able to operate a semicontinuous process which when fully continuous would yield 100 g protein/hr, comprising 23% β-galactosidase.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 203-215 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Degradation kinetics for the treatment of straw paper wastewater in an activated sludge process have been studied and a kinetic model has been derived for both batch and continuous experiments. These two methods are reasonably equivalent only when rather low concentrations of substrate are involved. In other cases batch and continuous results are quite different. Both models, however, show a dependence upon concentration corresponding to that which is typical of multicomponent substrate degradation. The kinetic model derived from continuous tests appears to be more suitable for designing industrial processes in that it avoids oversizing of the aeration unit.
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  • 21
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 217-230 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of using hollow fiber membrane dialyzers (C-DAK) for immobilization of microbial whole cells was investigated. The cells are located on the shell side of the dialyzer, while substrates and products are free to diffuse across the hollow fiber membranes. The biochemical reaction studied was the conversion of L-histidine to urocanic acid and catalyzed by L-histidine ammonia-lyase. C-DAK dialyzers containing a heat-treated suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 11299b (with L-histidine ammonia-lyase activity) were incorporated into constant volume recycle reactor systems for continuous product formation. A simple model successfully correlated the data and predicted performance. It was found that the reaction was not likely to be diffusion limited, and such a cell immobilization scheme is convenient and workable for continuous production of biochemicals.
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  • 22
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 231-242 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Seven of 30 yeast stock cultures, covering nine genera, and 13 of 39 yeasts isolated from grapes gave positive reactions when screened for pectinolytic activity on pectin gel plates. The seven stock cultures covered six species and four genera. Only one of the yeasts, Saccharomyces fragilis Y49, excreted discernible pectinolytic activity into the fluid of shake flask cultures; the activity was partially constitutive and was repressed by high oxygen tensions.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two mixed immobilized enzyme systems, glucoamylase-glucose isomerase and glucose isomerase-glucose oxidase-catalase, were operated to verify theoretical predictions that optimal bifunctional catalyst configutations could exist superior to those where the catalysts were mixed uniformly or arranged sequentially in a tubular reactor. The experimental results for all three configurations conformed to the theoretical values sufficiently closely to support of optimal catalyst profiles.
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  • 24
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 267-280 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Performance of affinity chromatography columns was studied by measuring the rates of adsorption and elution of trypsin in a Sepharose 4B-soybean trypsin inhibitor column and a Sepharose 4B-arginine peptides column. The volumetric coefficient for trypsin transfer was evaluated from the break-through curves of trypsin, and elution profiles bed height of Sepharose 4B-STI column was estimated based on these results.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several microorganisms having higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NAD kinase, EC 2.7.1.23) activity were immobilized into polyacrylamide gel lattices. The enzyme activity yield by immobilization was highest in Achromobacter aceris AKU 0120. By the incubation of the immobilized A. aceris cells at pH 4.0, the NAD kinase activity increased and the adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-degradation activity disappeared completely. Enzymic properties of the immobilized A. aceris cells were investigated and compared with those of intact cells. The optimal pH and the optimal temperature of immobilized cells were the same as those of intact cells. Immobilized cell NAD kinase was more stable than that of intact cells. The operational half-life of immobilized cells was 20 days when the substrate solution was passed through a column packed with immobilized cells at a flow rate which gives a space velocity (SV) of 0.1 hr-1 at 37°C. On the other hand, the half-life of the intact cells was only 6 hr.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 27
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 287-291 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 28
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 333-348 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methanol oxidase produced by the yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL-1 was used for the enzymatic oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. The kinetics of enzyme and protein release during cell desruption were studied at the laboratory scale with a Braun homogenizer and the pilot plant scale with a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. Conditions were defined for maximum release and retention of high activity in cell-free extracts. Methanol oxidase was immobilized by adsorption on DEAE-cellulose from enzymes in cell-free extracts or from ammonium sulfate purified purified fractions. The kinetics of formaldehyde formation with both soluble and immobilized enzyme was studied in batch and continuous reactors.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 317-332 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents a review of the enzyme mechanisms involved in degradation of cellulose by the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum poulverulentum. The hydrolytic enzymes involved include: (1) five endo-1,4-β-glucanases; (2) one exo-1,4-β-glucanase, and (3) one or several 1,4-β-glucosidases. A recently discovered oxidative enzyme of importance in in vitro cellulose degradation seems to be a cellobiose oxidase. An oxidoreductase, cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase, is of importance both in cellulose and in lignin degradation. Regulatory mechanisms of the extracellular enzyme activities, such as monosugar levels causing catabolite repression of the endoglucanases, have also been investigated. The enzymes used by S. pulverulentum in cellulose hydrolysis are compared to those used by Trichoderma viride. Very similar types of enzymes are used in both cases. However, no oxidative enzyme has so far been found to be involved in extracellular cellulose degradation in the case of T. viride. Recommendations for further research are given.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 349-381 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a mathematical model of the lag phases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that incorporates the basic concepts previously presented in a two-stage deterministic model for the growth of this organism under conditions of oxygen excess with a sugar as the growth-limiting substrate. The model structure was suggested by an extensive investigation of the causes of the lag phases of S. cerevisiae which found that, in contrast to the traditionally accepted trends, the length of the lag phase was not inoculum-size dependent. This was consistent with other previously published work which suggested that a major factor in the length of the lag phases in S. cerevisiae was the need to synthesize adequate levels of glycolytic and respiratory enzymes. These suggestions were confirmed experimentally with lag-age data. Based on this conclusion a mathematical model was developed incorporating a description of the levels of glycolytic and respiratory enzymes and their effect on the growth rate and metabolism. This model was tested experimentally and the initial results indicate indicate that many aspects of the lag phase of this organism may be described mathematically. The experimental findings further support the concept of primary regulatory control proposed by Bijkerk and Hall.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 383-402 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized soybean β-amylase was prepared by using porous cellulose beads. The expressed activity of the β-amylase-cellulose beads conjugated below 35 mesh was 59-69% of the initial activity and the protein content was 10-13%. General properties of the conjugate were almost identical with those of the native enzyme except for the Km value. The Km value of the conjugate was 40mM and the Km value of the native enzyme was 0.6mM. This large difference was probably caused by pore structure, i.e., a pore diffusion problem. The film diffusion problem occurred at the flow rate below a linear velocity of 3 cm/min. Maximum maltose contents of the hydrolyzates prepared by the conjugate and the native enzyme were 69 and 71%, respectively. After a continuous column operation at 50°C for 17 days, the activity of the column was 60% of the activity. The half-life of the column at 40°C was 40 days.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 443-445 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 403-420 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Graphites of different manufacture and origin exert positive but different accelerations on the rate of oxidation of NADH to NAD+ in aqueous solution; different proportions of the oxidized form of NAD retain enzymatic activity depending on the nature of the graphite. Oxidative pretreatment of the graphite surfaces increases the rates of NADH oxidation, but subsequent silanization of the surfaces to attach alkylamine groups causes the rates to decrease. The experimental results suggest the presence of at least two types of sites on graphite surfaces: One very reactive site which produces a high percentage of an enzymatically inactive reaction product of NADH and is itself deactivated during the course of reaction, and another type of site which promotes the oxidation of NADH to enzymatically active NAD+ in high yields.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 421-442 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formaldehyde, an intermediate in methanol oxidation, plays an important role in controlling methanol utilization by microorganisms which fix carbon via the ribulose monophosphate (RMP) cycle. The extracellular formaldehyde concentration profiles in batch cultures at low and high starting methanol concentrations with and without the presence of semicarbazide in the media, suggest the role played by formaldehyde. The impact of formaldehyde on growth is demonstrated by the time dependent and the initial methanol concentration-dependent cell-mass-yield coefficient. Kinetic studies of the enzymes involved in the oxidation and incorporation of C1 units suggest that enzyme inhibition cannot account for the observed growth inhibition. A mechanism is proposed to explain methanol and formaldehyde utilization that stresses the transcriptional regulation of mass flow around formaldehyde in assimilation and oxidation pathways through repression and induction.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 447-450 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 451-453 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 455-459 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 461-462 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 465-485 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent experimental results show that the spreading coefficient frequently becomes positive when Candida lipolytica is cultivated on n-hexadecane. The effects of oil spreading at the surface of air bubbles in an airlift fermentor are examined using a mathematical model. The distribution of the oil phase with position and among the phases is determined using computer simulation. The simulation results qualitatively explain some of the experimental observations which have been previously reported.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The degree of emulsification, measured as surface area of oil generated, was studied. The effect of interfacial tension, volume fraction of oil, and power per unit volume on the Sauter mean diameter of the oil drops was determined in an airlift system with motionless mixers. A mathematical expression to predict the Sauter mean diameter was developed using regression techniques. From this equation another equation, which will predict the surface area of oil in terms of the same variables, was derived. The effects of water air surface tension and power per unit volume on the gas hold-up were obtained using similar techniques. The results show that the interfacial tension and the surface tension are important variables when hydrocarbon fermentations are carried out in airlift systems.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 503-525 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to compare the process economics of making glucose from cellulose, a plant design is presented using acid hydrolysis which can be compared with a published design using enzyme hydrolysis. A common design basis is used; namely, an input capacity of 885 ton/day newsprint with a common technique of cost estimation. The cost of making glucose is in the range of 1.75 to 2.45 cents/lb, depending on the slurry concentration fed to the reactor for the acid hydrolysis. This cost range is less than the published estimate of 5.2 cents/lb for enzymatic hydrolysis.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A penicillin sensitive enzyme electrode has been used to analyze the concentration of benzylpenicillin in fermentation broth. The electrode response time was in the region of 2 min and the response to penicillin concentration was linear within the range of 1 to 10mM. The buffering capacity of the medium influenced the sensitivity of the electrode. At low buffer capacity the sensitivity of the enzyme electrode to penicillin was very high, but then the sensitivity to small changes in buffer capacity was relatively large. At high buffer capacity the sensitivity to penicillin was reduced and the electrode became less dependent on changes to buffer capacity. Constant calibration curves were repeatedly obtained with the electrode when used for 2 hr daily in a fermentation medium over a six day period. Three methods devised to calibrate the electrode for use in fermentation media were investigated. Methods one and two, based on the relationship between electrode sensitivity and buffer capacity in phosphate buffer and in sterile media, gave rather high penicillin concentration values. The third method based on an internal standard was the most satisfactory.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 541-554 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fast enzymatic hydrolysis of D,L-phenylalanine methylester (DLE) to L-phenylalanine (LA) and D-phenylalanine methylester (DE) with immobilized α-chymotrypsin was chosen as a model reaction. Under the experimental conditions applied in the present investigations the pore diffusion is the rate-limiting step of this reaction owing to the pH gradient in the particles. The effectiveness of the catalyst is experimentally determined as a function of the substrate concentration based on measurements of the enzyme protein content of native and immobilized enzyme. The proteolytic reaction is theoretically treated by also using a pore diffusion model which takes into account the concentration gradients of substrate and product, pH- and enzyme activity profiles, as well as the change of buffer capacity of the solute in the catalyst particles. The model parameters were experimentally determined for the investigated system. It can be shown that conditions are possible for which the effectiveness of the catalyst exceeds unity.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 555-565 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Culture broths of cellulolytic fungi were used together with commercial amylases to enhance the saccharification of cassava starch slurry. It was found that the addition of appropriate concentration of the cellulases Trichoderma viride and a soil isolated Basidiomycete, increased both the rate of sugar formation and the degree of solubilization, and decreased the viscosity of the hydrolyzates. Owing to the improvement of the rheological properties of the must, and the additional sugar produced, an increased ethanol yield would be expected from the alcoholic fermentation of this hydrolyzate.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 567-575 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of two grinding methods, hammer milling and defibrizing by disk refining, on the fermentability of ryegrass straw were investigated. Disk refined or defibrized straw produced more sugar than hammer milled straw. Release of sugar was especially pronounced when H2SO4 was added to the straw during the defibrizing process. In vitro rumen digestibility was significantly higher (P 〈 0.1) for defibrized than for hammer milled straw. With semisolid culture the level of yeast growth was about three times as high on the defibrized as on hammer milled straw. A scanning electron micrograph revealed that defibrizing removed the waxy surface of the straw as well as separating fiber bundles, so that the surface area of the exposed fiber structure was increased.
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 577-587 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase that Streptomyces R61 excretes during growth has been produced in large fermentation units of 15 m3 total capacity. The yield from 15,000 liter culture filtrate was 1.080 g purified enzyme (92% purity) with a total recovery of 29% and at least a 2000-fold increased specific activity.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 601-603 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 589-599 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combining acid cottage cheese whey and the lime-sulfide effluent from tannery unhairing processes spontaneously coprecipitates the whey proteins with the large peptides and proteins of the tannery waste. The floculation of the denatured protein material also carries down the hide pigments, excess lime, and the casein fines from the whey. The clear supernatant contains lactose, sulfur in various states of oxidation, free amino acids, peptides, and ammonium salts, but no detectable macromolecular proteins. The recovered solid products, which contain more than 20% of the original nitrogen, appear to have a good balance of essential amino acids although actual composition varies with the composition of the raw wastes. Feed supplements may possibly by obtained by this method from two presently wasted industrial effluents.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 605-610 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 611-617 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 619-624 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 625-636 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with optimization of the operating mode of a fermentor. Combining the various modes of operation - batch, semibatch, and continuous - the operating pattern which maximizes the desired metabolic product in a single fermentor is determined by using Kelley's transformation method with Pontryagin's maximum principle. Kelley's transformation method is a device which avoids the singular situation which occurs when the usual procedure of selecting the optimal control function by the maximum principle breaks down. This is the case in the problem considered in this paper. For lysine fermentation, the best operating mode depends on the fermentor capacity and operating time. The results of this study are summarized thus: (i) when the operating time is “long enough,” optimal conditions require that continuous operation follows either semibatch and/or batch operation, and (ii) when the fermentor capacity becomes “large enough,” semibatch operation becomes important.
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 637-663 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized mechanistic model for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is developed and expressed mathematically. The model is based on Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics for concurrent random and endwise attack of the substrate involving end-product inhibitions and three types of enzymes: an endo-β;-1,4-glucanase, an exo-β-1,4-glucanase, and β-glucosidase. Basic parameters of the model which can explain synergistic and other effects observed experimentally are quantified and discussed. It is shown that cellulose degradation kinetics are expected to be strongly affected by the ratio of endo- to exocellulases in the reaction mixture as indicated by previous experimental data, and the substrate degree of polymerization, a factor not fully appreciated in previous studies, which appear to be overridingly important in many practical cases.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 665-676 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pullulanase was immobilized successfully by simple, inexpensive methods that may be useful for industrial application of this enzyme. A tannin-pullulanase(TP) complex was obtained by addition of tannic acid to the culture filtrate of thermophilic Streptomyces flavochromogenes. TP could be bound to TEAE-cellulose (TTCP). Immobilization in this manner took place with quantitative retention of activity. The immobilized enzymes were stable for more than six months. The optimum temperatures of the native enzyme and TP were both 50°C; that of TTCP was 45°C. In the presence of 5mM Ca2+, the activity of TTCP was increased approximately twofold and the optimum temperature was raised to 50-60°C. Pullulanase was not significantly eluted from TP or TTCP by NaCl Solution (0.1-0.5M).
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 677-696 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of waste characteristics on the removal of suspended solids and soluble phosphorus by alum, Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, was investigated in an activated sludge system with no cellular recycle. Under the conditions presently studied, it was found that sludge organisms grown in nitrogen- and phosphorus-restricted media possess exceptionally large capsules and produce a higher surface electric charge per unit of fry weight. Chemical demand for separation of these capsulated cells is obviously higher than those solids cultivated under a well-balanced nutrient condition. For phosphorus removal, the molar ratio of Al+3:P is a function of the initial concentrations of soluble phosphorus and suspended solids in solution. The relationship between percent phosphorus removal and the quantity of chemical coagulent used shows nonstoichiometric relationship; that is, the required molar ratio of Al+3:P is always greater than one and directly depends upon the content of suspended solids in the flocculated media. Moreover, the present study indicated that chemical separation of dispersed microorganisms occurred following phosphorus removal.
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 697-707 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen absorption enhancement in a sodium sulfite solution was studied in the absence and presence of copper catalyst both for absorption across the liquid surface in a stirred cell and for absorption from individual bubbles rising through a turbulent liquid. The enhancement factor was determined from the ratio of oxygen and argon mass transfer coefficients, measured under identical experimental conditions in the same batch of liquid. It has been found that the oxygen absorption is not chemically enhanced, as long as the mass transfer coefficient, kL0, is high enough, i.e., higher than the value 1.4 × 10-4 m sec-1 for the sulfite solution we used. An analysis of our data as well as literature data indicates that the sulfite system is poorly suited for studies of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of physical absorption (kL0a) in fermentors, inasmuch as oxygen absorption can be chemically enhanced while the degree of enhancement depends on the operating conditions of batch aeration, as well as on the concentration of trace impurities with catalytic effects upon the sulfite solution used.
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  • 65
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 709-726 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel fermentation device, the rotorfermentor, is described and some experimental results are presented on power requirements and oxygen mass transfer characteristics of the rotorfermentor. This fermentation device is designed to achieve high cell concentrations in batch and continuous cultures. Basically, the rotorfermentor consists of a rotating microporous membrane which is enclosed within a stationary fermentor vessel. The metabolic products in the broth are continuously removed by filtration through the rotating microporous membrane while the growing cells can be retained inside the fermentor. This dual function of cell growth and concentration with the simultaneous removal of metabolic products is the essential characteristic of the rotorfermentor.
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 755-766 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of soluble thiol reagents on the extractability of protein from yeast cells was studied. The incubation of yeast cells with dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, or monothioglycerol markedly stimulated the release of soluble carbohydrates into the medium. There was a concomitant improvement (over twofold) in the extractability of protein from the yeast cells. The thiol reagents activated the proteolytic enzymes of the yeast cells. Unless inactivated, these enzymes hydrolyze the extracted protein.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 727-753 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of microbial growth and product formation are described as applied to the high cell concentration scheme of the rotorfermentor. A bench scale pilot plant was designed and built in order to demonstrate the operational feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The fermentation of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126 was used. When the rotorfermentor was used with a glucose feed concentration of 104 g/liter almost 100% glucose utilization was obtained and the ethanol productivity rate was 27.3 g ethanol/liter hr which was found to be about 10 times greater than the ethanol productivity obtained from an ordinary continuous stirred tank (CST) Fermentor. The ethanol experimental results obtained from the rotorfermentor and an ordinary CST fermentor were used as a basis to assess the economic feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The economics of an industrial scale ordinary CST fermentor with and without cell recycle is compared with a rotorfermentor unit for the same ethanol production throughput. For the process conditions considered on this case, calculations showed that the rotorfermentor may replace both a CST fermentor and cell centrifuge resulting in lower capital equipment costs and lower power consumption requirements.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 767-768 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 769-772 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 70
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 773-779 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 781-797 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A two-parameter theoretical model is developed to evaluate the effect of immobilized enzyme deactivation on substrate conversion in fixed- and fluid-bed reactors under diffusion-free conditions. The method describes a simple reaction in which three different immobilized enzyme deactivation forms are considered, and an expression is developed to evaluate the effect of immobilized enzyme deactivation on yield in a consecutive reaction. Comparison of reactor performances for the two reactor types reduces to a comparison of the appropriate dimensionless parameters. The practical implications of the development are illustrated through an example.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 799-807 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new sensor for the continuous determination of ethanol during the production of yeasts, growing aerobically on fermentable sugars, is described. The operating principle is based on the detection of ethanol vapor in the exit air. A description of the sensor with a diagram of the measuring electronics is supplied. It was designed for the determination of ethanol contents up to 3 g/liter in aqueous solutions at 30°C. The sensitivity is very high  -  1 ppm ethanol being detectable under these conditions. The aeration rate dose not affect the output signal in a wide range (0.5-2 v/v/m). Besides the unspecific sensitivity of the sensor to other easily oxidizable substances, the influence of the pO2 in the exit air, however, must be taken into account. The application of the sensor is shown in a fed-batch culture of bakers' yeast where aerobic fermentation is caused by increasing the glucose feed rate.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 809-819 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a steady-state oxygen concentration is measured with a membrane-covered probe in an open system, the oxygen consumption in the unstirred layer gives rise to an error of measurement whose seriousness depends on the kinetics of the oxygen-consuming process. First-order oxygen consumption in the sample causes a proportional reduction in the signal so that the calibration in curve remains linear. A zeroth-order process causes the calibration curve to be offset from the origin, but it remains linear. Oxygen consumption according to the Michaelis-Menten equation causes the calibration curve to become nonlinear with the maximum deviation at the lower end of the scale. The error determines a lower limit for usefulness of membrane-covered probes. Steady-state kinetics at oxygen concentrations in the order of KM cannot be determined with a membrane-covered probe for enzyes with KM for oxygen lower than 0.01μM. In a dense culture of respiring microorganisms, no oxygen will reach the probe when the bulk concentration of oxygen is in the order of KM.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 837-846 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatic method using dyed cellulose as a substrate was developed to determine the solubilizing activity of a cellulase complex. The automatic analyzer was connected to a fermentor and enzyme activity was successfully assayed during fermentation. A useful sampling arrangement was developed and the analysis was sensitive enough to make a short reaction time possible. Cellulase production with Trichoderma viride was used as a model process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 821-835 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies have been performed in a tubular flow reactor to characterize the deactivation of immobilized glucose oxidase. The effects of oxygen concentration in the range of 0.09 to 0.467mM and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 10mM were studied. A simple mathematical model assuming first-order reaction and deactivation was found to describe the deactivation behavior adequately. The deactivation rate constant was found to increase with increasing levels of feed oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide was found to deactivate the enzyme severely and the deactivation rate constants were higher than those for oxygen deactivation. The influence of external and internal diffusion effects on the deactivation rate constant were examined. Although diffusional restrictions were negligible for oxygen transfer to the pellet, they were significant for transfer of hydrogen peroxide to the bulk stream. Increasing deactivation rates. Severe internal diffusion limitations were observed for the glucose oxidase system. However, for particle sizes in the range of 500 to 2000 μm, no effect on the rate of deactivation of the enzyme was observed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 847-863 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrolysis of cellulose by Trichoderma viride cellulase reached a plateau after some 25 hr. If the initial enzyme-to-substrate ratio was low, resuspension of substrate in fresh enzyme or addition of enzyme resulted in further high rate hydrolysis. This did not occur if the initial ratio was high. Over 75% hydrolysis might be achieved in the former case, while less than 60% in the latter. A model postulating inactivation of adsorbed enzyme-substrate complex which blocked further hydrolysis was proposed, and it was found to fit the data well. The proposed model had five parameters, four of which could be checked by graphical methods, and all of which had physical meanings. The parameters were estimated by a nonlinear least-squares minimization FORTRAN computer program, using numerical integration and optimization of the parameters. The model was used to predict the resuspension data, powdered enzyme addition data, cellobiose addition data, and cellulose addition data; the deviations from the model are discussed. It was found that average values could be used for four out of the five parameters, while the fifth (initial enzyme concentration) did not correlate with independent measurements such as the filter paper activity or protein concentration.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 903-912 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 899-901 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 913-916 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 865-898 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models are developed describing unsteady-state bacterial growth on organic polymers that are hydrolyzed by extracellular enzymes secreted by the bacteria to yield low-molecular-weight oligomers that may be directly transported across bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and hence metabolized. Two different modes of extracellular enzyme action on the organic polymer are considered. In one case, the enzyme is exoacting yielding a transportable oligomer with each polymer bond hydrolyzed. In the other case, the enzyme is endoacting yielding a series of oligomers upon random cleavage of the polymer bonds with oligomers up to a certain chain length assumed to be transportable. These models are exploited to show under what circumstances the rate of hydrolysis by the extracellular enzyme to yield transportable oligomers influences the bacterial growth rate. It is shown that an initial lag period, an accentuated declining growth phase, and a low overall rate of bacterial growth will be some of the manifestations when the rate of hydrolysis has a strong influence.
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  • 82
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 917-920 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 921-925 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 927-935 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 937-938 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 939-1001 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbial polysaccharides are rapidly emerging as a new and important source of polymeric materials. These biopolymers have novel and unique properties and already have found a wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. In view of the impending importance of polysaccharides as an industrial commodity, there is renewed interest in the area of product and process development. This paper summarizes the state-of-the art in polysaccharide fermentations. An attempt is being made to review the following areas: rheological characteristics of polysaccharide solutions, mixing and power requirements of polysaccharides and other highly viscous non-Newtonian systems, oxygen mass transfer, and scale-up problems encountered in polysaccharide fermentations.
    Additional Material: 43 Ill.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthan gum is a heteropolysaccharide synthesized by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 and is composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid, in addition to acetic and pyruvic acids. Different amounts of pyruvic acid ketal are found in various preparations which can influence the viscosities of dilute xanthan solutions. Polysaccharide production on synthetic media was studied in small-scale fermentors. Fermentation conditions were established for production of both high and low pyruvic acid gums (about 4 and 2% pyruvic acid, respectively). Low nitrogen [0.1% (NH4)2HPO4] and air (0.25 vol/liter/min) levels favor production of low pyruvate gum; increasing (NH4)2HPO4 to 0.15%, adding K2HPO4, and increasing the air flow to 1.5 vol/liter/min favored production of normal gum. Both processes gave xanthan yields of 50 to 60%, based on 2.5% initial D-glucose substrate, in two to three days. Differences in pyruvic acid content and in the quantity of gum produced under a given set of conditions were attributed to strain variability. Substrains were isolated that have desirable characteristics for production of xanthan gum; i.e., the ability to give good yields of high-pyruvate gum when grown on both complex and synthetic media.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feed value of annual ryegrass straw was improved by treatment with various concentrations of NaOH or NH3 followed by fermentation of the treated straw with a mixed culture of Cellulomonas sp. and Alcaligenes faecalis. Laboratory feeding trials with voles showed that NaOH or NH3 treatment considerably increased the feed efficiency of straw, but apparently gave a poorly palatable product. Fermentation tended to decrease the in vitro rumen digestibility (IVRD) of alkali-treated straw. The fermentations were carried out aerobically on a semisolid straw matrix having 11-86% moisture. Treatment by both NaOH and NH3 increased the IVRD of straw. NH3 also increased the nitrogen content in straw. The optimum condition for alkaline treatment of the straw was 4-6% NaOH for 1 hr or with 3% NH3 for four weeks at room temperature. A minimum of 63% moisture was needed for significant fermentation of the straw. The combined effects of NaOH treatment and fermentation more than doubled crude protein, doubled crude fat, and increased IVRD by 75%. The NH3 plus fermentation treatment tripled crude protein, doubled crude fat, and increased IVRD by 60%. Acetic acid was the main volatile fatty acid in the fermented straw.
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  • 90
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1027-1035 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fusarium moniliforme was grown on a carob aqueous extract in a chemostat for fungal protein production. The substrate was adjusted to provide 0.5% carob sugars supplemented with inorganic salts. The dilution rate varied from 0.086 to 0.227 hr-1 under constant conditions of temperature (30°C), pH (4.5), and oxygen saturation (60-80%). A yield of 0.709 g dry mycelium/g consumed carob sugar and a productivity value of 0.687 g dry mycelium/liter hr-1 were obtained at μ = 0.205 hr-1. The maintenance coefficient was 0.077 g carob sugar/g dry mycelium hr-1. While the carbohydrate and purine content of dry mycelium increased at μ values from 0.114 to 0.205 hr-1 both true (Lowry) and crude (N × 6.25) protein contents decreased at the same μ range. Maximum values of 36.3% true and 47.9% crude protein of dry mycelium were obtained at μ = 0.114 hr-1, whereas a minimum purine content of 99.8 μmol/g corresponding to 6.42% nucleic acids was recorded at μ = 0.086 hr-1. It was concluded that a continuous fermentation of carob aqueous extract using F. moniliforme should be operated at growth rates of approximately 0.205 hr-1 in order to maximize protein production.
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  • 91
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1037-1044 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous processing has been applied to human plasma fractionation by the cold ethanol process. On-line pH control of ±0.05 pH units, flow control of ±1%, and temperature control of ±0.5°C have been achieved. Optimization of precipitation pHs has been carried out for purifying plasma protein fractions and albumin. During precipitation, the irreversible nature of the pH overshoots has been demonstrated. Compared to the batch processing mode, the continuous scheme produces an increased yield between 6 to 11%.
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1045-1061 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trichoderma reesei QM 9123 has been grown in batch culture in a 10 liter stirred fermentor, at a temperature of 30°C and pH 4.0. The fermentor was operated at a single stirrer speed of 400 rpm and air rate of 1 v/v/m. The effect of four inoculum sizes (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0%) on the growth pattern and the aeration profiles was examined. Logarithmic growth of the fungus was observed. The aeration profile changed with inoculum size and at 5.0%, it was found that the oxygen uptake rate was controlled by the oxygen supply rate, during which the oxygen tension was zero.
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  • 93
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1063-1084 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eleven species of fungi representative of a broad range of cell-wall compositions were evaluated with respect to their papermaking potential as additives to woodpulp furnishes. Some of these species were also examined for their ability to grow on a spent liquor from the pulp-and-paper industry. Handsheets with various levels of incorporated mycelia exhibited a wide range of species-dependent properties. Behavior of the mycelia in the sheets can be modified to a degree by physical and chemical treatments. The overall results suggest that small amounts (5-10% of the sheet constituents) of mycelia, grown inexpensively on waste effluents, might be incorporated into wood fiber paper without serious deleterious effects on paper strength properties. In some cases improved paper is obtained, and larger quantities of mycelia might be used to impart specific properties to the product.
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1085-1095 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of immobilized preparations of xanthine oxidase and urate oxidase was studied, and optimized, because of the potential joint use of both enzymes in clinical analysis. Xanthine oxidase was immobilized on cellulose, Sepharose, hornblende, Enzacryl-TIO, and Porous glass. The half-lives of these preparations at 30°C ranged from 40 min to 5.0 hr. In this respect immobilized enzyme resembled soluble enzyme in dilute solution (0.11 mg/ml), when the half-live was about 3.5 hr. More concentrated enzyme solution (1 mg/ml), had a half-life of 64 hr, and was, therefore, considerably more stable than the untreated immobilized xanthine oxidase preparations. Inclusion of albumen in storage and assay buffer increased the half-life of bound xanthine oxidase. So also did treatment with glutaraldehyde: in the case of xanthine oxidase bound to Enzacryl-TIO such treatment increased the half-life at 30°C from 3 hr to about 100 hr. Immobilized xanthine dehydrogenase was more stable than immobilized xanthine oxidase: the dehydrogenase lost no activity during continuous assay for 5 hr at 30°C. The stability of immobilized urate oxidase depended on the quantity of enzyme used and on the time of stirring during immobilization: thus a preparation was made (by stirring urate oxidase (48 mg/g support) with Enzacryl-TIO for 24 hr) which lost no activity during 350 hr at 30°C.
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  • 95
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1097-1100 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 96
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1101-1104 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1105-1110 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1117-1123 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1111-1115 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1125-1128 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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