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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (366)
  • 1880-1889
  • 1976  (366)
  • Chemical Engineering  (366)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of incompatible blends of two elastomers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 742-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mold flows and melt viscosities of an incompatible bi-component EPDM and “Viton” fluoroelastormer system were examined. A marked reduction in the melt viscosities of either component was observed when a small amount of the other component was present. It was speculated that the phenomenon was a result of a slippage between the polymer and the coated capillary surface due to the presence of a minor amount of the incompatible polymer. Evidence is given to indicate that this effect cannot be accounted for using the “melt structural heterogeneity” mechanism proposed for a different system by Andtrianova.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase of adhesive bond strength through the mechanochemical creation of free radicals Part II. Shear and peel test resultsBased on Report No. TDM 73-06 (Technion, Haifa 1973) to the NBS, Washington, D.C, and the National Research Council of Israel. Presented in part at the XXIVth International Symposium on Macromolecules (IUPAC) 1975, Jerusalem Israel. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 760-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Part I paper described the mechanochemical basis for achieving high adhesive strength in bonds between polymeric surfaces such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and Teflon, using the SABRA method (Surface Activation Beneath Reactive Adhesives). This paper gives a brief survey of bonding techniques as well as results of shear tests of simple lap joints and scarfed tube joints. They compared favorably with other methods such as CASING, Peeling test results are also presented. Mixed systems were examined such as glass fiber reinforced polyester bonded to polypropylene and aluminum with thin films of polymeric material sandwiched between. A start was made towards of optimization and exploration of primer specificity for different materials, The implications and further applications of the SABRA method are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic urethane elastomers V. Compatible and incompatible blends with various polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 771-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various blends over extended compositional ranges have beer, prepared for combinations of a thermoplastic urethane elastomer with polystyrene, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a polyhydroxyether (Phenoxy A), and poly(vinyl ethyl ether). The thermoplastic urethane elastomer was based on a polycaprolactone diol of approximately 2100 number average molecular weight, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol at a molar ratio of 1/2/1, respectively. At ambient temperature, the tensile properties of the blends typically are intermediate between the values of the two separate components. Characterizations of the dynamic mechanical properties of the blends show the relative degree of compatibility for the thermoplastic urethane elastomer and the respective polymers. Two separate glass transitions are obtained for blends of polystyrene and the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with the thermoplastic urethane elastomer. This behavior demonstrates that these blend systems are incompatible. The blends of Phenoxy A and the thermoplastic urethane elastomer exhibit a single glass transition for which the temperature is dependent on the respective concentration of the components. These mixtures are considered to be compatible in nature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological changes during a urethane network polymerization (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 803-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Trifunctional poly-ε-caprolactone polyol was polymerized with a chain-extended 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, and the rheology followed by cone and plate flow. Viscosity was found to be independent of shear rate up to at least 102 N.s/m2 (103 poise) and 30s-1. Extent of reaction was monitored by a periodic titration for isocyanate groups. Using branching theory, viscosity was related to extent of reaction and temperature. Such relations should be useful for process models. Normal force data for the curing system are also reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of long-chain branching on the viscoelastic properties of low-density polyethylenes (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt How data has been determined for a series of fractionated and whole low density polyethylenes which has been characterized in terms of their molecular weights and degree of long-chain branching, (LCB). The resulting data indicate that low LCB influences melt flow both through a reduction in molecular size and an increased level of intermolecular interaction. Die swell measurements on whole polymers indicate an increase in melt elasticity with increase in degree of LCB for samples of similar melt flow (MI). Comparison of GPC data with observed die swell characteristics indicates that die swell is a molecular size dependent property and independent of intermolecular entanglement effects, suggesting that the measurement of elastic properties of LDPE melts will provide a means of determining relative degrees of LCB for commercial resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High pressure non-isothermal processing, of linear polyethylenesPresented at the 33rd ANTEC, Atlanta, Georgia, May 5-8, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Articles with increased rigidity can be obtained by compression molding at high pressures as shown by experiments with five types of linear polyethylene. The materials, with weight average molecular weight ranging up to 1,000,000 were molded at pressures as high as 80,000 psi. The material temperature was 149-204°C, and the tooling was at 38°C. The duration of load was typically 3 mins, and the thickness of the molded disks was 12.7 mm. The results show that at high molding pressure the tensile modulus of the material is nearly twice that of materials molded conventionally at low pressures. This increase in modulus occurs for all the materials studied and even for a duration of load of only one min. The causes for this large increase in modulus were investigated with the help of density and melting point measurements and optical and electron microscopy. It was observed that the spherulites showed a distinctive and systematic change with the forming pressure. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the high modulus phenomenon on the basis of the kinetics of spherulite formation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160104
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase structure and continuity in polymer blends and composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends and composites are composed of two different components, and usually, two different phases. Sometimes one phase is continuous and the other clearly discontinuous. Often, however, both phases retain some degree of continuity, as in certain fiber reinforced composites, block copolymers, materials composed of alternating lamellae structures and interpenetrating networks. A semi-empirical theory is developed to express mathematically not only the known structures, but also two-phase morphologies not yet synthesized or characterized. Many structures both real and proposed are shown to exhibit dual phase continuity, although for most systems, one phase can be said to be “more continuous” and the other “less continuous”.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental studies on the biaxial extensional viscosity of polypropylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 82-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For fabrication processes such as blow molding, vacuum forming, film blowing and fiber spinning, extensional flow is the dominate mode of melt deformation. Under these conditions, extensional viscosity is a significant rheological property. Thus, the biaxial extensional viscosity was measured for several samples of polypropylene. A technique based on the bubble inflation method of Denson and Gallo was used. Experimental values of biaxial extensional viscosities ranging from 1014 to 1010 poise as a function of strain rate, 10-5 to 10-2 reciprocal seconds, were obtained at 25°C. The technique used was critiqued and found to be useful in characterizing unoriented and biaxially oriented films, Uniaxially oriented films gave unsatisfactory results. It may be possible to use this testing method to assist in materials selection decisions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain-induced crystallization I. Limiting extents of strain-induced nucleiPreviously presented at the ACS Symposium on Fiber and Yarn Professing, Philadelphia (April 9, 1975) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 138-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper points out that interpretations from stress changes alone during oriented crystallization have led to widely different proposed chain conformations and consequently very different crystallization mechanisms for strain-induced crystallization (SIC). Many of the proposals, including the one by Keller and Machin which takes into account some electron microscopy and X-ray observations, show varying degrees of incompatibility with existing stress relaxation, kinetic or morphological data on SIC. Another problem lies in the difficulty with proper interpretation of observed morphology on samples which have been Subjected to additional thermally-induced crystallization (TIC) after SIC, especially, in the absence of prior characterization of SIC crystallites, the finding of a fibrillar-to-lamellar transformation in stretched polymers upon additional TIC (Part H) also indicates that the generally-observed oriented lamellar morphology has a much more subtle origin than-that depicted by most crystallization models. Part I discusses our previously published morphological data on the characteristics of SIC crystallites from the melt, which includes: (a) their melting point elevation, (Tm » T°m), (b) their nearly perfect crystalline orientation function (fc ∼ 1), (c) their fast rates of crystallization (t1/2 〈 1 sec), and (d) their fibrillar morphology and limited dimensions along the fibrillar stretch axis (∼100Å). Examples of morphology of SIC from the glass and from stirred solution are also included to show the overall similarity of fibrillar morphology brought about by stretching.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160304
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical studies of the stress-induced crystallization of polymersSupported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office (Durham), the General Tire Co., Xerox Corp., and by a contract (DAAG-46-75-0-0052) with the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-induced crystallization may be studied by the birefringence technique and by low-angle light scattering. From measurements of the change in birefringence and stress during the crystallization of a polymer above its Tg and from a calculation of the intrinsic birefringence of a polymer crystal, the change in volume fraction crystallinity may be calculated. The technique is illustrated for several polymers and found to give values in reasonable agreement with other methods for the study of crystallinity. Crystallization is also accompanied by the development of a low-angle light scattering pattern, the size and shape of which is indicative of the amount, size and morphology of the crystalline superstructure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160306
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of fluid mechanics and crystal growth in the formation of shish kebabs from solution (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 158-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several observations are made regarding the role of the fluid mechanics involved in the process of flow-induced, fibrillar crystallization from solution. Computational evaluation and discussion of various flow effects in the nucleation step, including combined shear and extensional flows, are presented in terms of the elastic dumbbell model. These results indicate the important role extensional kinematics in the growth process. A qualitative evaluation of concentration effects is also given. The evaluation of facts concerning the growth morphology is presented in terms of a model for the growth process along with data concerning rinsing and quench rate effects on the morphology and inciting behavior of shish kebab crystals.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160307
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of networks under stress (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 168-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory of crystallization under stress is developed about the premise that the direction a chain takes through a crystallite, relative to its end-to-end vector, is determined by the first few links of a chain that initially deposit onto the crystallite surface. Since these few links are quickly trapped by subsequently crystallizing chains, their orientational probability prior to deposition governs the chain direction through the crystallite, and the properties of the system depend upon a statistical distribution of all vector orientations. Such a model leads to a relationship between the melting temperature and the degree of network orientation, and relates the retractive force to temperature in the crystallization region. The theory appears to adequately describe some of the published data on rubber and polychloroprene networks.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160309
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extrusion of highly oriented polyolefin fibers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study demonstrates that it is possible to extrude highly oriented polyethylene fibers using only a plasticating single screw extruder, specially designed and operated dies, and a simple take up mechanism. The degree of orientation achieved is as high as that achieved in solid state extrusion studies but accomplished at a fraction of the pressure. The degree of orientation is significantly greater than that of commercial grade fibers. The orientation is developed in the elongational flow of the “wine glass stem” region preceding the die entrance and is retained by crystallization in the die. Crystallization is inhibited in the pre-die region by maintaining a temperature above the effective melting point of the flowing, oriented (hence lowered entropy) melt.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160314
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using system identification to determine the thermal properties of plastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a new experimental and analytical method for determining the specific heat and thermal coductivity of plastic materials. This method arrives at these temperature-dependent properties by analyzing the thermal history of a slab of the plastic material. The procedure is as follows: 1) A partial differential equation model of the heat flow through the slab is established a priori. 2) A varying heat flux is a applied to the slab, and temperature readings throughout the plastic are recorded at fixed time intervals. 3) This temperature data is fed into a digital computer (along with the established mathematical model) and the required specific heat and thermal conductivity values are extracted. The extraction is done by using the maximum likelihood system identification technique.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160402
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between torque and capillary rheometer thermal stability measurements for PVC compounds (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 240-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described to predict the time-temperature behavior and hence thermal stability of PVC melts in a Brabender Plasticorder torque rheometer from basic rheological data(flow and thermal stability observations) obtained on an Instron capillary rheormeter. The predicted and experimentally determined values of the Brabender thermal stability are shown to be in good agreement.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160404
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160501
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bubble growth in thermoplastic structural foams (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The inflation and growth kinetics of bubbles in thermoplastic structural foams are discussed in some detail using a model which assumes the initial existence of very small voids in the pressurized polymer melt. The effects of a drop in external pressure, the presence of a distribution of bubble sizes, and the diffusion of gas between neighboring bubbles are considered. It is shown that at a given pressure the number of growing bubbles present in the melt at any onetime depends on the ratio of the critical radius to the average radius of the microvoids assumed to be present in the melt It is also demonstrated that gas diffusion between neighboring bubbles reduces the growth rate appreciably only when the interbubble distance is reduced to a micron or less.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160409
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Some new aspects of the crystallization of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 276-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper concerns the action of plasticizers and nucleating agents on the crystallization of bisphenol-A polycarbonate. The influence of plasticizers is to increase the rate of crystallization to a great extent using 10 percent of a plasticizer such as trimellitic acid, tridecyloctyl ester. The influence of nucleating substances on plasticized and undiluted polycarbonate is investigated. A large number of substances have been found capable of nucleating polycarbonate crystallization. The un-plasticized semi-crystalline polycarbonate is characterized by a much higher melting point (300°C) than the plasticized semi-crystalline systems (210-245°C). The stability of bisphenol-A polycarbonate in the presence of nucleating salts is also examined. We observe a substantial decrease in the molecular weight in the presence of a great number of nucleating substances. The modulus-temperature curves of two semi-crystalline polymers are reported in the last series of experiments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160410
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introductory remarks prospects for molecular engineering (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 294-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160503
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tris-benzil crosslinked polyphenylquinoxalines (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 318-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ) were crosslinked with a tris-benzil comonomer, to alleviate the inherenthigh temperature thermoplasticity, and evaluated as matrices in graphite reinforced composites. The room temperature flexural strength/modulus of Modmor IJ laminates were as high as 245,000 psi/16,6 × 106 psi. Essentially 100 percent retention of ambient mechanical properties was obtained at 371°C using a PPQ matrix from the fully-crosslinked polymer prepared from 4,4′-bis(4″-oxybenzilyl) benzil (BOBB) and 3,3′-diaminQbenzrdine. The degree of high temperature thermoplasticity in the composite was found to be more closely related to the final postcure temperature than to the BOBB crosslink density. The thermoplasticity essentially disappeared when the BOBB comonomer-PPQ laminates were postcured at 482-510°C in nitrogen. Substitution of DMAC for the commonly used m-cresol solvent system allowed facile preparation of prepreg to fabricate low-void laminates and NOL rings.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160508
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of anisotropic phase structure on the properties of crystalline polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By combining quantitative molecular, microscopic and macroscopic information from an oriented crystalline polymer, it becomes possible to unify, predict, and explain not only processing behavior but such important material properties as failure, shrinkage, modulus, yielding, melting, and storage and loss moduli. Among the advantages gained by this approach are the ability to: (a) identify the particular phase of the two-phase system which controls a given property-(b) correlate internal structure quantitatively with a large number of seemingly different types of properties; (c) identify quantitative behavioral rules which are generally valid for Very different crystalline polymers; (d) clarify component roles such that new techniques and processes result; and (e) predict the properties of a crystalline polymer for structural states not previously tested. Using two dissimilar crystalline polymers, isotactic polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate), as examples, the general validity and unifying power of the structural approaches is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160510
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constitutive relationships for the mechanical properties of anisotropic, partially crystalline polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 334-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Constitutive relationships are presented to relate the directional dependence of the mechanical properties of anisotropic, partially crystalline polymers to (a) the percent crystallinity, (b) characteristics of the crystalline and amorphous orientation distribution, and (c) the mechanical properties of the crystalline and amorphous components. These relationships were tested with structural and dynamic mechanical data obtained for isotactic polypropylene films in various states of crystalline and amorphous orientation. The dynamic mechanical properties of the crystalline and amorphous components were treated as parameters and evaluated from dynamic mechanical measurements along the longitudinal and transverse direction of three different film samples. These mechanical parameters, and the associated structural parameters, were in turn used to predict the dynamic mechanical spectra for a fourth, independent, film sample. The predicted values for the storage and loss modulus, along various directions of loading, were within 10 percent of the measured values over the temperature range of -80°C to 80°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160511
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Halpin-Tsai equations: A review (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 344-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Halpin-Tsai equations are based upon the “self-consistent micromechanics method” developed by Hill. Hermans employed this model to obtain a solution in terms of Hill's “reduced moduli”. Halpin and Tsai have reduced Hermans' solution to a simpler analytical form and extended its use for a variety of filament geometries. The development of these micromechanic's relationships, which form the operational bases for the coniposite analogy of Halpin and Kardos for semi-crystalline polymers, are reviewed herein.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160512
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annealing effect on the microstructure of poly(vinyl chloride) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 465-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of annealing on the microstructure of commercial grade poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated by calorimetric, X-ray and viscoelastic measurements. The degree of crystallinity increases with increasing annealing temperature from above the glass transition temperature up to 130°C, at which point the degree of crystallinity takes on a maximum value. Also, the crystal melting temperature increases with increasing annealing temperature. Thermal analysis and X-ray study suggest that the crystallite of poly (vinyl chloride) decomposes by thermal degradation when annealed, above 170°C. The isothermal crystallization process is analyzed using Avrami's equation employing the degree of crystallinity as a function of annealing time at various annealing temperatures. The crystallization rate has a maximum value at around 140°C. It is expected that the crystalline texture grows in the shape of a lineal-like habit, judging from the magnitude of Avrami's constant and from a study of the X-ray intensity distribution. The αf-transition was observed to occur at temperatures 5 to 10°C lower than the crystalline melting temperatures for annealed specimens of poly(vinyl chloride) using a dynamic spring analysis. The αf-transition may be attributed to thermal molecular motions with a long time scale, resulting from the cross-link points introduced by the small crystallites.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160702
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly-para-xylelene: Its chemistry and application in coating technology (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemistry of p-xylelene and of its analogues has been reviewed. Its modes of formation and polymerization to poly-p-xylelene have been described, and the initiation and hypothetical termination steps have been discussed. The reactions taking place in the gas phase and in the deposited film are contrasted with those taking place in solutions. The problems of crystallization of the polymer simultaneously proceeding with its growth have been stressed. Finally, the properties of poly-p-xylelenes and their application in the coating industry have been described in some detail, emphasizing the special advantages of gas-deposition leading directly to a solid and coherent film. Some future fields of application of this technique have been outlined.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160703
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An approach to thermodynamics of polymer flow based on internal state variables (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 490-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two kinds of thermodynamic theories, which seem to be applicable to polymer deformation and flow, have been developed in the recent literature. One of these approaches utilizes entropy far from equilibrium as a primitive undefined concept. The alternate kind of theory involves the idea of a quasi-static process as a primitive concept. In this work, an approach based on internal state variables (specifically, the micro structure of the polymeric material) is used to argue that both primitive concepts are in some sense legitimate on physical grounds. In particular, the legitimacy of the quasi-static process concept is related to the smoothness of the function delivering the rate of change of the microstructure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160705
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 480-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new apparatus has been constructed to measure the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of reactive and nonreactive liquids and solids. The method used consists in suddenly subjecting the test specimen to a thermal flux and measuring the velocity of the heat wave across the sample. Maintaining the heat flux leads to a steady thermal gradient across the sample from which the thermal conductivity can be determined. The test duration is short relative to durations employed by existing conventional techniques and thus causes only a small thermal disturbance to the sample of the order of 1 to 2°C. Thermal properties of liquids and solids, including thermoplastics and a typical epoxy resin during cure with different equivalents of an aromatic diamine hardener have been measured near room temperature. Experimental data compare favorably with literature values for similar systems. Variations in thermal conductivity and diffusivity during cure have been obtained through a series of individual discrete measurements to cover the whole isothermal cure history. The results have been analyzed and discussed with respect to the cure characteristics of the resin and the nature of the physicochemical changes the material undergoes during cure.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160704
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and dynamic mechanical spectra of crystalline copolymers of ethylene and acenaphthylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 507-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper, results of morphological studies using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were reported concerning random and non-random olefin copolymers of ethylene. As comonomers, relatively low concentrations of n-alpha alkenes and 5-methyl norbornene-2 were used. It was tentatively concluded that one possibility for morphological changes observed in the n-alpha alkene copolymers was a change in direction of chain folding. These studies have been continued with copolymers of ethylene and acenaphthylene. The intent was to pursue effects of vicinal substitution; however, the result was to produce ethylene copolymers of quite high comonomer content which were crystalline and showed no evidence of an independent beta mechanical transition. Further, definite evidence was found to indicate a change in the direction of chain folding in the polymer crystals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160707
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of oriented polyethylene/polystyrene blends (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 496-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Incompatible blends comprised of polystyrene and various high density polyethylenes were processed into tapes, in which both the phase and molecular orientations were parallel to the machine direction, by a combination of extrusion and mechanical stretching of the melt prior to quenching. Machine direction tensile yield strengths and ultimate elongations were found to be considerably higher than those obtained for comparable compression molded samples throughout the range of blend compositions and processing conditions investigated. Transverse tape properties were consistently poor due to poor interfacial adhesion. An optimum in machine direction properties was observed as the stretch ratio was increased at various melt temperatures. This optimum is likely due to a competition between morphological and molecular orientation rates during the stretching process and is a complex function of stretching rate and melt temperature as well as blend composition, relative phase viscosities, polyethylene crystallinity, and interfacial adhesion. Tapes stretched at high melt temperatures tended to show decreasing ductility and increasing tensile strength as room temperature storage time increased. This is believed to be due to secondary crystallization of the polyethylene phase. Oriented tapes were found to be easily fibrillated by mechanical heating to form a pulp. This material may prove suitable as a high grade replacement for cellulose pulp in paper making and could be formed at low cost from waste plastic feed stock.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160706
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  • 30
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    A crystalline ethylene, acenaphthylene, n-hexene-1 terpolymer exhibiting both high modulus and high elongation (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 510-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyolefins are generally known either as partially crystalline thermoplastics or as elastomers. With the finding in the ethylene-acenaphthylene copolymer system of the unusual properties of high crystallinity, high modulus, and no independent beta thermomechanical transition at high comonomer contents, it appeared that it might be possible to prepare a block polymer system which would retain the desirable low temperature transition near -110°C and “hard” acenaphthylene copolymer segments as well. Attempts were made, and the resulting terpolymer is described. An intermediate crystallinity polymer of apparently broad composition distribution was obtained with the modulus of high density polyethylene but the elongational characteristics of low density polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160708
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow-induced crystallization of linear polyethylene above its normal melting point (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 512-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of flow-induced crystallization was investigated using a linear polyethylene above its normal melting point flowing continuously in a Biconical Rheometer. It was found that the resin crystallized in the superheated state at rates which increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing temperature. A method of analysis of the temperature dependence of the various stages of flow induced crystallization is proposed. It deals with and attempts to explain the experimental fact that a higher viscosity enhances the rate of flow-induced crystallization in contrast to the effect of viscosity on the rate of quiescent crystallization. Some of the flow-induced crystallization samples were transparent and exhibited a high DSC thermogram “tail”.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160709
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  • 32
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    Cold compaction molding and sintering of polystyrene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 529-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is the objective of this paper to demonstrate the applicability of cold compaction molding followed by a sintering treatment to the processing of polystyrene powders. The influence of pressure, compaction speed, and peak pressure dwell time on the green (as compacted) density and the green tensile strength, as well as the effect of sintering on the tensile strength and dimensional change, were evaluated. The resulting data indicate that room temperature compaction alone is insufficient to provide adequate tensile strength for the compacts. Sintering the green compacts at temperatures of 150 to 173°C markedly improves the tensile strength while simultaneously causing a thickness change in the compacts. This thickness change results from gas evolution, pore shrinkage, and viscoelastic recovery of the residual stresses induced by pressure. For compacts of 0.225 in. thickness, an optimum sintering treatment of 173°C for 30 mins is recommended to provide a tensile strength of 4,000 psi and a thickness change of less than + 7 percent. Coining (repressing) the green compacts does not appreciably affect the sintered strength. However, a finer particle size improves the sintered properties. A review of the literature on the flow behavior of polystyrene suggests that a non-Newtonian viscous flow mechanism is followed by a Newtonian one as sintering progresses.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160802
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    Electronic Resource
    Parameter testing of epoxy polymer concrete (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 575-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ultimate strength of polymer concrete was investigated utilizing epichlorohydrin/bisphenol A-type epoxy resin. Parameters were tested in an effort to conclude how variation of a specific parameter would affect the compressive strength of the polymer concrete. The parameter testing included studies to determine the effect of the polymer loading; the catalyst; the exothermic reaction; aggregate type, gradation and moisture content; curing age; and aggregate additives of portland cement and lime-stone powder.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160809
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  • 34
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    Hydrostatic extrusion of polypropylene and properties of extrudates (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 567-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid-state extrusion of polypropylene by hydrostatic pressure has been investigated at four different temperatures: 25, 50, 75, and 100°C. The pressure to effect extrusion was found to be essentially a linear function of the extrusion ratio at each temperature, while the magnitude of the extrusion pressure, for any given extrusion ratio, decreased appreciably with increasing temperature. With increase in extrusion-ratio, the polypropylene extrudates became increasingly transparent. After passing through the extrusion dies; the Sample showed some elastic recovery. The amount of this recovery decreased with increasing extrusion ratio, X-Ray diffraction measurements taken before and after extrusion showed reduction in sharpness of the crystalline Peaks. Differential, scanning calorimetric measurements, on the other hand, indicate that the relative heat of fusion of the extrudates increases with the extrusion ratio at each extrusion temperature. It also increases with extrusion temperature for a given ratio. Tensile stress-strain tests were made at various hydrostatic pressure levels on the extrudates obtained at 25°C and the extrusion ratio of 2.8. Unlike on the virgin sample of polypropylene, ho yield maximum was observed on the extrudate sample at all pressures investigated. However, the effects of pressure on the relative increase in the yield stress-and the modulus of the extrudate are comparable to those of original, unoriented samples.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160808
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  • 35
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    Transition behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(ethyl methacrylate) blends (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 593-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous work has shown evidence that PMMA and PEMA are miscible with PVF2. The present paper examines in detail the behavior of PEMA/PVF2 blends by thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. All transitions and relaxations are affected by blond composition but in a complex manner owing to the crystallization of PVF2 from blends rich in this component. Inadequacies of the simple two-phase picture of semi-crystalline polymers is believed responsible for some of the transitional behavior observed here. The melting point depression observed for PVF2 was found to be consistent with an exothermic heat of mixing for this pair comparable in value to that found for PPMA/PVF2/All evidence here are consistent with the previous conclusion of miscibility for these systems.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160902
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  • 36
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    Stress measurement in polymeric materials by X-ray diffraction (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 602-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments are described which show that stresses in amorphous polymers can be measured by diffracting X-rays at high Bragg angles from a filler consisting of crystalline particle or powders. The method is applicable, when calibrated, to both applied and residual stresses, to stress relaxation studies, to both tensile and compressive stresses, to both interior and surface positions in an object, and to composites of various types as well as to polymers that are substantially homogeneous. In the lower (Hookian) range, strains and stresses in metallic embedded particles increase linearly with applied stresses and strains in the matrix. When applied stresses exceed an apparent yield point, which correlates with the yield strength of the metallic filler, the elastic strains in the particles increase only slightly or even decrease as the matrix strains are increased, and with constant applied strain, the particles reveal changes due to relaxation. Strains in the particles are found to be smaller, and stresses higher, than in the matrix. Tests of graphite-fiber epoxy composites with embedded filings of silver or aluminum alloy show that compressive residual stresses from curing at 350°C and cooling to room temperature are registered in the particles as well as stresses externally applied to the cured composite. Precision of the order of 1000 psi (0.7 kg/mm2 or 6.9 M Pa) was obtained with measurements made and evaluated rapidly and simply; with more refined techniques, much higher precision would be possible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160903
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Fracture of fiber reinforced composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 609-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Characteristics of the fracture of fiber reinforced plastic composites are described in terms of the elastic stress distribution at the crack tip, the mechanism of crack tip damage, and the modes and conditions of final fracture. The three-dimensional, stress field at the tip of a sharp crack in a laminate is presented and contrasted to traditional two-dimensional models. The response of the material in the form of inter- and intraply damage formation and growth under increasing load is characterized, and its effect in blunting the main crack is examined. The final fracture conditions, which may range from quasi-brittle to notch insensitive, are discussed and related to the damage zone extension. Observed and anticipated effects of various material and geometric parameters are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160904
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  • 38
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    Prediction of the onset of extrudate distortion in polyethylenes from rheological data (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 626-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An extensive set of rheological data, including steady shear, normal stress, and oscillatory response functions, have been obtained for several polyethylene melts, and a modified form of the Spriggs nonlinear co-rotational model has been used to represent the data. The resulting model was used to predict the transient stress response of the melts in a simplified model of the extrusion process, with a resulting criterion for the onset of melt distortion in terms of readily evaluated rheological parameters. The predicted occurrence of melt distortion based on this criterion agreed well with observations for the polymers in this study as well as for a variety of other polymers reported in the literature.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160906
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161001
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  • 40
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    Mechanical properties of biaxially oriented poly(vinyl chloride) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 638-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This report describes the influence, of (a) degree of biaxial orientation, (b) stretching rate, and (c) stretching temperature on the tensile, dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of non-impact modified PVC. A new parameter designated “planar strain” is used to correlate anisotropic property values with both equal and unequal biaxial stretching in a single two-dimensional plot, thereby providing a direct comparison of the effects of two or more biaxial stretching ratios. It is shown that optimum stretching conditions depend to some extent upon end use and that a 2 × 2 stretch ratio is optimum for impact resistance. The actual property/processing condition relationships exhibit very complicated interactions and are correlated empirically in this study. The dynamic measurements suggest that overall local segmental beta motion is increased after orientation but that the relative chain alignment makes it more difficult to activate this motion.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160907
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  • 41
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    New techniques for mixing viscous reacting liquids. Part II. Electrical-mechanical hybrid mixerPortions of tins paper were presented November 6, 1975 at a symposium sponsored by the MIT-Industry Polymer Processing Program. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 1976 Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 672-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on an understanding of the basic mechanisms and governing laws for liquid mixing, a new concept for increasing the efficiency of laminar mixing is advanced. The new concept is motivated in part by the observation that in laminar flows, the interface between two fluid components tends to line up parallel to the streamlines, leading to decreased mixing efficiency. This decrease in effectiveness can be overcome by simultaneously applying mechanically induced shear forces and electrically induced destabilizing forces (which act on the interfaces) to mix the liquids. Results show a dramatic increase in mixing efficiency with the electrical-mechanical hybrid system. Descriptions of the analytical and experimental work done to characterize the concept and prove its efficacy are presented in detail. Scale-up factors are discussed in terms of dimensionless groups.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161004
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  • 42
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    A critical examination of the prepreg resin flow experimentThis work was conducted while the author was at Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 687-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper takes a critical look at the applicability of the currently accepted Resin Flow Method of prepreg evaluation. The Resin Flow test is generally a high pressure, small dimension lamination experiment which is used to characterize materials processed tit high pressures and large dimensions. Several simple experiments are described which support previously reported theory and provide a basis-for more meaningful comparison of materials based on appropriate scaling via an analytical flow model.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161006
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    Studies on multilayer film coextrusion I. The rheology of flat film coextrusion (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 697-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer flat film coextrusion was studied, both experimentally and theoretically. For the experimental study, a sheet-forming die with a feedblock was designed, and plastic films of three and five layers were coextruded. The die was provided with three pressure transducers in the axial direction in order to determine the pressure gradient in the die, allowing the determination of the reduction in pressure drop when different combinations of two polymer melts were coextruded. Polymers used for coextrusion were: (1) low density polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate; (2) low density-polyethylene and high density polyethylene; (3) low density polyethylene and polystyrene. For the theoretical study, the z-component of the equations of motion for steady fully-developed flow were solved using a power law non-Newtonian model, Comparisons were made between the experimental and the theoretically predicted volumetric flow rates. Predictions of the velocity distributions, shear rate profiles, and shear stress distributions were made as functions of the processing conditions and the rheological properties of the individual polymers concerned.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161008
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    A generalized melt viscosity-temperature dependence for styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 690-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the melt flow of polymers on temperature is of both theoretical and commercial importance. A useful representation of the temperature dependence of the shear-dependent viscosity, based on superposition of flow curves at various temperatures, has previously been presented by the author for several olefin polymers. This method is extended in the current work to styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile based polymers. The melt viscosity-temperature dependence of a broad range of styrenic polymers and copolymers, ranging from polystyrene to 82 percent AN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, with and without rubber inclusions, was investigated. Flow curves at the various temperatures were found to be superimposable, as had earlier been found to be the case for olefin polymers, and a unique quantitative relationship between the superposition shift factors and temperature was found applicable to the entire family of polymers. The resultant energy of activation for viscous flow is in excellent agreement with previously published results for polystyrene Newtonian viscosities, and the magnitude of the shift factors is consistent with a limited set reported for ABS polymers. Independent tests of the derived relationships provided excellent prediction of measured viscosities. Thus, it is considered that a general viscosity-temperature relationship has been defined for this family of polymers, independent of molecular structural detail.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161007
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    An experimental technique for predicting foam processability and physical propertiesPresented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the A.I.Ch.E. in Los Angeles, California, November, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 706-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermoplastic foam properties and processing stability depend strongly on the ability to obtain the proper rheological properties for the polymer melt at temperatures where the decomposition of a chemical blowing agent may be controlled. An experimental technique has been developed which allows stable processing conditions to be determined for the continuous extrusion of foamed thermoplastics with known foam properties. The technique involves a thermal analysis of the polymer-blowing agent formulation to determine the range of controllable extrusion temperatures. Rheological analysis was carried out using a slit die to establish a relationship between the thermal blowing characteristics of the polymer composition and rheological data which correlate with foam extrudability and the physical properties of the foam. This provides a means of predicting both processability and foam properties which aid in the scale-up to production. The rheological-foam property correlations were confirmed by continuous foam extrusion on a laboratory extruder.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161009
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  • 46
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    The preparation of ultra-high modulus polypropylene films and fibres (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 721-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Following the discovery that linear polyethylene can be drawn to very high draw ratios to produce oriented fibres and films with ultra-high initial moduli, a similar study has been undertaken for polypropylene. In particular, the modulus/draw ratio relationship has been obtained for a range of polymers of different molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The effects of thermal history and draw temperature were studied, and it was shown that under optimum conditions material with an initial modulus at room temperature of 1.9 × 1010 Nm-2 (205 gdtex, 3 × 106 psi) can be obtained. This value is at least 50 percent greater than those previously recorded for drawn fibres and about one half of the theoretical modulus.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161102
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  • 47
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    An extensiometer for molten plastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 799-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new rheometer has been developed to measure the extensional viscosity of molten thermoplastics at typical extrusion temperatures. It is at the same time versatile and easy to operate. One end of the test specimen is held in a fixed position by an oil-cooled chimp mounted on the end of a force transducer. The other end of the specimen is held by, a moving, oil-cooled chimp. The moving clamp is suspended from a carriage mounted on a ball nut which travels on a long lead screw. The lead screw is driven by an electric motor operating through a gear box, and its speed can be controlled to produce either a constant stress (creep) or a constant strain-rate (stress growth) experiment. Experimental results have verified that in the “constant strain rate” mode the strain rate does rise rapidly to a constant level. Measurements on several polyethylene resins indicated that the extensional viscosity rises with strain rate at low strain rates.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161204
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    Toughness and brittleness of plastics: A summary of an ACS/SPE symposium (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 823-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recent and joint ACS/SPE symposium featured 40 papers on the fundamental mechanism of brittle fracture, low-speed crazing and fracture, high-speed impact mechanisms, fatigue failure, multi-phase polymer systems, and reinforcing fibers. A survey of these papers indicates the present state of our knowledge in this field, and the rapid progress it is making toward the development of high-performance plastic materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161209
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  • 49
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    Extrusion of polymer tubing using a rotating mandrel (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 827-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rotating mandrel in a tubing die produces multiaxial orientation in the extruded melt. If the polymer melt is quenched rapidly, some multiaxial orientation is retained in the resultant tubing. Multiaxially oriented tubing exhibits reduced crack propagation and some enhancement of yield and fracture strengths. During the processing of multiaxially oriented tubing, relaxation occurs after the melt leaves the die and gives rise to wall thickening and reduction in the lumen of the tubing; the magnitude of these effects is a function of the rate of mandrel rotation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161210
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  • 50
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    Residual stresses in polymers and their effect on mechanical behavior (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 785-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Plates of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate) have been quenched in ice water from temperatures slightly above their glass transition temperatures. Residual stresses are thus created, Measurement of these residual stresses has been accomplished by the “layer removal” method and the stress distributions through the thickness are presented. Compressive stresses, approximately 3000 psi, exist at the surface while tensile stresses-of at least 1000 psi exist in the interior. It is shown that these residual stresses can influence the notched Izod impact strengths for polycarbonates. The mechanism is thought to be suppression of craze initiation in advance of the notch due to the presence of residual compressive stresses for specimens notched prior to quenching. In the case of poly(methyl methacrylate), it is shown that compressive residual stresses at the surface can cause plastic yielding to occur in bending experiments resulting in permanent deformation and greater energy absorption.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161202
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    New sources of monomers and polymers - A review (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 817-820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In spite of the availability of- almost fifty commercial synthetic plastics, many new ones were announced at the recent First Chemical Congress of the North American. Continent at Mexico City. Among these are the high temperature resistant aramides and imides, poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene oxide), poly(aryl sulfone), H resin, modified phenolic resins and the phosphazenes. Other new polymers are block and graft copolymers, conductive polymers, barrier resins, poly 1,2-butadiene, polyolefins and polyurethanes. New coupling techniques and shortages of feed stocks have resulted in a renewed interest in filled plastics and recycled polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161207
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    Properties, environmental stability, and molding characteristics of polyphenylene sulfide (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 831-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylene sulfide is a new engineering plastic characterized by a unique combination of useful environmental, mechanical, and flame resistant properties. This paper presents a variety of new developments in molding methods and long term properties of polyphenylene sulfide. Optimum conditions for fabrication by injection molding, compression molding, and free sintering techniques are described along with a comprehensive tabulation of mechanical, factional, and electrical properties of various filled and unfilled compositions. The effect of injection molding conditions and post-treatments, such as annealing, on mechanical behavior is discussed. Long term stability of molded specimens of the polymer to a variety of chemical environments as well as oven aging studies are reported. The significance of these properties is illustrated by a discussion emphasizing new applications for various compositions based on polyphenylene sulfide.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161211
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    Inhibitor selection for vinyl monomers by differential scanning calorimetry (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 836-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Inhibitors to prevent vinyl polymerization were selected rapidly and effectively by differential scanning calorimetry. The autopolymerization temperature (APT) and the relative polymerization rate constants were used to define the type and amount of inhibitor necessary to prevent polymerization of acrylic esters and acrylamides. The APT was also used to determine the amount of inhibitor in a vinyl monomer. The rate of polymerization and storage stability of vinyl monomers were determined by these methods.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161212
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    The SPE international award address - 1975 polymerization by oxidative coupling - an historical review (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The history of PPO®, polymers of 2,6-dimethylphenol, and Noryl® resins is described from the initial discovery through commercialization. The scope of oxidative polymerization as applied principally to phenols and acetylenes is outlined as well as the chemical reactions which can be performed on the resulting polymers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160102
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  • 55
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    A Comparison of Gel Permeation Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography for Epoxy Resin Analysis (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography and liquid Chromatography are used for analyzing various epoxy resins. The chromatograms are compared with related information available from each. Because the separation is based on different principles, each method gives unique and different information about the same sample. For a complete analysis of epoxy resins, both techniques seem to be required.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160103
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  • 56
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    Dynamic mechanical evidence for the glass transition of high density polyethylene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 36-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of shock cooling and swelling with carbon tetrachloride on the dynamic mechanical spectrum of high density polyethylene have been studied with a torsional pendulum. The resulting spectra have a well-defined loss peak at -65°C which is associated with the glass transition of high density polyethylene. Similar experiments on polypropylene and low density polyethylene demonstrate the similar effects of these treatments on their glass transitions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160106
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  • 57
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    Thermal expansion transients of a cis-1,4 polybutadiene elastomer at various levels of strain (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The length-temperature behavior of elongated elastomeric networks of cis-1,4 polybutadiene was observed following abrupt, nearly step-function changes in the temperature of the specimen environment. The thermal expansion behavior is reversible, and the transient length changes are in the direction anticipated from rubber elasticity theory, i.e., dL(t)/dT is negative. The observed long-time values of the thermal expansion coefficient are in good agreement with equilibrium length-temperature coefficients reported for other elastomers. Results indicate that both thermal diffusion and retarded creep deformation contribute to the transient phenomenon, with the latter mechanism dominating.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160107
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    Characterization and piezoelectric activity, of stretched and poled poly(vinylidene fluoride). Part I: Effect of draw ratio and poling conditionsPresented in part at Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Symposium-Workshop, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, April 15 and 16, 1975. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of investigators have reported on the high degree of piezoelectricity manifested by oriented films of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2). To develop applications for this piezoelectric effect, our laboratory is involved in a systematic investigation of the factors responsible for this remarkable behavior of PVF2. In a unique high-speed process, commercial PVF2 film was uniaxially stretched to a series of draw ratios ranging up to 7/1. The resulting films were characterized by techniques involving infrared spectroscopy, density, birefringence, sonic modulus, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic mechanical response. The films were then poled at various electric field strengths, temperatures, and times. Correlations have been made between draw ratio, physical properties, poling conditions, and piezoelectric activity of the films. It was found that the piezoelectric activity increased to limiting values with draw ratio, poling voltage, poling temperature, and poling time. It was evident that for PVF2 film a significant amount of oriented phase I crystalline material is required for high degrees of piezoelectric activity. The Appendix gives the apparent rate dependence observed for the piezoelectric effect when signal is measured with a voltage sensor of relatively low input impedance.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160105
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    Rheovibron determination of the dynamic moduli of polymer melts (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 46-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes the use of the Rheovibron Model DDV-III-B with a parallel plate modification of the sample holders to obtain oscillatory data in the shear mode for several high density polyethylene melts. A detailed analysis of the Rheovibron to obtain the dynamic shear: moduli of polymer melts using the new sample holders is given, as well as a procedure for determining the instrument compliance and inertia parameters which must be considered in analysis of the data. Using the principle of time-temperature superposition, the data are extended to an equivalent frequency range of 1500 rad/sec. These data are compared with those obtained using the Weis-senberg Rheogoniometer Model R-17 for the same polymers. It is concluded that reliable measurements for dynamic shear moduli for polymer melts using the Rheovibron Model DDV-III-B with the modified sample holders can be made for melts with indices of about 5 or less (i.e., zero shear viscosities of 6.0 × 104 poise or greater).
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160108
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160201
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    Silicone-polyethylene blendsPresented May, 1975 meeting of the Society of Plastics Engineers in Atlanta, Georgia. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene and reactive, high molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes have been blended under conditions of shear and elevated temperature in order to form uniform, thermoplastic blends. The materials can be extruded, coated on wire, injection molded, or compression molded. Despite the thermoplastic nature, a high gel fraction is present. A structure is proposed consisting of microgelled and grafted particles of silicone dispersed in polyethylene. When compared to pure polyethylene, the blends show lowered modulus over a temperature range of -150 to +65°C increased gas permeability, and lowered mixing energies. Electrical properties include corona resistance superior to polyethylene and a resistance to degradation under conditions simulating those experienced by buried cables superior to typical silicone rubber. Other electrical properties are intermediate between the values observed in the component polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160109
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    The migration of plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride) into edible oils (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The migration of phthalate plasticizers from poly (vinyl chloride) into edible oils has been analyzed. The principal method used involved 14C-labeled dibutyl and dioctyl phthalates with detection by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. In most cases, the migration of the main plasticizer was accompanied by the migration of the secondary plasticizer, when present, and by diffusion of the oil into the polymer. Comparison of the scintillation results with those obtained by weight loss measurements can give quantitative information on the amount of the liquid medium that diffuses during the migration process. The effect of the following factors on the migration process was examined; (a) the nature and acidity of the edible oil, (b) the composition and amount of phthalate plasticizer, (c) the amount of epoxy plasticizer, and (d) the temperature and time of contact.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160110
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    Induced photodegradation of styrene polymers: A survey (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Although polymeric materials have a relatively minor role in our solid waste disposal problems, they display a particular prominence as litter because of their environmental permanence, Photodegradation has been suggested as one possible solution, but considerable debate has centered on the need, costs, and limitations of such degradable systems. The chemical mechanisms involved in practical photodegradation are illustrated by a review of the oxidation schemes for normal and sensitized polystyrene. The different mechanisms associated with the use of additives, comonomers, and halogens are considered in some detail. A listing of patent literature relating specifically to photodegradable polystyrene is included in the review.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160202
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    Introductory remarks (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 125-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160302
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  • 65
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    Crystallization from a strained melt or solution (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 126-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elongation and orientation of randomly coiled macromolecules in a strained melt or solution reduces their entropy and thus increases the crystallization or melting temperature of the ideal lattice. At any given temperature of experiment this enhances nucleation and crystal growth rate. As a rule, linear primary nuclei are formed. They contain more or less extended chains. The existence of row nuclei reduces the local gradient in the liquid to such an extent that further crystallization proceeds by epitaxial overgrowth of folded chain lamellae. Densely packed cylindrites are formed with the ribbon-like lamellae radiating from the central row nucleus. The irregular shish-kebab structure observed in stirred or sonicated solutions seems to be formed by subsequent exial deformation of cylindrites in the flow field. It displaces the lamellae irregularly and thus produces a great many microfibrillar elements parallel to the original row nuclei. The almost completely extended chains in the shish yield a high elastic modulus and tensile strength for exial loading. The shish-kebab morphology in fibers as spun does not affect to a great extent the mechanical properties obtainable by subsequent drawing. The lamellae are transformed into microfibrils in very much the same manner as in spherulitic samples. But the highly regular orientation of lamellae seems to result in a more uniform drawing and hence a stronger fiber. In an extremely high temperature and pressure gradient, the melt extrusion produces hard elastomers where the lamellae of the cylindrites seem to be locally stapled. Upon application of tensile load in the extrusion direction, the intervening sections bend like beams, thus forming thin holes extending in the direction perpendicular to the load. The holes enormously enhance the permeability for gases and liquids. The elastic bending of lamellae yields the high recoverable strain and low tensile modulus.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160303
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    Structure studies of chemically etched poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A macrostructure consisting of 1500 Å long network, elements has been studied in unoriented and oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. The long dimension of the structure is oriented transverse to the stretch direction. A length to width ratio of approximately 10:1 is observed. The structure is observed by scanning electron microscopy after room temperature etching with n-propylamine under special conditions. Also studied are weight loss measurements for up to 80 hrs of etching and molecular weight degradation by gel permeation chromatography. The induction time before weight loss commences depends on sample elongation and thermal history. A coincidence of the following times are observed: (I) commencement of weight loss, (2) development of a well-defined macrostructure by SEM, and (3) completion of molecular weight degradation. Therefore, visual evidence of a macrostructure occurs when weight loss has commenced which requires degradation to products soluble in the etchant. The GPC curves vs rich time show that etched film oriented to a crystalline state possesses two molecular weight peaks. The peak for polymer in which no degradation occurred is replaced by a peak for polymer of nine to ten repeat units which is highly crystalline and, therefore, resistant to further attack.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160317
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    The injection molding of thermosets (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Current industry trends toward increasing automation, as well as increased flexibility in material selection have focused a strong spot light on thermoset injection molding. The growth of thermoset injection molding is reviewed comparatively with the technical history and growth of thermoplastic injection. The progress we see to date and the promise for the future in material characteristics and properties, mold design features, equipment features, changing concepts and new thoughts are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160403
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  • 68
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    Polyphenylquinoxalines - high performance thermoplastics (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis, processing characteristics, thermal propers, and adhesive and composite properties of polyphenvlqmnoxahnes are briefly reviewed. In addition, new high molecular weight soluble carbonate/phenylquinoxaline copolymers from the cyclopolycondensation of aromatic bis(o-diamines) with a bis(benzilyl) carbonate are reported.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160505
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  • 69
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    High performance fibers from aromatic polymersPresented in part fit the International Symposium on Man-Made Fillers, Kalinin, USSR, May 1548, 1974. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Examples are given to show how molecular structures may be synthesized to prepare polymers useful for the formation of fibers intended for specific end uses, particularly for high performance applications. Current trends and developments taken from the literature are reviewed and some new work from the laboratories of Monsanto Company is presented concerning the use of aromatic polymers for heat and flame resistant fibers. Some new polymers and new routes of synthesis are described. Correlations are made between flame resistance as measured by oxygen index (O.I.) values and the structure of a large number of aromatic polymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160504
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  • 70
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    New aromatic silicon-containing polyamides (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As part of an ongoing program to prepare and evaluate thermally-stable, processable materials, 18 aromatic, silicon containing polyamides (structures shown below) have been synthesized via interfacial polymerization of six silicon-containing diacid chlorides with 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl-nethane, 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone, and l-(3′-amino-benzy)-4-(3″aminobenzoyl)benzene. All polyamides were soluble in m-cresol and N,N-dimethylacetamide and had glass transition temperatures between 178 and 254°C, Thermogravimetric analyses conducted in static air on film specimens were-1 used to show 5 and 10 percent weight losses between 331-400°C and 354-440°C, respectively. 3,3′- and 4,4′-silane isomersR = R′ = Me; R = Me; R′ = Ph; R = R′ = Ph
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160506
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  • 71
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    Hot-melt adhesive bonding of polyethylene with ethylene copolymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 411-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt bon debility of ethyl en e copolymers to a high, pressure polyethylene has been investigated by a T-peel test consisting of polyethylene-copolymer-polyethylene. The three ethylene copolymers involved separately vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid. The ethyl acrylate copolymers produce the highest peel strength over the test temperature range of -20 to 50°C, and also yield a high peel strength even at the bonding temperatures of 105-110°C, at which the welding of polyethylene to polyethylene does not occur. The observations of cross sections of the joints with an interference microscope show the presence of an interfacial boundary layer and a mixed layer (of the polyethylene and the copolymer). The relationship between the peel strength and these two layers is discussed. Further, the peel strength-temperature curves are compared with the tensile properties of the copolymers.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160606
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  • 72
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    Effect of matrix ductility and interface treatment on mechanical properties of glass fiber mat composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 537-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of matrix properties on randomly oriented glass fiber epoxy composites has been studied. It is shown that an increased ductility (flexibility) of the matrix does not result in greater elongation to failure of the composite under tensile and flexural loads. The tensile (and flexural) strength and the modulus of elasticity are decreased as the ductility of the resin is increased. It is concluded that since the matrix material is subjected to a triaxial state of stress when the composite specimen is subjected to uniaxial loads, the effect of matrix modulus, Poisson's ratio, and yield strength are more important than the matrix ductility measured under uniaxial stress. The effect on mechanical properties of various surface treatments applied to the fibers is also investigated. Finally, scanning electron micrographs are presented showing matrix cracks, fiber debonding, and fiber pull-out.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160803
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    Prediction of polyethylene melt rheological properties from molecular weight distribution data obtained by gel permeation chromatography (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting rheological characteristics, such as shear dependent (non-Newtonian) viscosity and components of linear oscillatory (complex) response functions for polyethylene melts from molecular weight distribution data obtained from gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis. The results are compared with measured values of the rheological functions obtained from a variety of instruments over an extensive range of shear rates-and frequencies. The agreement between predicted and measured rheological functions is quite good for high density resins. However, for a low density resin the agreement is not as good, although still reasonable over a considerable range of conditions. It is concluded that the quality of the GPC data is the key factor in the degree of success of the method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160810
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160901
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  • 75
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    Jetting phenomena in injection mold filling mold filling (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 585-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies of injection molding of polymer melts have classified two regimes of mold filling-simple filling and jetting. In this paper we have examined a wide range of polymer melts and mold designs in an attempt to devise a criterion for the transition between these regimes. This criterion is found to be related to the extrudate swell d, gate diameter D, and small cavity dimension at the gate h. For isothermal mold filling, if d/h exceeds 1.0, the-melt will contact the mold, stick to it, and induce a simple mold filling regime. The variation in behavior in vertical and horizontal mold filling is considered, as is the influence of barriers near the gate. For the non-isothermal mold case, the manner of filling is similar, and the criterion for jetting remains the same, The die swell behavior in the non-isothermal case is complex.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160811
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  • 76
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    The quantitative differential thermal analysis determination of polyolefin stabilization (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 652-654 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Quantitative Differential, Thermal Analysis has been used in the wire and cable industry for determining the degree of oxidative stability of polyolefins for quality control purposes in lieu of a direct antioxidant analysis, However, it has never been shown whether the presence of each additive in a stabilizer package could be detected by this method. The results presented here indicate that the presence of a primary antioxidant and a copper inhibitor in combination can be detected separately by comparing the oxidative induction times in copper and aluminum pans. The addition of a thioester synergist such as distearyl thiodipropionate, DSTDP, is evidenced by an increased induction time in aluminum pans. However, the presence of DSTDP makes it impossible by this method to determine whether an effective level of copper inhibitor is present since the sample shows a reduced stability on copper compared to aluminum. One of two factors can be invoked to explain these results: a) DSTDP interferes with the complexing ability of the copper inhibitor or b) the copper-inhibitor complex retards the synergistic effect of the DSTDP. In either case, this factor is not important at lower temperatures since oxygen uptake data at 130°C indicate that DSTDP is an effective synergist in the presence of copper.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160909
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    Correction (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 734-734 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161104
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    A review of techniques for processing ultra-high modulus polymers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 725-734 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Linear crystalline polymers can be processed to high degrees of orientation sufficient to produce dramatic increases in tensile strength and modulus. Three processes have been identified for inducing such orientation: cold drawing, hydrostatic extrusion, and solution spinning. All three processes utilize a high elongational velocity gradient in a critical temperature range to produce a high strength crystalline morphology. Although the molecular superstructure may differ in each case, the mechanical properties are similar, An increase in strength is achieved either through the creation of new tie molecules between crystal lamellae or through the creation of an extended chain crystal substructure. Temperature and molecular weight are the prime variables in determining which morphology will develop. The optimum processing temperature for many of the specific techniques is the crystalline dispersion temperature. At this temperature, the crystal structure is particularly adaptable to forming a new crystal morphology. Ul-tradrawn polymers are more Hookean in behavior than isotropic polymers and have properties similar to steel and glass. Polyoxymethylene has been processed most closely to its theoretical strength. Polyethylene, which is the most difficult to process, has achieved the highest modulus of any common polyolefin polymer, about 7 × 1010 Pa.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161103
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    Increase of adhesive bond strength through the mechanochemical creation of free radicals: IBased on Report No. TDM 73-06 (Technion, Haifa 1973) to the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C, and the National Research Council of Israel. Presented in part at the XXIVth International Symposium of Macromolecules (IUPAC) 1975, Jerusalem Israel. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 747-759 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new technique for improving the strength of bonded joints between various materials and different adhesives is described. Increased strength was obtained by mechanical Surface Activation Beneath Reactive Adhesives (SABRA). This technique results in higher bond energies due to the creation of free radicals. The surfaces were activated by abrasion with emery paper in the presence of the adhesive itself (epoxy), or of some suitable primer such as methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile (AN) or hydrogen sulfide gas. The effects of this technique were demonstrated by four different methods: 1) Improved wetting of standard epoxy or water drops on the treated surface. 2) Achievement of bond energies between primers and polymeric surfaces exceeding the energy of solution in solvents, which were revealed by attenuated total reflectance infrared. 3) The detection of free radicals created by bond scission during abrasion by means of diphenylpicryl hydrazyl, (DPPH), a free radical scavenger, monitored by spec-trocolorimetry, 4) Destructive testing of single lap joint test Pieces, scarfed tube joints and pee) test samples. These experiments will be described in a second paper. The theoretical base of the new approach is supported by a tentative estimate of energies set free by mechanochemical creation of free radicals and the excess heat released during abrasion.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161107
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    The stress-strain behavior of materials exhibiting andrade creep (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 777-781 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain behavior of a material exhibiting Andrade creep (for which the creep compliance is linear in the cube-root of time) has been calculated for loading at constant strain rate \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm \varepsilon}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document} and at constant stress rate \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop \sigma \limits^. $\end{document} for the limiting case of linear viscoelastic behavior and at constant \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop \sigma \limits^. $\end{document} for one type of nonlinear viscoelastic response. The recoverable strain after the stress has been removed has also been calculated for these three cases. The results of the calculations are compared with experiment.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161110
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161201
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    Reduction of internal stresses in injection molded parts by metallic fillers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 792-798 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The build-up of internal stresses in injection molded parts is due to the combined effect: of a low thermal conductivity (diffusivity) of normal polymer melts and their rapid cooling in the mold cavity. The present paper shows that increasing the thermal diffusivity of the polymer by the addition of relatively small amounts of metallic fillers resulted in a substantial reduction in the internal stress level. The filler content was of the order of a few percent by volume. The average internal stress (σi) was determined by a stress relaxation method. The modulus, tensile strength, and other mechanical properties of the samples were not influenced by the filler addition. The impact strength, however, decreased sharply, as no adhesion pro-motors were used. The observed improvements in mold shrinkage, thermal shrinkage, hardness, and stress-cracking tendency could be related to a decreased σi level. In comparative experiments with other fillers (MgO, glass powder), a good correlation was found between the σi level and the thermal diffusivity of the filler.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161203
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    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160101
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    Strain-induced crystallization II. Subsequent fibrillar-to-lamellar transformationPreviously presented at the ACS Symposium on Fiber and Yarn Processing Philadelphia (April 9, 1975) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 145-151 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Part II discusses numerous examples of a morphological fibrillar-to-lamellar transformation that has reportedly been observed in stretched polymers upon additional thermal treatment (or TIC), Stretched polymers containing initially a typical fibrillar morphology for either crystallites in cold-drawn polymers, crystallites induced by stretching, or simply non-crystalline fibrils can yield a more or less lamellar morphology after the thermally-induced transformation. There is no evidence of extended-chain crystals present in either the original fibrils or the transformed lamellae; however, the extent of the transformation is strongly dictated by the annealing conditions and the stretch ratios, and therefore the local strains on tie molecules between the crystallites. Of particular interest is the observation of lamellar formation in conjunction with decreasing stress (or increasing length) during TIG under strain. This is in conflict with the generally expected stress increase if chain folding is presumed to occur during formation of lamellae, Consequently, it leads to the conclusion that lamellae form from prefolded structures during TIC. In the light of this surprising conclusion, available evidence on the presence of structure or non-Gaussian chain segments in the amorphous state is also cited. Included are the most recent neutron scattering results from concentrated solutions of polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160305
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  • 85
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    Electronic Resource
    Morphological changes during oriented polymer crystallization (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory of the stress-induced crystallization of polymeric networks is presented which takes into account 1) the free energy of fusion, 2) crystal surface energies and 3) entropic changes in the amorphous sections of crystallizing chains. It is assumed that the vector running from one end to the other of the crystallite is oriented in the direction of network extension, irrespective of crystal morphology, thus minimizing the free energy of crystallization. Assuming that the network assumes the crystal morphology which minimizes the free energy of the network at a given degree of crystallinity and that the crystallization proceeds along this lowest free energy path, it is predicted for simple network extension that growth of a perfectly oriented extended-chain crystal occurs initially, changing to a one-fold crystal oriented perpendicular to extension at low extension and to a two-fold crystal having nearly perfect orientation at High extension. The stress is predicted to decay initially and then to rise as the network chains switch from an extended-to a folded-chain morphology. Spatial factors which may trap chains in the ex tended-chain morphology or prematurely stopping the crystallization process can result in a mixed crystal morphology. At high extension, the structure is similar to that of the shish kebab.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160308
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  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unlimited flex life in the molded-in hinge in polypropylene: A structural hypothesis (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 176-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Injection molded hinges of polypropylene possess uniquely unlimited flex life. Polypropylene when crystallized from the melt under extensional flow (as in injection, molded hinges), shows a unique morphology characterized by a planar row structure of lamellae accompanied by a bimodal distribution of the unit cells having the alpha crystal phase. This bimodal orientation consists of two apparently independent orientations of the unit cells with respect to the flow direction: one with the c-(chain) axis parallel to and one with the a′-axis parallel to the flow direction. (The a′-axis is a vector normal to (100) and thus parallel to a* in reciprocal space.) Experimental data on the morphology of polypropylene crystallized under extensional flow are interpreted in terms of two components. The c-axis component corresponds to those molecules in the planar row structure. The a′-component is attributed to secondary crystallization in which small crystallites are finely dispersed between the lamellae of the row structure. These small crystallites act as a “morphological plasticizer” protecting the load-bearing row structure from destructive stress during flexure.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160310
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disruptive processes in the shear crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization behavior of samples of poly(ethylene oxide) of varying molecular weights and molecular weight distributions has been studied under varying conditions of shear rate and temperature. These experiments have been carried out in two devices. One is a shearing parallel-plate instrument that allows direct observation of the crystallizing medium. The other is a shearing concentric-cylinder dilatometer. In general, shear enhanced the rates of crystallization and nucleation. However, conditions were encountered under which shear retarded crystallization and/or nucleation. Combination of the data from these two devices suggests that, under certain shearing and sample conditions, chain slippage and particle fracture lead to decreased apparent rates of nucleation and/or crystallization.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160311
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-property relationships of isomeric addition polyimides containing nadimide end groups (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 314-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Addition polyirnide oligomers with nadimide end groups (I) have been synthesized from 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride with several isomeric diamines and, nadic anhydride. The low molecular weight amic acid? and corresponding imides were isolated and characterized. Solubility and melt-flow properties of the imide prepolymers were studied to determine the applicability of the resins as adhesives and composite matrices. Thermomechanical transitions of the polymers were obtained by torsional braid analysis. Properties were compared with a similar addition polymer, P13N.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160507
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of multifunctional crosslinking agents on the thermomechanical properties of polyimide Films (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Four new poly functional amines were synthesized. Polyimide films containing varying amounts of the amine crosslinking agents were prepared. Their thermomechanical properties were compared with those of control film samples prepared from difunctional amines. The effect of crosslink density on isothermal weight loss, polymer softening, and glass transition temperature is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160509
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of thermosetting materials by torsional braid analysis (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 353-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental examination by torsional braid analysis (TEA) of the phenomena of gelation and vitrification which occur in the formation of thermosets leads to a general way of regarding both thermoplastics and thermosets. In particular,- it is demonstrated that the thermosetting process is characterized by two transition temperatures, Tff and Tg∞. Implications of this finding are discussed for cross-linking systems in general.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160513
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The elastic constants of a particulate-filled glassy polymer: Comparison of experimental values with theoretical predictionsContribution of the National Bureau of Standards, not subject to copyright. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 394-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Calculation of the elastic constants of a participate composite material in terms of the elastic constants of the filler and the matrix is discussed. The theories of Kerner or Hashin and Shtrikman, the equivalent theories of Budiansky and Hill, and a generalized van der Poel type theory are presented and discussed. Data from several sources are compared with the predictions of these theories. The van der Poel theory provides the best agreement and gives good values for volume fractions of filler up to 0.35.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160603
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature and rate dependent fracture in glass-filled polystyrene (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 400-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate and temperature dependent fracture behavior of glass-filled polystyrene has been investigated over the crack speed range of 1013 to 1 mm/sec and in the temperature range 283 to 396°K for three environmental conditions: (i) air; (ii) water; and (iii) hot water exposure at 363°K and subsequent drying. Relationships between fracture toughness (Kc), crack speed and temperature have been obtained experimentally and analysed according to the concepts of fracture mechanics and reaction rate theories. Crack propagation in air is shown to be controlled by a β-relaxation process associated with crazing. Activation energies of 200 ∼ 210 kj/mole in air and 80 ∼ 120 kj/mole in water are reported. At a given temperature and crack speed, the glass-filled polystyrene is shown to display smaller crack propagation resistances in a water environment when compared with the air results. Specimens subjected to hot water exposure and then tested after drying also possess less cracking resistance. This toughness degradation phenomenon is a result of the damaging effects of the water which penetrates into the glass-filled composite.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160604
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear viscoelasticity of “hard elastic” polypropylene fibers (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 406-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: “Hard elastic” polypropylene fibers respond nonlinearly to stress at all strains. Low tenacities at break (less than 1 g/denier), low moduli of elasticity (slopes of stress-strain curves from 2.8 to 28 g/denier), and large breaking extensions (over 800 percent) are characteristic of “hard elastic” fibers. Behavior in simple extension, cyclic extension, and stress relaxation can be represented by a quasi-linear viscoelastic model which uses a continuous relaxation spectrum and a quasilinear relation between stress history T(t)and strain history λ(t): \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ T(t) = T^e [\lambda (t)] + \int_0^t {T^e [\lambda (\tau)]\dot G(t - \tau){\rm d}\tau } $$\end{document} where Te[λ(t)] is the elastic response. When creep data are available, this model should provide a unified representation of experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160605
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    The mechanical and thermal properties of graphite fiber reinforce polyphenylquinoxaline and polyimide composites (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 426-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Comparative studies were made on the fabrication characteristics, mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of three commercially available composite systems based on linear monoether polyphenylquinoxaline, P13N polyimide, and Skybond 703 polyimide, reinforced with Modmor II graphite fibers. Fabrication parameters and prepreg conditions were related to the properties of the laminates. Interlaminar shear strength and flexural properties were evaluated before and after the thermal aging at 600°F for periods up to 500 hrs. Thermal degradation of composites at various stages of thermal' aging was studied using optical and scanning electron microscopes.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160608
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160801
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Lactone polymers VII. Activation energies for glass transitions of poly-∊-caprolactone and poly-∊-thiocaprolactone (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 526-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The activation energies for segmental motion have been determined for partially crystalline poly-∊-caprolactone and poly-∊-thiocaprolactone over a temperature range that extends from below the glass transition to near the melt region. Based on the shift factors obtained from the time-temperature superposition of stress relaxation data, the activation energy for the glass transition of poly-∊-caprolactone is 160 kcal/mole and of poly-∊-thiocaprolactone is 200 kcal/mole. The value obtained for poly-∊-caprolactone is in excellent agreement with the reported value obtained from dielectric relaxation studies. A relatively broad secondary maximum in the activation energy spectrum was observed for each polymer in the respective temperature regions between the glass transition and the melt zone.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160710
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermal analysis of dielectric insulation, ethylene/propylene rubbers, and cross-linked polyethylenes decomposed in a nitrogen atmospherePart V in a series on Characterization of Polymeric Dielectric Insulation, see Refs. 13 to 16. (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 544-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The techniques of thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses have been applied to the determination of temperatures and heats of decompositions of four ethylene/propylene rubbers and seven cross-linked polyethylenes in nitrogen. These materials are commonly used in the wire and ruble industry as dielectric insulation. The polymers were found to decompose in at least three overlapping stages. Each stage has an activation energy characteristic of the process. Differential thermal analysis was significantly less useful in this study due to the conflict of the endothermal heat of vaporization and the exothermal heat of decomposition.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160804
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of vinyl chloride monomer migration from rigid PVC pipe (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 552-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Data on the solubility and diffusion of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in PVC resin powders have been combined with published solutions of Fick's diffusion equation to yield predictions of the amount and rate of loss of residual VCM (RVCM) from rigid PVC pipe under storage and service conditions. The principal factors controlling VCM migration are the initial VCM content, thickness of the PVC section, temperature and the age of the PVC product. Analysis Solutions are presented for RVCM loss from freshly exturded pipe (uniform VCM concentration) into either the storage environment or the pipe contents. From these solutions, estimates are made for the real-world situation of closed-system service following variable storage periods. The validity of this approach for rigid PVC pipe in water-service is supported by reasonable agreement between its predictions and experimental laboratory data on the VCM content of water stored in PVC pipes. Both the predictive model and experimental data indicate that PVC pipe containing ≤ mg/kg (1 part per million) residual VCM will result in VCM concentrations in water of less than 0.002 mg/kg - under any expected service conditions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160805
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of structural foam testing results (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 559-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The great strides made over the last two decades allow the design engineer to predict performance characteristics in solid plastics. The current state of the art in structural foam is somewhat more primitive. Theories and basic design procedures as well as measurement of mechanical properties require evaluation. Because of the deep penetration of structural foam into the marketplace, especially in the large consumer areas of furniture and automotive applications, design techniques are required to cover the many application. This paper reviews briefly the basic information needed for structural foams, compares empirical relations and theoretical models, and discusses some inherent limitations of foamed materials.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160806
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decorative coating of plastics by vapor deposition of various alloys (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 564-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stringent government environmental regulations applied to the electroplating industry have spurred a search for alternative means of providing chromium coatings on plastics. Vapor deposition, an established and extensively utilized process for applying aluminum coatings on plastics, is quite naturally being investigated as an alternative process. Vapor deposited chrome has a darker cast than electrochrome, and a great-number of materials are being investigated to find a color matching substitute that will stand up under severe environmental conditions. Among these are the 300 and 400 series stainless steels, nichrome, and other alloys. It has been found, with proper surface preparation, that highly adherent and specular stainless steel coatings/can be obtained oh plastics using filament and boat evaporation techniques. The coatings resemble a highly polished version of the parent metal and bear a striking resemblance to chrome. However, some type of clear topcoat is required to provide abrasion resistance.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160807
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