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  • Digitale Medien  (862)
  • 1970-1974  (862)
  • 1970  (862)
  • Physics  (526)
  • Chemical Engineering  (282)
  • Engineering General  (54)
Materialart
  • Digitale Medien  (862)
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1970-1974  (862)
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: An empirical equation is presented which describes polymer solution viscosity, η, over the entire concentration range from a knowledge of intrinsic viscosity, [η], Huggins constant, k′, and bulk flow viscosity of polymer, η0. The equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{\eta _{sp}}}{{C[\eta]}} = \exp \left\{{\frac{{{\rm k'[}\eta {\rm]C}}}{{1 - bC}}} \right\} $\end{document} where solution viscosity, η, is contained in ηsp. No arbitrary parameters are invoked since b can be evaluated at bulk polymer (C = polymer density) where everything else is known. The equation accurately portrays the viscosity of polypropylene oxide (PPG 2025) from infinite dilution to bulk polymer in a very good solvent (benzene) and in a somewhat poorer (∼ θ) solvent (methylcyclohexane). The hydrodynamic consequences of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent are reflected in the constants. This equation should be applicable to other polymer/solvent systems, and thus be immediately useful to those working with concentrated polymer solutions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 24-31 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Flow at the entrance of a tube or channel is of interest in many polymer processes. Except for mathematical treatments at high Reynolds numbers and in creeping Newtonian flow, one must turn to empirical correlating equations and qualitative observations. These are discussed in two parts, one on pressure drop and the other on flow patterns. The discussion of pressure drop is largely a review, dealing with inertial, viscous, and elastic contributions to the pressure drop in tapered and sharp-edged entrances; also presented are new data for a viscoelastic polymer solution in tapered cone entrances. In the section on flow patterns, stress birefringent data for a very elastic solution flowing into a channel entrance show an unusual effect: stress discontinuities, not unlike “shock waves,” upstream and downstream of the entrances. This is in contrast to Newtonian and less elastic materials in which the stress patterns change gradually between the developed flow region and the entrance region.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 48-53 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: An approximate theoretical treatment is given for small compressions of bonded rubber blocks. The component of the compressive force arising from the bonded condition at the loaded surfaces is obtained from a pressure distribution within the block, given by the solution of the corresponding torsion problem. The bending of blocks is treated in a similar way, the pressure distribution in this case being derived from the corresponding bending stress function. The apparent shear of relatively thick blocks is then treated as a combination of shear and bending displacements. The location of an internal rupture and the deformation at which it occurs are also derived from a critical (negative) value of the pressure developed within the block, at which a small cavity increases indefinitely in size. The corresponding critical deformations are calculated for extension and bending displacements. The shear stresses developed at the bonded surfaces under extension, compression or bending displacements are also evaluated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The structure of isotactic polypropylene, obtained by means of Ziegler-Natta catalysis, can be characterized only by molecular weight distribution. The mechanism of stereospecific catalysis eliminates other variables, i.e., short and long branching. In this case it is possible to develop a rheological study dependent only by polydispersity. The spectrum of relaxation times of five samples of polypropylene have been calculated from swelling measurement in the molten state and from flow master curves. The molecular weight distribution of the samples has been calculated by means of the relaxation spectrum, as suggested by Ferry. This information has been compared with that obtained by a fractionation method. There is a good agreement between the calculated and measured polydispersity curves.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 102-107 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A description of tensile failure of polymeric materials under multiaxial loading has been formulated, based on a combination of ideas and implications derived from Smith's work on uniaxial tensile failure envelopes and the author's earlier theoretical work. Some simplification of the formal expressions was achieved by imposing restrictions that would assure that the uniaxial failure envelope is recovered under uniaxial tensile stress conditions and that the progression toward failure is monotonically increasing under monotonically increasing loads. The final result emerges as an extension of the uniaxial failure envelope applied to failure under multiaxial loads. Subsequently, the result is capable of describing rate effects to the same extent as can be described by the uniaxial failure envelope. This is an added capability over many of the existing multiaxial failure descriptions. Unfortunately, the result applied at best, only to those materials for which the uniaxial failure envelope applies; thus the generality is restricted. Some preliminary verification is presented for LX-04-1, a high-explosive material composed of 85% HMX and 15% Viton by weight, using Peterman's results from 68°F biaxial tests. Further experimental work is underway.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: When plastics are used for outdoor applications, they often deteriorate fairly rapidly. Theoretical explanation is based upon absorption of ultraviolet energy, raising some bonds to an energy level which exceeds their stability, and thus initiating their breakdown, usually involving atmospheric oxidation and sometimes hydrolysis as well. This theory is satisfactory for many polymers, but does not explain the instability of some polymers which are transparent to ultraviolet, nor the stability of some polymers which contain ultraviolet-absorbing and/or unstable groups. Plastics are often stabiliized by addition of ultraviolet reflectors, absorbers, or deactivators, increasing stability sufficiently for outdoor use; theoretical explanation of their protective action is satisfactory when they work, but does not explain their specificity or their failures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The residence time distribution (RTD) functions were derived for screw extruders, based on the “parallel plate” and curved channel flow models. The results indicate a relatively narrow distribution, and they explain several characteristics of screw extruders. The strain distribution in the fluid across the channel was also derived. With the aid of these two functions an average strain of the fluid leaving the extruder was defined. The resulting weighted-average total strain (WATS) provides a quantitative criterion to the “goodness of mixing” in extruders.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The thermal instability of polybutadiene-based rubber used to improve the impact strength of vinyl-type polymers often presents processing problems. Rubber manufacturers have attempted to alleviate this situation by incorporating various types of stabilizers. However, this is not always successful. One of the consequences of using a rubber that is not sufficiently stable in the production of modified vinyl-type polymers is the formation of insoluble gel particles during processing. In an attempt to prevent this from occurring, a test was developed that can differentiate between rubbers of acceptable and non-acceptable thermal stability. In principle, the test consists of exposing the rubber in question to a controlled thermal abuse of such intensity and duration as to approximate the thermal abuse to which the rubber will be subjected in a normal processing sequence. (The extent of abuse will vary for different processes and must be empirically established for each system.) Following this controlled exposure, the rubber is tested for gel-particle content by filtration of a specific solution, much the same way that the rubber manufacturer tests for initial gel-particle content. Sufficient data have been compiled to statistically describe the validity of the test.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The recent history of planar reinforced plastic resins, including glass flake, high modulus ceramic flake, and continuous vapor coated film composites, is reviewed. The theoretical mechanics of both continuous (film) and discontinuous (flake and ribbon) reinforcements are summarized in simple form. A novel set of design curves is presented from which the lower bound requirements for the flake composite constitutents may be read directly. At the same time, the dependence of the composite ultimate strength on the shear strength of the plastic resin matrix is demonstrated.The mechanical properties of experimental film and flake composites representative of recent work are reported and compared with the theoretical predictions. In conclusion, the potential of planar reinforced plastic resin composites is discussed and found to be significant for applications where low weight and high isotropic stiffness are required, for example in aero-structural, airfoil, or blade components.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A new method of treating torque rheometer test data has been developed. First, it involves converting the torque values measured over a range of temperatures to torques corresponding to a constant reference temperature. Then the log of the calculated torques is plotted against time. The method has been applied to several polypropylene grades, and the effects of numerous test variables have been explored. Correlations have been developed between torque rheometer data and fundamental polymer properties of viscosity and molecular weight. The method should also be applicable to polymers other than polypropylene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The use of a commercially available thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) operated in its isothermal mode is illustrated for studies of penetration of a hemispherically-tipped probe into a material sample. Two amorphous copolymers were studied at various temperatures above their softening points. Kinetics of penetration are compared with tensile creep measurements for these viscoelastic materials. A simple semi-empirical relationship between creep and penetration at small strains is applied and found to yield approximate although not exact agreement with experiment. It is thus possible that for homogeneous materials of this type creep data might be easily predicted with a fair degree of accuracy from penetration data and vice versa. Experimental problems involved in the TMA penetration technique are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic mechanical properties of blends of polymer melts were measured using the orthogonal rheometer. Two-phase blends, polyethylene-polystyrene, polyethylene-poly-(methylmethacrylate), and polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate, were studied. The in-phase and out-of-phase moduli were measured over the range of composition and at frequencies between 10-4 and 10 revolutions/sec.The out-of-phase modulus increases in a monotonic manner with composition. The in-phase modulus, however, shows a maximum with composition in two cases. Examination of the relaxation spectra of these blends shows that when no maximum occurs it can be written as an additive function of the spectra of the components. In the case where a maximum is observed in the modulus the measured spectrum of the blend is shifted in frequency relative to the calculated one. This is tentatively attributed to slight interpretation and solubility of one phase in the other in these cases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 358-363 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: When a thin-walled rubber tube containing an incompressible fluid is compressed between two parallel plates the internal pressure rise depends on the restraints in the contact regions. When there is no friction in the contact zone the pressure rise is lower than when slip is prevented, so that the tube, regarded as a spring, has a compression stiffness which depends on the frictional conditions. The same considerations apply to the inflation of a tube between fixed parallel plates. In this case unstable inflation sets in at a critical pressure when the interfaces are frictionless; the tube develops a pronounced bulge when this pressure is approached. Simple theoretical relations are derived for the internal pressure and compressive force for both these deformations, and for both boundary conditions, assuming that the rubber is Neo-Hookean in elastic behavior. Experimental measurements on tubes of different dimensions are shown to be in reasonably good quantitative agreement with these theoretical predictions in all cases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 364-368 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A diffusional model was established to study the kinetics of thermally-induced solid state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Diffusion through solid polymer is the rate controlling step when temperature is higher than 210°C and particle size is no smaller than 100 mesh. The activation energy is 30 Kcal/g mole. In polymerizing powders (20-200 mesh), the crystallinity of prepolymer and its changes during the polymerization affect the diffusivity and thus the polymerization rate. The diffusivity was found to be linearly proportional to the mass fraction of the amorphous phase in PET polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 383-387 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The object of measurement was the diffusion of elemental sulphur labelled with the radioisotope S35 in typical representatives for various types of rubber. The highest values of diffusion coefficient have been found in cis 1,4 polybutadiene. The lowest measured value was found for butyl rubber. The activation energy, expressing the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients, ranges from 4 to 10 kcal mol-1. For some rubbers studied, the activation energy is to a certain degree dependent upon temperature. The values of the diffusion coefficients and the characteristic constants for their temperature dependence are related to the mobility of the macromolecular segments.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetics of the molecular vaporization process of 21 plasticizers were investigated in detail. By both isothermal and nonisothermal kinetic methods, it was evident that 11 were quite pure single compounds, while 10 were clearly mixtures of compounds. For the single component species internal energies for vaporization and rates of volatilization are listed. The internal energies of vaporization are about one-half or less of values one can estimate from the additive factor method of Small. Thus, solubility parameters based on our experimental values are low by about 30 percent. From this and previous work on linear alkanes, it is concluded that in the molecular vaporization process, the large organic molecules studied evaporate approximately as spheres and hence low values for the energy of vaporization are obtained. Consequently, the difference between our experimental energy and that estimated from solubility parameters is the energy for extending the molecule in a vacuum environment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 43-47 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In this paper the results of both the theoretical and experimental stress analyses of composite materials reinforced with ribbons are presented. The reinforcing materials for such composites are characterized as two-dimensional elements which are isotropic in planes parallel to the faces. The theoretical work is based on the finite element method. Experimentally, the photoelastic technique is employed to determine the stresses around the glass ribbons embedded in an epoxy matrix. The specimens, containing a number of aligned ribbons, were loaded in tension parallel to the ribbon width. The variation of shearing stress at the ribbon-matrix interface as well as the pertubation effect on both the ribbon normal stress and interfacial shear due to the discontinuity of the neighboring ribbons are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 66-69 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Relaxation modulus curves for narrow distribution and broad distribution polystyrenes are compared and the significant effect of molecular weight distribution on these curves is shown. An empirical three-parameter equation is shown to describe the stress relaxation behavior of narrow distribution polystyrenes. New data for high molecular weight, narrow distribution polystyrenes are presented and used to extend the applicability of previous quantitative relations for higher molecular weights. The stress relaxation technique is shown to be sensitive to the type of plasticizer used at low concentrations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 94-101 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The two main flow defects which appear to originate in the processing machine or die are melt fracture and sharkskin. Both are associated with the elastic nature of the polymer melt. Processing variations that decrease the elastic nature of the melt diminish the severity of the effects of melt fracture. These include increased die length and temperature and shear at temperatures at which polymer segmental mobility is not too high. The sheared, less elastic melt structure may sometimes be stabilized by polymeric additives. A simple model is presented to account for this behavior, which is illustrated with examples of polyethylene and plasticized PVC.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 130-130 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 38-42 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Studies have been made of the heat and light induced oxidation of ether linked commercial thermoplastics using a variety of analytical methods. Our studies on polyoxymethylene, polyphenylene oxide, and its blends with polystyrene are discussed here. Comparisons of heat and light stability are made with thermoplastics previously reported.Heat aging of polyoxymethylene causes a decrease in elongation and weight as well as volatile product formation and changes in the infrared spectrum indicative of chain scission. Exposure to ultraviolet light accelerates the oxidative reaction. Polyoxymethylene copolymer is more thermally stable but both polymers are rapidly degraded during light aging.Investigation of the heat and light induced oxidation of polyphenylene oxide shows that oxidation, in either case, leads to a crosslinking reaction resulting in embrittlement of the polymer. The process is difficult to retard. However, oxygen uptake results indicate that blends of polyphenylene oxide and polystyrene can be suitably stabilized against thermal oxidation. Preliminary results indicate that oxidation of these blends proceeds by a chain scission mechanism.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The flow behaviors of a series of polyvinylchloride (PVC) resins covering a broad range of molecular weight have been examined at several temperatures. It has been shown that the influence of temperature on viscosity depends on the temperature range. That is, the flow activation energy is not constant but can be approximated by two values, one applicable to low temperatures, the other to high temperatures.The flow activation energy based on viscosities at constant shear rate decreases as the molecular weight increases. In contrast, the flow activation energy from viscosities at constant shear stress increases with molecular weight.The fact that the activation energy is dual valued does not seem to be associated with the polymer type. Both emulsion and suspension resins exhibit this behavior. Addition of certain modifiers appears to alter the activation energy at lower temperatures. These observations indicate that the shift in the activation energy in the low temperature range is due to a change in the flow mechanism.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 86-93 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Boron fiber reinforced composites have been extensively evaluated in epoxy resin matrix materials, which are satisfactory for applications in comparatively moderate environments, and are usually inapplicable at temperatures in excess of 400°F. For use in high temperature environments in excess of this figure, it is necessary to use more thermally stable resins. A modified phenolic resin was selected for this application because of the versatility of the material and the successful performance of phenolics in glass fiber reinforced structures. The modifications increased the viscosity and tack of the formulation so that consolidation could not be readily accomplished by a combination of tension and heat during the winding process, so that a multi-stage winding process with intermediate consolidation steps became necessary. Winding a complex path to make a uniformly thick wall on a frustrum required further modifications to the basic winding process. The successful solution of these problems and the development of structurally sound composites was the primary object of this work.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This paper discusses the influence of fiber-glass reinforcement content on the physical properties of four theroplastic injection molded materials. In addition, the effects of binder difference (i.e., thermoplastic vs. thermosetting), associated with the reinforcement, are described.Several properties that were expected to show response to glass content and binder differences have been examined. Among these are short- and long-term tensile strength, flexural properties, compressive resistance, impact strength, deflection temperature under load (DTL), and environmental stress cracking.This work has demonstrated that fiber-glass reinforcement of the particular thermoplastics described in this paper has led to substantial improvements in both the stiffness and strength characteristics of the base resins. The responses to binder chemistry difference was found to be slight in many instances for the resins, as reflected by the tests described herein. However, the long-term tensile, impact, DTL, and stress-cracking tests have shown considerable sensitivity to binder change in some cases, especially with respect to the polypropylene, SAN and polyamide plastics. The particular response to a given binder system, however, appears to vary both with the material under test and the property used to detect such response.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The capillary flow instability resulting in extrudate distortion has been studied for ethylene polymer melts using a molecular structure approach. It is found that the instability initiates at a critical value of elastic strain energy independent of (average) molecular weight for linear polyethylene. Once the flow breaks down, a slip interface within the melt is formed near the capillary wall, causing an abrupt increase in volumetric throughput. The velocity gradient within the melt remains continuous through the instability, however. Low molecular weight species present in the molecular weight distribution of linear polyethylene tend to suppress slip. Blends of linear and branched polyethylene exhibit instability behavior characteristic of both components throughout the entire range of composition. Results are discussed in terms of specific molecular mechanisms.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 222-224 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The solubility parameter of polyisobutylene has been determined from intrinsic viscosity measurements in a single solvent as a function of temperature. The change in solubility parameter of the solvent as a function of temperature was calculated form the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{d{\rm}ln \delta s}}{{d{\rm}ln Vs}} = - \frac{{n + 1}}{2} $\end{document} where Vs, the molal volume, changes with temperature. The vlaue for the solubility parameter thus obtained compares well with values reported in the literature for intrinsic viscosity measurements in a series of solvents. Similar measurements were made with an ethylenepropylene copolymer. The solubility parameter of 87 mole % C2 ethylene-propylene copolymer was determined to be 8.1-8.6 in either toluene or methylcyclohexane.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A new quantitative thermal analysis technique was attempted on ABS and Noryl-type polyblends. A particular component within a polyblend was identified by its glass transition temperature and the amount of the component was determined from the increase in specific heat at the glass transition temperature.Two commercial Noryl resins were determined to be blends of high impact polystyrene and polyphenylene oxide in 47-47 and 69-17 proportions by weight, respectively. Polystyrene appears to be cosoluble with polyphenylene oxide without the formation of any complex. The PS-PPO polyblends yield single sharp glass transitions which are a function of concentration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Notched Charpy impact strengths of a series of plasticrubber two-phase polymer systems were measured over a wide range of temperatures. Blends of polyvinylchloride and rubbers with varying chemical structures, and several ABS polymers were investigated.In all systems, Charpy impact strength began to increase near the Tg of the rubber component followed by a logarithmic increase with increasing temperature. The trend is expressed by the following empirical relation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ I{\rm = }A{\rm exp(- }B/T{\rm)} $$\end{document} where I is Charpy impact strength, A and B are constants, and T is the absolute temperature. This equation is applicable between the Tg's of the plastic and the rubber components. The increasing tendency of impact strength, i.e. the B value of the above equation, is depressed mainly by the decrease of the compatibility and/or the interfacial adhesive force between the two phases. Toughening mechanism and the ways of increasing toughness are discussed based on the craze formation mechanism.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A phenomenological treatment has been developed for correlations between melt flow properties of high-density polyethylenes and the processability of bottles. Defining two parameters for the flow properties, it was found experimentally that linear relationships hold satisfactorily between these flow parameters for the raw materials and those of corresponding extrudates. Several kinds of defects in high-density polyethylene bottles can be represented in terms of the flow parameters. These parameters may provide useful measures in predicting good appearance of bottles blow-molded with high-density polyethylene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPO) and atactic polystyrene (PS) have been prepared by mechanically mixing powders of the two polymers and subjecting the mixtures to three different thermal treatments. Three different compositions were studied by the dynamic mechanical and DSC techniques. The weight fractions of PPO in the mixtures were 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75. The dynamic mechanical measurements indicate that partial mixing took place but that two distinct phases, one rich in PS and the other in PPO, exist in all the mixtures studied. Each phase exhibits a characteristic relaxation peak associated with the glass transition of that phase. DSC measurements, on the other hand, reveal only a single glass transition apparently characteristic of the PS rich phase in each case. The results indicate that a given type of experiment will indicate compatibility or incompatibility depending upon the size of the molecular process it represents.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 170-176 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Versamid cured-epoxy specimens were loaded in tension, compression, and flexure at different strain rates and temperatures to determine the yield stress and strain, and tangent, secant, and relaxation moduli. A torsion pendulum was used to measure the dynamic properties as a function of temperature and frequency. The time-temperature superposition principle was used to reduce this data to master curves. It was concluded that the time-temperature shift factors for secant moduli up to the yield point, for stress relaxation and for dynamic moduli were identical and were independent of the mode of loading. It was also shown that the presence of fillers or reinforcing agents likewise had no effect on the shift factors.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A statistical study was conducted to determine the significance of the sources of variability in the laboratory (carbon arc) weathering of a light-stabilized polyester resin system. Color fastness of the resin was evaluated in terms of changes in total color, lightness, and chromaticity. Factors that significantly influenced the results were variability within castings and between batches of resin, location of the specimen within the exposure apparatus, and the storage time prior to testing. The carbon arc instrument provided a relatively insensitive test for evaluating a light-stabilized polymer system, chiefly because, with a stable polymer, small random variations in response become almost equal to the small change in color developed on exposure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 340-344 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The cross-linked, ladderlike structure of cured pyrrones is not susceptible to forming at ordinary temperatures and pressures. At unusually high processing temperatures, of the order of 500°C, these intractable materials are observed to undergo transient flow sufficient to allow molding of the material. This observation, supported by analytical information, suggests that the flow occurs because of the breakage of covalent organic bonds and subsequent structural rearrangement of the cross-linked polymer network. This is in accord with a number of isolated reports of the pyrolytic behavior of several polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 4-12 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The problem of heat and solvent transfer from plasticized film is considered. The transport equations are solved by a numerical method. The formulation of the model includes the temperature dependence of diffusivity, the dependence of diffusivity on decreasing solvent concentration, as solvent leaves the film, and the latent heat of vaporization of the solvent. The Flory-Huggins theory is used as a model for vaporliquid equilibrium. Heat and mass transfer coefficients are taken either as constants (to simulate extrusion with blowing at the film surface) or from analytical solutions to the appropriate boundary layer equations (to simulate extrusion into a stationary medium.) The boundary layer theory takes into account the effect of rapid vaporization on heat and mass transfer coefficients. Several numerical solutions were obtained for cases corresponding to extrusion of polyvinylacetate, plasticized with acetone, extruded into air.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 32-37 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A method is described for measuring the rate of water vapor transmission through thick sections of polyethylene used as insulation on electrical conductors of pure sodium metal. The technique could be generally useful for materials which do not react with sodium, and for cylindrical samples which can be filled with molten sodium in a dry box. For samples with uniform dimensions the results are extremely precise because sensitive electrical measurements are used. Specimens of products in final form can be employed to determine the effects of variations in processing.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 70-78 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The non-Newtonian viscosity of concentrated solutions of a styrene-butadiene-styrene, SBS, block copolymer was measured with a novel capillary viscometer. Polymer concentrations ranged from 0.165 to 0.306 g/cc. Apparent shear rates ranged from 1 to 105 sec-1. Five different solvents were employed. All of the flow curves can be reduced to a single master curve with the same shape exhibited by monodisperse polystyrenes and the Graessley theory. The shift factor for the shear rate axis, τ0, approximately parallels the Rouse relaxation time, τR, but shows a residual concentration and solvent dependence not predicted by the Rouse form. For different solvents at the same concentration, better solvents show a minimum relative zero shear viscosity, η0/ηs, and a maximum ratio τR/τ0. It is concluded that all solvent effects are not adequately incorporated into the zero shear viscosity for the purposes of constructing master plots; however, the shape of the master plot is not affected by the solvent or the polymer block structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 108-121 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In most instances, the study of the weatherability of plastics follows empirical schemes that show little correlation with the actual effects of outdoor exposure. A more reliable analysis must be based on a knowledge of the factors in the weather which affect plastic properties and of the modes of interaction between these factors and the plastic material. It is shown that both the factors of the weather and the kinetics of polymer degradation may be expressed in a quantitative manner suitable for analytical treatment. Furthermore, it is shown that the analytical approach yields predictions which are in qualitative agreement with the results of actual outdoor exposure. Finally, some new techniques are proposed for more reliable predictions of long-term outdoor weatherability on the basis of laboratory studies.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 122-130 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene melts were measured as a function of frequency and temperature using the Orthogonal Rheometer. These results were expressed in terms of the components G′ and G″ of the dynamic modulus and the components η′ and η″ of the dynamic viscosity. The functions J′, J″, η*, and G* were also calculated from the results.The method of reduced variables or time-temperature superpositions was attempted on the results. The classical method was found to require modification to be applied to these low-density polyethylenes. From this modified form of the reduced variables technique, the temperature dependence of the elastic and viscous parts of the response could be separated.The experimentally determined temperature dependence of the elastic part of the response was found not to be in accord with the accepted theory of rubber elasticity.The temperature dependence of the viscous part of the response is discussed in terms of the concept of flow activation energy, and clarification of this term is explored. It is concluded that the temperature dependent properties of polymer melts are best compared at equivalent time scales of response in the non-Newtonian region. In order to do this the temperature dependence of the elastic part of the response must be included explicitly in the reduction scheme.
    Zusätzliches Material: 21 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 154-158 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In injection molding certain polymers, fracture of the polymer stream sometimes occurs at the mold surface. This phenomenon has been found to be a tearing apart of the polymer surface layer accompanied by downstream slip of the flowing melt at the polymer/mold interface. Fracture occurs early in mold filling and is initiated usually at the gate to the mold cavity. Analysis of the fracture mechanism indicates that fracture is caused by: (1) high shearing stress in the melt as it fills the mold; (2) poor polymer/mold adhesion; and (3) low polymer surface cohesive strength.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Increases in modulus, tensile strength, and swelling caused by reinforcing silicone rubber with silica filler were correlated with the thermoelastic parameter, fe/f. A new semiempirical equation of state, containing a generalized front factor, was derived to explain the experimental results. While the retractive force in pure gum elastomers is largely entropic in origin, reinforcement in silicone rubber-silica systems appears to arise by greatly augmenting the deformational free energy change stored in energetic modes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 204-208 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Dynamic mill stability tests of PVC powder blends at the equiviscous temperatures were correlated with the clarity and color obtained in extrusion and blow molding of bottles. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with alkyl vinyl ether and propylene in a calcium-zinc stabilizer, impact modified formulation had better processability than a homopolymer and produced bottles having lower values of absorbance and yellowness index. Product imperfections which were evident in blow molding of dry blends, but not during milling or capillary rheometer extrusion, were found to be related to the particle size distribution and volatile content of the resin.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 225-227 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The thermal stability of elastomers containing siloxane linkages has been compared using the technique of chemical stress relaxation in an inert environement. Enhancement of the already high stability of the basic poly (dimethyl siloxane) silicone rubber by the substitution of hetero groups in and on the main chain was proved, with the exception of the pendent trifluoroporopyl group. Particulary dramatic was the effect of the mcarborane moiety in the SiB-2 elastomers which elevated the stability of the siloxane chain by more than 100°C relative to silicone rubber.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The results of a study to determine the biological stability of clear, colorless, biocide-treated PVC film are presented. With the exception of a resistant control, all the PVC film samples tested contained a plasticizer susceptible to biological deterioration. Biocide-treated and control PVC film samples were subjected to biological attack in soil burial. Portions of each sample were exposed to leaching and to weathering in a weatherometer followed by soil burial to test the stability of each biocide to loss by water and weathering exposure. Of the 32 biocide preparations tested only 2, N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide and copper 8-quinolinolate, a known effective reference compound, were found to provide good protection for treated film in direct soil burial and in soil burial following leaching and weatherometer exposure. Natural weathering outdoors confirmed the results found with weatherometer exposed samples. The N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide was less effective than the reference compound in suppressing surface growth. In addition, N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide may not be compatible with all PVC formulations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Yield stress (σY) and elongation to break (εb) were measured over a wide range of temperature under three different strain rates (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document}) for a series of polyvinylchloride-rubber blends, ABS polymer and high-impact polystyrene. It was found that a temperature-strain rate reduction was possible for σY and the composite curve obtained by the superposition was expressed by the following relation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sigma _{\rm Y} = K_1 + K_2 \log \dot \varepsilon A_T $$\end{document} where K1 and K2 are the material constants, and AT is the shift factor.As for εb, a new maximum was found at around room temperature in addition to the known maximum at around the glass transition temperature of the matrix phase. The results are discussed in terms of the craze theory for rubber toughening of plastics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 268-278 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The extursion melting model of Tadmor et al. (1967) has been modified to include the effects of screw channel curvature and melt leakage through the screw flight-barrel clearance. An alternate coordinate system was used in modifying the model to simplify the addition of curvature corrections. Also proposed is an improved method of computing solid bed velocity. A substantial number of typographical errors and truncations appeared in the original data published by Tadmor et al., and verification of their computations with corrected data was successful in all cases. Channel curvature corrections and the improved method of computing solid bed velocity increased the predicted rate of solid bed width decrease by approximately 14% during the initial stages of melting. Addition of leakage flow to the model tended to offset this effect completely or in part. Leakage flow effects always predominated during the later stages of melting, however. These effects may interact differently for other extruder sizes or screw designs; therefore, the modified melting model should be a more accurate model for use in the design of extruder screws and in studies of extruder performance.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 300-304 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The use of a commercially available thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) operated in its isothermal mode is illustrated for studies of polymer-swelling and dissolution in liquids. Results for a variety of polymer-swelling agent systems demonstrate that information usually requiring more sophisticated experimental techniques can be readily obtained with the TMA. In particular rates of swelling and penetrant diffusion coefficients can be determined for selected systems. Dissolution measurements, exemplified here for polystyrene in three different solvents, can be utilized to obtain steady state rates of solvent penetration and rough estimates of the interdiffusion coefficient for a system. The experimental limitations involved in both types of measurement are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 332-339 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A precise method of oven-aging polypropylene monofilament has been developed employing a tubular oven in which temperature and air velocity within each tube are accurately controlled. The monofilaments are suspended within each tube by means of specially construced heat stabilized polypropylene holders (no metal contact), which facilitate handling and record keeping. Each filament is held in an attitude perpendicular to the air flow. Failures almost invariably occur in the middle of each filament. Oxidative stabilities of filaments aged in the tubular oven at a constant temperature and air flow were found to be dependent upon (a) distance of the filaments from the incoming air side and (b) whether the exposure was continuous or intermittent. If these parameters are kept constant, relatively good precision can be obtained. The 95% confidence level for a single observed value was found to be on the order of ±10% of the average oven stability within the whole oven and ±7% within a single tube. Precisions of about ±2.5% can be obtained by employing averages of 10 replicates exposed on the same specimen holder.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The transport kinetics and equilibrium concentrations of n-pentane at high penetrant activities in cast, annealed polystyrene were determined and compared with similar measurements in biaxially-oriented polystyrene. The rate of Case II (relaxation-controlled) sorption in biaxially-oriented polystyrene is three to four times faster than the sorption rate in cast, annealed polystyrene. The Case II sorption process in biaxially-oriented polystyrene is more highly temperature dependent than in cast, annealed film. The higher activation energies coupled with the larger relaxation-controlled sorption rates in biaxially-oriented polystyrene imply the involvement of larger polymer segments in the rate controlling polymer relaxations. The sorption in cast, annealed polystyrene was a position-dependent relaxation controlled transport process; in contrast the sorption in biaxially oriented polystyrene, albeit relaxation-controlled, was not position dependent. The position dependence of the Case II sorption appears to be a consequence of the presence of residual benzene in the film which accelerates the rate-determining relaxations. Desorption measurements at very low penetrant activities were quite similar for both biaxially oriented and cast, annealed polystyrene. The desorption kinetics were Fickian and were only a weak function of polymer orientation at these low activities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A method for the determination of the molecular weight spread in the narrow peaks in the GPC chromatograms of nitric acid-degraded polyethylene is presented. It is found that polar endgroups added to the polymer chains during scission cause the peaks to be broader than those of paraffins with the same molecular weight spread. After allowing for this extra instrumental broadening, estimates are made of the molecular weight spread for unannealed and annealed single crystals of polyethylene and bulk polyethylene as a function of degradation time. It is proposed that after long degradation times the molecular weight spread is a measure of fluctuations in the original crystalline lamellar thickness.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 417-436 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A technique for estimating Mc, the molecular weight between crosslinks, of amine-cured epoxy resins is described. The technique is based upon the stoichiometry of the curing reaction and the amount of primary amino and epoxy groups remaining in the polymer at a given time. The Mc values so calculated are shown to be consistent with Mc results obtained from separate measurements of swelling and the polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ1 for the range of polymer concentration in which both measurements could be obtained. A means of estimating the relative reaction rates of the primary and secondary amino groups with the epoxy groups is given. Under proper curing conditions the amine-epoxy reaction goes very nearly to completion. The presence or absence of an exotherm has no noticeable effect on the course of the reaction between bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin (Epon 828) and methylene dianiline.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Two types of (KPO3)n crystals have been obtained: transparent crystals and semitransparent crystals that grew in the neighborhood of the wall of the crucible. In the latter type of crystals, four kinds of radicals, denoted B, C, D, and E, are observed by ESR measurements at 77°K on crystals irradiated with γ-rays at the same temperature. The probable structure of B, C, and D radicals is concluded to be —O—PO̊2—O— from their g values and hyperfine constants (the superscript circle indicates a hole trapped in the radical). When these crystals are heated to room temperature, the ESR spectra of B, C, and D radicals disappear and the spectrum of another radical appears. This radical, designated A, has the possible structure —O—ṖO2. The assumption that B radicals thermally decompose into A radicals is confirmed by experiment. With the transparent crystals, C, D, and E radicals are observed at low temperature, but only E radicals are stable at room temperature. The structure of the E radical is thought to be\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm \hbox{---}O \hbox{---}PO}_2{{_\circ} \atop ^{\hbox{---}}} {\rm PO}_2 {\rm \hbox{---}O\hbox{---}} $\end{document}, but more detailed studies are required.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 482-482 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 541-554 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Dilute solution parameters were determined for polymethylphenylsiloxamer fractions (5 × 104 〈 M 〈 1.5 × 106) in toluene, cyclohexane, and diisobutylamine (θ ≈ 30.4°C). The data are interpreted by the procedure suggested by Flory and Fox. Minor deviations from theory are noted. Polymers from both cis- and trans-cyclotrisiloxanes were investigated. The major portion of the work, however, was concentrated on fractions derived from the trans form. From the data obtained, a characteristic ratio of dimensions (r02/rof2)½ of 1.56 was determined. The hydrodynamic parameter Φ was determined to be (2.0 ± 0.3) × 1021. The appropriate model for the polymer is indicated to be the impermeable random coil with slight hindrance to rotation about backbone skeletal bonds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 595-603 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The adsorption of tritium-labeled sodium stearate and 35S-labeled sodium dodecylsulfate from aqueous solution on bent and on stretched polyethylene strips was directly measured. The amount of adsorption increased from 2.5 to 4.5 times on surfaces of various polyethylene samples stretched from 5.2 to 5.3 times the original length. For one sample, adsorption increased 8 and 2.5 times, respectively, on the convex and concave surfaces of a bent strip. Autoradiographs of the strips taken after adsorption revealed the appearance of both homogeneous and heterogeneous adsorption on the stretched surface of the polyethylene. The electron micrographs of the strips showed that many small fissures, about 1-5μ in length, formed on their surfaces after the strips were bent or stretched. Enhanced adsorption of the surface-active substance along these fissures was suggested. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that in stretching or bending, fissures increase adsorption of the detergent, and the adsorption in turn promotes further development of fissures. Thus, bending and adsorption mutually promote the growth of fissures which finally result in failure of the polyethylene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 371-381 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Normal stress and shear stress of concentrated polystyrene solutions in a chlorinated diphenyl were measured under steady flow and oscillatory shear flow in a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The normal stress difference was observed to oscillate at double the frequency of the applied shear strain with amplitude proportional to the square of the applied amplitude, while the shear stress was found to oscillate at the same frequency with amplitude proportional to the applied amplitude. A theoretical relation between the displacement of the oscillatory normal stress difference from zero level and the dynamic modulus derived by Lodge and other investigators was confirmed experimentally, and the theoretical predictions of Coleman and Markovitz concerning the relation among steady-flow normal stress difference and dynamic modulus were also confirmed. However, the theoretical predictions of Lodge, of Spriggs, Huppler and Bird, and of Williams on the relation between the amplitude and phase of oscillatory normal stress and those of oscillatory shear stress did not agree with experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 47-59 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A simple method of preparing thin uniform films of high polymers has been examined for growing single crystals from solution. Single crystals of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene-1, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulose triacetate have been obtained by this method. Different stages of growth reveal different growth features that are also obtained from solutions of these polymers by changing temperature and concentration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The high degree of flexibility of blends containing minor amounts of partly crystalline copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate in paraffin wax seems to be a manifestation of some type of interaction. Low-angle x-ray diffraction of such blends showed a new long spacing intermediate in length between the polymer long spacing and the c axis length of the wax unit cell. This new long spacing appears to be a consequence of isomorphism involving cocrystallization of polymeric ethylene sequences and wax molecules. A lesser type of isomorphic interaction, epitaxy, occurs in polyethylene-wax blends: wax overgrows crystals of already crystallized polyethylene in the same orientation without a change in its c axial dimension.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 177-190 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The conformational properties of optically active macromolecules are considered. A statistical zigzag model is used for the calculation of averaged physical properties. The macromolecule is considered to consist of segments of two different types with a statistical distribution of lengths. The expressions for the mean square of the end-to-end vector h2 and the dipole moment μ2 and also of the mean optical anisotropy ΔA and the anisotropy of the optical rotation tensor ΔG were obtained in the cases of freely jointed and freely rotating segments. The equations obtained were applied to the problem of the helix-coil transition. In the case of poly-α-olefins the values of h2, μ2, and ΔA, are larger than corresponding values for typical optically inactive macromolecules. The anisotropies ΔA and ΔG of two poly-α-olefins of similar structures were calculated. The polarizability theory of optical activity was used for the calculations of ΔG. The values obtained for ΔA are similar, but the values of ΔG differ markedly. The possibility of obtaining valuable information about the structure of optically active macromolecules in solution by a study of anisotropy of the optical rotation tensor is considered.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 243-276 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: An x-ray diffraction method for the simultaneous determination of crystallinity (including intracrystalline defects), effective Debye-Waller factors, and atomic positions has been developed and applied to semicrystalline polyethylene. It was found that this material unambiguously constitutes a two-phase system. Measurements of intracrystalline lattice disorder in the chain direction and perpendicular to the chain direction show these to be in the ratio 1:2.5. Lattice disorder was principally of the first kind. Paracrystalline disorder in the [110] direction was less than 2.4% at all experimental conditions. Results include measurements of degree of crystallinity, particle size, space group, and unit cell parameters and variation of these quantities with crystallization temperature, ambient temperature, and time.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 817-832 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The surface potentials of monolayers of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) have been studied as a function of the pH of the subsolution. The influence of the macromolecular configuration on the properties of the ionizable groups was more particularly investigated. Orientation of molecules in the monolayer may be imposed by the stereoregularity of PMA (isotactic, atactic) and by the nature of the interface (air-water, cyclohexane-water). The results are analyzed in terms of theories of the ionic double layer (Gouy model, Donnan equilibrium) which permit the determination of the degree of ionization α of the film. The value of α gives indications about the orientation of specific groups of the macromolecular chain, i.e., of the ionized monomer units. Indeed, at the air-water interface, the film of isotactic PMA is more acid than that of the atactic sample, and at the cyclohexane-water interface, the degree of ionization is greater than at the air-water interface. These properties are the consequence of a modification of orientation of the hydrophilic groups with respect to the aqueous phase as a function of the stereoregularity of the sample and the nature of the interface. The variation of α with the pH of the substrate phase may be used to calculate an intrinsic dissociation constant Ks° of the molecules in the film. The value of Ks° is not modified by spreading conditions and remains very similar to that obtained in solution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 893-901 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: We have derived from the Eyring theory of non-Newtonian flow a yield condition which is valid for an arbitrary state of stress. Experimental data obtained in simple axial compression tests show the influence of the hydrostatic stress on the yielding of poly(vinyl chloride). This fact confirms the proposed condition and disproves the von Mises criterion. Tension-torsion tests performed on thin tubes lead to results which fit our condition fairly well. The pattern of Lüders' lines appearing on the surface of thin tubes subjected to simple tension, simple shear, and tension-torsion are parallel to the direction where the value of the normal stress is equal to the hydrostatic stress.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 437-445 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic mechanical properties of a series of epoxy polymers of known network structure have been investigated. It was shown that the distance between crosslinks could be predicted from either the shift in the glass transition temperature Tg or by use of the dynamic modulus above Tg. The front factor in the equation of state for rubber elasticity was near unity for stoichiometric equivalence of epoxy and amine and increased slowly with excess of either component.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 467-479 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A dynamic method for investigating the mechanism of permeation and diffusion through polymers has been explored. The permeation cell consists of two compartments separated by the membrane. The permeant (gas, vapor, or liquid) is introduced into one compartment; a carrier gas (helium) flows at constant rate through the other and sweeps the permeant which diffuses through the membrane to the thermal conductivity detector. Both compartments are at atmospheric pressure; thus no or little membrane support is required, and leakage problems are minimal. Moreover, the same membrane can be used over a wide temperature range and for diverse permeants. The detector signal is at any instant proportional to the permeation rate. A simple mathematical formalism for deriving the diffusion coefficient from the transient permeation rates has been developed. The measured diffusion and permeability coefficients of CO2, O2, and N2 through low-density polyethylene closely agree with literature values. Permeation of hexane and benzene through polyethylene follows a complex diffusion law, and the rate depends on the thermal history of the system. The dynamic method is particularly suited to the study of transitions in polymers. Changes in permeation rates, usually occurring at transition points, can easily be discovered by slow temperature scanning of the system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 771-789 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Measurements of the NMR second moment of a uniaxially oriented sample of polyethylene single crystals in the range of temperatures from -196°C to 130°C and its dependence on the alignment angle γ between the orientation axis (preferential direction of the molecular chains) and the NMR magnetic field are presented. The experimental results are discussed mainly with respect to the high temperature relaxation, called the α process, in polyethylene. They are compared to theoretical predictions made for a number of mechanisms of molecular motion in Part I of this work. Only one of the mechanisms considered is found to be in quantitative agreement with experiment, the mechanism here referred to as flip-flop motion. This consists of thermally activated rotational jumps of the crystalline chain segment between folds around its axis between two equilibrium sites in the lattice. Each rotational jump through 180° is accompanied by a shift of the molecule along its axis by one CH2 group. The discussion of the low-temperature relaxation of polyethylene, the γ process, is based partly on the above measurements and partly on measurements of second moments for unoriented polyethylene samples varying widely in morphology and noncrystalline content. The decrease of the second moment observed with these samples between -196°C and 20°C is taken as a measure of the intensity of the γ process. A linear correlation is found between the decrease in the second moment, designated ΔS, and the noncrystalline content, 1 - αm; this can be represented by ΔS = 1.4 + 22.1(1 - αm). It is shown that neither the crankshaft mechanism not the kink mechanism is able to account quantitatively for this result. The model of a chain end moving in a vacancy fails to adequately describe the angle dependence of ΔS in oriented polyethylene single crystals. The “sandwich model” of a polyethylene single crystal, in which the crystalline core is covered by noncrystalline surface layers, is in better agreement with observations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 813-813 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 869-882 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The crystallization kinetics of a high molecular weight fraction of linear polyethylene was studied in dilute solutions of p-xylene, n-hexadecane, and decalin by dilatometric methods. For all solvents and temperatures, the experimental isotherms could be quantitatively described by the Avrami formulation for the complete transformation. This result is unique in the realm of polymer crystallization, since marked deviations from this theory are usually observed in more concentrated systems. The Avrami exponent is found to be n = 4 in all cases. The temperature coefficients of the rate constants are indicative of a nucleation controlled process. The data fit either a two-dimensional or three-dimensional nucleation mode, and a discrimination can not be made between these two cases. The interfacial free energies are found to be independent of the solvent medium. It is also shown that, irrespective of the type of nucleation control governing the kinetics, the same type governs the crystallite thickness of the lamella-like crystals that are formed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 903-919 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Mechanical properties of four kinds of natural rubber vulcanizates differing in vulcanization conditions, and consequently in degree of crosslinking (having values of the Mooney-Rivlin constant C1 ranging from 0.68 to 1.98) were observed under orthogonal biaxial stretching in a range of strain invariants Ii from 3.4 to 9.0 (extension ratios λi from 0.7 to 3.0). The results obtained were analyzed by two methods. One method employed the Valanis-Landel postulate that the strain-energy function W(λ1, λ2, λ3) is a separable symmetric function of the principal extension ratios, i.e., W(λ1,λ2,λ3) = w(λ1) + w(λ2) + w(λ3); the other utilized the contour plots of ∂W(I1, I2)/∂I1 and ∂W(I1, I2)/∂I2 surface within the (I1, I2) domain. The postulate for W was examined in detail with good agreement with experimental results. The dependences of ∂W(I1, I2)/∂I1 and ∂W(I1, I2)/∂I2 surfaces on the degree of crosslinking and temperature were further investigated, with the following conclusions. The surfaces have fairly steep slopes for the region of relatively small deformation (i.e., I1 〈 5) and become flat with increasing Ii for all the test specimens. The slope becomes less steep with decreasing degree of crosslinking. The values of ∂W/∂I1 increase linearly and the ∂W(I1,I2)/∂I2 surface becomes flat, both with increasing temperature: i.e., the temperature dependence of ∂W/∂I1 further depends on Ii. The ∂W(I1,I2)/∂I2 surface has a maximum near 40°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 979-990 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: We have measured the relaxation modulus in the temperature range 150-220°C of two samples of poly(vinyl chloride) resin with different molecular weights. The data were treated by the principle of reduced variables to yield composite curves. The shift factors (aT) when plotted against reciprocal temperature gave good straight lines from which apparent activation energies were obtained. An apparent activation energy of 50 kcal/mole was obtained for both samples. A relaxation spectrum for each resin was calculated from the relaxation modulus data. These spectra showed a marked molecular weight dependence. The spectra were in the range characteristic of the terminal zone of the entanglement plateau. Zero-shear-rate viscosities were obtained from the integration of relaxation modulus plots. From extrapolation of capillary viscosity data it is shown that the viscosity of the higher molecular weight resin used in this study does not approach its zero-shear value until shear rates less than 10-3 sec-1 are reached. The effect of supermolecular flow units is briefly discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1015-1026 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: An investigation of small-angle scattering produced by polarized light from stretched and annealed polymer systems containing spherulites yields information on the supermolecular transitions that occur during such treatment. A series of semicrystalline polymer systems (films, fibers) show that stretching leads to deformation of spherulites and subsequent transformation to an orientational supermolecular order. The size of the single element C2 of the supermolecular order in the direction of stretching, determined from the distance between the layer lines of the scattering pattern, is related to the diameter D0 of the initial spherulites by the relation C2 = KD0λs, where λ, is the draw ratio of the macrosystem and K is a parameter determining the deformability of the spherulites. For polyethylene at room temperature K is unity and for polychloroprene it is 1.2. Changes of C2 after annealing and restretching of the systems also obey this ratio.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1073-1087 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A convenient pressure apparatus was designed for crystallization of high polymers under hydrostatic pressure up to 5000 atm. Melt crystallization as well as heat treatment under various temperatures and pressures was carried out on several polymers, and the effects of pressure on the molecular and crystal structures of the samples are discussed. Heat treatment of syndiotactic polypropylene under high pressure yields a new crystal modification rather than the previously known helix and planar zigzag modifications. Of the three modifications of poly(vinylidene fluoride), modification III was found as a high-pressure phase for specimens in the unoriented state, while modification I was obtained as the most stable one on heat treatment of oriented specimens under high pressure. Heat treatment under high pressure converts ordinary isotactic poly-4-methylpentene-1 with a lower density than the noncrystalline value, to a new crystal modification with higher density. As is reasonable, the dense modification is stable in a high-pressure range. For these three cases, the orientation of specimens was found to remain unchanged during the transitions, which must therefore occur in the solid state.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1137-1157 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The scattering of light by a two-dimensional spherulite of radius R is calculated when there is disorder of optic axis orientation with respect to the radius. Special cases are considered when (1) the disorder occurs in the radial direction only, (2) the disorder occurs in the angular direction only, (3) there is combined radial and angular disorder, and (4) the optic axis makes a constant angle with the radius but there is disorder in the twist angle about the axis. In all of these calculations, a correlation function for disorder is defined and the scattering pattern depends on the ratio of the associated correlation distance to the size of the spherulite. With decreasing correlation distance, the azimuthal dependence of the scattering becomes less and there is a change in the variation of scattered intensity with scattering angles in a manner dependent upon the type of disorder.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1187-1194 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The nonrandom orientational distribution of structural units, such as crystallites and chain segments, prevailing in an anisotropic bulk polymer sample can be represented fully by an orientation distribution function. Measurements of fluorescence polarization and wide-line NMR are, in principle, capable of yielding information on the moments of the distribution function up to the fourth order. This work presents the method of analysis required to determine these moments. For this purpose, the distribution function is expanded in a series of generalized spherical harmonies. The method is an extension of a similar technique previously proposed for analysis of x-ray diffraction data for determination of a complete crystallite orientation distribution function.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 991-998 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The diffusion of 1,1-diphenylethane in trace amounts through eight rubbery polymers has been studied by radioactive tagging of this penetrant with 14C. For several polymers, the dependence on temperature and on dilution (swelling) by untagged diphenylethane was investigated. In the diluted systems, tagged n-hexadecane was also used as a trace penetrant. The temperature and concentration dependences were interpreted rather successfully in terms of the free volume. In comparing different polymers, with a 4000-fold range of diffusion coefficients, the translatory friction coefficient of 1,1-diphenylethane was found to be proportional to that of n-hexadecane to the power 1.06. This is interpreted qualitatively by the free volume concept to indicate a slightly less efficient mobility mechanism for the diphenylethane.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1057-1072 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) have been studied in the frequency range 10 Hz to 100 kHz at temperatures between -196 and 150°C. Three dielectric relaxations were observed: the α relaxation occurred near 130°C, the β near 0°C, and the γ near -30°C at 100 kHz. In the α relaxation the magnitude of loss peak and the relaxation times increased not only with increasing lamellar thickness, but also with decrease of crystal defects in the crystalline regions. In the light of the above results, the α relaxation was attributed to the molecular motion in the crystalline regions which was related to the lamellar thickness and crystal defects in the crystalline phase. In the β relaxation, the magnitude of the loss peak increased with the amount of amorphous material. The relaxation times were independent of the crystal structure and the degree of crystallinity, but increased slightly with orientation of the molecular chains by drawing. The β relaxation was ascribed to the micro-Brownian motions of main chains in the amorphous regions. The Arrhenius plots were of the so-called WLF type, and the “freezing point” of the molecular motion was about -80°C. The Cole-Cole distribution parameter of the relaxation time α increased almost linearly with decreasing temperature in the temperature range of the experiment. The γ relaxation was attributed to local molecular motions in the amorphous regions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1127-1136 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The theory for scattering of light from films in which the orientation correlation between two scattering elements depends upon the angle β between the optic axes and the vector connecting the two elements is extended. A delta-function type dependence is assumed in which the correlation is strongest when β equals some preferred value β0. Calculated results of scattered intensities are shown to be similar to experimental observations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1159-1168 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: ESR and electrical conductivity measurements have been made on a recently prepared polymer, polypropiolamide. The polymer was obtained as a fine powder which exhibited a nearly Lorentzian line with a width between derivative maxima of 5.2 ± 0.1 gauss and a g value of 2.0036 ± 0.0005. The signal intensity increased with increasing molecular weight. The signal was retained in a dilute solution in formic acid with a slight narrowing of the line. Permanent changes were produced in the spectra at room temperature by heat treatments of the polymer at temperatures up to 800°K. The changes were similar for samples sealed in tubes containing air, dry nitrogen gas and a vacuum of 3 × 10-5 mm of Hg. Spectra obtained at temperatures up to 500°K showed no dependence on the presence or absence of oxygen in the ambient atmosphere. The deresistance of pressed pellets of the polymer was measured in the temperature range 450°K to 525°K, and the results were described by the relation R = R0cE/kT. The activation energy E had a value of 1.2 ± 0.2 ev and the resistivity at 500°K was approximately 1013 ohm-em. The ESR signal is attributed to an intrinsic property of the polymer which is associated with a conjugated bond system along the polymer backbone. Neither the activation energy nor the magnitude of the resistivity suggest that the delocalized electrons associated with the conjugated bond system have produced unusual electrical characteristics in the polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1235-1237 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Critical miscibility data obtained from measurements of phase-volume ratios have been used to calculate the concentration dependence of the pair interaction parameter for the system polystyrene-cyclohexane. The measured temperature and concentration ranges are 11-30°C and 4-18% polymer by weight, respectively. With the Gibbs free energy of mixing expressed in polymer segment mole fractions, x*, the pair interaction parameter is g(x*, T) = 0.4961 + 71.92/T + 0.2312x* + 0.0750x*2. In a polymer volume fraction formulation the parameter is g(ϕ, T) = 0.4099 + 90.65/T + 0.2064 ϕ + 0.0518 ϕ2, which approximates to χ(ϕ, T) = 0.2035 + 90.65/T + 0.3092 ϕ + 0.1554 ϕ2. Comparison of the temperature and concentration dependence with that obtained by other authors shows very good agreement, even when extensive extrapolations in temperature and concentration are applied. The present function is believed to be the most accurate. Solutions of mixtures of two narrow-distribution polystyrenes in cyclohexane show separation into three liquid phases under the exact conditions predicted by theoretical calculation with the present pair-interaction function.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1279-1289 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Selenacyclobutane (trimethylene selenide) readily undergoes photochemical reaction to give polymeric products. Also, the material polymerizes rapidly when the polycrystalline solid film liquifies on a salt substrate in vacuum. Upon polymerization of the sample, infrared and Raman spectra exhibit profound changes which definitely establish ring cleavage. The Raman spectra of the polymer reveal strong C-Se stretching peaks but little or no scattering in the region of Se-Se stretching, strongly suggesting that the polymerization process proceeds in a regular head-to-tail fashion. An EPR study of the monomer exposed to ultraviolet radiation at -180°C supports this fact, since the resulting spectrum is indicative of an intermediate radical species, (CH2CH2-CH2Se)n., where n is sufficiently large that the terminal electrons do not interact. No triplet spectra were observed. Molecular oxygen apparently plays an important role in the polymerization kinetics, since it is found that degassed samples of the substance, in contrast to those which have not been degassed, polymerize rapidly even under room illumination. Freezing-point depression measurements fix a lower limit to the average molecular weight of the polymer at 2700 (n = 23 monomer units).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1361-1371 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of long-and short-chain branching in polymer molecules on gel-permeation chromatographic (GPC) separation is discussed. The calculation of calibration curves for branched polymers is developed from the universal calibration technique based on the hydrodynamic volume concept and previously established relationships for the effect of branching on molecular dimensions. Typical calibration curves are shown for different branching models and degrees of branching. As branching increases, the curves are shown to converge. Methods of characterizing branching and molecular weight distributions of franctions and whole polymers from GPC and intrinsic viscosity data are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1411-1412 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 2029-2032 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 2039-2050 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The Fujita equation relating molecular weight distribution to concentration of solution subjected to centrifugal forces in equilibrium proved to be an improperly posed problem in the Hadamard sense. Application of Tikhonov's regularizing functions leads to a good approximate solution of Fujita's equation. Such functions have been applied to a monomodal and a bimodal molecular weight distribution, and approximate results have been computed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1627-1634 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Superposition of the loss tangent curves could be achieved for the β-transition of a series of homologous epoxy resins. It was found that both a vertical and horizontal shift were necessary to achieve superposition when the curves were plotted as the logarithm of the loss tangent versus reciprocal absolute temperature. Resins from the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) were prepared with five different curing agents and their loss tangent curves measured on a free-oscillation torsion pendulum (ca. 1 cps). The β transition is caused by DGEBA, which was found via molecular models to contain a mobile group. The intensity of the loss for three of the resins was found to be proportional to the concentration of DGEBA, molecular models revealing that no additional mobile groups were introduced by these curatives. The remaining two curing agents introduced mobile groups into their systems and for these two, no separate transitions were identified but the intensity of the DGEBA β transition was increased. This may be caused by a coupling of the DGEBA mobile groups through the flexibility of the curative-introduced mobile groups.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1575-1584 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The resonance frequencies of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced/epoxy composite beams were studied over the temperature range 24-225°C. Longitudinal Young's moduli E11 and longitudinal-transverse shear moduli G12 were computed from the experimental data by the use of Timoshenko beam theory. The effects of transverse shear deformation (a function of E11/G12) were found to increase in importance with increasing temperature. Values of G12 were found to be approximately proportional to the shear modulus Gm of matrix material but were about 30% lower than predicted by the theory of Hashin and Rosen. The anisotropy of the carbon filaments and voids in the composite samples were proposed to account for the discrepancy between theory and experiment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1635-1635 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1639-1649 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The general problems presented by the determination of the optical activity of polymers in the crystalline state are considered. The necessity of using unoriented samples, if the polarimetric data are to be compared with analogous data measured in solution, is emphasized. The optical activity in the crystalline state of a number of stereoregular vinyl polymers has been measured by employing either suspensions of fine powders or thin plates with no detectable orientation. The results of optical rotatory dispersion studies in the crystalline state suggest that, at least in the case of the poly-α-olefins investigated, the same chromophores are responsible for the optical activity in the crystalline state and in solution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1697-1701 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Middle range fractions of mimusops balata, a natural trans-1,4-polyisoprene, exhibit transcrystallinity when crystallized in the 35-40°C range. The presence of transcrystallinity was established by x-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Diffraction peak intensities change due to transcrystallinity, suggesting x-rays be used to detect transcrystallinity and that caution be exercised in using x-ray diffraction techniques to determine the phases present in bulk material and in calculating the degree of crystallinity. The tendency toward transcrystallinity may depend upon molecular weight.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1831-1835 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Average polymer segment densities and thermodynamic properties of polymer adsorbed at liquid-solid interfaces were computed by extension of the polymer adsorption theory of Forsman and Hughes. Expressions were derived for the total free energy of adsorbed polymer chains by using the Flory-Huggins theory to represent free energy of mixing. A square-well potential was used to represent segment-surface interaction, and configurational entropy was calculated from the probability density function for the radius of gyration of random-flight chains. For each specified amount of surface coverage the free energy of the adsorbed polymer was minimized by varying the density of segments normal to the adsorbing surface and using a modified gradient search algorithm on a digital computer. Two different segment densities were considered, and they both gave qualitatively the same results. The two densities were (1) the sum of two Gaussian distributions and (2) a two-step density distribution. Isotherms were then calculated by equating the partial molal free energy of polymer at the surface to that of polymer in bulk solution for each specified amount of surface coverage. The results showed that for the initial region of the isotherms the distribution of polymer segments normal to the surface consisted of a high-density layer adjacent to the surface and a low-density “tail” extending far out into the solution. At higher amounts of adsorbed polymer, i.e., in the general concentration range of the pseudo-plateau, the tail of the polymer density distribution was predicted to thicken, and a single Gaussian distribution best described the segment density. Predicted adsorptions were in good agreement with reported experimental values.
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The adsorption of several toluene-soluble polymers at the toluene-water interface has been investigated by using the duNouy ring method of measuring interfacial tension γT/W. Polystyrene and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (11.1 mole-% vinyl acetate) have little affinity for this interface at 29°C, but poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (M̄n = 420,000) and ethyl cellulose (EC) (M̄n = 50,100; 49.1% ethoxyl) adsorb significantly at concentrations as low as 1.0 × 10-4 g/100ml. A plot of interfacial tension lowering versus initial logarithm of initial bulk phase polymer concentration is linear from 1.0 × 10-4 to 1.0 × 10-1 g/100 ml for EC and 1.0 × 10-4 to 1.0 × 10-2 g/100 ml for PMMA. When the PMMA concentration increases to 1.15 × 10-1 g/100 ml, its adsorption behavior changes markedly. Prolonged time effects occur and adsorption becomes dependent upon dissolved water content of the toluene prior to formation of the toluene/water interface. Such effects are not observed with the other solutions studied. Increasing temperatures have variable effects on values of γT/W for the polymer solutions studied. Experiments with various polymer mixtures indicate that the polymer lowering T/W the most is preferentially adsorbed at the toluene-water interface and rapidly displaces less strongly adsorbed polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 127-141 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The investigation of the effect of molecular structural variables on the melt viscosity of polyethylene was extended to the shear dependent region by application of a reduced variables treatment following, in a formal sense, that of Bueche. Viscosity-shear rate data were obtained for a series of experimentally polymerized linear polyethylene samples having a range of molecular weights and molecular weight distributions as characterized primarily by gel permeation chromatography. These data could be superimposed on a single reduced variables flow curve using parameters which were a function only of temperature, limiting Newtonian viscosity, M̄w, and M̄w/M̄n. The same treatment was successfully applied also to branched (low-density) fraction data discussed in a previous paper, with additional correction for long-chain branching. However, different reduced variables curves were obtained for the branched and linear cases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 173-174 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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